Astronomia Abril 20

II Éphgj I  Júh RRRQ I  K¾ 6 I  Jfric 6>6> I  www.mchfjcjstrhkhdij.ghd  

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Lc Hfslr Hfslrvjt vjth hrih  Qirt  Qi rtuj ujcc  Wu hfoltivh ls mjrjktizjr cj lxpchtjgi÷k gilktä﬊gj `l cj ikahrdjgi÷k lk chs jrgbivhs jstrhk÷dighs Lkriqul Whcjkh

Lktrl Hrilk Hr ilktl tl  y Hggi`lk Hggi`lktl tl Idêmlkls `lc gilch lk tildphs `l Jcahksh R  Cjurj Alrkêk`lz

 J  Jstrh`i strh`ikêd  pjrj th`kêdigj th`hs hs igj (6ª pjr pjrtl tl)) Lk cj slmuk`j pjrtl `l lstl jrtäguch jvjkzjrld jvjkzjrldhs hs lk lc ush `l ^hcijstrh Gjrchs Dhrjcls, @jkilc Djräk y Dimulc Cl÷k

Cj ditj` dit j` `lc gilch?? Ejtblrikl gilch E jtblrikl  Ohbkshk  Oh bkshk Cj duolr qul cclv÷ jc bhdfrl j cj Cukj Wjk`rj Flkätlz

   <    >  ,    1    W    J    I    V    J   ₣    <    K    J   >  ,    1    G    /   W    ₣   H    >   P    9  ,   V    =/6>6>.

H^PIGJ VHDJ @J DÊW

G\VWH ^VLWLKGIJC MVJ MVJPIW PIW (6 bhrjs) –Ikigijgi÷k j cj jstrhkhdäj— lk kulstrh Jucj `l Jstrhkhdäj

^cjzj `l Djkulc Flglrrj, :2, Dj`ri` Plcéahkh `l ghksuctj y pl`i`hs 9: 7>9 12 :9. ‐ ^jrj dês ikahrdjgi÷k?

Êcvjrh Djrtäklz Plcéahkh 191 2: 6< 96 j.djrtiklzNjstrhksgilkti﬊g.ghd www.jstrhksgilkti﬊g.ghd

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l`ithrijc

 

6 kÿdlrhs Vlvistj ghcjfhrj`hrj `l

Whgil`j` Lspjúhcj `l Jstrhkhdäj

Ghksloh jslshr ^rlsi`lktl `l Bhkhr W. D. Alcipl QI

Jcflrth Mhkzêclz Ajirék Glktrh `l Jstrhfihchmäj, GWIG/IKPJ

Djrijkh Dhcls Qiccjdjtl Lx `irlgthr `lc Glktrh `l Lstu`ihs `l Aäsigj `lc Ghsdhs `l Jrjm÷k

Plh`hrh Vhgj Ghrtés Ikstituth `l Jstrhaäsigj `l Gjkjrijs \kivlrsi`j` `l Cj Cjmukj

ildph bjgäj qul kh rlghr`jfj lk lstj pêmikj ch clohs qul bldhs cclmj`h. Y kh bjfch `l kulstrh ghkhgidilkth `lc ukivlrsh, qul tjdfiék, sikh `l, plrdätjsldl cj vjki`j`, `÷k`l bj cclmj`h lstj dh`lstj pufcigjgi÷k. Lstl dls `l jfric `l 6>6> gudpcidhs 6 kÿdlrhs `ls`l qul cj rlvistj Prifukj `l Jstrhkhdäj  sl  sl ausihk÷ ghk cj rlvistj blrdjkj \kivlrsh , lk  oucih `l :999. Y si si j lstj giarj giarj cl sudjdhs sudjdhs chs chs :17 kÿdlrhs kÿdlrhs bjstj bjstj lsl dls qul Prifukj `l Jstrhkhdäj  cclvjfj  cclvjfj lk cj gjccl `ls`l su hrimlk lk `igildfrl `l :92. Guêkths chmrhs idprlsihkjktls, y lk lsplgijc, cj trldlk`j phpucjri`j` qul bj ghkslmui`h lstl tlclsghpih y sus idêmlkls lk lc mrjk pÿfcigh. Wlrê `iaägic qul kikmÿk htrh tlclsghpih lk lc auturh cclmul j tlklr tjkth idpjgth dl`iêtigh ghdh lc `lc Buffcl.  Y ls qul lc prlslktl `l cj ikvlstimjgi÷k ikvlstimjgi÷k jstrhk÷di jstrhk÷digj, gj, kh shch shch lc auturh, pjsj phr slr gjpjgls `l ph`lr sjgjr pjrti`h j cj ikdlksj gjkti`j` `l `jths qul chs dh`lrkhs hfslrvjthrihs lk tilrrj y lk lc lspjgih hftilklk `lc ukivlrsh. Lc jrtäguch `l phrtj`j, lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc, khs `lsgrifl prlgisjdlktl lk qué ghksistl y g÷dh uticizjrch, ikgcush pjrj chs jdjtlur jdjtl ur.. Gcjrh lstê, kh khs ph`ldhs hcvi`jr `l cj jgtujci`j`. Wi qulréis sjflr th`h ch rlcjgihkj`h ghk lc lpish`ih `l vjrijfici`j` `l Fltlcmlusl, lk pêmikjs 6>-6:, 01-0=, 16-17 y 12-19, tlkéis ductitu` `l pukths `l vistj shfrl lc alk÷dlkh jstrhk÷digh `lc júh. Cj suplrkhvj tlk`rê qul lsplrjr, plrh jcmukhs khs bldhs icusihkj`h… Gilchs hsgurhs y cidpihs pjrj th`hs. ( )

P 

Vhsj Djräj Vhs Alrré \kivlrsi`j` ^hcitégkigj `l Gjtjcuúj

Jmustäk Wêkgblz Cjvlmj Gjtl`rêtigh `l Aäsigj Jpcigj`j \kivlrsi`j` `lc ^jäs Qjsgh

Wicvij Phrrls ^lidflrt Lx prlsi`lktj `l cj \ki÷k Jstrhk÷digj Iktlrkjgihkjc

Fcjkgj Prhumbthk Cuqul

Êkmlc M÷dlz Vhc`êk @irlgthr   twittlr.ghd/jmhdlzrhc`jk

^rlsi`lktj `l cj Al`lrjgi÷k `l Jshgijgihkls Jstrhk÷digjs `l Lspjúj

Dhktslrrjt Qiccjr Djrtäk Glktrh `l Jstrhfihchmäj, GWIG/IKPJ

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | <

 

Ghktlki`hs

76 LK ^HVPJ@J LcHfslrvjthrih Hfslrvjthrih Lc QirtujcQirtujc ls uk prhylgth iktlrkjgihkjc qul tilkl ghdh prikgipjc hfoltivh mjrjktizjr cj l﬊gilktl lxpchtjgi÷k gilktä﬊gj `l cj lkhrdl gjkti`j` `l ikahrdjgi÷k lxistlktl lk chs jrgbivhs jstrhk÷dighs. LKVIZ\L WHCJKH

76

JVPÄG\CHW

60

Lktrl Hrilktl y Hggi`lktl

@urjktl lc rlikj`h `l Jcahksh R (:6

Jstrh`ikêdigj pjrj Jstrh`ikêdigj th`hs (6ª pjrtl) 

Lk cj slmuk`j pjrtl `l lstl jrtäguch jvjkzjrldhs lk lc ush `l ^hcijstrh, rlpjsjk`h ghkglpths ghdh cj vlchgi`j` `l lsgjpl y cjs ajdhsjs ÷rfitjs `l trjksalrlkgij `l Bhbdjkk. GJVCHW DHVJCLW, @JKILC  DJVÄK Y DIM\LC CL×K

Cj ditj` `lc gilch? Bisthrij `lEjtblrikl cj duolr qul Ohbkshk cclv÷ jc bhdfrl bhdfrl j cj Cukj. WJK@VJ FLKÄPL_

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ÄK@IGL  <  2 :2 6> 66 60 76 0> 0<

L`ithrijc ßctidjs Khtigijs Lk lc Ahgh Cj Prifukj Cj khgbl ls klglsjrij Lktrl Hrilktl y Hggi`lktl Lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc Jstrh`ikêdigj pjrj th`hs 6ª pjrtl Jmlk`j Gulrphs Dlkhrls ^hcvh `l Lstrlccjs Lc Airdjdlkth lk 7@ Lc ^lqulúh Jstr÷khdh Jstrhfihchmäj

=6 =0 =1 26 22 9> 9= 92

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Jrs \kivlrsjcis Cj ditj` `lc gilch Fjkgh `l ^rulfjs Jstrhahthmrjaäj @lctj-Q Gulktj Jtrês ^jrj`hojs ^r÷xidh Kÿdlrh

CJ IDJMLK @L ^HVPJ@J ^HVPJ@J II Éphgj - Júh RRRQ Jfric 6>6> (k¿ 6).  Cj Klfuchsj `l cj Ccjdj, KMG 6>60, lk Hri÷k, vistj lk lc ikarjrrhoh. (LWH/ O. Ldlrshk/QIWPJ.

Jmrj`lgidilkth? Gjdfri`ml Jstrhkhdigjc Wurvly \kit)

ÿctidjs khtigijs  

Idprlsi÷k jrtästigj `l ukj lstrlccj lkjkj C ghk ukj mrjk lrupgi÷k `l lklrmäj lk rjyhs R, jcmh kukgj visth bjstj lc dhdlkth. (LWJ)

Lkhrdl ccjdjrj`j `l ukj lstrlccj plqulúj

W 

l bj `ltlgtj`h ukj lkhrdl ccjdjrj`j lk rjyhs R sjcilk`h `l O>77:-6=, ukj lstrlccj `lc tiph lkjkj C, ghk lc hgbh phr gilkth `l cj djsj shcjr. Chs jstr÷khdhs kh grläjk qul lsth aulsl phsifcl lk lstrlccjs tjk plqulújs, puls lk rljci`j` tilklk lc tjdjúh cäditl pj-

hfslrvj`js lk kulstrh Whc. Lsths lvlkths tilklk cumjr gujk`h jc gjdph djmkétigh `l cj jtd÷salrj lstlcjr sl vulcvl iklstjfcl y ghcjpsj j ukj ghk﬊murjgi÷k dês slkgiccj, ciflrjk`h ukj mrjk pjrtl `l cj lklrmäj jcdjglkj`j. Lsh grlj uk judlkth `lc fricch, cj ccjdjrj`j, qul

gjdphs djmkétighs ghdh cj ciflrj`j lk lstl lstjcci`h. ^hrqul lk lstjs lstrlccjs su tldplrjturj ls `l shch 6:>> E, lk ghdpjrjgi÷k ghk chs 1>>> E `l cj suplr﬊gil shcjr shcj r. Chs `jths yj bjfäjk si`h thdj`hs bjgl `hgl júhs phr lc tlclsghpih lspjgijc RDD-Klw-

rj ghksi`lrjrsl lstrlccjs. Lk ukhs dikuths, cj lstrlccj ciflr÷ `ilz vlgls dês lklrmäj qul lk cjs ccjdjrj`js dês iktlksjs

lk lstl gjsh suphkl uk distlrih5 kh sl lsplrjfj qul ukj lstrlccj tjk plqulúj pu`ilrj jcdjglkjr tjktj lklrmäj lk sus

thk, plrh sl `ltlgtjrhk jbhrj lk ukj kulvj rlvisi÷k `lc jrgbi vh shfrl ukjs u kjs gujtrhgilktjs gujt rhgilktjs dic aulktls vjrijfcls `ltlgtj`js.

2 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

Cj djyhr lxpchsi÷k `lc ghsdhs k lc gÿduch mjcêgtigh `l H﬊ugh, j ukhs 79> dicchkls `l júhs cuz `l `istjkgij, jgjfj `l `ltlgtjrsl cj djyhr lxpchsi÷k vistj lk lc ukivlrsh bjstj lc dhdlkth. Cj lklrmäj ciflrj`j ls gikgh vlgls suplrihr jc jktlrihr rlmistrh y gilkths `l dicls `l vlgls suplrihr j chs vjchrls täpighs `l chs gÿduchs. Lc hrimlk lstê lk lc glktrh `lc gÿduch, lk ukj mjcjxij mrjk`l qul tilkl uk jmuolrh klmrh suplrdjsivh. Chs gbhrrhs `l rj`ij-

L

Lc mjs gjcilktl qul cclkj lc gÿduch mjcêgtigh lditl cj djyhr pjrtl `l su cuz lk rjyhs R, qul jpjrlglk jp jrlglk jquä lk rhsj, oukth ghk chs `jths `l rj`ih rj`i h lk jzuc y `lc ikarjrrhoh lk fcjkgh. (Vjyhs R? Gbjk`rj? Gbjk`rj? KJWJ /GRG/KVC/W. Mijgiktuggi lt jc., RDD? LWJ/RDD5 Vj`ih? KGVJ/ PIAV/MDVP PIAV/MDVP55 Ikarjrrhoh? 6DJWW/ \Djss/I^JG-Gjctlgb/KJWJ/KWA)

gi÷k qul sjclk `l su iktlrihr bjk lxgjvj`h ukj mrjk gjvi`j` lk lc mjs gjcilktl. Cj ldisi÷k `l rj`ih `l chs lclgtrhkls jglclrj`hs j gjsi cj vlchgi`j` `l cj cuz cclkj lsj gjvi`j`, jphrtjk`h cj lvi`lkgij `l qul tuvh cumjr ukj lrupgi÷k `l uk tjdjúh sik prlgl`lktls. Cj `ltlggi÷k bj si`h phsifcl mrj-

gijs jc ush ghdfikj`h `l `hs tlclsghpihs lspjgijcls `l rjyhs R, lc Gbjk`rj y lc RDD-Klwthk, oukth ghk `hs rj`ihtlclsghpihs `l Justrjcij l Ik`ij.

Lstrlccjs ghk `hfcl plrshkjci`j`

L 

k lc iktlrihr `lc gÿduch mchfucjr Plrzjk < sl bj chgjcizj`h uk sistldj lstlcjr fikjrih, Plrzjk < GR:, qul sl ghdphrtj `l ahrdj duy lxtrjúj. Chs `jths hftlki`hs phr lc tlclsghpih lspjgijc `l rjyhs R GbjkJ cj izquilr`j, idjmlk lk lc visifcl vi sifcl `lc gÿduch Plrzjk < ghdpclth. J cj `lrlgbj, `rj `ls`l 6>>7 ghikgi`lk ghk cj sl ghchrljk cjs lstrlccjs lk rhoh, vlr`l y jzuc pjrj cj ldisi÷k `l rjyhs R `l lxistlkgij `l ukj fikjrij `l rjfjoj, dl`ij y jctj lklrmäj rlsplgtivjdlktl, `ltlgtj`hs phr Gbjk`rj. Lc gjdph ls lc disdh. (Vjyhs R? KJWJ/GRG/\kiv. `l Jdstlr`jd/K. @lmlkjjr lt jc.5  yhs R `l djsj fjoj, `hk`l ukj lstrlccj `l klutrhkls jrrjkgj dj- Qisifcl? KJWJ, LWJ) tlrijc `l su ghdpjúlrj `l tjdjúh shcjr. ^lrh lktrl 6>>9 y 6>:0 qul friccj iktlksjdlktl lk rj`l djsj `isdikuyl y lc djtlrijc chs `jths hftlki`hs phr lc rj`ih-  yhs R. Lc djtlrijc `lc `isgh mirlstjktl ls fjrri`h phr lc gjdph tlclsghpih QCJ ik`igjk qul lc sis- rj y gjl bjgij cj lstrlccj `l kludjmkétigh `l cj lstrlccj `l klutldj slräj uk pÿcsjr `l dicisltrhkls, judlktjk`h su vlchgi`j` trhkls, ghkvirtiék`hsl lk pÿcsjr pÿcsjr.. muk`hs, ghkvirtiék`hsl lk 6>:1 `l rhtjgi÷k. Lstj lstrlccj, ghk uk Wl lsplrj qul cj fikjrij ghdlk cj disdj fikjrij jktlrihr. Lc djtlrijc qul jrrjkgj cj lstrlccj `l klutrhkls j su ghdpjúlrj ahrdj uk `isgh `l jgrlgi÷k

`iêdltrh `l ukhs :1 eic÷dltrhs, plrh ghk dês djsj qul lc Whc, rhtj glktlkjrls `l vlgls phr slmuk`h. Jc ﬊kjc, cj trjksalrlkgij

pcltl su lvhcugi÷k y qul lk vjrihs dicls `l dicchkls `l júhs sl bjmj `l﬊kitivjdlktl uk pÿcsjr. Dilktrjs, slmuirê jctlrkêk`hsl.  | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 9

ÿctidjs khtigijs  

Wlggi÷k ghhr`ikj`j phr R. @hsitlh Qlimj ghk cj ghcjfhrjgi÷k `l Êkmlc M÷dlz Vhc`êk. ^jrj ghktjgtjr? khvjsjstrhkhdigjsNmdjic.ghd

Lstl ls Jrrhehtb jgl jcmh dês `l uk júh cj shk`j lspjgijc Klw Bh- 

`l júhs, situêk`hsl lk cj éphgj `l cj ahrdjgi÷k `lc Wistldj Whcjr. Wu hrimlk pjrlgl lstjr lk cj uki÷k `l `hs hfolths qul lstjfjk rhtjk`h `l ahrdj sikgr÷-

rizhks jcgjkz÷ lstl lxtrjúh hfolth, `lspués `l shfrlvhcjr aumjzdlktl lc pcjkltj lkjkh ^cut÷k. Ghkhgi`h tjdfiék ghdh D\19 lstê ahrdj`h phr `hs c÷fuchs ghklgtj`hs ghklgtj`hs phr uk gulcch `lcmj`h. Pilkl ukj rhtjgi÷k qul `urj gjsi :1 bhrjs, plrh tjr`j 692 júhs lk `jr ukj vulctj ghdpcltj jc Whc. Lstê ukjs gujrlktj y gujtrh vlgls dês clohs `l kulstrj lstrlccj qul khshtrhs. Wu l`j`, gjcgucj`j j pjrtir `l chs grêtlrls suplr﬊gijcls, ls `l ukhs gujtrh dic dicchkls

kigj ukh jcrl`l`hr `l htrh bjstj qul jgjfjrhk idpjgtjk`h y qul`jrsl uki`hs. Wu suplr﬊gil ls rhoj, plrh ghk idphrtjktls vjrijgihkls `l ghchr. J dlku`h lsl jsplgth ls uk ik`igih `l cj lxistlkgij `l thcikjs, ghdpulsths hrmêkighs yj hfslrvj`hs lk ^cut÷k y Pitêk, phr loldpch. Cj tldplrjturj, fjsêk`hsl lk gêcguchs j pjrtir `l su fricch, ls lstidj lk -:2>¾ G lk chs phchs, judlktjk`h bjgij lc lguj`hr, silk`h :< mrj`hs dês lk su uki÷k.

Lc turfuclkth pjsj`h `l cj mjcjxij `lc Whdfrlrh

hfslrvj`js shk vilojs, lstrlccjs phgh dltêcigjs (ghk phghs lcldlkths plsj`hs), j`ldês `l lkghktrjr ukj jfuk`jkgij `l lstrlccjs duy dltêcigjs, qul khrdjcdlktl

B   

j mjcjxij `lc Whdfrlrh ls uk hfolth j`hrj`h phr jstr÷khdhs j﬊gihkj`hs phr su blrdhsurj y lk cjs idêmlkls ghk tlclsghpih. Wu jpjrlktl suj vi`j` y trjkquic trjkquici`j` i`j` lsghk lsghk`l, `l, tjc tjc  y ghdh ghdh sl jgjfj `l `lsguf `lsgufrir rir,, uk  vihclkth  vihcl kth hrimlk hrimlk.. Cj mrjk slksi slksifici fici-`j` `lc Plclsghpih Lspjgijc Buffcl bj `ltlgtj`h `lglkjs `l dicls `l lstrlccjs ik`ivi`ujcls lk lc lkhrdl bjch `l cj mjcjxij, cj rl-

lstêkBjfitujcdlktl lk lc `isgh y lc lsth fucfh tigh. ls mjcêgrlsuctj`h `l cjs ghcisihkls mjcêgtigjs, plrh lstj mjcjxij kh dulstrj lvi`lkgijs `l rlgilktls ausihkls ghk mjcjxijs djsivjs. Chs lcldlkths shk grlj`hs j ch cjrmh `lc prhglsh vitjc `l cjs lstrlccjs. Gujkth dês tildph bjk lstj`h cjs lstrlccjs lk cj mjcjxij, dês lstrlccjs bjk pjsj`h phr lsl gigch phr ch qul bjk chmrj`h grljr lcldlkths gj`j vlz dês plsj`hs

mi÷k qul sl lxtilk`l dês jccê `l su pjrtl glktrjc, khrdjcdlktl ahrdj`h phr lstrlccjs vilojs. ^lrh shch ukj plqulúj pjrtl `l cjs

(dês dltêcighs), judlktjk`h cj dltjcigi`j` `lc mjs lk lc qul sl ahrdjrêk kulvjs lstrlccjs ghk lcldlkths dês plsj`hs.

C 

:> | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

Idjmlk `l Jrrhehtb hftlki`j j pjrtir `l `jths `l cj shk`j Klw Bhrizhks, lc hfolth dês clojkh visitj`h phr lc slr budjkh. (KJWJ/Ohbks Bhpeiks \kivlrsity Jppcil` ^bysigs Cjfhrjthry/ Whutbwlst Pejgblkeh)Vlsljrgb Ikstitutl/Vhdjk

J cj izquilr`j cj mjcjxij `lc Whdfrlrh (D :>0) ghk ukj pjrtl `l su mrjk bjch, ghk `hs `l sus zhkjs ahthmrj﬊j`js lk lc rlguj`rh fcjkgh y jdpcijgihkls lk chs guj`rhs kjrjkoj y jzuc. Lk lccjs sl ikgcuylk slk`hs gÿduchs mchfucjrls. (KJWJ/@imitizl` Wey Wurvly/^. Mhu`arhhio ‗WPWgI‗/Pbl Buffcl Blritjml Blritjml Pljd ‗WPWgI/J\VJ‗)

 

 

Bjgl 6< júhs… Prifukj `l Jstrhkhdäj ,

k¿ ::7, jfric :99< «Lc pjsj`h :2 `l alfrlrh djrg÷ ukj algbj idphrtjktl lk cj c j bisthrij `l cjs hfslrvjgihkls `lc Wistldj Whcjr. Lsl `äj `l :97>, uk ohvlk jsistlktl `l hfslrvjgi÷k lktr÷ lk cj haigikj `lc `irlgthr y `ioh? –@r. Wcipblr, bl lkghktrj`h su ^cjkltj R—. @l lstj djklrj, uk Gci`l Phdfjumb `l 60 júhs `l l`j` bizh pÿfcigh su `lsgufridilkth `lsg ufridilkth `lc `istjktl ^cut÷k.µ

KHPIGIJW FVLQLW G\VIHWJ GHCIWI×K @L LWPVLCCJW @L KL\PVHKLW Lk jfric `lc júh pjsj`h CIMH ghdukig÷ cj `ltlggi÷k `l hk`js mrjvitjthrijs prhgl`lktls `l ukj ghcisi÷k `l `hs lstrlccjs `l klutrhkls. \k kulvh lstu`ih ik`igj qul sl trjtjräj prhfjfcldlktl `l ukj ausi÷k lk rljci`j`, phr ch qul slräj cj slmuk`j `ltlggi÷k `l lstl tiph `l lvlkth phr cjs hk`js mrjvitjthrijs. ^jrlgl qul chs hfolths ikvhcugrj`hs lrjk ikusujcdlktl djsivhs, arlktl j ch

lsplrj`h pjrj fikjrijs `l lstrlccjs `l klutrhkls. Lk htrjs `ilgisiltl fikjrijs `l lstl tiph `l kulstrj Mjcjxij cj djsj lrj dugbh dlkhr qul lk lstl gjsh. Lstl lvlkth icustrj lc mrjk phtlkgijc `l `lsgufridilkths pjrj lstl tiph `l hfslrvjgihkls.

Idjmlk jrtästigj `l M]:9>0606: 6>:9. 9. (Kjtihkjc Wgilkgl Ahuk`jtihk/CIMH/Whkhdj Wtjtl \kivlrsity/J. Widhkklt)

C\GBJ @LWIM\JC JCDJ bj ghkslmui`h rltrjtjr lc sistldj fikjrih B@ :>:::6> | k¿6 | ::

JWPVHKHDÄJ CHGJC  

JstrhDhklmrhs ikjumur÷ su kulvj JstrhDhklmrhs kulvj sl`l lk Wjriúlkj

L

c pjsj`h dls `l alfrlrh,  JstrhDhklmrhs, sl`l `l cj  Jmrupjgi÷k Jstrhk÷digj

turj Jkthkih Flctrêk pjrj jsistir j cj phklkgij Dirjk`h jc gilch5 `lc hoh jc tlclsghpih  idpjrti`j  idpjrti`j phr Oujk Gjs-

jmrj`lgidilkth l bizh uk frlvl rlghrri`h `l ch qul ls JstrhDhklmrhs rlghr`jk`h qul lc mruph

`l Bulsgj, jrrjkg÷ ghk uk prh-  Jstrhk tilccj, dildfrh cj sgj. Jmrupjgi÷k mrjdj `l jgtivi`j`ls prlvistjs  Jst rhk÷di ÷digj gj `l`l Bulsg Bul j. pjrj glclfrjr cj ikjumurjgi÷k `l Prjs cj ghkalrlkgij, th`hs chs su kulvj sl`l lk Wjriúlkj. jsistlktls sl `irimilrhk `irimilrhk j cj kulDês `l dl`ih glktlkjr `l plr-  vj sl`l `l JstrhDhklm JstrhDhklmrhs rhs sitj shkjs, lktrl lccjs rlprlslktjktls lk g/ ^äh RII, :0 ghk lc hfoltivh `l ahdlktjr cj `ivucmjgi÷k y lc lstu`ih `l cj jstrhkhdäj y sus gilkgijs j﬊kls lk lc êrlj rurjc, jsä ghdh hrmjkizjr gurshs, ghkalrlkgijs, rlukihkls y jgtivi`j`ls qul idpucslk lc ghkhgidilkth `l sus shgihs y prhvhqulk cj gurihsi`j` `l cj shgil`j` lk mlklrjc.

Plclsghpihs pjrj th`hs

Lc prhylgth WWQI lstê fjsj`h lk cj i`lj `l qul «th`hs chs kiúhs lk l`ugjgi÷k lsplgijc y plr-

k 6>6>, y ghdh ghktikujgi÷k `l cj lxithsj ghcjfhrjgi÷k `urjktl cjs glclfrjgihkls `lc IJ\:>>, Ikspirikm Wtjrs  sl  sl ukl oukth ghk cj ikigijtivj flcmj Wtlrrlk Wgbittlrlk vhhr Il`lrllk  (Cjs  (Cjs lstrlccjs friccjk pjrj th`hs, WWQI)  y lc prhy prhylgth lgth \kivlrsl Jwjrlklss (\KJ]L) `l cj \kivlrsi`j` `l Cli`lk pjrj `istrifuir `hgl tlclsghpihs lktrl ghduki`j`ls `lsajvhrlgi`js `l th`h lc duk`h.

shkjs `l tlklr cj vucklrjfcls hphrtuki`j``lflräjk `l j`dirjr lc gilch lstrlccj`h ghk cj jyu`j `l uk tlclsghpihµ, ghdlktj lc cä`lr y auk`j`hr `lc prhylgth Oljk-^ilrrl Mrhhtjlr`. Lc hfoltivh prikgipjc `lc prhmrjdj ls jfrir chs bhrizhktls `l kiúhs, pj`rls y l`ugj`hrls, `lsplrtjk`h uk iktlrés lk cj gilkgij y ghkgilkgijr ghkgilkgi jr shfrl cj imujc`j` `l hphrtuki`j`ls pjrj slmuir ukj gjrrlrj lk jstrhkhdäj.

Chs tlclsghpihs bjk si`h ﬊rdj`hs phr jstrhkjutjs y gilktä﬊ghs, ikgcuylk`h trls mjkj`hrls `lc prldih Khflc.

Wi tu quilrls pjrtigipjr, ghktjgtj ghk Ghhr`ikj`hr Kjgihkjc `l @ivucmjgi÷k (KHG) y prlséktjcl tu prhpulstj pjrj pl`ircl su jph-

L 

:6 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

Chmhtiph `l Ikspirikm Wtjrs. (IJ\)

 yh. Lk Lspjú Lspjújj `lfls `lfls `l `l ghktjg ghktjg-tjr ghk Jdlcij Hrtiz-Mic (jdlcij.hr-  tizNuv.ls).

Fjstj ghk lkvijr j tu KHG uk pêrrjah (dêxidh 7>> pjcjfrjs) `lsgrifilk`h g÷dh y `÷k`l usjräjs lc tlclsghpih pjrj ikspirjr j kiúhs `lsajvhrlgi`hs ghk cj jstrhkhdäj.

 

JGP\JCI@J@ @LW@L LC GLKPVH @L JWPVHFIHCHMÄJ

\ki`j` `l Gucturj Gilktä﬊gj `lc GJF

 

Ahthmrjaäj rlgilktl `l IkWimbt  shfrl  shfrl cj suplr﬊gil `l Djrtl. Lk lccj sl jprlgijk chs `hs «fhhdsµ (izquilr`j y `lrlgbj) qul ahrdjk lc ikstrudlkth ikstrudlkt h P]IKW P ]IKW lk cj pcjtjahrdj `l cj disi÷k y `istikmuiék`hsl shfrl jdfhs pjklcls shcjrls. (KJWJ/O^C (KJW J/O^C-Gjctlgb) -Gjctlgb)

^ridlrhs rlsuctj` ^ridlrhs rlsuctj`hs hs gilktä﬊ghs `l cj disi÷k IkWimbt  lk  lk Djrtl

C

j disi÷k `l cj KJWJ j Djrtl IkWimbt  jtlrriz÷  jtlrriz÷ lk Lcysiud ^cjkitij lk khvildfrl

ghdprlk`i`js lktrl 7 y 0, tjkth j kivlc chgjc, ghdh j `istjkgijs tjk clojkjs ghdh Glrflrus Ahs-

 J^WW bj bj dl`i`h dl`i`h lc tildph dltlhrhc÷migh ghk ukj ghktikui`j`, prlgisi÷k y arlgulkgij sik prlgl-

`l 6>:2cj ghk lc hfoltivhy `l `ltlrdikjr ghdphsigi÷k lstrugturj iktlrihr `lc pcjkltj, jsä ghdh lc lstj`h térdigh, cj sisdigi`j` y cj tjsj `l grljgi÷k `l grêtlrls `l idpjgth jgtujcls. Wl bjk prlslktj`h rlgilktldlktl chs pridlrhs rlsuctj`hs `l chs lstu`ihs säsdighs y jtdhsaérighs, hftlki`hs `lspués `l `ilz dlsls `l hfslr vjgihkls mlhaäsigjs. Lc sisd÷dltrh WLIW bj ghk﬊rdj`h qul Djrtl ls uk pcjkl-

sjl, j `l ukhs :1>> ed`ljcIkWimbt  lstl `lc cumjr jtlrrizjol .  J`ldês `lc sisd÷dltrh, cj disi÷k IkWimbt  gulktj  gulktj ghk lc Wufsistldj Juxicijr `l cj Gjrmj ßtic (J^WW, lk ikmcés), qul ikgcuyl uk slkshr `l prlsi÷k y uk djmklt÷dltrh lk lc iktlrihr `lc d÷`uch `l jtlrrizjol5 y `hs dêsticls dltlhrhc÷mighs lk cj gufilrtj suplrihr,, gj`j ukh `l lcchs ghk suplrihr slkshrls `l vlchgi`j` y `irlggi÷k `lc vilkth y `l tldplrjtu-

`lktls, tjkth j lsgjcj chgjc,chgjc, rlmihkjc ghdh mchfjc. J lsgjcj cj lxjgtitu` `l chs `jths `l cj turfuclkgij jtdhsaérigj jyu`jrê j dl ohrjr chs chs dh`lchs dh`lchs dltlhrhc dltlhrhc÷mighs ÷mighs djrgijkhs. J lsgjcj rlmihkjc sl bjk `ltlgtj`h vilkths `l cj`lrj prhgl`lktls `lc Dhktl Lcysiud, jc khrhlstl, y `l cj `ighthdäj djrgijkj, jc sur, ghk sus hk`js `l mrjvl`j` jshgij`js. Aikjcdlktl, lk cj lsgjcj mchfjc, cj jctj slksifici`j` lk cjs dl`i`js `l prlsi÷k

tj säsdigjdlktl. Bjstjuk oucihjgtivh `l 6>:9 sl bjk `ltlgtj`h thtjc `l :=0 lvlkths säsdighs, ikgcuylk`h 6> ghk djmkitu`ls

rj `lc jirl. Lsths ikstrudlkths, `lkhdikj`hs P]IKW, bjk si`h prhphrgihkj`hs phr lc Glktrh `l Jstrhfihchmäj (GWIG-IKP (GWIG-IKPJ). J).

lk zhkj `l jtlrrizjol bjiklstjplrditi`hcji`lkti﬊gjr arlktls `l fici`j` prh`ugi`hs j mrjk`ls `istjkgijs, lk cjtitu`ls dl`ijs.  | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | :7

LC GHWDHW @LW@L LC IKWPIP\PH @L JWPVHAÄWIGJ @L JK@JC\GÄJ  

G÷dh lrjk cjs sldiccjs `l chs gulrphs s÷ci`hs `lc Wistldj Whcjr

\ki`j` `l Gucturj Gilktä﬊gj `lc IJJ

jfldhs qul chs pcjkltjs, ghdltjs y jstlrhi`ls sl ahrdjk j pjrtir `l dikÿsgucjs pjrtägucjs `l phcvh qul sl

   W

chs hfolths dlkhs prhglsj`hs `lc Wistldj Whcjr. Lk lstl slkti`h, chs `jths `lc ghdltj 1=^ hftlki`hs `ls`l til-

jkjcizjrhk lc phcvh `l 1=^ ik situ ik`igjfjk qul cjs pjrtägucjs `hdikjktls dl`äjk, jprhxidj`jdlktl, `ls`l ukj `égidj `l dicädltrh bjstj vjrihs dicädltrhs. Lstj jpjrlktl ghktrj`iggi÷k bj si`h rlsulctj phr lc Cjfhrjthrih `l ^hcvh G÷sdigh (GH@\CJF)

 vjk jmrl¸g÷dh jmrlmjk`h mjk`h pjucjtikj plrjk jucjtikjdlkdlktl. ^lrh cjs sldiccjs ghk cjs qul ghdlkz÷ lc prhglsh8 Cj rlspulstj pul`l bjccjrsl lk chs ghdltjs, qul ghkstituylk

rrj jpuktjfjk ikigijcdlkt ikigijcdlktl j qul sl trjtjfj `l pjrtägucjs `lcltjdjúh `l cj digrj. ^lrh, phr htrh cj`h, chs `jths `l chs ikstrudlkths `l cj shk`j Vhslttj  (LWJ)  (LWJ) qul

`lc Ikstituth `l Jstrhaäsigj `l Jk`jcugäj. Lc lquiph `l GH@\CJF rljciz÷ `ialrlktls prulfjs y dh`lchs ghk dhtjs `l phcvh `l `istikths tjdjúhs y gjrjgtlrästigjs y lk-

KHQL@J@LW @LC IKWPIP\PH @L JWPVHAÄWIGJ @L GJKJVIJW X Gjrdlk `lc ^ulrth

\kj lkjkj fcjkgj kjgi`j `l cj ausi÷k `l `hs lstrlccjs

\

k lquiph iktlrkjgihkjc ci`lrj`h phr cj \kivlrsi \kivlrsi`j` `j` `l ]jrwige, `lc qul ahrdj pjrtl cj ikvlstim ikvlstimj`hrj j`hrj `lc Ikstituth `l Jstrhaäsigj `l Gjkjrijs ^jucj Izquilr`h, bj `lsgufilrth ukj lkjkj fcjkgj `l `idlksihkls ikusujcls. Lstj lkjkj ph`räj slr, lk rljci`j`, lc rlsuctj`h `l cj ausi÷k `l `hs lkjkjs fcjkgjs. Lc `lsgufridilkth `lsgufrid ilkth ph`räj jcmukjs prlmuktjs shfrlrlshcvlr cj lvhcugi÷k `l lsths hfolths y lc kÿdlrh `l suplrkhvjs qul lxistlk lk kulstrj Mjcjxij. Cjs lkjkjs fcjkgjs shk rlsths `l lstrlccjs ghdh lc Whc qul bjk jmhtj`h th`h su ghdfustifcl y sl bjk `lsprlk`i`h `l sus gjpjs lxtlrihrls. Cj djyhräj shk rlcjtivjdlktl cimlrjs (shfrl >,1 vlgls cj djsj `lc Whc), plrh lstj lkjkj phsll gjsi lc `hfcl `l dj-

Vlprlslktjgi÷k Vlprlslktjg i÷k jrtästigj `l cj lkjkj fcjkgj. (\kivlrsi`j` `l ]jrwige/Djre Mjrcige)

dês plqulúj qul lc Whc. Cj lstrlccj, situj`j j : júhs cuz `l khshtrhs, bj si`h i`lkti﬊gj`j mrjgijs j chs `jths rlghmi`hs phr lc tlclsghpih Mjij , `l cj LWJ. Ghk lc Plclsghpih ]iccijd Blrsgblc, `lc Mruph `l Plclsghpihs Isjjg

sj. J plsjr `l lcch, cj lstrlccj til-  vjthrih Klwthk,`lc ikstjcj`h lk chs lc Hfslrkl uk tjdjúh lquivjclktl j `hs Vhqul `l Dugbjtlrgihs `lc `iêdltrh `l cj Pilrrj, gbhs (Mjrjaäj, Cj ^jcdj), sl bizh ls `lgir, gilkth gikgulktj vlgls slmuidilkth `l phsifcls lkjkjs :0 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

fcjkgjs `l mrjk`ls `idlksihkls.  Jpcigjk`h lsplgtrhsg lsplgtrhsghpij hpij y trjs `lsghdphklrr cj cuz lditi`j phr `lsghdphkl cj lstrlccj, sl pu`h `ltlrdikjr cj ghdphsigi÷k quädigj `l su jtd÷salrj y `lsgufrir jcths kivlcls `l gjrfhkh lk lccj. Dês ikahrdjgi÷k? www.ijg.ls/ls/  `ivucmjgihk/khtigijs/`lsgufrlk-ukj-  lkjkj-fcjkgj-kjgi`j-`l-c lkjkj-fcjkgj -kjgi`j-`l-cj-ausihk-`l-  j-ausihk-`l-  `hs-lstrlccjs 

 

ghktr÷ cjs i`÷kljs, jqulccjs qul ghkslmuäjk rlprh`ugir tjkth cj slújc `l cjs hfslrvjgihkls `ls`l tilrrj `lc ghdltj 1=^ ghdh cjs `l chs ikstrudlkths j fhr`h `l Vh-  slttj?  pjrtägucjs  pjrtägucjs mrjk`ls, phrhsjs, ghk ahrdj jgbjtj`j y ghk ikgcusihkls `l phgjs digrjs. «Chs rl-

phcvh lrjk lsaérighs, jbhrj jpuktj j qul pul`lk dl`ir vjrihs dicädltrhs y prlslktjk lstrugturjs phrhsjs uki`js phr plqulújs pjrtägucjs hrmêkigjs? jcmh pjrlgi`h j plqulújs fhcitjs `l jcmh`÷k sugijsµ, ghkgcuyl Hcmj Duúhz, rlsphksjfcl `l GH@\CJF.

suctj`hs bjk si`h lsplgtjgucjrl lsplgtjgucjrls, phrqul shcugihkjk lc prhfcldjs,y jphrtjk ukj pjkhrêdigj kulvj. Wi yj lk su dhdlkth jfjk`hkjdhs cj i`lj `l qul chs mrjkhs `l

Gbhrrh `l mjs y phcvh lxpucsj`h `lc ghdltj 1=^ visth `ls`l cj shk`j Vhslttj. (LWJ/Vhslttj/D^W (LWJ/ Vhslttj/D^W ahr HWIVIW Pljd Pljd D^W/\^@/CJD/IJJ/WWH/IKPJ/\^D/ @JW^/I@J)

#JWPVHKHDI_J6.> X Jkthkih ^érlz Qlr`l Njplrlzvlr`l    N

^cjk `l trls j slggi÷k `l lstl dls cj  vjdhs j `l`igjr j chs lxhlx hpcjkltjs, ghkgrltjdlktl j cj fÿsqul`j `l lsths gulrphs. Cj Jmlkgij Lspjgijc Lurhplj (Nlsj  lk  lk Pwittlr) tilkl uk pcjk y lc pridlrh `l lsths fusgj`hrls yj lstê gjsi prlpjrj`h pjrj harlglrkhs `jths gilktä﬊ghs? lc tlclsghpih lspjgijc GBLH^W qul aul cjkzj`h lc pjsj`h `igildfrl.

C 

P]LLPW NFPLWLVJGPH? Cj

klfuchsj pcjkltjrij KMG 600> ls lc prh`ugth `l cj dulrtl `l ukj lstrlccj sidicjr jc Whc. Cj lkjkj fcjkgj `l su iktlrihr, KMG 600>, ls ukj `l cjs dês gjcilktls qul ghkhgldhs ghk 6>> >>>¾ G lk su suplr﬊gil. NJWPVHKJ\PJCICI? Cj disi÷k #WhcjrHr-

fitlr  `l  `l cj Nlsj y `l cj NKJWJ qul lstu`ijrê

lc Whc yj lstê gjdikh `l su disi÷k. Lstjdhs jksihshs `l hftlklr kulvhs ghkhgidilkths. N^CJKLPJVIHDJ@? Cj shk`j NKJWJIkWimbt  

rlvlcj cj prlslkgij `l tlrrldhths lk Djrtl, ghk﬊rdjk`h qul lc pcjkltj rhoh kh lstê mlhc÷migjdlktl dulrth.

NJWPVHKHDYDJM?

Chs `jths `l Gjssiki   sumilrlk qul ^jk, @jpbkis, Jtcjs, ^jk`hrj y Lpidltlh aulrhk grlj`hs j pjrtir `lc phcvh qul mirjfj lk chs jkicchs `l Wjturkh.

Cj cukj `l Wjturkh ^jk. (KJWJ/O^C/WWI)

Wiklsldfjrmh, lc pcjk LWJ j cjrmh pcjzh. Ls`l phrcj lcch phr ch qul sl lstêk prlpjrjk`h `hs disihkls dês? ^CJPH y JVILC qul slrêk cjkzj`js lk 6>61 y 6>62, y khs fusgjrêk lxhpcjkltjs rhghshs lk cj zhkj bjfitjfcl y jkêcisis jtdhsaérighs, rlsplgtivjdlktl. ^h`rêk slmuir tjkth lc `äj j `äj `l GBLH^W ghdh chs `lsjrrhcchs `l ^CJPH y JVILC lk Pwittlr fjoh chs plr﬊cls NLWJX GBLH^W, N^CJPHDissihkGhk, NJrilcPlclsghpl  y  y lk cj wlf `l cj  (www.lsj.ikt) . Dês ikahrdjLWJ  (www.lsj.ikt)  gi÷k lk jstrhdltrigh.ls.  | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | :<

@LW@L LC HFWLVQJ HFWLVQJPHVIH PHVIH L\VH^LH J\WPVJC

 

^jkhrêdigj `lc gilch khgturkh shfrl lc hfslrvjthrih `l Glrrh ^jrjkjc, Gbicl. (Y. Flcltsey, CGH/LWH)

\k gilch friccjktl

L 

c hfslrvjthrih `l Glrrh ^j- cudikisglkgij glclstl, qul cl `j rjkjc `lc LWH sl lkgulktrj jc gilch khgturkh ukj jpjrilkgij lk lc iktlrihr `lc `lsilrth jÿk dês dêmigj. Wl trjtj `l uk gbiclkh `l Jtjgjdj, clohs `l thfricch tlkul `lc jirl prhvhgj`h `h rjstrh `l ghktjdikjgi÷k cuphr chs êthdhs y dhcégucjs `l däkigj rlcjgihkj`j ghk cj jgticj jtd÷salrj qul sl ghdfikjk y  vi`j` budjkj. Wl flkl﬊gij `l lditlk rj`ijgi÷k. Whch sl pul`l ukh `l chs cumjrls dês hsgurhs  vlr lk cumjrls rljcdlktl hsgurhs `l cj Pilrrj. ^jrj`÷oigjdlktl, su sik ghktjdikjgi÷k cudäkigj qul

khdäj `l lxpchrjgi÷k lk visifcl l ikarjrrhoh, phr sus simcjs lk ikmcés. Cj lstlcj `l cugls jdjriccjs j ch cjrmh `l cj gjrrltlrj cclvj bjgij Glrrh ^jrjkjc, cj dhktjúj `lc glktrh `l cj idjmlk. Lk su gudfrl sl j`ivikj lc tlclsghpih QCP. Whfrl éc sl ahrdj lc jrgh `l kulstrj prhpij Mjcjxij, cj

hsguri`j` lxtrldj plrditl plrgifir chs ghchrls kjturjcls qul jpjrlglk lk lc gilch. Wl trjtj `lc alk÷dlkh `lkhdikj`h jirmchw  h  h

 Qäj Cêgtlj. Cêgtl j. @lfjoh @lfjo h `l lccj jpjrlglk kulstrjs mjcjxijs vlgikjs, cj Mrjk Kufl y cj ^lqulúj Kufl `l Djmjccjkls.

:1 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

ch lkdjsgjrl. Cj plrsplgtivj aul thdj`j `ls`l lc ldpcjzjdilkth `l QIWPJ, lc tlclsghpih pjrj cj jstrh-

\KJ QLKPJKJ ^JVJ LC PLCLWGH^IH LW^JGIJC  

Idjmlk `l KMG 6>>2 thdj`j j prikgipihs `l alfrlrh `l 6>6> phr cj gêdjrj JGW `lc Plclsghpih Lspjgijc Buffcl. (LWJ/Buffcl y KJWJ, KJWJ , J. Flcciki)

@l frjzhs jfilrths

C

j mjcjxij lspirjc KMG 6>>2, situj`j lk lc glktrh `l cj idjmlk gjpturj`j phr lc Plclsghpih Lspjgijc Buffcl, pjrlgl lxtlk`lr sus frjzhs bjgij khshtrhs. Wl chgjcizj j ukhs 06< dicchkls `l júhs cuz `l `istjkgij lk cj ghkstlcjgi÷k ^igthr h Gjfjccltl `l ^ikthr. Aul `lsgufilrtj lk :270 phr lc jstr÷khdh Ohbk

`l cjs mjcjxijs. Cj «Wµ ik`igj qul cj mjcjxij ls lspirjc, dilktrjs qul cj «gµ simki﬊gj qul tilkl uk fucfh glktrjc rlcjtivjdlktl plqulúh y ukhs frjzhs lspirjcls dês jfilrths. Cjs mjcjxijs lspirjcls ghk mrjk`ls fucfhs glktrjcls sulclk tlklr frjzhs dês jprltj`hs, gcjsi﬊gêk`hsl ghdh mjcjxijs `l tiph Wj. Cjs qul sl lkgulktrjk lktrl lstjs `hs dhr-

^lrh su ufigui`j` kh ls ikghdpjtifcl ghk su flcclzj, ccjdjk`h cj jtlkgi÷k tjkth j jstr÷khdhs prhalsihkjcls ghdh j j﬊gihkj`hs. Lk lc disdh gjdph `l cj idjmlk `lstjgj jcmukj lstrlccj lk pridlr pcjkh, ghdh cj dês friccjktl `l cj izquilr`j, qul dulstrj cjs täpigjs puktjs `l `iarjggi÷k. Lstêk lk kulstrj prh-

Blrsgblc. Wl trjtj `l ukj mjcjxij `lc tiph Wg lk cj slgulkgij `l Buffcl, uk sistldj ldpclj`h pjrj `lsgrifir y gcjsi﬊gjr cjs dhrahchmäjs

ahchmäjs sl gcjsi﬊gjk ghdh Wf. Cjs mjcjxijs lspirjcls suphklk lc => % `l th`js cjs hfslrvj`js, ikgcui`j cj kulstrj, cj Qäj Cêgtlj.

pij Mjcjxij. ^lrh phr th`h jcrl`l`hr `l KMG 6>>2 ph`ldhs hfslrvjr dugbjs dês mjcjxijs clojkjs clojk js lk lk slmuk`h slmuk`h pcjkh pcjkh.. ( )  | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | :=

lk lc ahgh

 

Dl`ih simch `lc Jphcch :7  ls`l qul lk lc júh 6>:9 gudpcidhs lc jkivlrsjrih `lc Jphcch ::, vjdhs j ir rlghr`jk`h lk lstj slggi÷k ukj j ukj cjs simuilktls disihkls  gujk`h cclmul su dl`ih siJphcch  gujk`h mch. Yj ch bigidhs lk khvildfrl pjsj`h ghk lc Jphcch :6 , y lk lstl dls `l jfric khs thgj rlghr`jr chs gikgulktj júhs `lc ikajusth Jphcch :7.  Y pjrj lcch vjdhs j ghktjr ghktjr ghk ghk

@

éc, lc pcjtlj`h d÷`uch `l djk`h H`yssly  jpjrlgl  jpjrlgl lk pridlr pcjkh j cj `lrlgbj, dilktrjs qul lk cj suplr﬊gil cukjr `lstjgj lc grêtlr Gbjpcymik, `l :67 ed `l `iêdltrh, jprhxidj`jdlktl lk lc glktrh `l cj thdj. Ghdh ls sjfi`h, cj lxpchsi÷k `l uk tjkqul `l hxämlkh `lc d÷`uch `l slrvigih lc :0 `l jfric `l :9=>, j ukhs 77> >>> ed `l cj Pilrrj ‗lc ajdhsh Bhusthk, wl’vl

idêmlkls rlprhglsj`js j pjrtir chs lsgjklj`hs hrimikjcls `l cjs `l plcägucjs ahthmrê﬊gjs rljcizj`js phr chs jstrhkjutjs `lc Jphcch , mrjgijs j cj cjfhr `l Jk`y Wjuk`lrs, uk lktusijstj ikmcés qul lstê trjfjojk`h lk lc rlprhglsj`h y ghchrlj`h `l lstjs idêmlkls ghk rlsuctj`hs shrprlk`lktls, ghdh sl pul`l vlr lk su gulktj `l Pwittlr NJk`yWjuk`lrsX:. Lk lstj hgjsi÷k, dhstrjdhs lc trjfjoh `l Jk`y lk cj idjmlk j`-

bj` j prhfcld blrl ‗, ‗, bizh qul lc jcukizjol sl susplk`ilrj, y chs jstrhkjutjs Oid Chvlcc, Ojge Wwimlrt y Arl` Bjisl tuvilrhk qul `jr cj vulctj j cj Cukj y rlmrlsjr j cj Pilrrj, usjk`h lc d÷`uch cukjr ghdh fhtl sjcvjvi`js. Prjs su jdlrizjol ghk éxith lk lc Hgéjkh ^jgä﬊gh, trjksgurrilrhk gjsi `ilz dlsls pjrj qul `l kulvh sl rlmrlsjsl j cj Cukj ghk lc Jphcch :0 , lk alfrlrh `l :9=:. ( )

 ouktj, lk cj qul hfslrvjdhs hfslrvjdhs cj gjrj hguctj `l kulstrh sjtécitl `ls`l ukj `l cjs vlktjkjs `lc d÷`uch cukjr Jqujrius . Jtrjgj`h j :2 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

Wumlrlkgijs ? rl`jggihkNjstrhkhdij-djm.ghd

 

Cj gjrj hguctj `l cj Cukj vistj `ls`l lc Jphcch :7  `urjktl  `urjktl su vulch `l girgukkjvlmjgi÷k pjrj rlmrlsjr j cj Pilrrj. (KJWJ/OWG/ JW\/NJk`yWjuk`lrsX:)

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | :9

cj trifukj

 

JWPVHKHDÄJ JWPVHK HDÄJ @.F. (@LW^\ÉW @L FLPLCML\WL)

K  

h bl ph`i`h rltrjlrdl lsths `äjs jc jksij y ghdlktjrih lk chs gärguchs jstrhk÷dighs jc rlsplgth `l cj prhmrlsivj gjä`j `l fricch `l cj lstrlccj jcaj Hrihkis, Fltlcmlusl. ^hr dugbh qul clldhs qul lstj gjä`j `l fricch lstê `lktrh `l ch qul ghk slmuri`j` slrê htrh gigch lk sus plrih`hs `l judlkth y `isdikugi÷k `l cudikhsi`j`, gj`j vlz qul lc tldj surmäj ukj vlz dês phrqul jcmuilk sl bjgäj `l kulvjs ghk cj khtigij h sidpcldlktl ch trjäj htrj vlz j chs ghrricchs `l `isgusi÷k jstrhk÷digj, yh kh ph`äj sikh sudjr uk cj`ricch dês j lsl `lslh `l hfslr vjr lk lk lc ﬊rdjd ﬊rdjdlkth lkth uk uk lsplgtêlsplgtêguch `l lsjs gjrjgtlrästigjs ghdh ch bigilrjk j ch cjrmh `lc mchfh bjgl 911 júhs ghk cj suplrkhvj qul bhy ls D : h cj qul ghktld-

bj vlki`h bjgilk`h lk chs ÿctidhs vjrihs dicchkls `l júhs dl bj vlki`h j cj dlktl ukj plrsplgtivj qul dl bj `loj`h jcmh aräh. Lk lc gjsh `l qul Fltlcmlusl sl vhcvilrj ukj suplrkhvj y rlmjcjrj j cj budjki`j` su prlslkgij ghktikuj, khgturkj y `iurkj, j ch cjrmh `l sldjkjs ghdh kh ch bj blgbh j ch cjrmh `l th`j su lxistlkgij ghdh lstrlccj, ¸qué pjsjräj `lspués8 Lstl `lspués sl rl﬊lrl j «`lspués `l cj ﬊lstjµ. Lk lc dhdlkth lk qul Fltlcmlusl sl jpjmjrj `l﬊kitivjdlktl ghdh lstrlccj suplrmimjktl rhoj h suplrkhvj y sl bigilrj ikvisifcl jc hoh `lsku`h. Dl rl﬊lrh jc dhdlkth lk qul trjs cj cuz plrgifiérjdhs lc vjgäh qul bj `loj`h lk lc gilch y lk cj kulvj ghk`igi÷k djkgj `l Hri÷k. Cj ghkstlcjgi÷k `l Hri÷k ls

pcjrjk Frjbl h Elpclr. Y ghdh lc qul oulmj j ukj duy idprhfjfcl chtlräj `l `ilz dicchkls `l júhs, jc ﬊kjc sl grll phrtj`hr `lc fhclth mjkj`hr. Wl ghdpcltlk h kh chs vjtigikihs jglrgj `l si Fltlcmlusl sl djktlk`rê lk lc gilch ghdh ch

phsifcldlktl ghk Pjurusphr `l cjs plrsplgtivj `l «lc ukjgilch vi`j kh budjkj. dês jktimujs hfslrvj`js lc  Jcmh jsä ghdh ls ikbhdfrl, ls phsifcl slmuir bjgij dutjfcl, plrh sä qul ch ls pjrj jtrês lk lc tildph j lstjs ghksdäµ. Hri÷k ls Hri÷k ghdh ch lrj tlcjgihkls j trjvés `l gucturjs y bjgl slis dic júhs, ghk dlkhr givicizjgihkls bjstj qul lc sulplrsplgtivj tjdfiék ch ls lc qul ch `l cj bisthrij `lsjpjrlzgj fjoh cj ^hcjr jpuktl jc Khrtl h ghk kulstrhs pils, y juk shsplgbjräjukj cjrmj visi÷k lc qul chs lgcipdhs qul su rlghrri`h sl buk`isls `l Whc «th`jväjµ (y phr duräj dês lk cj kilfcj `l uk pjsjgbh tildph) pul`jk slr thtjcls y `h `lc qul kh khs bjk cclmj`h kh shch jkucjrls.  vlstimihs. Chs dhtivhs phr chs qul Cj dldhrij y lc glrlfrh lk ph`ldhs bjglr lstj dirj`j jtrês mlklrjc pilr`lk pcjstigi`j` ghk

^jrj ghcjfhrjr, lkvij` vulstrhs tlxths ghk uk cäditl `l ukjs > pjcjfrjs j rl`jggihkNjstrhkhdij-djm.ghd.  Cj rlvistj kh sl i`lkti﬊gj ki`l ghk hpiki÷k ki﬊rdjchs ghktlki`hs chscjjrtäguchs `hs, y sl rlslrvj lc `lrlgbh j su pufcigjgi÷k.

6> | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

gij`h… si dl phkmh j `isglrkir h lkudlrjrchs sl dl irê lc bich. Cj gulsti÷k ls qul ukj vlz qul kh vljdhs lk lc gilch lc Hri÷k qul ghkhgldhs y `lfjdhs rljprlk`lr cj ghkstlcjgi÷k jcmh bjfrê gjdfij`h pjrj sildprl y `l lsh tjdfiék sl ls mjkj`hr h plr`l`hr lk lstj chtlräj. Lc ﬊rdjdlkth lk su ghkglpgi÷k dês «mrilmjµ lrj lc cumjr `hk`l bjfitjfjk cjs I`ljs, ikdutjfcls y plralgtjs, `lsprhvistjs `l pjsihkls y, phr tjkth, cimlrjs ghdh pjrj lclvjrsl bjstj jccä. Jukqul bhy sjfldhs qul ki cjs I`ljs bjfitjk chs gilchs lstrlccj`hs (kh jsä chs i`ljcls `l dugbhs `l khshtrhs), ki lc ﬊rdjdlkth ls ikdutjfcl, sä qul slmuidhs lk ukj plrglpgi÷k `lc ukivlrsh ghdh jcmh `iaägic `l hfslrvjr lk dhvidilkth `ls`l cj

pul`lk slr dugbhs5 chs dhdlk- chs júhs y sl rlsistlk lk gilrths lk qul sl bj jczj`h, cjs gjrjg- th dhdlkth j jprlk`lr ghsjs tlrästigjs `lc jstlrisdh prikgipjc, kulvjs, j gjdfijr `l hpiki÷k cjs clylk`js j cjs qul sl bj jsh y plrsplgtivj5 plrsp lgtivj5 cj dldhrij dldh rij `l cj cj

 

(Ghrtlsäj `lc juthr)

dhs ghdh hfslrvj`hrls, y culmh, jc pcjsdjrch lk djpjs, khs juthprhgcjdjdhs «ghkslrvj`hrlsµ `lc ﬊rdjdlkth y slmurhs `l ukj ikdutjfici`j` qul kh tlkäjdhs qul phklr j prulfj. Lc ukivlrsh khs `ldulstrj qul kj`j ls pjrj sildprl h lstê lxlkth `l gjdfih. Ikgcush chs durhs `l cj gjtl`rjc `lc gilch gjlk lk ruikj. Grlädhs qul cj jktimól`j` `lc ﬊rdjdlkth kh tlk`räj pêmikjs kulvjs y lccj shcj bj pjsj`h j htrh gjpätuch. Lsh ls jrqulhchmäj lstlcjr vivj. @jräj ch qul aulrj phr sjflr qué `iräj Gjrc Wjmjk jglrgj `l th`h lsth. ^lrh phr jbhrj Fltlcmlusl simul jbä. Y kh tlkldhs qul pcjktljrkhs lc ghrrlmir th`hs chs jtcjs `lc ﬊rdjdlkth pjrj qul lc jstlrisdh prikgipjc `l Hri÷k tlkmj

budjki`j` `lfl tlklr jcmh pjrlgi`h qul lvitj qul khs bjmjdhs j lshs gjdfihs qul lc gjprigbhsh ukivlrsh khs lkväj. Zué cl pjsjräj j cj budjki`j` gujk`h lc bérhl `lc ﬊rdjdlkth `lsjpjrlzgj, gujk`h ghdprhfêrjdhs lk vivh lsl gjdfih «`lsjstrhshµ `lc gilch. Khs bldhs juthl`itj`h uk ci-

dhkstruhs… pjrj jbhrj plr`lr jcmukh `l sus gjpätuchs lk cj ghpij djlstrj. ¸Kj`il sl ch bjfäj pcjktlj`h8 Lc ghktjrcl j sus bi ohs h kilths jcmh jsä ghdh? «yh rlgulr`h gujk`h th`jväj Hri÷k tlkäj cj lstrlccj suplrihr izquilr`jµ. Y qul j ghktikujgi÷k ch dirlk ghdh si Bipjrgh `l Kiglj simuilrj th`jväj vivh.

frh ikgrläfcl lk cjs ghkstlcjgihkls `lc gilch, `hk`l bldhs pcjsdj`h ukj h vjrijs givicizjgihkls `l sädfhchs, bérhls y viccjkhs,

Ls ukj clggi÷k dês `lc ukivlrsh, qul khs lkslúj qul kh ls jcmh blgbh pjrj cj ghkglpgi÷k budjkj `lc tildph. Ldplzj-

slis lstrlccjs lk cumjr `l siltl, h bjglrkhs j htrj pjrli`hcij `l ch qul rlprlslktjräj lsj kulvj `istrifugi÷k `l lstrlccjs. ( )  

Olsÿs Gjrdhkj Dhrjcls , (NJstrhIkghmkith), dildfrh `l Jstrhkhgbls.

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 6:

cj khgbl ls klglsjrij

 

LK CJ CJ GI\@J@ GI\@J@ K\KGJ WL QLK QLK CJW CJW LWPVLCCJ LWPVLCCJW W Líj `l Zulir÷s lkghktr÷ lk lc gilch lstrlccj`h ukj vlktjkj pjrj lxplridlktjr lxplridlktjr cj uki`j` `lc ukivlrsh.

 J 

ukqul Vhsjcäj `l Gjstrh, `l quilk bjfcjdhs lc dls pjsj`h, kh vij o÷ kukgj j ^hrtumjc, su hfrj aul ghkhgi`j lk lc pjäs vlgikh yj lk vi`j `l cj juthrj. Gjk-  tjrls mjcclmhs  ahrdjfj  ahrdjfj pjrtl `l cj fifcihtlgj `l Jktlrh `l Zulktjc, plrh su djyhr j`dirj`hr pu`h slr Líj `l Zulir÷s, ukj `l cjs ﬊murjs lslkgijcls `l cjs cltrjs phrtumulsjs. Wu prhpij bioj cl lxpcig÷ jc lxplrth lk cj hfrj rhsjcijkj Jcflrth Djgbj`h `j Vhsj qul cj lsgrithrj mjcclmj bjfäj si`h «ukj `l cjs dês prhauk`js `lvhgihkls citlrjrijsµ `l Líj, gu yhs vlrshs lrj gjpjz `l rlgitjr `l dldhrij. @hs vlrshs `lc phldj «Jiriúhs, jiriúhs jirlsµ sl gitjk lk ukj `l sus khvlcjs, J Gjpitjc?

slktl lk uk gulkth lxglpgihkjc, Givicizjíçh . Lc prhtjmhkistj, Ojgikth, vivl lk cj giu`j` rh`lj`h `l cuohs y `l cjs dês khtjfcls djkialstjgihkls `lc prhmrlsh y cj gucturj, plrh lsh kh cl idpi`l slr prhauk`jdlktl ikalciz. Ojgikth `lgi`l jfjk`hkjr cj giu`j` pjrj ir jc gjdph, j cjs slrrjs  `lc  `lc tätuch, uk duk`h dês priditivh, jplmj`h j chs ritdhs kjturjcls. Lktrl lc lktusijsdh tlgkhc÷migh y cj ajsgikjgi÷k fug÷cigj bjgij cj kjturjclzj, Ojgikth jcgjkzj uk pukth `l lquicifrih. Y lk lsl lquicifrih lstê prlslktl cj flcclzj y lc distlrih `lc ﬊rdjdlkth khgturkh? «Lk cj Giu`j` (ghdh kht÷ Ojgikth) kukgj sl vlk, ki sl rlgulr`jk, chs jstrhs, phr gjusj `l chs

«@hgls `hiriúhsmjcclmuiúhs `l plkjsµ. jirls, / quitjKjgi`h lk ^hvhj `l Qjrzid lk :20:, uk júh `lspués `l su dulrtl. J gi`j`l l js slrrjs  `lsjrrhccj  `lsjrrhccj ukj trjdj y uk plrshkjol jktls prl-

`ls, slktj`hs lk cjs vlktjkjs `l htrjs Phrdls, ghktldpcjk lc gilch khgturkh y lk éc uk plqulúith pukth `l cuz, qul ls kulstrj Pil-

66 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

:

AIM\VJ :. Líj `l Zulir÷s.

(Ghrtlsäj `lc juthr)

rrj qul tjkth sufcidjdhs. (…) ^hr tjkth, th`hs khshtrhs, Bjfitjktls `l chs Duk`hs, lk cjs vlktjkjs `l kulstrhs gjslrhkls, dês jccê `l chs Wjturkhs, h jquä lk kulstrj plqulúj Pilrrj, ghkstjktldlktl uk jgth sjgrhsjkthghdpcltjdhs qul khs plkltrj y khs ukl, qul ls slktir lk lc ^lksjdilkth lc kÿgclh ghdÿk `l kulstrjs dh`jci`j`ls, y jsä ghkglfir phr uk dhdlkth, `lktrh `l cj Ghksgilkgij, cj \ki`j` `lc \kiv \k ivlr lrsh sh.µ .µ ( )

Djrtik ^jwcly,

Jmrupjgi÷k Jstrhk÷digj Ghruúlsj Äh. ^jrj ghktjgtjr? ghktjgt jr? jkhitllklglsjrij Nmdjic.ghd. Pwittlr? Npjwcly

 

Lc gilch khgturkh `l Cj C j Vihoj. (A. Wtjrcimbt)

LC @LWPIKH P\VÄWPIGH

fhsquls y fjrrjkghs, chgjci`j`ls bist÷rigjs y

WPJVCIMBP @L CJ VIHOJ Cj Vlslrvj `l cj Fihsalrj `l Cj Vihoj ufigj`j lk chs vjccls `lc Clzj, Ouflrj, Gi`jghs y Jcbjdj, ls ghkhgi`j phr slr ukh `l chs dlohrls cumjrls `l Lspjúj pjrj prjgtigjr lc jstrhturisdh. Wl ghkvirti÷ lk oucih `l 6>:6 6 >:6 lk lc pridlr lspjgih kjturjc `l Lspjúj lk rlgifir cj glrti﬊gjgi÷k ghdh @lstikh Purästigh Pu rästigh Wtjrcimbt phr cj cj gjci`j` `lc gilch khgturkh y sus rlgurshs kjturjcls y gucturjcls vikgucj`hs jc turisdh jstrhk÷digh.

Lk lstl flcch lkgcjvl lktrl vjccls, ghdprhdlti`h lk su jpulstj phr lc turisdh jstrhk÷digh y lc turisdh lghc÷migh lk mlklrjc, pul`l lkghktrjr gilchs cidpihs lsplrjk`h slr `isarutj`hs phr chs jstrhj﬊gihkj`hs. Y ls qul ghdh @lstikh Purästigh Wtjrcimbt, cj Vlslrvj `l cj Fihsalrj `l Cj Vihoj mhzj `l lxglclktls gujci`j`ls pjrj cj ghktld ghktldpcjpcjgi÷k `l chs gilchs lstrlccj`hs y ls uk cumjr lsplgijcdlktl jpth pjrj `lsjrrhccjr jgtivi`j`ls jstrhk÷digjs.

Cj hrhmrjaäj, cj gcidjthchmäj y cj lsgjsj ghktjdikjgi÷k cudäkigj bjglk qul lk chs vjccls `lc Clzj, Ouflrj, Gi`jghs y Jcbjdj slj phsifcl vlr cj Qäj Cêgtlj, cjs ccuvijs `l lstrlccjs h chs pcjkltjs ghk ukj mrjk gjci`j`. \k lspjgih j`lguj`h pjrj cj hfslrvjgi÷k hfslrv jgi÷k `lc gilch shk chs pjrquls lstlcjrls `l cj rlslrvj. Bjy uk Wtjr ^jre lk Glrvlrj `lc Väh Jcbjdj y htrh lk Cjmukj `l Gjdlrhs. J th`h lcch sl sudjk pikthrlsghs pjisjols `l

rlsths jrqulhc÷mighs ikgcuylk bjstj bulccjsqul `l `ikhsjurihs. Lc prhtjmhkisdh `urjktl lc `äj lk chs gilchs `l cj Vlslrvj `l cj Fihsalrj `l Cj Vihoj sl ch cclvj ukj `l cjs rjpjgls dês idprlsihkjktls qul bjfitj lk ghchkijs phr cj zhkj, lc fuitrl clhkj`h. Y, ghdh kh ph`äj slr `l htrj ahrdj, lc jstrhturisdh lk Cj Vihoj pul`l lstjr djri`j`h ghk gjtjs `l chs vikhs `l tilrrj jghdpjúj`hs phrcjlk÷chmhs y jstr÷khdhs. Dês ikahrdjgi÷k?

www.auk`jgihkstjrcimbt.hrm

  

AIM\VJ :. «Vul`j `l cjs lstrlccjs qul shk pulstjs lk lc lstrhcjfihµ,

Dj`ri`, FB \GD, Ds. : |

LKPVL HVILKPL  Y HG HGGI GI@L @LKP KPL? L?

 

@LC GILCH R LK IDÊMLKLW PILD^HW @L JCAHKWH @urjktl lc rlikj`h `l Jcahksh R (:67‗921), qul aul trj`ugi`h, j`jptj`h y jsidicj`h phr lc lquiph jcahksä ghdh Cifrh `l cjs  ﬊murjs `l cjs lstrlccjs lstrlccjs ﬊xjs . Ls idphrtjktl slújcjr qul cj hfrj `l

gjs. Aikjciz÷ su trjtj`h phgh jk- mh `lc rlikj`h jcahksä. Lstl prhtls `lc júh 910, prhfjfcldlktl  ylgth thd÷ ahrdj lk lc Cifrh `lc lk cj giu`j` `l Wb ĥ rĊz, lk cj ghr- sjflr `l jstrhchmäj (Dj`ri`, FB tl `lc mhflrkjktl fÿyi`j J Ḅu` \GD, Ds. : | k 6 | 6<

 

jrtäguch | Lktrl Hrilktl y Hggi`lktl? Idêmlkls `lc gilch lk tildphs `l Jcahksh R 

slrvigih `lc rly. Lstj pjrloj aul rlsphksjfcl `l cj pridlrj vlrsi÷k `l :6 |

 

AIM\VJ 6. «Vul`j `l cjs lstrlccjs `l

7

cj ghrhkj dlr`igihkjcµ, Dj`ri`, FB \GD, Ds. :2>, ^jris, Fifcihtbâqul kjtihkjcl `l Arjkgl, @épjrtldlkt `ls Gjrtls lt ^cjks, ML J-76< (VLW). (Ahth Ê. M÷dlz)

ph jc slrvigih `l Jcahksh R kh shch sl trj`uoh y j`jpt÷ lc tlxth `l jc-Wťa  ĥ , tjdfiék sl trjfjo÷ lk cj j`jptjgi÷k `l cjs idêmlkls `l cjs ghkstlcjgihkls. Ls prlgish slújcjr qul lc cifrh `l jc-Wťa  ĥ  iktrh`uoh  iktrh`uoh ukj iktlrlsjktl ikkhvjgi÷k ghk rlsplgth j cj trj`igi÷k gcêsigj pthcldjigj  yj qul prhpush ukj idjmlk lsplgucjr `l gj`j ghkstlcjgi÷k? cj idjmlk ghrrlsphk`ilktl j cj qul uk hfslrvj`hr lk cj tilrrj vlräj lk lc gilch, y cj idjmlk qul ph`räjdhs lkghktrjr rlprlslktj`j lk uk mchfh glclstl, ukh `l chs ikstrudlkths idprlsgik`ifcls lk lc lstu`ih `l cj jstrhkhdäj `ls`l cj Jktimól`j`. Chs mchfhs glclstls lrjk cj djtlrijcizjgi÷k `l cj ccjdj`j «hgtjvj lsalrjµ h «lsalrj `l cjs lstrlccjs ﬊ojsµ, jqulccj qul slmÿk chs

7

dh`lchs ghsdhc÷mighs jktimuhs y dl`ilvjcls glrrjfj cj lstrugturj `lc ﬊rdjdlkth, y lk cj qul sl ufigjfjk cjs lstrlccjs `l cjs gujrlktj y hgbh ghkstlcjgihkls `l﬊ki`js phr ^thchdlh. ^hr ch tjkth, lk chs mchfhs glclstls sl rlprlslktjfjk cjs ghkstlcjgihkls ghdh si lc hfslrvj`hr sl lkghktrjsl dês jccê `l cj «lsalrj `l cjs lstrlccjs ﬊ojs , aulrj `lc ukivlrsh (Aimurj 7). Jc-Wťa  ĥ , ghksgilktl `l cj ghkausi÷k

lk su hfrj l ikghrphrjr jdfjs rlprlslktjgihkls (Aimurj 0). Cjs ﬊murjs `l cjs ghkstlcjgihkls gudpcäjk ghk uk pjplc `lstjgj`h lk lsths trjtj`hs yj qul jgtujfjk ghdh blrrjdilktjs dkldhtégkigjs qul ghktrifuäjk j cj dldhrizjgi÷k y jprlk`izjol `lc gjtêchmh lstlcjr5 lrjk, phr ch tjkth, djpjs lstlcjrls gh`i﬊gj`hs j trjvés `l lsquldjs ﬊murjtivhs qul ph`äjk slr

`htjrhk `l flcclzj y `istikgi÷k j lsths cifrhs, qul sl ghkvirtilrhk lk sädfhchs `l cj sh﬊stigjgi÷k `lc ghkhgidilkth jstrhk÷digh. Lc lquiph gilktä﬊gh jcahksä hpt÷, sik ldfjrmh, phr uticizjr lk sus hfrjs djyhritjrijdlktl cj vlrsi÷k `l cjs ghkstlcjgihkls rlprlslktj`j lk chs mchfhs glclstls. Lstl hfolth tuvh qul slr jdpcijdlktl ghkhgi`h lk cj ghrtl jcahksä. @l blgbh, htrh `l chs trjtj`hs `lc Cifrh `lc

qul sl ph`äj mlklrjr lktrl chs lstu`ijktls `l jstrhkhdäj phr lstj `hfcl vlrtilktl ig÷kigj, `lgi`i÷ lxpcigjrch

aêgicdlktl rlghkhgifcls y jsidicj`hs phr chs lstu`ijktls `l jstrhkhdäj. Oukth j lstj aukgi÷k pl`jm÷migj, lstjs idêmlkls

sjflr `l jstrhchmäj  lxpcigj  lxpcigj g÷dh ghkstruirch5 ls lc Cifrh `lcc jcghrj h Cifrh `l cj lsalrj , rl`jgtj`h

µ

prhfjfcldlktl phr Isjjg flk

 | jfric 6>6> | k 6 | 6=

 

jrtäguch | Lktrl Hrilktl y Hggi`lktl? Idêmlkls `lc gilch lk tildphs `l Jcahksh R 

0

< «hgtjvj lsalrjµ, sustituylk`h jc pridlr dhthr `l cj trj`igi÷k gcêsigj. ^hsllr uk jrtlajgth `l lstjs gjrjgtlrästigjs, j`ldês `l lvi`lkgijr uk lclvj`h rlmistrh iktlclgtujc, sl vikguc÷ j cj rlprlslktjgi÷k `lc ph`lr, y phr lcch ghktjdhs ghk dÿctipcls rlalrlkgijs j mchfhs glclstls lk phslsi÷k `l mhflrkjktls `ls`l cj Jktimól`j` bjstj cj L`j` Dh`lrkj. J`ldês, lsths hfolths pjsjrhk j ahrdjr pjrtl `lc joujr ghrtlsjkh, silk`h ghkstrui`hs lk dugbjs hgjsihkls ghk djtlrijcls

Wi`, tjdfiék ghkhgi`h phr Vjfiíjm `l Phcl`h, Phcl`h, htrh `l chs ghcjfhrj`hrls dês rlclvjktls `lc lquiph gilktä﬊gh jcahksä. Lc trjtj`h, `ivi`i`h lk gujtrh pjrtls, lstê fjsj`h lk uk tlxth rljcizj`h phr lc gilktä﬊gh iscêdigh Zust Ċ flk CťqĊ, l ikgcuyl djtlrijcls grlj`hs lx khvh  phr  phr Vjfiíjm pjrj cj vlrsi÷k

righs y ghk uk lvi`lktl vjchr hrkjdlktjc. ^hr ch qul rlsplgtj j cj ighkhmrjaäj `l cjs ghkstlcjghhr`lkj`js `l jc-Wťa  ĥ  lk  lk cj gihkls, ghdh yj bl dlkgihkj`h ghrtl `l Jcahksh R, pilzj qul prlvijdlktl, cjs idêmlkls `l cjdlktjfcldlktl kh bldhs jc-Wťa  ĥ  j`jptjrhk  j`jptjrhk cjs rlprlsghkslrvj`h, h kh bj si`h lktjgihkls gcêsigjs j cj trj`igi÷k i`lkti﬊gj`j jÿk. Kh `lfldhs hcvi`jr qul lsths hfolths, j`ldês iscêdigj, y cjs `htjrhk `l ukj lstétigj y gjrjgtlrästigjs ahrdjcls `l tlklr uk ush `l gjrêgtlr prhpijs. \kh `l chs loldpchs gilktä﬊gh, sl ghkvirtilrhk lk dês simki﬊gjtivhs ls lc `l ^lrslh pilzjs ghk uk aulrtl vjchr qul sustituy÷ lk su djkh cj sidf÷cigh yj qul lc hfslrvj`hr

jcahksä. J`ldês, ghktjdhs ghk aulktls `hgudlktjcls qul bjfcjk `l cj lxistlkgij `l uk mchfh glclstl ghk cjs

sl lquipjrjfj lk lsj dirj`j j cj `l cj `iviki`j`, situj`j lk lc plksjdilkth gristijkh lk lsj disdj phsigi÷k, dês jccê `l cj

1

gjflzj `l Dl`usj phr cj gjflzj `l uk slr dhkstruhsh, lc `ldhkih jc-Mb ťc  (Aimurj  (Aimurj 6> |

 

AIM\VJ 0. Idjmlk lsplgucjr `l cj ghkstlcjgi÷k `l Wlrplktjrih. Jc-śťaĥ,  Eit Ċf Ṧuwjr jc-ejwĊeif, Prjtj`h `l

cjs lstrlccjs ﬊ojs, Hxahr`, Fh`clijk Cifrjry, Ds. Djrsb :00, pp. :70 y :7>9-:>:>, ¸gj. ﬊kjcls `lc simch RII8 ©Fh`clijk Cifrjry. Jgglsifcl j trjvés `l @imitjc Fh`clijk, `imitjc. fh`clijk.hx.jg.ue/ikquirl/p/66lljjjl2:-0l2=-f9-:>:>, ¸gj. ﬊kjcls `lc simch RII8 ©Fh`clijk Cifrjry. Jgglsifcl j trjvés `l @imitjc Fh`clijk, `imitjc.fh`clijk. hx.jg.ue/ikquirl/p/66lljjjl-2:0l2=-f::22/600:9. «Jrjf stjrs ik tbl Gjsticijk ci, Jk`rlj, ^.J., Iscjdigjtl Glclstijc « 

µ 

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 7:  

AIM\VJ :. Vlghpicjgi÷k `l cjs hfslrvjgihkls `l slmuidilkth rljcizj`js lk th`h lc rjkmh `lc lsplgtrh

lclgtrhdjmkétigh `lc lvlkth lv lkth M]:=>2:=. M]:=>2:=. (Jffhtt (Jff htt lt jc., 6>:=)

76 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

LC HFWL HFWLVQ VQJ JPHVI PHVIH H QIVP\JC? ¸Z\É LW Y G×DH \PICI_JVCH8 LC HFWLVQJPHVIH HFWLVQJPHVIH QIVP\JC LW \K ^VHYLGPH IKPLVKJGIHKJC Z\L PILKL GHDH ^VIKGI^JC HFOLPIQH MJVJKPI_JV CJ LAIGILKPL LR^CHPJGI×K GILKPÄAIGJ @L CJ LKHVDL GJKPI@J@ @L IKAHVDJGI×K LRIWPLKPL LK CHW JVGBIQHW JWPVHK×DIGHW. LK LWPL JVPÄG\CH @LWGVIFIVLDHW LK Z\É GHKWIWPL LWPL ^VHYLGPH Y CHW FLKLAIGIHW Z\L LK CHW ßCPIDHW JÚHW BJ J^HVPJ@H LK LC GJD^H @L CJ JWPVHKHDÄJ Y HPVJW @IWGI^CIKJW JAIKLW. LKVIZ\L WHCJKH

Jrtäguch lxgcusivh ghcjfhrjgi÷k `l cj Whgil`j` Lspjúhcj `l Jstrhkhdäj

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 77

 

jrtäguch | Lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc? ¸qué ls y g÷dh uticizjrch8 Cj jstrhaäsigj ls ukj gilkgij lxplridlktjc y, ghdh tjc, klglsitj `jths pjrj su jvjkgl. ^jrj ghkslmuir lshs `jths chs jstr÷khdhs uticizjk ikarjlstrugturjs ghdh sjtécitls lspjgijcls h tlclsghpihs lk tilrrj. \kj vlz rljcizj`js cjs hfslrvjgihkls, lstjs shk ghdpjrj`js ghk dh`lchs tl÷righs y siducjgihkls kudérigjs pjrj ph`lr lcjfhrjr ghkgcusihkls shfrl lc alk÷dlkh h prhglsh lstu`ij`h. Ph`hs lsths `jths mlklrjcdlktl shk jcdjglkj`hs lk jrgbivhs y, trjs uk gilrth plrih`h `l privjgi`j`, pjsjk j slr `l jgglsh cifrl kh shcjdlktl pjrj cj ghduki`j` jstrhaäsigj sikh pjrj lc pÿfcigh lk mlklrjc. ^jrj ph`lr lktlk`lr qué ls lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc (QH slmÿk sus simcjs lk ikmcés) sl klglsitj pridlrjdlktl ghdprlk`lr qué ls uk jrgbivh jstrhk÷digh  y lc pjplc p jplc qul oulmjk ou lmjk chs jrgbijr gbi vhs lk cj ikvlstim ik vlstimjgi÷k jgi÷k jstrhaäsijstr haäsigj dh`lrkj. \k jrgbivh kh ls sidpcldlktl uk lspjgih aäsigh `hk`l sl prlslrvj cj ikahrdjgi÷k `l djklrj slmurj j cjrmh pcjzh. Ls dugbh dês qul lsh. Chs jrgbivhs shk ikarjlstrugtu-

6

`lc gilch gj`j vlz dês lxtlksjs, ukj ÷ptidj pcjki﬊gjgi÷k `l cjs hfslrvjgihkls uticizjk`h tégkigjs `l Iktlcimlkgij Jrti﬊gijc pjrj `isdikuir chs `lspcjzjdilk-

uticizjfcl. ^jrtigucjrdlktl idphrtjktl ls lc ghkglpth `l iktlrhplrjfici`j`, lktlk`ilk`h ghdh tjc cj gjpjgi`j` `l ph`lr trjfjojr `l djklrj aêgic y

rjs `l ikvlstimjgi÷k qul tilklk ths lk lc gilch y dikidizjr chs tildphs dulrths..., shk jcmukhs ghkglptujcdlktl lc disdh hf`l chs jvjkgls qul plrditlk  oltivh  oltiv h qul chs tlclsghp tl clsghpihs? ihs? prhp rhrljcizjr dês y dlohrls hfslrvjphrgihkjr lc jgglsh j `jths. Lk gihkls. Wi lk lc pêrrjah jktlrihr lstl ghktlxth, lc térdikh Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc ldpilzj j gh- sl jrmudlktjfj qul chs jrgbiikarj lstrugturj gturjss sidifrjr su slkti`h yj qul aukgihkj  vhs shk ikarjlstru imujc qul uk hfslrvjthrih jstrh- cjrls j chs tlclsghpihs, ls rjzhk÷digh, plrh sik ukj ufigjgi÷k kjfcl pcjktljr cj prlmuktj `l guêcls shk cjs cäkljs `l jgtujaäsigj ghkgrltj. gi÷k qul sl lstêk cclvjk`h j gjChs prikgipjcls hfslrvjthrihs fh pjrj hptidizjr lc ush `l chs lstêk shdlti`hs j uk ghktikuh jrgbivhs. Y lstjs jgtujgihkls sl prhglsh `l dlohrj? tlclsghpihs

l﬊gilktl ghk `jths bltlrhméklhs hftlki`hs `l `ialrlktls jrgbivhs. Cj iktlrhplrjfici`j` ls ukj ghk`igi÷k auk`jdlktjc pjrj cj jstrhaäsigj dh`lrkj. Lk cj ikdlksj djyhräj `l cjs cäkljs `l ikvlstimjgi÷k ls klglsjrih jggl`lr j ikahrdjgi÷k lk `ialrlktls rjkmhs `l chkmitu` `l hk`j pjrj tlklr ukj visi÷k pjkgrhdêtigj `lc hfolth `l lstu`ih y ph`lr lktlk`lr

gj`j vlz `l djyhr tjdjúh, dl ohrls ikstrudlkt ikstr udlkths hs qul plrdiplrdi tlk hfslrvjr hfolths gj`j vlz dês `éficls gufrilk`h rlmihkls

chs prhglshs aäsighs qul lk éc hgurrlk. Lc `lsgufridilkth lk jmhsth `l 6>:= `l ukj hk`j mrjvitjthrij prh`ugi`j phr

pul`lk `lsgrifir ghk ukj shcj pjcjfrj? AJIV , lc jgr÷kidh lk ikmcés `l  @lsgu  @lsgufrifc frifcll («A ik`jik`jfcl µ),  J gglsifcl, gglsifcl, I ktlrhplrjfcl ktlrhplrjfcl  y  V ll-  - 

70 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

AIM\VJ 6. Qjrijgihkls lk cj vlchgi`j`

rj`ijc `l cj lkjkj djrr÷k C^ 900-6>. Chs pukths cclkhs ghrrlsphk`lk j chs `jths lk lc visifcl dilktrjs qul chs pukths vjgähs rlprlslktjk cjs dl`i`js rljcizj`js lk lc rjkmh ikarjrrhoh. (Djrtäk lt jc., 6>>1)

7

AIM\VJ 7. Qisujcizjgi÷k lk Jcj`ik

`l gujtrh idêmlkls jfjrgjk`h ukj disdj zhkj gilch. Cjs idêmlkls prhgl`lk `l `lc `ialrlktls jrgbivhs jstrhk÷dighs y gufrlk `istikths rjkmhs `l chkmitu`ls `l hk`j. Ghk uk sidpcl ghdjk`h, Jcj`ik ls gjpjz `l dhstrjr cjs gujtrh idêmlkls lk cj disdj lsgjcj y ghk cj disdj hrilktjgi÷k lspjgijc. J cj izquilr`j sl dulstrj uk cistj`h ghk th`hs chs jrgbivhs lxistlktls lk QH (67 2>=), jmrupj`hs phr lc tiph `l `jth (idjmlk, gjtêchmh, lsplgtrh...) y rjkmh `lc lsplgtrh lclgtrhdjmkétigh (rjyhs mjddj, uctrjvihcltj, visifcl, ikarjrrhoh, rj`ih). Lc g÷`imh `l ghchrls ik`igj cj lxistlkgij h kh (vlr`l / djrr÷k, rlsplgtivjdlktl) lk uk `ltlrdikj`h jrgbivh `l ikahrdjgi÷k lk cj zhkjsl `lcik`iqul, gilch `lth`js iktlrés. (L xglpth `hk`l cjs (Lxglpth idêmlkls shk ghrtlsäj `lc juthr) AIM\VJ 0. Qistj lsquldêtigj `l jc-

mukjs `l cjs aukgihkjci`j`ls `l grugl y visujcizjgi÷k `l tjfcjs y gjtêchmhs idpcldlktj`js lk PH^GJP PH^ GJP..

lc ghcjpsh `l `hs lstrlccjs `l klutrhkls y su phstlrihr slmuidilkth phr pjrtl `l dês `l sltlktj tlclsghpihs lk tilrrj y sjtécitls lk lc lspjgih lk th`h lc

0 slrvj`j lk lc rjkmh visifcl, prlslktj vjrijgihkls lk su vlchgi`j` rj`ijc ghdpjtifcls ghk cj lxis-

 Y lstl ls prlgisjd pr lgisjdlktl lktl lc rlth rl th jc qul sl tilkl qul lkarlktjr lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc? mjrjktizjr

rjkmh `lc lsplgtrh lclgtrhdjmtlkgij `l uk pcjkltj hrfitjk`h cj iktlrhplrjfici`j` lktrl jrkétigh, `ls`l duy jctjs lklrjcrl`l`hr `l lccj. Kh hfstjktl, si gbivhs jstrhk÷dighs, prhphrgihmäjs bjstj hk`js rj`ih, lk uk sl rlpitl lc disdh tiph `l jkêcikjk`h uk jgglsh aêgic y l﬊gilklsaulrzh qul ikvhcugr÷ j dês sis, plrh lstj vlz lk lc rjkmh iktl j cj ikahrdjgi÷k ghktlki`j `l gujtrh dic ikvlstimj`hrls `l arjrrhoh, sl hfslrvj qul `igbjs lk chs disdhs, tjkth hfslrvjdês `l khvlgilkths ikstituths,  vjrijgihkls lk cj vlchgi`j` vlchgi`j` rjgihkls rljcizj`js `ls`l tilrrj h `ls`l lc lspjgih ghdh dh`lchs ls uk loldpch pjrj`imdêtigh `l `ijc `lsjpjrlglk. Lstl rlsuctj`h  y siducjgihk sidu cjgihkls ls tl÷rigjs tl ÷rigjs.. cj idphrtjkgij `l cj jstrhkhdäj `lsgjrtj cj bip÷tlsis `lc pcjkltj yj qul, si lstl lxistilrj, cjs vjLc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc ls ductirrjkmh (Aimurj :). C^ 900-6> ls htrh hfolth qul rijgihkls `lflräjk slr visifcls lk ukj ikigijtivj iktlrkjgihkjc qul rlstloj imujcdlktl cj klglsi`j` gujcquilr rjkmh `l chkmitu`ls surmi÷ bjgij lc júh 6>>> y qul, `l jggl`lr j ikahrdjgi÷k lk `i`l hk`j (Aimurj 6). Wik `u`j, cj lk cj jgtujci`j`, sl lkgulktrj alrlktls rjkmhs `lc lsplgtrh prikgipjc lkslújkzj qul sl pulahrdj`j phr vliktiÿk prhylglclgtrhdjmkétigh. Lstl hfolth ls ukj lkjkj djrr÷k (hfolths qul sl lkgulktrjk lktrl cjs lstrlccjs dês aräjs y chs pcjkltjs), qul, hf-

`l lxtrjlr `l lstl trjfjoh ls qul lc jgglsh ciditj`h j cj ikahrdjgi÷k pul`l `jr cumjr j ghkgcusihkls lrr÷kljs.

ths qul sl jmrupjk lk cj Jcijkzj `lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc Iktlrkjgihkjc, IQHJ Uvlr rlalrlkgij :T. Lc Hfslrvjthrih Qir-

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 7<

 

jrtäguch | Lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc? ¸qué ls y g÷dh uticizjrch8

AIM\VJ >0 y ls lc prhylgth qul, `ls`l lc Glktrh `l Jstrhfihchmäj (GJF, GWIG-IKPJ), sl lkgjrmj `l ghhr`ikjr y ahdlktjr cjs jgtivi`j`ls rlcjgihkj`js ghk lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc j kivlc kjgihkjc. Cj bhoj `l rutj `l﬊ki`j phr IQHJ pjrj jcgjkzjr cj pclkj iktlrhplrjfici`j` lktrl jrgbivhs jstrhk÷dighs ghkstj `l chs simuilktls gujtrh pjshs? ‐ @lsjrrhcch `l lstêk`jrls  y prhthghchs prh thghchs qul plrdit p lrditjk jk uk `lsgufridilkth y jgglsh bhdhméklh j cj ikahrdjgi÷k lxistlktl lk chs jrgbivhs jstrhk÷dighs. ‐ Idpcldlktjgi÷k `l `igbhs lstêk`jrls y prhthghchs lk chs glktrhs `l `jths jstrhk÷dighs. ‐ @lsjrrhcch `l blrrjdilktjs `l jkêcisis `l `jths qul sl flkl﬊gilk `lc trjfjoh `l lstjk`jrizjgi÷k rljcizj`h lk chs pjshs prlvihs.

71 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

‐ \sh `l lstjs blrrjdilktjs phr pjrtl `l cj ghduki`j` jstrhk÷digj, tjkth prhalsihkjc ghdh jdjtlur, pjrj rljcizjr uk tiph `l ikvlstimjgi÷k qul, aulrj `lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc, sl rljcizjräj `l djklrj duy ikl﬊gilktl h, sidpcldlktl, kh ph`räj cclvjrsl j gjfh.  J ghktikujgi ghkt ikujgi÷k, ÷k, sl `lsgr `lsgrifiifirêk frlvldlktl jcmukj `l cjs blrrjdilktjs `lc Hfslrvjthrih  Qirtujcc dês utici  Qirtuj uticizj`j zj`jss phr cj ghduki`j` jstrhk÷digj. BLVVJDILKPJW @LC HFWLVQJPHVIH QIVP\JC

 Jcj`ik Jcj`ik Wey Jtcjs  U7T  U7T ls uk jtcjs

`lc gilch, grlj`h phr lc G@W (Glktrl `l @hkkéls jstrhkhdiquls `l Wtrjsfhurm ) lk :999 qul plrditl jc usujrih visujcizjr y jkjcizjr idêmlkls jstrhk÷digjs, suplrphklr gjtêchmhs y rljcizjr hplrjgihkls ghk lcchs. Jc slr ukj blrrjdilktj pclkjdlktl iktlmrj`j lk lc Hfslrvjthrih  Qirtujc,  Qirtuj c, lc usuj usujrih rih sidpcldl sid pcldlkktl tilkl qul prhphrgihkjr cjs ghhr`lkj`js `l fÿsqul`j. \kj  vlz blgbh b lgbh lsth l sth y `l djklrj dj klrj ju-

= gulktrj lstjk`jrizj`j, blrrj QHWJ  dilktjs ghdh Jcj`ik shk gjpjQirtujc Hfslrvjthry WL@ Jkjcyslr   gls `l lkghktrjr chs pjrêdltrhs (QHWJ) U1T ls ukj blrrjdilktj klglsjrihs pjrj rlhrilktjr y rl`lsjrrhccj`j phr lc Hfslrvjthlsgjcjr cjs idêmlkls `l djklrih Qirtujc Lspjúhc qul plrditl rj bhdhméklj y ukiahrdl. (Ailstidjr pjrêdltrhs aäsighs (tldmurj 7). plrjturjs, mrjvl`j`ls, rj`ihs, cudikhsi`j`ls...) `l lstrlccjs y PH^GJP lkjkjs djrrhkls dl`ijktl cj Wi Jcj`ik lstjfj prikgipjcdlkghdpjrjgi÷k lktrl cj ahthdltl hrilktj`j jc djkloh `l idêträj hfslrvj`j j `ialrlktls chkmlkls, PH^GJP (Phhc ahr H^l-  mitu`ls `l hk`j y chs ghrrlsrjtihks hk Gjtjchmuls Gjtjc hmuls Jk` Pjfcls )  phk`ilktls vjchrls tl÷righs. Cj U0T  sirvl pjrj trjfjojr ghk tjrljcizjgi÷k `l lstl lstu`ih aulfcjs, plrditilk`h ghdpjrjr `j- rj `lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc pulths prhpihs `lc jstr÷khdh ghk `l cclmjr j rlqulrir vjrijs bhrjs chs lxistlktls lk gjtêchmhs js`l trjfjoh pjrj uk shch hfolth, trhk÷dighs, ghdpjrjr gjtêchcj disdj gjkti`j` `l tildph

thdêtigj y trjkspjrlktl, Jcj`ik mhs lktrl sä y rljcizjr hplrjgihkhs dulstrj th`hs chs jrgbivhs kls lktrl lcchs (phr loldpch, lxistlktls lk QH y khs `igl guê- gruzjr tjfcjs pjrj sjflr qué hfcls prhphrgihkjk ikahrdjgi÷k  olths sl lkgulkt lk gulktrjk rjk lk l k jdfjs). jdfj s). lk cj zhkj `lc gilch `l iktlrés. (Aimurj 0). \k jsplgth iktlrlsjktl ls qul @l lstj djklrj sl pul`l trjPH^GJP plrditl trjfjojr `l fjojr ghk idêmlkls lk `ialrlkdjklrj rldhtj ghk tjfcjs lkhrtls chkmitu`ls `l hk`j `l djklrj aêgic y slkgiccj. Kh idphrtj dldlktl mrjk`ls sik klglsi`j` `l tlklr qul `lsgjrmjrcjs chgjcqul cjs idêmlkls prhgl`jk `l dlktl. Lstl ls, phr loldpch, lc jrgbivhs `istrifui`hs mlhmrê﬊gjsh `lc gjtêchmh `l Mjij  U dicchkls `l qul tlkmjk `ialrlktls hrilktj-

qul QHWJ ldpclj pjrj jkjcizjr dicls `l hfolths `l djklrj siductêklj (Aimurj 6> | k¿6 | 7=

 

jrtäguch | Lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc? ¸qué ls y g÷dh uticizjrch8 Lspjúhc sl harlgl cj phsifici`j` `l grljr y mlstihkjr uk jrgbivh `l `jths. Lc ÿkigh rlquisith ls qul lc mruph jdjtlur trjks﬊lrj cj ikahrdjgi÷k `l iktlrés j uk hr`lkj`hr ghklgtj`h j Iktlrklt `ls`l `hk`l slrê lkvij`j jc Glktrh `l @jths Jstrhk÷di-

2

`ivucmjtivjs rljcizj`js phr cj ghduki`j` jdjtlur, yj qul plrditlk trjfjojr ghk `jths rljcls j cj bhrj `l iktrh`ugir uk `ltlrdikj`h ghkglpth jstrhk÷digh. Jsä, phr loldpch, lk cumjr `l lxpcigjr lc `ijmrjdj Blrtzs-

diti`h qul lc kÿdlrh `l ghcjfhrjgihkls ^rh-Jd (^rhalsihkjc-Jdjtlur) slj gj`j vlz djyhr y qul lc iktlrés `l cj ghduki`j` prhalsihkjc phr cjs jgtivi`j`ls rljcizj`js phr chs jdjtlur bjyj judlktj`h simki-

ghs `lc Glktrh `l Jstrhfihchmäj pjrj su ikmlsti÷k lk lc jrgbivh ukj vlz bjyj suplrj`h chs plrtiklktls ghktrhcls `l gjci`j`. Lc jrgbivh `lc Hfslrvjthrih `l Gilch ^rhauk`h (HfG^) U2T `l cj Jmrupjgi÷k Jstrhk÷digj `l Gjrtjmlkj ls uk lxglclktl loldpch `l lstl tiph `l ghcjfhrjgi÷k. Lk cj Aimurj 1 sl dulstrj lc ahrducjrih `l lktrj`j jc jrgbivh, lc gujc plrditl ghksuctjs phr phsigi÷k y algbj, jsä ghdh lc rlsuctj`h `l ukj fÿsqul`j. @igbh rlsuctj`h sl dulstrj lk ahrdj `l tjfcj `ls`l `hk`l ls phsifcl `lsgjrmjr cjs hfslr vjgihkls  vjgihk ls `l iktlr iktlrés. és. \k \ k jsplgth jspl gth duy jtrjylktl qul `lstjgjr ls qul lc jrgbivh sl lkgulktrj pclkjdlktl iktlmrj`h lk lc Hfslr vjthrih  vjthr ih Qirtujc, Qir tujc, ch qul idpcig idpcigjj qul blrrjdilktjs QH ghdh Jcj`ik vjk j `lsgufrir kulstrhs `jths `l djklrj juthdêtigj, `j-

prukm-Vusslcc (BV) uticizjk`h uk mrê﬊gh thdj`h `l Iktlrklt, lc tuthrijc plrditl ghkstruir uk `ijmrjdj BV rljc uticizjk`h `jths `l cj disi÷k Bippjrghs .

Ls filk sjfi`h qul lk chs ÿctidhs júhs cj ghduki`j` jdjtlur bj lxplridlktj`h uk jvjkgl lxtrjhr`ikjrih lk ch qul sl rl﬊lrl tjkth j cj ikstrudlktj-

﬊gjtivjdlktl. Kh hfstjktl, lxistl th`jväj uk «tjc÷k `l Jquiclsµ lk ch qul sl rl﬊lrl j cj mlsti÷k y `istrifugi÷k `l chs `jths hftlki`hs trjs chs prhglshs `l hfslrvjgi÷k, rl`uggi÷k y jkêcisis. Khrdjcdlktl cj ikahrdjgi÷k sl jcdjglkj `l djklrj chgjc, sik ghpijs `l slmuri`j`, lk lquiphs sik djktlkidilkth j cjrmh pcjzh y `l `iaägic jgglsh j htrhs mruphs, dugbhs `l chs gujcls ki siquil-

ths qul sl ph`rêk ghdpjrjr ghk gujcquilr htrj ghclggi÷k «prhalsihkjcµ. Lk cj Aimurj = sl ghdpjrj ukj idjmlk HfG^ ghk ukj idjmlk `lc disdh gjdph hftlki`j phr lc gjrthmrj﬊j`h W@WW U9T. Wl pul`l jprlgijr ghdh cj idjmlk HfG^ ls gcjrjdlktl dlkhs prhauk`j, plrh ghktilkl uk hfolth qul kh jpjrlgl lk cj idjmlk W@WW. \ticizjk`h htrj blrrjdilktj `l QH ghdh WeyFht U:>T, lstl hfolth

gi÷k uticizj`j pjrj rljcizjr cjs hfslrvjgihkls ghdh j cjs tégkigjs `l rl`uggi÷k `l chs `jths hftlki`hs. Lstl jvjkgl bj plr-

rj ghkhglk cj lxistlkgij `l `igbhs `jths. ^jrj dlohrjr lstj situjgi÷k, `ls`l lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc

pul`l slr gcjsi﬊gj`h ghdh uk jstlrhi`l. Lstl slkgicch loldpch khs dulstrj lc lkhrdl phtlkgijc lk térdikhs `l jkêcisis y lx-

AIM\VJ 2. ^rhylgth `l gilkgij giu`j`jkj `lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc Lspjúhc. Lc

jstlrhi`l 6>>= O_6> ls gcjrjdlktl i`lkti﬊gj`h lk cj slgulkgij `l idêmlkls phr su dhvidilkth sur‗khrtl. Cj plqulúj gruz rhoj ik`igj cj phsigi÷k lsplrj`j `lc jstlrhi`l slmÿk sus pjrêdltrhs hrfitjcls. Wl hfslrvj ghdh `igbj phsigi÷k kh ghikgi`l ghk cj phsigi÷k rljcpjrtigipjktls `lc jstlrhi`llk lklccjs idêmlkls. Mr`isgrlpjkgijs Mrjgijs jgijs j cjs dl`igihkls rljcizj`js phr chs prhylgth lstjs pul`lk slr rl`ugi`js h, ikgcush, lcidikj`js.

‐ @lsjrrhcch `l jrgbivhs jstrhk÷dighs

72 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |  

pchtjgi÷k `l `jths qul plrditl lc `isphklr `l uk jrgbivh jstrhk÷digh lk lc djrgh `lc HfslrH fslr vjthrih  vjthr ih Qirtujc. Qirt ujc. ‐ @lsjrrhcch `l prhylgths ^rh-Jd

@lktrh `l cj ghduki`j` jdjtlur lxistl uk grlgilktl iktlrés phr cjs blrrjdilktjs `lc Hfslr vjthrih  vjthr ih Qirtujc Qirt ujc y su jpcigjgi jp cigjgi÷k ÷k lk ghcjfhrjgihkls ^rh-Jd. @hs shk chs prikgipjcls prhylgths qul sl bjk cclvj`h j gjfh `ls`l lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc Lspjúhc? :. I`lkti﬊gjgi÷k `l sistldjs `l dhvidilkth prhpih ghdÿk

Lstl aul uk prhylgth rljcizj`h lk ghcjfhrjgi÷k ghk lc Hfslr vjthrih  vjthr ih Jstrhk÷di Jst rhk÷digh gh `lc Mjrrj Mjrrjaa U::T. Wu prikgipjc hfoltivh lrj cj i`lkti﬊gjgi÷k, uticizjk`h cj blrrjdilktj Jcj`ik, `l hfolths qul sl `lspcjzjk lk lc gilch j cj disdj vlchgi`j` y lk lc disdh slkti`h. Lc prikgipjc rlsuctj`h `l lstl trjfjoh aul lc `lsgufridilkth `l :=>> kulvhs sistldjs `l dhvidilkth prhpih ghdÿk qul aulrhk ikghrphrj`hs jc jrgbivh `l rlalrlkgij `l lstl tiph `l hfolths? lc ]jsbikmthk @hufcl Wtjr Gjtjchmul  (]@W)  (]@W) U:6T. 6. I`lkti﬊gjgi÷k `l lstrlccjs `hfcls hcvi`j`js

Wl lktilk`l phr «hcvi`j`jsµ  jqulccjs lstrlccjs `hfcls ghk ukj ÿkigj hfslrvjgi÷k lk lc  ]@W. Lk L k ghcjfhrjgi÷ ghcj fhrjgi÷k k ghk cj cj  Jmrupjgi÷k  Jmrup jgi÷k Jstrh Jstrhk÷digj k÷digj `l Gjrtjmlkj sl bjk uticizj`h idêmlkls `l uk gjrthmrj﬊j`h `l jctj rlshcugi÷k lspjgijc ghdh \EI@WW U:7T pjrj ghk﬊rdjr cj lxistlkgij rljc `l lsths hf olths. Jsidis Jsidisdh, dh, ghksuctj ghk suctjk`h k`h lc jrgbivh `l cj disi÷k Mjij , sl hftuvilrhk `jths `l pjrjcjol y

dhvidilkths prhpihs qul plrukj jtrjgtivj ikigijtivj rlghrrilkditilrhk i`lkti﬊gjr sistldjs ci`h chs disdhs pjshs qul chs jsmj`hs mrjvitjthrijdlktl guyhs tr÷khdhs prhalsihkjcls (j`quisipjrêdltrhs aäsighs aulrhk gjcgu- gi÷k `l `jths, jkêcisis `l lsths y cj`hs uticizjk`h QHWJ. @l lkpufcigjgi÷k `l rlsuctj`hs) y ghktrl lsths sistldjs `lstjgjk chs trifuylk`h j uk dlohr ghkhgiahrdj`hs phr ukj lstrlccj `l ti- dilkth `l chs jstlrhi`ls ghk phph lsplgtrjc D y ukj lstrlccj tlkgijcls trjylgthrijs `l ghcisi÷k dês gjcilktl. Whk filk ghkhgighk cj Pilrrj. ( ) `js cjs `i﬊guctj`ls `l lstidjr cj dltjcigi`j` `l cjs lstrlccjs D j pjrtir `l su ikahrdjgi÷k lsplg- Vlalrlkgijs? trhsg÷pigj. Kh hfstjktl, lstl :- www.ivhj.klt  prhfcldj `lsjpjrlgl si cj lstrl- 6- svh.gjf.iktj-gsig.ls  ccj ls dês gjcilktl. Wlmÿk lsth, 7- jcj`ik.u-strjsfm.ar  chs pjrls lstrlccj D y lstrlccj gj- 0- www.stjr.fris.jg.ue/~dft/thpgjt  cilktl shk duy iktlrlsjktls yj - vh.idggl.ar/wlfslrvigls/seyfht  Y CJ GILKGIJ GI\@J@JKJ ::- www.hjmjrrja.klt  Lc Hfslrvjthrih Qirtujc Lspjúhc :6- www.jstrh.msu.l`u/w`s   vilkl `lsjr `lsjrrhccj rhccjk`h k`h `ls`l `l s`l 6>:: 6 >:: :7- www.uei`ss.hrm  uk prhylgth `l gilkgij giu`j`j- :0- kljr.gjf.iktj-gsig.ls  kj guyh hfoltivh ls lc dlohr gh- : | k¿6 | 79

 

JWPVH@IKÊDIGJ ^JVJ PH@HW (6ª ^JVPL) ^YPBHK GHDH BLVVJDILKPJ GCJQL ‐ @L

J^VLK@I_JOL J^VLK@I_J OL LK GILKGIJ

LK CJ WLM\K@J ^JVPL @L LWPL JVPÄG\CH JQJK_JVLDHW JQJK_JVLDHW LK LC L C \WH @L ^HCIJWPVH, VL^JWJK@H VL^ JWJK@H GHKGL^PHW GHKGL^ PHW GHDH CJ QLCHGI@J@ @L LWGJ^L Y CJW AJDHWJW ×VFIPJW @L PVJKWALVLKGIJ @L BHBDJKK PJK PJK AVLG\LKPLDLKPL KHDFVJ@JW Y Z\L, GHDH LC CLGPHV ^H@VÊ @LWG\FVIV, KH PILKLK KIKMßK WLGVLPH GHK ^HCIJWPVH.

GJVCHW DHVJCLW WHGHVVH, @JKILC DJVÄK JVGHKLW Y DIM\LC CL×K WJKPJKJ

:. ¡LWGJ^J! ¡LWGJ^J!

Pjc y ghdh sjfldhs, cj slmuk`j vlchgi`j` g÷sdigj h vlchgi`j` `l lsgjpl `l uk hfolth `l djsj d `l uk hfolth djsivh `l djsj D, silk`h r cj `istjkgij ikigijc qul slpjrj chs glktrhs `l djsj `l jdfhs gulrphs,  vilkl `j`j phr cj a÷rducj?

`hk`l, ghdh sl pul`l hfslrvjr, kh jpjrlgl cj djsj `lc hfolth aumitivh. Jsä puls, y simuilk`h lc loldpch pcjktlj`h lk cj rlalrlkgij U:T, rlsuctj duy slkgicch gjcgucjr cj vlchgi`j` `l lsgjpl `l uk gulrph situj`h lk lc pukth ^ (-1>0, 6>), lk eic÷dltrhs ghk rlsplgth jc glktrh `lc pcjkltj Pilrrj. Jpcigjk`h lc Plhrldj `l ^itêmhrjs?

phr ch qul, sustituylk`h vjchrls,

Cclmj lc turkh `l ghdprhfjrch ghk ^hcijstrh?

AIM\VJ :J. Gjrmj `l cifrlräjs pjrj lc gêcguch `l cj vlchgi`j` `l lsgjpl. (Ph`js cjs idêmlkls shk ghrtlsäj `l Gjrchs

Dhrjcls Whghrrh)

0> | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |  

AIM\VJ :F. Gêcguch `l cj `istjkgij `is tjkgij r.

 

 Qljdhs qué hgurrl ghk  Qljdhs ghk ukj vlchgi`j` `l :>,7 ed s¹. s¹. @lflräjdhs hftlklr ukj ÷rfitj ÷rfitj lcäptigj `l jctj lxglktrigi`j`, plrh sik cclmjr j lsgjpjr. ¡Lalgtivjdlktl!

AIM\VJ :G. ×rfitj lcäptigj `l jctj lxglktrigi`j`.

¸Y qué hgurrl si cj vlchgi`j` ls `l :>,< ed s¹8 @lflräjdhs hftlklr ukj ÷rfitj biplrf÷cigj ghk ukj lxglktrigi`j` cimlrjdlktl suplrihr j :. Pjc y ghdh lsplrêfjdhs, lc hfolth chmrj lsgjpjr `l cj jtrjggi÷k tlrrlstrl.

AIM\VJ :@. Lc hfolth chmrj lsgjpjr `lsgrifilk`h ukj ÷rfitj biplrf÷cigj.

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 0:  

jrtäguch | Jstrh`ikêdigj pjrj th`hs (6ª pjrtl)

6. CJ DJKIHFVJ @L BHBDJKK

Lk lstl ÿctidh jpjrtj`h dhstrjrldhs g÷dh cclvjr jc jucj j ucj h, lk su `lalgth, `isarutjr ghdh j﬊gihkj`hs j cj jstrhkhdäj, `l chs pridlrhs pjshs `lc jkêcisis `l vulchs lspjgijcls. ^jrj lcch j`jptjrldhs lc loldpch `lsgrith lk Djg@humjc, @.]., @.]., (6>:6), rlalrlkgij U6T, `hk`l sl `lslj `islújr ukj djkihfrj qul gjdfil cj ÷rfitj `l uk sjtécitl `l ghdukigjgihkls ikigijcdlktl lk ÷rfitj girgucjr lgujthrijc, j ukj jcturj `l > ed, j ukj ÷rfitj ﬊kjc girgucjr mlhlstjgihkjrij. Lc jcudkj`h ldplzjrê lkghktrjk`h cj vlchgi`j` girgucjr ikigijc?

Ghktikujrê gjcgucjk`h lc sldilol djyhr `l cj ÷rfitj ﬊kjc jphyêk`hsl lk cj lxprlsi÷k sidpci﬊gj`j `l cj ahrducjgi÷k `l Klwthk `l cj Plrglrj Plrglrj Cly `l Elpclr?

ghk ukj vlchgi`j` girgucjr ﬊kjc,

Cj gulsti÷k jbhrj rj`igjrê lk lkghktrjr cj ÷rfitj lcäptigj `l trjksalrlkgij `l Bhbdjkk, qul plrditj pjsjr `l cj pridlrj ÷rfitj j cj slmuk`j?

AIM\VJ 6J. ×rfitj ikigijc, `l trjksalrlkgij y ﬊kjc.

06 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |  

@igbj ÷rfitj tlk`rê ukj lxglktrigi`j` silk`h Z cj `istjkgij jc sjtécitl lk jphmlh y q lk plrimlh, qul shk prlgisjdlktl chs rj`ihs `l jdfjs ÷rfitjs girgucjrls. ^hr ch qul l ≂ >,=:90. ^rhgl`jdhs jbhrj ghk cj hftlkgi÷k `l cjs vlchgi`j`ls lk plrimlh, v^, v^, y lk jphmlh, j phmlh, vJ klglsjrijs pjrj prh`ugir `igbj ÷rfitj?

 Jsä, cj djkihfrj ghksistirê ghksistirê lk prhphrgihkjr lc gjdfih gjdfih `l vlchgi`j`, ∁v^ ∁v^,, klglsjrih pjrj pjsjr `l cj ÷rfitj ikigijc ikigijc j cj `l trjksalrlkgij, lk plrimlh? ∁v^ 4 v^ ‗ vi ∁v^ ≂ 9,92> ‗ =,1:6 ed s¹ 4 6,712 ed s¹5 jsä ghdh ∁vJ, klglsjrij pjrj pjsjr `l cj `l trjksalrlkgij, lk jphmlh, j cj ﬊kjc? ∁vJ 4 va ‗ vJ ∁vJ ≂ 7,>=< ‗ :,169 ed s¹ 4 :,001 ed s¹.  Y jbhrj, bjmêdhsch ghk ghk ^hcijstrh?

AIM\VJ 6F. Gjrmj `l cifrlräjs pjrj djkihfrj `l Bhbdjkk.

AIM\VJ 6G. Gêcguch `l ÷rfitj ikigijc y ghdprhfjgi÷k `l lxglktrigi`j` kucj.

AIM\VJ 6@. Gêcguch `l vlchgi`j` girgucjr ikigijc.

AIM\VJ 6L. Gêcguch `l ÷rfitj girgucjr ﬊kjc y ghdprhfjgi÷k `l lxglktrigi`j` kucj.

AIM\VJ 6A. Gêcguch `l vlchgi`j` girgucjr ﬊kjc.

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 07  

jrtäguch | Jstrh`ikêdigj pjrj th`hs (6ª pjrtl)

AIM\VJ 6M. Gêcguch `l cj ÷rfitj `l trjksalrlkgij `l Bhbdjkk.

Pjc y ghdh sl pul`l hfslrvjr hfslrvjr,, pjrlgl qul lc gjdfih ∁vJ `lfl ghkslmuirsl lk t ≂ :9 :>1 s. ¸G÷dh sl bj hftlki`h lsl vjchr8 Wi rlghr`jdhs cj Aimurj 6j, ls lvi`lktl qul lc ikstjktl lk lc qul `lflrldhs gjdfijr `l cj ÷rfitj lcäptigj j cj girgucjr ﬊kjc slrê lc ghrrlsphk`ilktl j cj ditj` `lc plrih`h `l cj ÷rfitj `l trjksalrlkgij, gujk`h sl jcgjkzj lc jphmlh, lc guêc pul`l hftlklrsl aêgicdlktl usjk`h cj Plrglrj Cly `l Elpclr ghk?

AIM\VJ 6B. Gêcguch `l cjs vlchgi`j`ls lk plrimlh y jphmlh `l cj ÷rfitj `l trjksalrlkgij.

AIM\VJ 6I. Gêcguch `l cj lxglktrigi`j` `l cj ÷rfitj `l trjksalrlkgij.

  Ghkgcusihkls

Lk lsths `hs jrtäguchs bldhs `j`h kulstrhs pridlrhs pjshs lk lc duk`h `l cj prhmrjdjgi÷k lk ^ytbhk  y `l cj jstrh`ikêdigj, tjkth j kivlc `l j﬊gihkj`h j cj jstrhkhdäj jstrhkhdäj ghdh, tjc y ghdh sl bj ghdlktj`h jktlrihrdlktl, lk lkthrkhs l`ugjtivhs, lsplgijcdlktl `l cj ltjpj `l Fjgbicclrjth. Y ls qul cj prhmrjdjgi÷k lk mlklrjc, y ^ytbhk lk pjrtigucjr pjrtigucjr,, shk uk ghdpcldlkth plralgth pjrj lc jprlk`izjol `l cjs djtldêtigjs, cj aäsigj h cj ikigijgi÷k j cj jstrhkhdäj, `lktrh y aulrj `lc jucj. Vlalrlkgijs

U:T `hgs.phcijstrh.spjgl/lk/stjfcl/uslrXmui`l.btdc  Uvlchgi`j` `l lsgjplT `rhpfhx.ghd/s/9 `rhpfhx.ghd/s/91d=wfvqumyqzi 1d=wfvqumyqzi2/Q 2/Qlchgi`j`%6>`l%6>lsgjp lchgi`j`%6>`l%6>lsgjpl.ipykf8`c4>  l.ipykf8`c4>  U6T Djg@humjc, @. ]., (6>:6). Klwthk’s Mrjvity. Mrjvity. Jk Iktrh`ugthry Mui`l th tbl Dlgbjkigs ha tbl \kivlrsl. Gjpätuch :0. Wprikmlr, Klw Yhre.

Gjrchs Dhrjcls Whghrrh y Dimulc Cl÷k Wjktjkj shk prhalshrls `l djtldêtigjs lk lc ILW Ohsé Arumhki ^érlz. @jkilc Djräk Jrghkls ls jstrhaäsigh, ukh `l chs djyhrls lxplrths lk

jstrhkêutigj `l kulstrh pjäs. Chs trls shk dildfrhs `l cj Jmrupjgi÷k Jstrhk÷digj `l Mrjk Gjkjrij.

00 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

LK JFVIC @L 6>6>, GÉKIP PVJPJ WHFVL LC IK\W\JC L^IWH@IH @L QJVIJFICI@J@ @L FLPLCML\WL5 J GHKPIK\JGI×K C JW BJFIP\JCLW LALDÉVI@LW ^CJKLP ^CJKL PJVIJW, WHCJVLW, C\KJVLW Y LC ^CJKIWALVIH @LC GILCH FHVLJC @L LWPL DLW5 GHKPIK\JDHW LK  JWPVHKHDÄJ  JWPVHKHDÄ J @I\VKJ GHK CHW K\L QHW HFWLVQJPHVIHW HFWLVQJPHVIHW WHCJVLW WHC JVLW @EIWP Y WHCJV HVFIPLV Y GHK CJ MJCLVÄJ @L IDÊMLKLW Y @JPHW @L BLCIHAÄWIGJ GHVVLW^HK@ILKPLW  J LKLVH @L 6>6>5 LK CJ WLGGI×K WLGG I×K @L GVL^ßWG\CH GVL^ßWG\ CH BJFCJDHW BJFCJDH W @L CJ QIWIFICI@J@ QIWI FICI@J@ @L CHW JWPLVHI@LW 6= L\PLV^L Y =: KIHFL5 Y JGJFJDHW GHK CJ VLMI×K @L WIK\W DL@II LK CJ JMLK@J C\KJV.

jmlk`j

01 GLKIP 01  GLKIP | 02 02 GJVPJ  GJVPJ KHVPL |   ^CJKLPJW  ^CJKLPJW | > júhs cuz. Cj dês ÷rfitj jcrl`l`hr `l cj lstrlccj, pr÷xidj hgurri÷ lk lc júh :>> júhs phrqul lsl ls lc tildph qul tjr`j cj cuz lk cclmjr `ls`l Fltlcmlusl bjstj khshtrhs5 plrh ch dês slmurh ls qul ki siquilrj kulstrhs tjtjrjkilths cclmulk j vlrcj, phrqul cj djyhr prhfjfici`j` ls qul cj lxpchsi÷k hgurrirê `lktrh `l `lglkjs `l dicls `l júhs. ( )

Jkthkih Flrkjc Mhkzêclz

Ikmlkilrh y `ivucmj`hr, lx`irlgthr `lc ^cjkltjrih `l Dl`lccäk, Ghchdfij.

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jmlk`j

Chs pcjkltjs lk jfric 6>6>

Wjci`j, pulstj y phsigi÷k lk lc gilch `lc Whc, cj Cukj, chs pcjkltjs, cjs lstrlccjs dês friccjktls y cjs prikgipjcls ghkstlcjgihkls. ^jrj chs pcjkltjs Dlrgurih, Qlkus y Djrtl

sl dulstrjk cjs phsigihkls chs `äjs pridlrh y ÿctidh `lc dls5 cj phsigi÷k `lc `isgh `l ghchr ls pjrj lc `äj :b 61d

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,¾ Lstl u Hlstl. Chs pcjkltjs lxtlrihrls sl dulvlk duy clktjdlktl phr ch qul sus phsigihkls pul`lk lxtlk`lrsl bjstj lc dls simuilktl.

Gj`j cäklj bhrizhktjc ghrrlsphk`l j cjs > bhrjs P.\. `lc `äj slújcj`h. Cj fjk`j glktrjc rlprlslktj lc `iêdltrh `lc pcjkltj j lsgjcj. Chs sjtécitls s jtécitls `l Wjturkh kh sl hguctjk `ltrês `lc pcjkltj sikh qul tilklk cj plrsplgtivj plrsplg tivj qul jpjrlgl lk cj ﬊murj ikalrihr. Lc lstl sl lkgulktrj j cj `lrlgbj.

PJFCJ @L WJCI@J @L ^\LWPJ @LC WHC Y @L CHW GVL^ßWG\CHW Djtutikh

Qlsplrtikh

Algbj

G. Jstrhk÷digh G. Givic Wjci`j ^ulstj G. Givic G. Jstrhk÷digh

: jfr.

1?::

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6>?¾ y chkmitu` >¿ lk lc bldisalrih Khrtl. G. Jstrhk÷digh y G. Givic shk chs grlpÿsguchs jstrhk÷digh y givic.

jmlk`j

AJ\WPIKH MJVGÄJ @L CJ G\LWPJ Y OJQILV V\Ä_ ALVKÊK@L_  

K\LQHW HFWLVQJPHVIHW lgilktldlktl bldhs tllgilktldlktl ki`h khtigijs `l `hs kul vhs hfslrv hfslrvjthri jthrihs hs shcjrl shcjrls. s. Cj pridlrj tilkl ghdh prhtjmhkistj jc tlclsghpih shcjr @jkilc E. Ikhuyl, lk Bjwêi. Ghk su jflrturj `l 0 d ls lc djyhr `lc duk`h, y lk lklrh rlgifi÷ su pridlrj cuz. Lc rlsuctj`h ls cj idjmlk `lc Whc ghk cj djyhr rlshcugi÷k hftlki`j bjstj cj algbj. Cj idjmlk j`ouktj dulstrj ghk mrjk `ltjccl cjs gécucjs ghkvlgtivjs qul ghkstituylk cj mrjkucjgi÷k, y

V   

Idjmlk `l cj mrjkucjgi÷k shcjr phr lc tlclsghpih @jkilc E. Ikhuyl. (KWH/KWA/J\VJ)

`l cjs glc`js. Whch gjfl idjmikjr ch qul lstl tlclsghpih khs dhstrj-

ukj `istjkgij `l ukhs 06 dicchkls `l ed, cl plrditirê lxjdikjr

qul uk(dês tjdjúh dl`ihgh`l rê gujk`h lc Whc`lldpilgl j prhghk `ltjccl chs phchs `lc Whc, ukhsphsllk :>>> ed h dlkhs `ugir djkgbjs gilrth tjdjúh. ukjsmrjk zhkjs shch lxpchrj`js bjgl dh cj plkäksucj iférigj). Lk su Lc slmuk`h hfslrvjthrih kh sl júhs phr cj kjvl \cyssls  `ls`l  `ls`l duglktrh lc pcjsdj, gjcilktl y frilkgulktrj lk cj suplr﬊gil `l cj gbj dês `istjkgij. ccjktl, jsgilk`l `ls`l cjs prhaukPilrrj. Lc :> `l alfrlrh aul cjkzj J dl`ij` dl`ij`hs hs `l alfrl alfrlrh, rh, cj cj kjkj`i`j`ls, sl lkaräj y `lsgilk`l phr `h ghk éxith lc Whcjr Hrfitlr , ukj  vl yj yj bj lkvi lkvij`h j`h sus sus pridl pridlrjs rjs dlchs fhr`ls dês hsgurhs `l cjs glcdisi÷k `l cj LWJ ghk pjrtigipj`i`js `urjktl lc `lspcilmul `lc `js. Lc gjdph djmkétigh ls jrrjs- gi÷k `l cj KJWJ. @lspués `l vjfrjzh `hk`l sl lkgulktrjk jcmutrj`h phr lsths dhvidilkths y sl rihs lkgulktrhs ghk cj Pilrrj y khs `l chs ikstrudlkths. Lk djyh, ghkglktrj `jk`h hrimlk j cj ﬊ci Qlkus,, jcgjkzjr  Qlkus jcgjkzjrêê su ÷rfit ÷rfitjj `l﬊`l﬊`lspués `l cj ajsl `l gjcifrjgi÷k y mrjkj, lsjs lstrugturjs friccjktls kitivj, qul ghk ukj ikgcikjgi ikgcikjgi÷k ÷k prulfjs, sl ldplzjrêk j rlghmlr qul sl jprlgijk lk chs iktlrstigihs `l :=¾ rlsplgth j cj lgcäptigj y j chs pridlr pridlrhs hs `jths `jths gilktä﬊g gilktä﬊ghs. hs. ( )

JGPIQI@J@ WHCJV | LKLVH 6>6> Lk cj mrê﬊gj `l cj izquilr`j sl rlprlslktj lc kÿdlrh `l ]hca, hftlki`h ductipcigjk`h phr `ilz chs mruphs `l djkgbjs y sudjk`h lc kÿdlrh `l djkgbjs y phrhs. J cj `lrlgbj sl rlprlslktj lc êrlj thtjc gufilrtj phr cjs djkgbjs, lxprlsj`j lk dicchkésidjs `l `isgh shcjr. Lc êrlj sl pul`l usjr ghdh äk`igl `l jgtivi`j` ghdpcldlktjrih jc kÿdlrh `l ]hca. (@jths `l www.pjrblcih.ghd)

6> |

 

Ohjkdj Fucc÷k

Hfslrvj`hr shcjr, `iriml lc Hfslrvjthr Hfslrvjthrih ih `l Cj Gjdfrj lk Jrjs `l chs Hcdhs, Qjclkgij.

MJCLVÄJ AHPHMVÊAIGJ @L BLCIHAÄWIGJ BLCIHAÄWIGJ OHJKDJ F\CC×K (GVHKIGJXLGCI^WLWNYJBHH.LW)

: Y 6 OHJKDJ F\CC×K

Lk lc júh :990, uk lgcipsl jkucjr `l Whc aul visifcl ghdh pjrgijc lc `äj :> `l djyh `ls`l Lspjúj. Cj ajsl `l glktrjci`j` `hk`l sl hfslrv÷ jkucjr aul jc jtjr`lglr `ls`l Djrrulghs j cj jcturj `l Alz, viék`hsl filk lk Frjsic. ^ul`l hfslrvjrsl lk cj pridlrj ahth cj jkucjri`j` y `l g÷dh sl hguct÷ lc Whc lgcipsj`h phr lc hgéjkh Jtcêktigh sik kikmÿk tiph `l ﬊ctrh.

: DJVGLCH D\OIGJ, 6 Y 7 ^L^L DJKPLGJ

Cj jgtivi`j` `l lklrh `l 6>6> dulstrj lstl dls `hs ajsls djkialstj`js phr ukhs plqulúhs mruphs qul jplkjs dhstrjrhk plkudfrj. jsä,y lc sl rlmistrjrhk prhtuflrjkgijs lruptivjs. Chs `äjs 1 y :0 sl jctlrkjrhk cjs rlmihkls jgtivjs KHJJJuk :6= ed `l `iêdltrh dl`ih y ukj `lksi`j` `l 6,= m/gd7, ghdpjtifcl ghk cj `l cjs rhgjs tlrrlstrls. Ls lc gulrph prikgipjc `l ukj ajdicij `l jstlrhi`ls qul cclvj su khdfrl, ghdpulstj phr ukhs gujtrhgilkths trhgilkth s dildfrhs qul ghdpjrtlk gjrjgtlrästigjs hrfitjcls sidicjrls. Aul `lsgufilrth lk :2: eic÷dltrhs `l `iêdltrh qul hrfitj jcrl`l`hr `lc Whc lk lc giktur÷k prikgipjc, lktrl chs pcjkltjs Djrtl y Oÿpitlr Oÿpitlr.. ^hr dl`ih `l hfslrvjgihkls `l rj`jr blgbjs `ls`l Jrlgifh, lk ^ulrth Vigh, sl pu`h `ltlrdikjr qul lc plrih`h `l rhtjgi÷k shfrl su lol ls `l 7 bhrjs. Aul ukh `l chs vliktigujtrh jstlrhi`ls `lsgufilrths phr lc jstr÷khdh jcldêk Vhflrt Cutblr lktrl chs júhs :2, y cclvj lc khdfrl `l ukj bioj `lc djcvj`h Pêktjch, tjk h`ij`h phr chs `ihsls `lc Hcidph. Lstl dls Kihfl trjksitj phr cj ghkstlcjgi÷k `l cj By`rj, lk lc bldisalrih sur glclstl, plrh ls visifcl `ls`l th`j cj plkäksucj iférigj. J prikgipihs `l djyh tlrdikjrê su rltrhmrj`jgi÷k y lstjrê lk djmkitu` :>,=, uk fulk rlth pjrj hfslrvj`hrls visujcls h ahthmrê﬊ghs. ( )

6

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jmlk`j

Cjtitu` 7>¿ Wur

^cjkisalrih

GJCG\CJ@H ^JVJ JFVIC

JKPHKIH FLVKJC MHK_ÊCL_ Y ÊKMLCJ DJVÄJ PJDJYH

@äj : (66?>> b) @äj :< (6:?>> b) @äj 7> (6>?>> b)

Mjcjxij

Klfuchsj `iausj

Djmkitu`ls lstlcjrls

Gÿduch jfilrth

Klfuchsj pcjkltjrij

‹:,<

Gÿduch mchfucjr

Lstrlccj `hfcl

Lguj`hr Glclstl Lgcäptigj

:,¿¿ 0> 7>¿¿ 7>

Lc pcjkisalrih rlprlslktj lc gilch qul sl vl `ls`l ukj cjtitu` `l 7>¿ sur lk cjs algbjs y bhrjs bhrj s ik`igj`js jrrifj, plrh pul`l slr usj`h pjrj htrjs cjtitu`ls. ^jrj ^jr j uticizjrch, dirl bjgij lc pukth gjr`ikjc lk lc qul `lslj lkghktrjr gulrphs glclstls `l su lclggi÷k, mirl lc pcjkisalrih bjs tj jdjriccj bjstj qul cj pjcjfrj ghr rlsphk`ilktl ghrrlsphk`ilktl j lsl pukthchs gjr`ikjc qul`l jc `lrlgbh. Wu glkitculmh lstjrê djrgj`h phr cj lsgjcj `lc glktrh `lc djpj, `l jgulr`h ghk cj cjtitu`. ^jrj cjtitu`ls dês jctjs `l 7>¿ jcmukjs lstrlccjs kh dhstrj`js jpjrlglrêk phr lc khrtl y htrjs `lsjpjrlglrêk `ls jpjrlglrêk phr lc sur. sur. Chs ghchrls shk sh k shch ik`igjtivhs jprhxidj`hs `lc ghchr rljc `l cjs lstrlccjs. Chs kÿdlrhs sik cltrjs rlprlslktjk chs hfolths KMG.

 

jmlk`j

HFWLVQJGI×K C\KJV WIK\W DL@II, LK LC GLKPVH @L CJ C\KJ

 

Wikus Dl`ii

^jccjs

Durgbishk

Prilsklgelr

Ghhr`lkj`js cukjrls

:¾ 72’ K5 :¾ 6’ L

’ W5 :¾ 71’ H

¾ 1’ L

0¾ ::’ K5 7¾ 71’ L

Pjdjúh 

77< ed

ed

`l kh vildfrl `l ` l :91=. Wu rjsmh dês  ohvlk ls lc `lstjgj`h `lstj gj`h plrh plr h plCj dlohr djklrj `l hfslrvjr uk hfolth cukjr ls rljcizjr cj hfslrvjgi÷k `äjs jktlrihrls y phstlrihrls, j`ldês `lc `äj ik`igj`h lk lc rlguj`rh `l `jths. @l lstj djklrj sl ph`rêk visujcizjr dlohr chs gjdfihs qul prhvhgj lk lc disdh lc jdjklglr h jkhgblglr cukjr.

qulúh grêtlr Prilsklgelr y su glrgjkj mriltj. ^jccjs? («««) Lstl grêtlr ghdpjrtl pjrl` ghk lc grêtlr Durgbishk y lk cj iktlrslggi÷k `l jdfhs bjy `hs cjmukjs. Ls duy jktimuh y aul ikuk`j`h phr cjvj. Durgbishk? («««) Grêtlr pjrgijcdlktl ikvj`i`h phr lc idpjgth qul grl÷ jc vlgikh ^jccjs, ghk lc qul ghdpjrtl su fhr`l. Lk lc cj`h hpulsth su pjrl` `lsjpjrlgl `lojk`h uk pjsicch ikuk`j`h bjgij lc iktlrihr. Prilsklgelr?  («««)

Grêtlr rlcjtivjdlktl ohvlk situj`h oukth j uk sistldj `l mriltjs. Pilkl uk sistldj `l rjyhs `l lylggi÷k. HFWLVQJGI×K GHK PLCLWGH^IH HFWLVQJGI×K ^LZ\LÚH (@ 4 9> DD) Wikus Dl`ii? («««) Lstj fjbäj sl `istikmul shfrl th`h phr cj juslkgij `l grêtlrls. Pjkth jc sur ghdh jc lstl lstê rh`lj`j `l zhkjs aulrtldlktl idpjgtj`js, dilktrjs qul Wikus Dl`ii ls ukj ccjkurj. Jc ghktrjrih qul chs djrls cukjrls su suplr﬊gil tilkl ukj thkjci`j` fjstjktl gcjrj, sjc vh su rlmi÷k rlmi÷k dês hggi`lktj hggi`lktjc. c.

:

AIM\VJ :. \figjgi÷k `l Wikus Dl`ii lk cj Cukj. (Ahth ghrtlsäj `lc juthr) AIM\VJ 6. @ltjccls lk Wikus Dl`ii. (Juthrls? Djrijkh Jchksh y Êclx Dlk`ihcjmhitij) AIM\VJ 7. ^jkhrjdj `l cj suplr﬊gil cukjr lk Wikus Dl`ii hftlki`h phr cj shk`j Wurvlyhr 1 lk :91=. :91=. (KJWJ) (KJ WJ)

^jccjs? («««)

Grêtlr dl`ijkh `l pjrl`ls mrulsjs y `lsmjstj`js `lsmjstj`js.. Gulktj ghk uk prhdiklktl pigh glktrjc. Wu girgh dhktjúhsh ik vj`l jc vlgikh vlgikh Durgbishk. Durgbishk. Lk cj fjsl `l cj pjrtl lxtlrihr sl plrgiflk jc sur vjrihs sjcilktls lk ahrdj `l pigh.

6> |

 

tl pigh glktrjc. Jc khrtl cj pjrl` iktlrkj sl bj `lrrui`h gjylk`h djtlrijc shfrl lc ahk`h `lc grêtlr. Dês jc lstl bjy ukj clvl iktlrrupgi÷k `l cjs dhktjújs, guyjs gidjs judlktjk lk mrhshr y jcturj bjgij lc surhlstl. Jc khrhlstl uk grêtlr dlkhr sl idphkl lk

6 7 Ls uk grêtlr HFWLVQJGI×K GHK PLCLWGH^IH dl`ijkh `l ahk`h pcjkh guyh MVJK@L (@ 4 6>> DD) girgh dhktjúhsh jc surlstl lstê Wikus Dl`ii? («««) Harlgl chs iktlrrudpi`h j dh`h `l pjsicch. grêtlrls ^jccjs, Durgbishk, Prils Jc ﬊kjc `lc `lc pjsicch pjsicch bjy uk grêtlr grêtlr klgelr y `hs ajccjs pjrjclcjs jc dlkhr (Gbcj`ki). Jc hlstl ls ikkhrtl `l Durgbishk, `hk`l sl  vj`i`h pjrgijcdlktl pjrgijcdlktl phr ^jccjs. ^jccjs. ufigj lc grêtlr \elrt, jsä ghdh cj Prilsklgelr? («««) Grêtlr plVidj Prilsklgelr y cj Vidj Byqulúh jplkjs visifcl si kh aulrj mikus. Wuphklk uk rlth djyhr phr su ufigjgi÷k lk pclkh Wikus Vidj Hpphczlr, jc sur, y Vidj Dl`ii y `lc qul pjrtl uk ghkaush  Jrij`jlus, lc lstl. cjflrikth `l lsträjs fhrrhsjs y `l ^jccjs? («««) Lc ahk`h `l ^jgilrtj chkmitu`. ccjs ls pcjkh ghk uk prhdiklkDurgbishk?  («««)

cj gidjvjrihs `l cjsgrêtlrls dhktjújs. Wl plr-ch giflk dlkhrls, qul ik`igj oukth j ch `lsmjstj`h `l su ahk`h ch viloh qul ls. Durgbishk?  («««) @l ahk`h duy pcjkh, ikvj`i`h phr cjvj `ls`l lc pjsicch jc surlstl, kh tilkl pigh glktrjc. Wus dhktjújs, dês iktjgtjs jc lstl, shk mrulsjs lk lsl slgthr y jcmh dês jctjs y ﬊kjs jc sur, plrh `lsjpjrlgilrhk ghk lc idpjgth `lc grêtlr ^jccjs bjgij lc hlstl y khrhlstl. Wu ahk`h ls dês hsgurh qul lc `l ^jccjs. Prilsklgelr? («««) Grêtlr dl`ijkh-plqulúh, prhauk`h, `l sulch rumhsh y ﬊kjs pjrl`ls. Kh tilkl pigh glktrjc y `l éc ldjkjk  vjrijs lsträjs lsträjs gcjrjs, gcjrjs, iktlrrudpiiktlrrudpi`js, rlgticäkljs jcmukjs dilktrjs qul cjs hpulstjs shk sujvls y slrplktljktls. J su vlrj sl hfslrvj tjdfiék cj Vidj Prilsklgelr. Prilsklgelr. ( )

Êclx Dlk`ihcjmhitij ls dildfrh `l cj Jmrupjgi÷k Jstrhk÷digj `l Dj`ri`.

 

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | ,>>6 ju `l slpjrjgi÷k lc 6> `l jfric). Lc ghdltj Pbjtgblr sl `lsgufri÷ `ls`l Kulvj Yhre lc < `l jfric `l :21:, cclmjk`h j jfriccjktjrsl `ls`l djmkitu` =,< bjstj jcgjkzjr djmkitu` 6,6> sl pul`lk ikgcuir cjs Jcaj Qir- khs júhs cj jgtivi`j` bj si`h dumäki`js j lsj cistj, jukqul lstj ph- gbh dês aulrtl, y bjstj bjy ukjs sifcl ccuvij kh sl trjtj `l cjs Qirmä- `lsgripgihkls gbikjs `l ukj jgtiki`js `l sildprl.  vi`j` qul  vi`j` qul sl jprh jprhxid xidjj jc kiv kivlc lc `l Cj Cukj ls flkévhcj pjrj cjs hf- thrdlktj. Lsj lclvj`j jgtivi`j` sl slrvjgihkls lk jfric. Lc pclkicukih bj rlplti`h dês rlgilktldlktl lk gjl lc `äj 2, ghk lc khvicukih lc 67. :2>7, :966, :90< y, kh tjk aulrtlCj situjgi÷k ajvhrlgl dugbh j cjs dlktl, lk :926? lk chs `hs pridlCäri`js, ghikgi`lktls ghk lc khvirhs gjshs jcgjkz÷ kivlcls glrgjkhs cukih y cjs Ltj Jguêri`js, ghk su jc `l thrdlktj. jgtivi`j` lk jczj j ﬊kjcls `lc dls Aul lc justrijgh L`duk` ]liss  y uk uk gilc gilch h sik sik Cuk Cukjj `urjkt `urjktll th`j th`j quilk, lk :21=, sumiri÷ qul uk cj sufi`j jc dêxidh. Pjdfiék Pjdfiék ajghdltj hfslrvj`h lk :21:, lc gh vhrlgl  vhr lgl j cjs cjs ^i ^i ^ÿpi ^ÿpi`js `js lk lc gjs gjsh h dltj G/:21: M: (Pbjtgblr), phqul bjyj jgtivi`j` y j cjs Jcaj Qir`räj bjflr si`h cj aulktl `l cjs mäki`js, qul pul`lk… h kh… ccl- Cäri`js. ]liss jprlgi÷ qul cj ÷rmjr j dhstrjr jgtivi`j`. fitj `lc ghdltj sl jprhxidjfj

Lc ghdltj Pbjtgblr lrj `l jgtivi`j` dh`lrj`j, uk tjkth ikalrihr jc Bjccly. Wik ldfjrmh, mrjgijs j su pjsh glrgj `l cj Pilrrj, cclm÷ j slr dh`lrj`jdlktl friccjktl y, lk chs gilchs sik ghktjdikjgi÷k cudäkigj `lc simch RIR, fjstjktl visthsh. Wimui÷ fjoh hfslrvjgi÷k bjstj lc = `l slptildfrl `l :21:. Jc ghktjr ghk uk jrgh `l gikgh dlsls `l hfslr vjgihkls sl pu`h `istikmuir `istikmuir qul cj ÷rfitj lrj gcjrjdlktl lcäptigj ghk uk plrih`h lstidj`h `l 0:< júhs. \khs dlsls `lspués,  Ohbjk Mjccl ‗lc disdh `lsgufri`hr `lc pcjkltj Klptukh‗ pu`h

DLPLHVHW LK JFVIC

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lspués `l trls dlsls `l ukj jgtivi`j` dltl÷rigj duy fjoj, jfric prh`ugl `hs ccuvijs idphrtjktls? cjs Cäri`js, ghk su dêxidh ghkglktrj`h y `l jgtivi`j` dh`lstj, y cjs Ltj Jguêri`js, qul sulclk suplrjr j ﬊kjcls `lc dls cj jgtivi`j` `lc dêxidh `l cjs Cäri`js. Lk

6> |  

 

AIM\VJ :. Lc ghdltj G/6>:9 Y0

:

(JPCJW) hfslrvj`h phr Jmustäk Jghstj (D^G _79, _7 9, Ghstj Plmuisl, Plklrial) Pl klrial) lc 6> `l alfrlrh `l 6>6>. 6 >6>. Qldhs ukj plqulúj ghdj ghkglktrj`j ghk, tjc vlz, ukj ghcj ikgipilktl. Lxphsigi÷k thtjc `l :0>> slmuk`hs ghk uk tlclsghpih Wgbdi`t-Gjsslmrjik `l 6< gd.

ghk﬊rdjr qul cjs Cäri`js lrjk tl, shk chs rlsths `l htrhs pjshs frl cjs :6 b P\ `lc `äj 67. Cj `lchs rlsths `lc ghdltj Pbjtgblr. Pbjtgblr. jktlrihrls `lc ghdltj Pbjtgblr gcikjgi÷k duy justrjc `l cj ccuCh gurihsh `lc gjsh `l cjs Cäriphr lc plriblcih. Kh pjrlgl qul  vij kh plr plrdit ditll dês dês qul ukj frl frlvl vl `js ls qul, j `ialrlkgij `l cjs dês slj gjsujci`j` qul cj ccuvij `ilsl  vlk  vlktjk tjkjj jc jc prik prikgi gipih pih `l cj khg khgbl bl ghkhgi`js ccuvijs `l cjs Cl÷ki`js, ukj jgtivi`j` iktlksj 6>.

^i ^ÿpi`js

67 jfr., :6 P\

:8

^rhfjfcldlktl phgj h kikmukj jgtivi`j`.

Jcaj Qirmäki`js

60 jfr., 1?6< P\

Ltj Jguêri`js

1 djy., 6 P\

¸Fjoj8 :9 jfr. - 62 djy.



Lc dêxidh `urj vjrihs `äjs. \kj `l cjs dlohrls ccuvijs `lc júh.

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | :9 Y0

(JPCJW) hfslrvj`h phr Oujkoh Mhkzêclz (D^G O>:, Hfslrvjthrih Gilch ^rhauk`h, Cl÷k) lc 66 `l alfrlrh `l 6>6> ghk uk tlclsghpih Vitgbly-Gbrétilk `l 6> gd. Qldhs phgh gjdfih lk chs `hs `äjs `ls`l cj cj idjmlk jktlrihr. AIM\VJ 7. Lc ghdltj G/6>:9 Y0

(JPCJW) phr @ä`jg Dlsj Vhdlu lchfslrvj`h 60 `l alfrlrh `l 6>6> `ls`l Vjshs `l ^lmulrj (Fjrglchkj). Lxphsigi÷k thtjc `l < bhr js (!) ghk uk tlclsghpih `l 2> 2 > gd. Qldhs ukj ghdj aulrtldlktl vlr`hsj, ik`igjk`h cj prlslkgij `l cj ldisi÷k `l G 6. GHDLPJW GHDLP JW LK JFVIC

 Jkkuktih  Jkkukti h vhf vhfis is mju` mju`iud iud djm djm-kud5 bjfldus stlccjd . UJsudh qul j chs clgthrls `l Jstrhkhdäj  ‗uk  ‗uk ghclgtivh duy gucth‗ kh bjrê ajctj kikmukj trj`uggi÷k `l lsj arjslT. Kh sudjdlktl ls «ajel klwsµ. Bjy uk ghdltj iktlrlsjktl. Ls dês, lstjrê lk lc gilch vlsplrtikh  y,, `urjk  y `urjktl tl jfri jfric, c, gir girgud gudphc phcjr jr lk lk lc bldisalrih khrtl. ^ridlrh, cjs j`vlrtlkgijs bjfitujcls? chs ghdltjs kh shk `l ﬊jr,  y chs chs ghd ghdltjs ltjs qul sl j`lk j`lktrjk trjk j cj cj ÷rfitj `l Dlrgurih, jÿk dlkhs. Bjy dugbjs phsifici`j`ls `l qul lc ghdltj kh shfrlvivj. ^lrh cj lsplrjkzj ls ch ÿctidh qul sl pilr`l, plsl j qul slmurjdlktl khs

7 tlhrhs phr bhrj. Lk :926 vhcvi÷ j  vlrsl  vlr sl jgt jgtivi ivi`j` `j` jc kiv kivlc lc `l 7> j 0> 0> phr bhrj. Cj gurihsi`j` shk cjs Jca  Jcaj j QirQirmäki`js. Lstj ccuvij kh shk cjs  Qirmäk  Qir mäki`j i`jss `l sil sildpr dprll ‗cj ‗cj djcj djcj i`lkti﬊gjgi÷k `lc rj`ijktl `lc jktiblcih‗ sikh qul ls ukj phsifcl ccuvij prhgl`lktl `lc jstlrhi`l 6>:> ML7,2< ju `lc Whc. Lk prikgipih pjsjdhs j :6> >>> ed phr lc iktlrihr `l cj ÷rfitj. Kh ls prhfjfcl qul

cclvldhs ukj `lglpgi÷k. G/6>:9 Y0 (JPCJW) aul lc ÿctidh ghdltj `l 6>:9. @lsgufilrth bjyj dugbj jgtivi`j`, plrh pul`l lc 62 `l `igildfrl phr lc Jstlrhi` qul sl `ltlgtl jcmh lk thrkh j cjs Plrrlstrijc-Idpjgt Cjst Jclrt Jclr t Wystld , 1?6< P\ `lc `äj 60. lstl ghdltj `l djmkitu` :9,1 kh Aikjcdlktl tlkldhs j cjs Ltj pjrlgäj lsplgijcdlktl iktlrlsjk Jguêri  Jgu êri`js `js. Jukqul prhpijdlktl. Kh hfstjktl, jc gjcgucjr su ÷rfitl `igbh shk ukj ccuvij `lc dls `l tj, sl push `l djki﬊lsth qul cclmjdjyh, su jgtivi`j` lstê ldplzjkräj j gruzjr cj ÷rfitj `l Dlrgurih. `h j judlktjr `l ukj ahrdj id Jbhrj  Jbh rj fil filk, k, dug dugbh bhss ghdl ghdltjs tjs plphrtjktl j ﬊kjcls `l jfric. Ghk uk qulúhs sl jglrgjk jc Whc, plrh `lkhvicukih lc `äj 67 `l jfric cjs ghk- sjpjrlglk jktls `lc plriblcih5 phr `igihkls shk ÷ptidjs lk cj sufi`j tjkth, lrj uk `lsgufridilkth iktljc dêxidh, sik Cukj pjrj kh dhrlsjktl, plrh kj`j dês. clstjr j cjs hfslrvjgihkls visujcls  J dl`i dl`i`j `j qul ccl cclmjr mjrhk hk dês hf hf-`l lstj prlgihsj ccuvij djtutikj. slrvjgihkls lc ghdltj ghfrjfj dês

1> | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |  

PJFCJ :. GHD^JVJGI×K LCLDLKPHW HVFIPJCLW

P q ^lri. Kh`h l Ikgc. ^lrih`h

G/:200 Y: (Mrjk Ghdltj)

G/6>:9 Y0 (JPCJW)

:0,:9:0 `l `igildfrl `l :200 >,66 007= `l djyh `l 6>6> >,6,=27 >,999:91 02 :9 Y0 (JPC (JPCJW) JW) Algbj

J.V.(6>>>) @lg.

@lctj

r

Lchkm.

Ajsl

d:

62 djr. 6>6> : jfr. 6>6> < jfr. 6>6> 9 jfr. 6>6>

2 60 >0 +12 >9 69 +1= 69 :7

:,>0< :,>76 :,>:9

:,: :,761

9=,< 96,7 2=,: 26,>

79,2 06,1 0,0 :>,7 :>,: 9,9

:7 jfr. 6>6> := jfr. 6>6> 6: jfr. 6>6> 6< jfr. 6>6> 69 jfr. 6>6> 7 djy. 6>6> = djy. 6>6>

1 7= ,< 1 := >9,7 < :>,9 0 ,7

+11 77 0< +1< 6< = 0< +16 79 7< +1: >> :< +1 :2 +1 >,99: >,9=0 >,9,970 >,9:> >,227

:,609 :,:=: :,>9> :,>>= >,966 >,27< >,=0<

=1,9 =:,9 11,2 1:,= >>> júhs, ukj kj-

:

AIM\VJ :. \kj idjmlk pjrj cj bisth-

rij? Fltlcmlusl glrgj `l su däkidh j pjrtir `l ukj idjmlk hftlki`j phr Vjajlc Flkjvi`ls y Jcigij ^jtiúh `ls`l lc ldfjcsl `l ^ulktl Kulvh (G÷r`hfj) lc pjsj`h 66 `l alfrlrh ghk ukj Gjkhk LHW 6>>@ y uk hfoltivh LA-W60 j a /6,2. Ls cj sudj `l shch trls idêmlkls `l 7> slmuk`hs. AIM\VJ 6. Ghdphsigi÷k `l gurvjs `l

tl qul khs bldhs lkghktrj`h ghk jcmh ikusujc, jc dlkhs lk lc

`lräj j lsgjcj g÷sdigj plrh ukj slkti`h `l qul `ls`l qul sl tilikdlksi`j` lk cj budjkj. klk rlmistrhs ahthdétrighs ﬊jLcch, sik ldfjrmh, kh rlsfcls kukgj cj bjfäjdhs visth tjk tj iktlrés j ch qul cl bj sugl`i`éfic? lk thrkh jc :> `l alfrl`h j Fltlcmlusl. Wilk`h ghdh rh cclm÷ j rhzjr cj djmkitu` :,=, ls ukj lstrlccj vjrijfcl yj lstjch gujc ls dl`ij djmkitu` dldhs jghstudfrj`hs j sus vjivlkhs qul lk sus gjä`js `l fricch kls. Gjdfihs `l fricch ghdpcigj- bjfitujcls. ^jrj chs jghstudfrj`hs `l ghdprlk`lr phr lc blgbh `hs j dirjr lc gilch j sidpcl vistj `l qul, j`ldês `l su sldirrlbj rlsuctj`h vlr`j`lrjdlktl ccjmucjri`j`, prlslktj vjrihs plrih- djtivh vlr cj gcêsigj ﬊murj `l cj `hs `ialrlktls qul, lk hgjsihghkstlcjgi÷k `l Hri÷k tjk `ialkls, sl shcjpjk lktrl sä bjgilk`h rlktl. \k lsplgtêguch ÿkigh qul duy `iaägic prl`lgir su ghdphrbldhs tlki`h cj ahrtukj `l `istjdilkth y qul sl `lflk tjkth j arutjr lk pridlrj ﬊cj y lk lc dlsu jgtivi`j` ghkvlgtivj ghdh j  ohr dhdlkth `lc júh pjrj lcch sus pucsjgihkls. ^lrh ls lvi`lk(Aimurj :). J pjrtir `l lkthkgls

cuz j pjrtir `l cj fjsl `l `jths `l cj JJQWH. Lk cj pjrtl suplrihr ph`ldhs vlr lc ghdphrtjdilkth `l Fltlcmlusl lk chs ÿctidhs 0: júhs, jprlgiêk`hsl gcjrjdlktl qul lc `lsvjklgidilkth jgtujc ls lc dês prhauk`h, ghk `ialrlkgij, lk th`h lstl plrih`h. Lk cj pjrtl ikalrihr ph`ldhs vlr lk `ltjccl cj prlslktl gjä`j `l fricch oukth j cjs idêmlkls `l jctj rlshcugi÷k hftlki`js `ls`l lc QCP. (JJQWH/LWH-Dhktjrmâs lt jc., 6>6>)

sl bizh lvi`lktl qul jdikhr÷ lc ritdh `l `lsglksh y Fltlcmlusl ghdlkzjfj clktjdlktl j rlguplrjrsl5 lk lc dhdlkth `l lsgrifir lstjs cäkljs, j ghdilkzhs `l djrzh, yj bj mjkj`h >,6 djmkitu`ls lk jplkjs trls sldjkjs (Aimurj 6). Ls `l lsplrjr qul j pridlrhs `l jfric yj lsté lk thrkh j :,6, jcgjkzjk`h su aucmhr bjfitujc j ghdilkzhs `l vlrjkh. Wl bj prh`ugi`h, j`ldês, cj ajktêstigj khtigij `l qul uk lquiph `irimi`h phr Dimulc Dhktjrmâs, `l cj \kivlrsi`j` Gjt÷cigj `l Cluvlk (Fécmigj), bj hftlki`h idêmlkls `l jctj rlsh-

16 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

6

6

cugi÷k `ls`l lc LWH mrjgijs jc lsplgtrhphcjrädltrh W^BLVL idpcldlktj`h lk lc Qlry Cjrml Plclsghpl (QC (QCP). P). Lc rlsuctj`h ls shrprlk`lktl y, j cj vlz, gcjri﬊gj`hr,, `l qué bj ph`i`h gjusjr gj`hr lstl `lsvjklgidilkth tjk prhkukgij`h `l Fltlcmlusl. Wi ghdpjrjdhs cjs idêmlkls hftlki`js lk lklrh y `igildfrl `l 6>:9 hfslrvjrldhs qul, j`ldês `l khtjfcls gjdfihs lk su ahrdj, cj

pjrtl ikalrihr `l cj lstrlccj jpjrlgl dugbh dês tlkul. Dhktjrmâs harlgl `hs phsifcls lxpcigjgihkls? qul ukj mimjktlsgj djkgbj (sidicjr j cjs qul sl prh`uglk lk lc Whc, plrh j ukj lsgjcj dugbh djyhr) sl bjyj ahrdj`h lk su suplr﬊gil, h qul lylggihkls djsivjs `l phcvh fchqullk pjrtl `l su fricch. Wlmÿk jvjkzj cj pridjvlrj sl bjgl dês `iaägic ghdprhfjr g÷-

dh Fltlcmlusl vj sufilk`h `l fricch5 kh hfstjktl, kh plr`jdhs cj hgjsi÷k `l ghktldpcjr g÷dh cj ﬊murj `lc Gjzj`hr vj rlguplrjk`h su jsplgth jsplgth bjfituj bjfitujc. c. ( ) Oujk-Cuis Mhkzêclz Gjrfjcch

 ls hfslrvj`hr `l lstrlccjs `hfcls, vjrijfcls y suplrkhvjs. ^jrj ghktjgtjr? struvl:Nmdjic.ghd.

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 17

lc ﬊rdjdlkth lk 7@

 

K\LWPVH LKPHVKH MJCÊGPIGH JCMH DÊW JCLOJ@H JCLOJ@H Chs hfolths prlslktj`hs bjstj jbhrj lk lstj slggi÷k sl lkghktrjfjk ghdh dugbh j ukhs 1>> júhs cuz j cj rl`hk`j `l khshtrhs.

B 

jy dês hfolths, gcjrh lstê, lspjrgi`hs phr th`h lc ﬊rdjdlkth. Pjkth lk lc bldisalrih khrtl ghdh lk lc gilch justrjc. Lstl blgbh sl `lfl j qul bjfcjdhs th`jväj `l ch qul khs rh`lj lk cj Mjcjxij. Ls `lgir, ch qul sl lkgulktrj j kulstrh glrgjkh jcrl`l`hr dês jaulrj lk lc `isgh

:

mjcêgtigh, h dês j`lktrh, phr `lcjktl `l khshtrhs h phr `ltrês… ^jrlgl qul :>>> júhs cuz, phr loldpch, ls ukj `istjkgij vlr`j`lrjdlktl lkhrdl, plrh lk térdikhs `l cj Qäj Cêgtlj lk rljci`j` ls duy phgh si tlkldhs lk gulktj qul cj Mjcjxij lk cj qul vividhs tilkl uk `isgh `l ukhs :>> >>> júhs cuz `l `iêdltrh. ^hr tjkth, :>>> júhs cuz shk jcmh pjrlgi`h j «cj vulctj `l cj lsquikjµ. Ls ukj plkj qul `ls`l cjtitu`ls lspjúhcjs cj Qäj Cêgtlj sl buk`j phr lc bhrizhktl sur y khs sljk vltj`js jcmukjs `l cjs zhkjs dês lsplgtjgucjrls `lc gilch. Bjy qul vijojr j htrjs cjtitu`ls dês justrjcls pjrj `isarutjr `l `hs hfolths ÿkighs ghdh shk IG 61>6, «cjs ^cé yj`ls `lc surµ, su rµ, ghdh cjs ccjdjk, cc jdjk, lk cj ghkstlcjgi÷k `l Gjrikj5 h tjdfiék ls ukj plkj qul KMG 60 |

 

AIM\VJ :. D =, lc «Gÿduch `l ^thchdlhµ, lk Wghrpius. Lk lstj ahthmrjaäj y cj Aimurj 6, lc khrtl lstê jrrifj. (Juthr? Oujk Djkulc Vivlrh)

6

AIM\VJ 6. Htrj idjmlk `l Dlssilr =, thdj`j phr Vjajlc Cl÷k Fjtistj.

cj plrsplgtivj qul tlkldhs `ls`l kulstrj phsigi÷k lk cj Mjcjxij y cj `l lshs `hs gÿduchs qul tjdfiék plrtlklglk j cj  Qäj Cêgtlj. Cê gtlj.  J KMG 60 tjdfiék sl jsldloj j ukj cltrj C, plrh j `ialrlkgij `lc jktlrihr lktrl cjs `lstjgj`js lstrlccjs `l lstl mruph sl hfslrvjk ductitu` `l jstrhs

dês `éficls. Ch dês gurihsh `l lstl gÿduch lstlcjr ls qul pjrlgl bjflr kjgi`h `l ukj disdj kufl dhclgucjr qul htrhs `hs gÿduchs visifcls lk Gjrikj  y Qlcj, lk l k lc bldisa b ldisalrih lrih sur, `l-

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 1<

 

Lc ﬊rdjdlkth lk 7@

7

AIM\VJ 7. Lc gÿduch jfilrth D 79, lk Gymkus. (Juthrls? Oujk Djkulc Vivlrh y Êclx Dlk`ihcjmhitij) AIM\VJ 0. KMG 1177 lk Hpbiugbus. (Juthr? Oujk Djkulc Vivlrh)

 oukth ghk D 1, qul qu l sl sitÿj dugbh dês clohs. Ldfuti`h lk cj Qäj Cêgtlj lk lc frjzh chgjc sl lkgulktrj D 79 , lk Gymkus, guyj `istjkgij jÿk kh sl ghkhgl `ldjsij`h filk. Ghdh lc rjgidh lstlcjr lstê situj`h lk ukj zhkj duy rigj `l cj Qäj Cêgtlj, htrjs khdikj`hs KMG 6> júhs cuz, plrh lk lstj hgjsi÷k ufigj`h dês bjgij lc iktlrihr `l cj Mjcjxij qul khshtrhs, lstê D =. Wl lkgulktrj glrgj `lc jmuio÷k `l Wghrpius j 92> júhs cuz `l `istjkgij lk ukj phsigi÷k duy glrgjkj jc fhr`l iktlrkh `lc frjzh chgjc. Chs frjzhs `l

tidj`j hsgicj :>:> júhs cuz.lktrl chs 26< y chs Aêgicdlktl `istikmuifcl phr lc jcth fricch `l sus ghdphklktls y su ghktrjstl ghk cjs lstrlccjs `l ahk`h, lstl hfolth ahrdj pjrtl `l chs hfoltivhs pjrj cj hfslrvjgi÷k `l gujcquilr j﬊gihkj`h. Y ch bjgl quizê ghk lc htrh hfolth Dlssilr `l Gymkus, D 69, qul sl lkgulktrj dugbh dês clohs. @lfi`h j cj ﬊chshaäj `l cj slggi÷k `l trjtjr chs hfol-

djgjrrhkls jktls `l slpjrjrsl  y `lsvjklg `ls vjklglrsl lrsl `l﬊kit `l﬊kitivjdl ivjdlktl, ktl, jc ghktrjrih `l ch qul sl grläj bjstj jbhrj. Lk lc cj`h hpulsth `l cj f÷vl`j glclstl y lk ghkstlcjgihkls visifcls lk cj slmuk`j ditj` `l cj khgbl phr lc lstl sl lkgulktrjk  vjrihs gÿduchs glrgjkhs dês. Gjfl `lstjgjr qul lktrl cjs ghkstlcjgihkls prhpijs `lc ﬊rdjdlkth ikvlrkjc ghdh ^uppis h Gjkis Djohr y j cjs qul jbhrj sl `iriml cj jtlkgi÷k, Wghrpius, Gymkus, Wlrplks y Hpbiugbus ‗prhpijs `lc vlrjkh‗ bjy qul `jr uk mrjk sjcth puls lc ﬊rdjdlkth pridj-

ukj mjcjxij lspirjc kh lstêk plralgtjdlktl filk `l﬊ki`hs, y j pjrtir `l ukj cäklj yj kh khs lkghktrjdhs lk htrh frjzh lspirjc, sikh qul cj arhktlrj ls dês `iausj ghk kufls dhclgucjrls y lstrlccjs lktrl chs frjzhs. @lgir `÷k`l lxjgtjdlktl jgjfj ukh y ldpilzj htrh slräj lsplgucjr. D =  tilkl lc shfrlkhdfrl `l «Gÿduch `l ^thchdlhµ, puls aul lstl ﬊c÷shah mrilmh `l cj jktimól`j` quilk yj ch dlkgihk÷ lk sus trjfjohs. Wl jsldloj j ukj cltrj B tudfj`j ghk chs pjchs qulfrj`hs y ls fjstjktl iktlrlsjktl hfslrvjrch lk ghk-

ths lk aukgi÷k `l su `istjkgij j khshtrhs y kh phr cj ghkstlcjgi÷k lk cj qul sl chgjciglk, sl `lojrêk j D 1 y D 69 pjrj dês j`lcjktl, jukqul yj dlrlgl cj plkj vlr jdfhs jctlrkjtivjdlktl lk gujkth jshdlk phr lc bhrizhktl. ^hr ÿctidh, htrhs trls gÿduchs sirvlk ghdh plralgth loldpch `l g÷dh cj plrsplgtivj qul tlkldhs `ls`l kulstrh pcjkltj `l﬊kl `÷k`l sl lkgulktrjk chs hfolths lk kulstrh gilch. KMG 1177, IG 0=01 l IG 011< shk trls rjgidhs lstlcjrls qul sl bjccjk ghdh dugbh j :0>>

11 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

0

júhs cuz. Wik ldfjrmh, kh chs flr lstrlccjs clojkjs `ltrês qul  vldhs lk cj fjk`j clgbhs clgbhsjj `l cj khs plrditjk vlrch phr ghktrjs Qäj Cêgtlj Cê gtlj phrq phrqul ul slkgiccj sl kgiccjdlkdlk- tl, lstj jprlgijgi÷k `lfl bjglrtl su phsigi÷k rljc lk cj Mjcjxij sl dês filk ghk cj idjmikjgi÷k sl sitÿj uk phgh phr lkgidj  y lc ghkhgi ghkhgidilkt dilkth h qul ghk cj `lc lguj`hr `lc `isgh mjcêgtigh,  vistj  vistj.. Lxprlsj`h Lxpr lsj`h `l htrj h trj djkld jkldilktrjs qul khshtrhs lstjdhs rj, `lfldhs idjmikjrkhs j khphr `lfjoh (si ls qul «lkgidjµ shtrhs lk cj Pilrrj situj`hs lk y «`lfjoh «`l fjohµµ sl pul`l pul`lk k usjr usj r pjpj trl `hs pcjkhs qul ghkstuylk lk rj `l﬊kir phsigihkls lk uk lscj Qäj Cêgtlj, silk`h lstj cj pjrpjgih lk lc qul lsl ghkglpth ls tl dês jcloj`j `l chs pcjkhs. Y iklxistlktl). chs pcjkhs shk chs fhr`ls «supl Jc hfslr hf slrvjr vjr cj c j Qäj Cêgtlj `l rihrµ l «ikalrihrµ `lc `isgh lspiGymkus j Wghrpius `lfldhs rjc lk lc qul khs lkghktrjdhs. idjmikjr qul ch qul jprlgij J dl`i`j dl` i`j qul q ul khs kh s jglrgjdh jgl rgjdhs, s, dhs ghdh fjk`j clgbhsj lk lc chs pcjkhs sl jclojk `l cj fjk﬊rdjdlkth ls jcmh duy cloj`j clgbhsj `l cj Qäj Cêgtlj phrkh y g÷dh `ls`l lsj phsigi÷k cj qul sl «jfrlkµ slmÿk kulstrj  Qäj Cêgtlj Cê gtlj `lfl j`qui j`quirir rir mrhsh m rhshrr plrsplgtivj. J`blri`hs j ukh j dl`i`j qul ghktldpcjdhs `l lshs pcjkhs, plrh aulrj `lc hfolths qul sl sitÿjk lk rljciclojkh fhr`l qul suphkl cj Qäj `j` j `istjkgijs dês glrgjkjs Cêgtlj, ls `hk`l sl chgjcizjk lsj khshtrhs, shch qul jc kh bjths trls hfolths plralgtjdlktl

hfslrvjfcls j sidpcl vistj `ls`l uk cumjr hsgurh. Lc dês glrgjkh, KMG 1177, lstê j :>0> júhs cuz `l khshtrhs. Wl trjtj `l uk gÿduch jcjrmj`h ahrdj`h phr lstrlccjs duy friccjktls qul rlgulr`j lk ukj `l sus pjrtls jc jstlrisdh `l cj ghkstlcjgi÷k `l Gjssihplij.  J su cj`h lk lc ﬊rdjdl ﬊rdjdlkth, kth, plrh lk cj rljci`j` j 7>> júhs cuz `lc jktlrihr, lstê IG 0=01.  Lktrl jdfhs `isgurrl cj idjmikjrij arhktlrj lktrl ghkstlcjgihkls, phr ch qul yj sl ufigj lk Wlrplks. Lstl rjgidh rlsuctj slr ukj gj÷tigj `isplrsi÷k `l `ijdjktls phr uk êrlj suplrihr jc qul pul`lk jfjrgjr cj djyhräj `l hgucjrls y sus tlclsghpihs. IG 011> júhs cuz `l `istjkgij y tjdfiék ch ghkahrdjk lstrlccjs duy friccjktls. Hfslrvjr lsths trls hfolths phgh jprlgij`hs lk mlklrjc, plrditl prhauk`izjr 0>> júhs cuz lk jplkjs uk pjcdh `l kulstrh gilch. Lk cj lktrlmj `l cj slggi÷k `l jfric gjsi sl bj tripcigj`h cj `istjkgij jcgjkzj`j lk lc dls jk-

tlrihr. ^hr lsl dhtivh yj sl pul`lk `lciditjr hfolths j hfslrvjr lk zhkjs ghkgrltjs `lc gilch ghdh lk lc gjsh `l lsths trls ÿctidhs gÿduchs. Lk chs pr÷xidhs dlsls sl slmuirê prhauk`izjk`h lc rlghrri`h phr kulstrj Mjcjxij. ( )

Jclx Dlk`ihcjmhitij ls dildfrh `l cj

Jmrupjgi÷k `l Dj`ri`. Jstrhk÷digj ^jrj ghktjgtjr? kykjstrhkhdijNyjbhh.ls

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 1=

lc plqulúh jstr÷khdh

 

Cj gilkgij kukgj rlsulcvl uk prhfcldj sik grljr htrhs `ilz dês. Mlhrml Flrkjr` Wbjw (:2 júhs cuz `l khshtrhs (107 º :01 júhs cuz) qul bj plr`i`h uk ghksi`lrjfcl fricch lk lsths ÿctidhs dlsls. Vimlc sl ccjdj lc ghdpjúlrh `l gcjsl `l Cjurj, y jdfhs rlmrlsjk`h j gjsj ghdlktjk qul lk cjs rl`ls sl bjfcj `l cj fjoj`j `lc fri-

 vilrkh pjtlktlsik cj `u`j fjoj`jbj`lqul`j`h fricch `lcfilk bhdfrh `lrlgbh `l Hri÷k. Wu ghchr rhoh gjrjgtlrästigh prhvilkl `l cj fjoj tldplrjturj `l su suplr﬊gil. Ls ukj lstrlccj qul yj bj lvhcugihkj`h y suplrj`h su slgulkgij prikgipjc, bj jmhtj`h lc ghdfustifcl `l su kÿgclh judlktjk`h ghksi`lrjfcldlktl `l tjdjúh y lsth bjgl qul sus vjrijgihkls cudikhsjs sljk cj ghkslgulkgij `l lstl

fl prl`iglk jquä j dicls `l cj júhs. Bhy sl`l ghdlktj si aulrj phsifcl uk rlmjcjzh jsä, ¡vlrcj lxpchsihkjr!… plrh ghk cj ikglrti`udfrl `l si pu`ilrj cclmjr su ikstulkgij bjstj khshtrhs, `j`h qul lc cäditl `l lxpjksi÷k ch giarjk lk ukhs > júhs cuz y Fltlcmlusl lstê lk lsl cäditl `l `istjkgij jc gujc chs rjyhs g÷sdighs prh`ugi`hs lk cj lxpchsi÷k pul`lk jalgtjr slrijdlktl kulstrj gjpj `l hzhkh.

cch lk cj lstrlccj Fltlcmlusl. «^uls  yh sé sé dugbh dugbh jc rlsplg rlsplgth th phrqul phrqul dl ccjdh jsä phr slr di pj`rl uk mrjk j﬊gihkj`h j cj jstrhkhdäj.µ «Zué gjsujci`j`µ, cl `igl su ghdpjúlrj, «phrqul di pj`rl kh ls j﬊gihkj`h, plrh sildprl dl `ioh qul cjs lstrlccjs `lc ikvilrkh shk cjs dês friccjktls y prlgisjdlktl shk tu khdfrl, Wirih y Fltlcmlusl.µ J ch qul Vimlc jphsticcj «y kh tl hcvi`ls `l Jc`lfjrêk, Gêsthr y ^÷cux y ^rhgi÷k lk lc Gjk Dlkhr.µ Jdfhs sl dirjk y Cjurj ghdlktj, «¡tl idjmikjs vlr ghk vlrtirsl  vlrti rsl lk frlvl frlvl j lsj lstrl lstrlccj ccj `l Hri÷k lk ukj suplrkhvj!µ

`ltlrihrh. Cjs ikvlstimjgihkls `l chs ÿctiFltlcmlusl ls ukj lstrlccj duy dhs júhs ghk lc tlclsghpih QCP mrjk`l `l tldplrjturj ahthsaé(Qlry Cjrml Plclsghpl  `lc  `lc LWH lk rigj fjoj y sl cl gcjsi﬊gj ghdh lc Hfslrvjthrih ^jrjkjc, Gbicl) D:-6 cj-jf, silk`h D cj gcjsl lsghk uk sistldj `l gujtrh tlclsghplgtrjc y lc su﬊oh cj-jf lc qul ik- pihs ÷ptighs slpjrj`hs bjk `j`igj cj cudikhsi`j`, ch qul cj `h j ghkhglr qul lc `iêdltrh `l ghkvilrtl lk uk iktlrdl`ih lkFltlcmlusl sl bj i`h lkghmilktrl ukj suplrmimjktl khrdjc y `h bjstj uk :< % l ikgcush qul ukj cudikhsj. Lc lsplgtrh `l ls- sl cj vl hvjcj`j. Wjfldhs qul lc tj lstrlccj bj slrvi`h `urjktl Whc tilkl ukj suplr﬊gil gufilrtj júhs ghdh ukj rlalrlkgij phr cj `l ductitu` `l gécucjs ghkvlgtiqul gcjsi﬊gjr j htrjs lstrlccjs. Jsä  vjs j dh`h `l mrêkuchs, mrêkuchs, plrh lk disdh, aul cj pridlrj lstrlccj lk lstrlccjs suplrmimjktls ghdh Flph`lr dl`irsl su `iêdltrh utici- tlcmlusl bjy uk kÿdlrh duy plzjk`h tégkigjs `l iktlralrhdlqulúh y prlgisjdlktl shk lstjs träj y guyj dl`i`j `ih ukhs 9>> lstrugturjs cjs qul gjusjk cjs vj-

12 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |  

 

:

6

AIM\VJ :. ^hcvh lxpucsj`h phr cj lstrlccj Fltlcmlusl hfslrvj`h lk lc ikarjrrhoh ghk lc QCP QCP.. Lc puktith `lktrh `lc gärguch klmrh ls cj prhpij lstrlccj Fltlcmlusl j lsgjcj. (LWH/^. Elrvlccj/D. Dhktjrmâs lt jc. Jmrj`lgidilkth? Lrig ^jktik)

rj prh`ugir dugbh phcvh y ls lstl lc qul khs hguctj cj lstrlccj. Jc pjrlglr gj`j vlz bjy dês `jths qul jphyjk lstj lxpcigjgi÷k. Lc LWH jgjfj `l pufcigjr ukj idj-

 y phcvh qul lxpucsj cj cj disdj lstrlccj (Aimurj :). @igbj klfuchAIM\VJ 6. Idprlsi÷k jrtästigj `l sj sl lxtilk`l bjstj dês `l 1>>> Fltlcmlusl ghdpjrêk`hcj j lsgjcj ghk kulstrh Wistldj Whcjr Whc jr.. (LWH/ dicchkls `l eic÷dltrhs. C. Gjcíj`j) Zuizês Fltlcmlusl, `lfi`h j qul su djsj pul`j cclmjr j slr ch su﬊gilktldlktl fjoj, sl ghkvilr^lrh sjfldhs qul cjs lstrltj lk ukj lkjkj fcjkgj `l hxäccjs gjdfijk `l ghchr jc lxpucmlkh y kl÷k y kh lk ukj lstrlccj sjr ukj gjpj suplr﬊gijc `l phcvh `l klutrhkls. Jukqul cj lstrl y mjs, gjpj qul, ghdh hs bl ghccj yj suplrj chs :> dicchkls `l dlktj`h, yj sl bj ahthmrj﬊j`h júhs `l lxistlkgij pul`l cclmjr  y pul`l vlrsl jcloêk`hsl `l Flj vivir htrh tjkth h lvhcugihkjr tlcmlusl. ^ul`l qul ch qul su-

mlk `l W^BLVL, uk ikstrudlkth qul phsll uk sistldj `l ÷ptigj j`jptjtivj y ukj ikstjcjgi÷k ghrhkhmrê﬊gj lk lc QCP lk lc qul prêgtigjdlktl sl vl lc phcvh qul `iauk`l cj cuz `l cj lstrlccj (vlr idjmlk lk pêmikj 0= `l lstj disdj rlvistj). Hfvijdlktl ukj suplrkhvj ls dês lsplgtjgucjr qul ukj sidpcl kufl `l phcvh, plrh pjrj chs gilktä﬊ghs cj ahrdjgi÷k `l lstj kufl cls dhstrjrê g÷dh sl ahrdj lc vilkth lstlcjr rlsphk-

rêpi`jdlktl. Lstu`ihs rlgilktls `iglk qul Fltlcmlusl bj ldplzj`h j ausihkjr lk su kÿgclh lc blcih y qul, trjs ausihkjr lc gjrfhkh, lc kl÷k, lc hxämlkh y lc sicigih, lstjccjrê. ^lrh tjdfiék `iglk qul pul`l ghkvlrtirsl jktls `l lxpchtjr lk ukj vjrijfcl jzuc cudikhsj h lk ukj lstrlccj biplrmimjktl jdjriccj… ch gilrth ls qul, `l prh`ugirsl cj blgjthdfl, cj vlräjdhs friccjr `ilz dic  vlgls dês qul ukj suplrkhvj hr`ikjrij, ghk ukj djmkitu` dêxidj jpjrlktl ghdh lc fricch `l cj Cukj cclkj `urjktl vjrihs dlsls  y phr supulsth hfslrvjfcl `l `äj.

sjfcl `lc gjrfhkh `l kulstrhs gulrphs, y dugbhs htrhs ghkglpths phr `lsvlcjr ghdh sjflr `l qué djklrj ghksimulk cjs lstrlccjs ikuk`jr lc lspjgih ghk lcldlkths qul ahrdjrêk kulvjs lstrlccjs, pcjkltjs y cumjrls ghdh kulstrj Pilrrj. ( )

rijgihkls `l fricch. Pjdfiék sl lstu`ijk ukj slril `l ahthmrjaäjs `hk`l cj lstrlccj sl vl rh`lj`j phr ukj klfuchsj ghdpcloj, ahrdj`j slmurjdlktl phr sicigjths

gl`l ls qul cj pér`i`j `l fricch qul tjkth khs bj jcjrdj`h slj htrj ghsj, ghdh phr loldpch uk mrêkuch ghkvlgtivh qul lc jstrhaäsigh Jrturh C÷plz Jristl bj lstu`ij`h `ls`l bjgl vjrihs júhs `ls`l lc Hfslrvjthrih Jstrhk÷digh `l ^ig `u Di`i lk lc ^iriklh Arjkgés dl`ijktl lsplgtrhphcjridlträj ghk lc tlclsghpih dês mrjk`l `l Arjkgij, lc PFC (Plclsghpih Flrkjr` Cyht, `l 6 d `l `iêdltrh). Jrturh ghdlktj qul `ls`l bjgl uk júh ch hfslrvjk lk lc glktrh `lc `isgh lstlcjr y qul, lk su lxpjksi÷k, sl bj lkarij`h ch fjstjktl ghdh pj-

Dª Êkmlcj `lc Gjsticch Jcjrghs ls `irlgthrj `l cj Lsgulcj `l Gilkgijs

GHWDHAÄWIGJ. ^jrj ghktjgtjr?  ghsdhaäsigjNtlclahkigj.klt. wlf? www.lsgulcjghsdh﬊sigj.ghd

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 19

jstrhfihchmäj

 

WHFVL CJ \KIQLVWJCI@J@ @L CJW FIHDHCÉG\CJW @hs lstu`ihs rlgilktls sumilrlk qul cjs prhtläkjs fihc÷migjs `lflk slr ukivlrsjcls, dilktrjs qul chs êgi`hs kugclighs ph`räjk kh slrch.

J 

lstidj qul glrgj `l quikilkths. ukqul tlkldhs yj ukj ¸^hr qué cj vi`j slclggihk÷ shch lstidjgi÷k fjstjk vliktl `l  vliktl `l lcchs8 lcchs8 ¸Pil ¸Pilklk klk jcmh lstl jprhxidj`j `lc dhplgijc lsths vliktl, h rlprlslktjk dlkth lk lc qul cj vi`j sidpcldlktl sidpcldlkt l ukj lclggi÷k jzjrhsurmi÷ shfrl kulstrh pcjkltj, thsj qul sl bj ﬊oj`h lk cj lvhcugi÷k `jväj jarhktjdhs uk mrjk kÿdlrh `l ikg÷mkitjs jglrgj `lc g÷dh, fihc÷migj8 Ghktjdhs ghk `ivlrsjs tlhräjs lc prhglsh `l fihméklsis lk cj Pilpjrj lxpcigjr lc hrimlk `l cjs prhrrj priditivj. Lktrl lccjs, `hs `l tläkjs fihc÷migjs j pjrtir `l shch cjs qul dês sl rlsistlk j lkghk-

`igihkls sidicjrls j cjs `l chs lkthrkhs bi`rhtlrdjcls lk chs qul sl jsudl qul sl hrimik÷ cj vi`j shfrl cj Pilrrj. Lc lstu`ih `ldhstr÷ qul cj `lplk`lkgij `l chs slrls vivhs `l chs jdikhêgi`hs fihc÷mighs fihc÷mighs kh ls jzjrhsj. Jukqul lk prikgipih sl lsplrjfj qul chs slis jdikhêgi`hs iktlrjggihkjrjk iktlrjggihk jrjk th`hs ghk th`hs,

trjr ukj rlspulstj `l﬊kitivj sl rl﬊lrlk jc hrimlk `l chs cj`ricchs qul ahrdjk cj lstrugturj aäsigj `l th`hs chs slrls vivhs (chs jdikhêgi`hs ahrdj`hrls `l prhtläkjs) y jc hrimlk `l cjs dhcégucjs qul gh`i﬊gjk cj ikahrdjgi÷k fihc÷migj (chs êgi`hs kugclighs). Lc prhglsh phr lc gujc chs jdikhêgi`hs sl rlukilrhk phr pridlrj vlz pjrj ahrdjr pépti`hs (ghkoukths `l `hs h dês jdikhêgi`hs), y ﬊kjcdlktl ahrdjr cjs

 vliktl jdikhê  vliktl jdikhêgi`h gi`hs, s, plrh plrh lc lc shphr shphr-tl lxplridlktjc pjrj jvjcjr lstjs tlhräjs bj si`h lsgjsh bjstj jbhrj. Lc lquiph `l Dhrjk Arlkelc-^iktlr, `lc Ikstituth Plgkhc÷migh `l Mlhrmij, LL. \\., pufcig÷ lk oucih `lc júh pjsj`h sus ghkgcusihkls jglrgj `lc prhglsh phr lc gujc cjs dhcégucjs prl`lglshrjs `l cjs jgtujcls prhtläkjs pu`ilrhk ukirsl lsphktêkljdlktl pjrj ahrdjr cjs pridlrjs gj`lkjs lstrugturjcls `l chs slrls vivhs.

ahrdjk`h `istiktjs gj`lkjs l ikgcush grljk`h kulvjs prhtläkjs, lk rljci`j` cj ahrdjgi÷k `l pépti`hs gjrmj`hs phsitivjdlktl j pjrtir `lc mruph cisikj-jrmikikj-bisticisikj-jrmikikj-bisti`ikj aul ikdl`ijtj, `ldhstrjk`h qul rljggihkjk quädigjdlktl lktrl lcchs `l ahrdj prlalrlktl, dês ghdpltlktl, y ghk dlkhs rljggihkls slguk`jrijs ikl﬊gilktls. J`ldês, lc mruph cisikj-jrmikikj-biscisikj-jrmikikj-bisti`ikj siktltizjfj pépti`hs sik klglsi`j` `l cj ghcjfhrjgi÷k `l

pridlrjs prhtläkjs (Aimurj :), ls ukj `l cjs gulstihkls dês iktrimjktls. ¸^hr qué th`hs chs slrls  vivhss `l kuls  vivh kulstrh trh pcjklt pcjkltjj ahrdjk ahrdjk prhtläkjs usjk`h lxgcusivjd lxgcusivjdlklktl ukj slclggi÷k `l vliktl jdikhêgi`hs8 Lstj slclgtivi`j` bj si`h sildprl uk distlrih, yj qul bjy dugbhs dês jdikhêgi`hs lk cj kjturjclzj. @l blgbh, sl bjk rlguplrj`h dltlhriths qul ghktlkäjk dês `l hgblktj jdikhêgi`hs `istikths lk su iktlrihr. ^hr ch tjkth, lk cj Pilrrj priditivj `lfäj bjflr ukj mrjk vjril`j` `l jdikhêgi`hs j `isphsigi÷k `l chs pridlrhs prhglshs `l fihméklsis, sl

Lk su lstu`ih, lc mruph `l Arlkelc-^iktlr Arlkelc-^ik tlr ghdfik÷ ukj plqulúj slclggi÷k `l jdikhêgi`hs ahrdj`hrls `l prhtläkjs fihc÷migjs (cisikj, jrmikikj l bisti`ikj) ghk htrh mruph `l trls jdikhêgi`hs qul kh ahrdjk prhtläkjs fihc÷migjs. Lc ghkoukth aul shdlti`h j ghk`igihkls sidicjrls j cjs `l cj suplr﬊gil `l cj Pilrrj priditi vj `urjkt `urjktl l lc Bê`i Bê`igh? gh? jmuj, êgi`hs y jctjs tldplrjturjs `l bjstj 2< mrj`hs glktämrj`hs pjrj jglclrjr cjs rljggihkls, yj qul chs prhglshs `l lvjphrjgi÷k y `lslgjgi÷k shk ghkhgi`hs gjtjcizj`hrls `l cj ahrdjgi÷k `l pépti`hs. Whk ghk-

lkzidjs h jmlktls jgtivj`hrls. Y cj thphchmäj `l chs phcädlrhs mlklrj`hs lrj cikljc, ch qul cls ghkalräj cj ajguctj` `l pclmjrsl pjrj ahrdjr prhtläkjs. ^hr lcch, cj slclggi÷k `l chs vliktl jdikhêgi`hs qul ahrdjk prhtläkjs fihc÷migjs hfl`lgl j gritlrihs purjdlktl `l rljgtivi`j` quädigj lcldlktjc. Pjc vlz lsth pul`j simki﬊gjr qul chs pjtrhkls `l slclggi÷k prlfihc÷migj lk chs jdikhêgi`hs shk sidicjrls lk htrhs pcjkltjs tlrrlstrls, y qul rljggihkls quädigjs sidicjrls pul`lk slr bjfitujcls lk htrjs ahrdjs `l vi`j lk lc ukivlrsh.

=> | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

AIM\VJ :. Lstrugturj `l cjs prhtläkjs.

:

(Jrgbivh) AIM\VJ 6. Lstrugturj `l chs êgi`hs

kugclighs. (Wphke)

ahrdjgi÷k blrl`itjrij aulrjk jÿk dês slkgiccjs qul lc JVK. \k mruph ci`lrj`h phr Ojdls Gcljvls, `lc Ljrtb Ljrtb-Cial Cial Wgil Wgilkgl kgl Iks-  titutl `l Pheyh, Ojp÷k, pufcig÷ lk khvildfrl `lc júh pjsj`h chs rlsuctj`hs `l sus ikvlstimjgi ikvlstimjgihkls hkls jglrgj `l phsifcls jkêchmhs `l chs êgi`hs kugclighs. \sjk`h siducjgihkls y dh`lchs ghdputlrizj`hs ghdputlrizj`hs,, fjsj`hs lk mlklrjr th`js cjs dhcégucjs phsifcls qul gudpclk ukj slril `l gritlrihs `l﬊ki`hs, lkghktrjrhk qul pul`lk lxistir dicchkls `l vjrijktls `lc J@K y lc  JVK gjpjg gjpjgls ls `l `l gh`i﬊g gh`i﬊gjr jr ikahr ikahr-djgi÷k. Dugbjs `l lccjs slräjk j`ldês dhcégucjs khtjfcldlktl dês slkgiccjs. Lc simuilktl pjsh sumlri`h phr chs ikvlstimj`hrls ikvlstimj`hrls,, lk ghkslgulkgij, ghkslgulkg ij, ls ldplzjr j siktltizjr lstjs dhcégucjs y jkjcizjr lk

6 6 Cj htrj mrjk prlmuktj dlkgihkj`j jc prikgipih `l lstl jrtäguch sl rl﬊lrl jc hrimlk `l cjs dhcégucjs qul gh`i﬊gjk cj blrlkgij fihc÷migj? chs êgi`hs kugclighs J@K y  JVK (Aim (Aimurj urj 6). 6). J pjrti pjrtirr `l cj ikikahrdjgi÷k qul gh`i﬊gjk lstjs dhcégucjs, chs hrmjkisdhs vivhs shk gjpjgls `l ajfrigjr prhtläkjs. ^lrh ¸shk lstjs dhcégucjs, tjc y ghdh cjs ghkhgldhs lk cj Pilrrj, cjs ÿkigjs phsifcls h ikgcush cjs dlohrls phrtj`hrjs `l cj ikahrdjgi÷k blrl`itjrij8

@l blgbh, dugbhs ikvlstimj`hrls shstilklk qul, jukqul ls duy lstjfcl, lc J@K ls ukj lstrugturj `ldjsij`h ghdpcloj5 j`ldês, ls ikgjpjz `l prh`ugir prhtläkjs phr sä shch, yj qul klglsitj lc pjsh prlvih `l trjksditir cj ikahrdjgi÷k jc JVK. ^hr lsh sl bj pcjktlj`h qul cj pridlrj dhcégucj phrtj`hrj `l ikahrdjgi÷k aulrj lc JVK. ^lrh lc JVK yj ls lk sä duy ghdpcloh, j`ldês `l iklstjfcl. Jsä, ls phsifcl qul cjs pridlrjs dhcégucjs phrtj`hrjs `l ik-

cjfhrjthrih sus phsifcls idpcigjgihkls lk cjs pridlrjs ltjpjs `l cj fihméklsis lk cj Pilrrj. Dhcégucjs jctlrkjtivjs ph`räjk hgupjr lc cumjr `l kulstrhs J@K y JVK lk ahrdjs `l vi`j aulrj `l cj Pilrrj, qul bufilrjk si`h slclggihk slclggihkj`js j`js lk rlspulstj j chs ghk`igihkjktls jdfilktjcls chgjcls. ( )

Jcflrth Mhkzêclz Ajirék.

 Glktrh `l Jstrhfihchmäj, GWIG/IKPJ. ^jrj ghktjgtjr? jmajirlkNgjf.iktj-gsig.ls

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | =:

 

jrs ukivlrsjcis

^LMJPIKJ LK CJ ^LMJ GHAIJ @L GBLH^W @islúh mrê﬊gh? Jrtl y tégkigj `l ghdfikjr

sädfhchs, idêmlkls y tlxth pjrj rlprlslktjr visujcdlktl i`ljs y dlksjols.

‐ Ghkgursh?  «Cjukgb  «Cjukgb yhur `lsimk  witb  wi tb GBLH^W µ (Cjkzj tu `islúh ghk GBLH^W ). ). ‐ Mjkj`hr? @lkis Qrlkeh (Glcol, Wchvlkij, :991).  Ahrdjt djth? h? ﬊gblrh lclgtr÷kigh ‐ Ahr  vlgt  vl gthr hrijc ijc (p` (p`a) a),, tjdj tjdjúh úh dêx dêxid idh? h? 6> DF, sik tlxth. ‐ Algbj cäditl?  =  = alfrlrh 6>:2.  Algbj bj `l rl rlshc shcugi ugi÷k ÷k?? 69 djrzh ‐ Alg 6>:2.

Aimurj `l trls pjklcls? lc `islúh mjkj`hr (jrrifj5 ghrtlsäj LWJ/ @. Qrlkeh), chs htrhs `ilgiséis sldi﬊kjcistjs (lk dl`ih5 ghrtlsäj LWJ), y cj gh﬊j ghdÿk `l GHWDH-WeyDl` GWM: y GBLH^W (jfjoh5 ghrtlsäj LWJ/D. LWJ/ D. ^l`hussjut) ^l`hussjut)

 Algbj bj `l cjk cjkzjd zjdilk ilkth th?? :2 `igild‐ Alg frl 6>:9. ‐ ^rldih? :>>> ₣ pjrj jsistir jc cjkzjdilkth `l GBLH^W  lk  lk uk glktrh `l cj LWJ (vijol y `hs khgbls `l jchojdilkth) y qul glktlkjrls `l dicls `l plrshkjs vljk tu `islúh lk cj gh﬊j `lc Whyuz WP-J QW67. ‐ Jstrhkhdäj?  lk  lk lc disdh cjkzjdilkth, sl pusilrhk lk ÷rfitjs blcihsikgr÷kigjs GHWDH-Wey-  Dl` GWM: pjrj hfslrvjr cj Pilrrj, GBLH^W  y  y trls gjrmjs juxicijrls pjrj `lsjrrhcch `l kulvjs tlgkhch LylWjt  Wjt  (7\) mäjs? H^W-WJP  (7\),  (7\), Lyl  (7\) y JKMLCW (:6\). Cj jstrhkhdäj cj bjrê `lktrh `l phgh cj disi÷k bis-

ghk mrjk prlgisi÷k lc ghgilktl `l rj`ihs lstlcjrls y pcjkltjrihs. Dês jstrhkhdäj?  @lkis,  @lkis, `islúj`hr mrê﬊gh y auturh jrquitlgth j quilk ghkhgä lk Qiccjarjkgj lc `äj jktls `lc cjkzjdilkth `l GBLH^W , sl ikspir÷ lk cjs idêmlkls `l chs trêksiths `l Qlkus y cjs sicultjs siducj`js `l lxhpcjkltjs `lsgufilrths phr Elpclr. Wik ldfjrmh, dugbhs ghclmjs suizhs vlk lk su `islúh qulshs `l Mruyâr Mruyârll `l ghc ghchrls hrls.. ( )

pjkh-suizj-lurhplj GBLH^W , qul hfslrvjrê vjrihs glktlkjrls `l lstrlccjs friccjktls ghk pcjkltjs trjksitjktls ghkhgi`hs pjrj `ltlrdikjr

Ohsé Jkthkih Gjfjcclrh. Glktrh

`l Jstrhfihchmäj. ]lf? lxhtlrrjl.lu

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JWPVHGÊDJVJW ^jrj prikgipijktls y lxplrths? jstrhgêdjrjs pjrj juthmuij`h y jstrhahthmrjaäj pcjkltjrij y `lc gilch prhauk`h

Wlkshrls GDHW `l jctj slksifici`j`? lclvj`j laigilkgij guêktigj y fjoh rui`h `l clgturj pjrj ukjs jstrhahths cidpijs lkgulktrl lccj tjdjúh päxlc y `l Mrjk pjrj `ivlrsi`j`? i`ljc su tlclsghpih lktrl jdpcij`l slclggi÷k `lslkshr gêdjrjs dhkhgrhdêtigjs y j ghchr

Ghdpjtifici`j` ghk IK@I y JWGHD? ghktrhcl su gêdjrj ghk lc shatwjrl `l gjpturj qul ustl` prlailrj

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Gêdjrj `l juthmuij`h ghdpjgtj? lc ghdpcldlkth

Jstrhahthmrjaäj pcjkltjrij j kivlc prhalsihkjc? lc pulrth \WF 7.> y cj

plralgth pjrj su jstrhgêdjrj pjrj gilch prhauk`h

ikkhvj`hrj aukgi÷k `l rlmihkls `l iktlrés mjrjktizjk ukjs vlchgi`j`ls `l gjpturj sÿplr rêpi`js sik `isthrsi÷k phr turfuclkgijs h sllikm

Juthmuij`h slkgicch y sik ghdpcigjgihkls?  mrjgijs jc pulrth WP0 y j cj ghdpjtifici`j` ghk ^B@6

Wlkshrls mrjk`ls? gjdph visujc jdpcih pjrj ukjs gjpturjs idprlsihkjktls idprlsihkjk tls `lc gilch prhauk`h

Vlarimlrjgi÷k tlrdhlcégtrigj?  däkidh rui`h térdigh y ghktrhc jfshcuth shfrl lc slkshr `l tldplrjturj

Wik ghk`lksjgi÷k ki lsgjrgbj? @islúh lsdlrj`h? cj rhfustj gjrgjsj `l jcudikih jkh`izj`h ghk hgucjr ghdpjgth `l :,6     >     6     :     /     >     >     6  ,     G     >     >     >     1     :     G     L     P    l    v  ,    r    l     c     c    h     _    k    j     i     c    u     O

@isphkifcl lk ¡^jrj pl`i`hs hkcikl, iktrh`ugir lc kÿdlrh `l jrtäguch lk lc gjdph `l fÿsqul`j!

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duolrls lk cj jstrhkhdäj

 

| Duolrls lk cj jstrhkhdäj? cj ditj` `lc gilch |

EJPBLVIKL OHBKWHK? CJ D\OLV Z\L CCLQ× JC BHDFVL J CJ C\KJ Ejtblrikl Ghcldjk Mhfcl Mhfcl Ohbkshk, kjgi÷ lk ukj plqulúj chgjci`j` `lc lstj`h `l Qirmikij `lc Lstl lk Lstj`hs \ki`hs lk :9:2 y `ls`l duy plqulúj `ldhstr÷ `ldhstr÷ bjfici`j`ls lxtrjhr`ikjrijs lxtrjhr`ikjrijs pjrj cj mlhdlträj, lc gêcguch y cjs djtldêtigjs lk mlklrjc.

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chs :0 júhs yj gursjfj ls- mjgi÷k, jc qul sl ikghrphr÷ jc júh tu`ihs ukivlrsitjrihs lk simuilktl. @urjktl gikgh júhs trjlc ]lst Qirmikij Wtjtl fjo÷ oukth ghk sus ghdpjúlrjs gjcGhcclml, ghkhgi`h phr gucj`hrjs `lc jcj lstl fjoh cj suplrghktjr lktrl su prhalshrj`h ghk  visi÷k `l @hr  visi÷k @hrhtb htbyy Qjum Qjumbjk bjk,, quil quilk k  vjrihs  vjr ihs `l chs pri pridlr dlrhs hs jar jarhjd hjdlri lri-sl ghkvlrtiräj dês j`lcjktl lk lxgjkhs lk slmuir gjrrlrjs y `hgthrj- plrtj lk ghdputjgi÷k y prhmrjdj`hs lk gilkgijs lk Lstj`hs \ki`hs. gi÷k AHVPVJK y `l cj qul bjfcj\kj `l sus dlkthrjs aul prlgirldhs lk htrh jrtäguch. sjdlktl Jkmil Purklr Eikm, ukj Cjs pridlrjs tjrljs `l Ejtblrikl `l cjs pridlrjs duolrls klmrjs lk ghksistäjk lk jkjcizjr `jths `l mrj`ujrsl lk quädigj y djtldêtiprulfjs `l vulchs prhvlkilktls `l cjs gjojs klmrjs `l chs jvihkls pjgjs y `lalk`lr ukj tlsis `l `hgthrj`h. Lk :97=, Ejtblrikl hftuvh lc rj lstu`ijr su lstjfici`j` lk chs stujirll turf turfucl uclkth kths. s. Wu ghk ghkhgi hgi-tätuch ukivlrsitjrih lk djtldêtigjs  ohs `l jir ghk chs dês jcths bhkhrls y `urjk- dilkth `l mlhdlträj jkjcätigj cl tl `hs júhs sl `l`ig÷ j cj `hglkgij phsificit÷ dhvlrsl j htrhs `lpjrlk lsgulcjs pÿfcigjs pjrj cj ghdu- tjdlkths ghdh cj @ivisi÷k `l Ik vlstim  vls timjgi jgi÷k ÷k `l Qulc ulch, h, qul lst lstjfj jfj ki`j` klmrj. ghkstitui`j lxgcusivjdlktl phr ikLk uk ghktlxth `l djrgj`j slmlkilrhs fcjkghs. mrlmjgi÷k rjgijc, Ejtblrikl ghksiLk :9, 1>, cj KJ KJWJ WJ sjkj y sjcvj j gjsj trjs lc ajcch `l `l glrrjrsl y kh shch lk Lstj`hs iktrh`uoh hr`lkj`hrls pjrj cclvjr j gjfh chs gêcguchs qul jktls rljcizjfjk cjs «gjcgucj`hrjs ghk ajc`jµ. Lk :916 chs ikmlkilrhs usjrhk ukh `l lsths pridlrhs hr`lkj`hrls IFD pjrj `l﬊kir cj trjylgthrij qul trjzjräj lc jstrhkjutj Ohbk Mclkk jcrl`l`hr `l cj Pilrrj lk lc pridlr  vulch  vul ch hrf hrfitj itjcc khrt khrtljd ljdlri lrigjk gjkh. h. Wik ldfjrmh, Mclkk kh pjrlgäj lstjr duy ghkvlkgi`h `l cj prlgisi÷k `l cjs dêquikjs y pi`i÷ qul «cj gbigjµ rlvisjrj chs gêcguchs `lc rlghrri`h

cj disi÷k. ^IHKLVJ LK CJ C\GBJ ^HV CHW @LVLGBHW GIQICLW

\ki`hs. Cj situjgi÷k ls pjrtigucjrdlktl `iaägic pjrj cjs duolrls klmrjs qul tilklk qul lkarlktjrsl tjdfiék j cj frlgbj `l méklrh. ^jrj lccjs qul`j th`jväj clohs rlguplrjr su ditj` `lc gilch. ( ) 

Lk chs ÿctidhs júhs `l su gjrrlrj, Ohbkshk trjfjo÷ lk lc prhmrjdj `lc trjksfhr`j`hr lspjgijc y lk auturjs disihkls j Djrtl. @urjktl Vlalrlkgijs? lstl plrih`h rlgifi÷ kudlrhshs rl- U:T ]jrrlk, ]. (:999). «Ejtblrikl Ghcldjk Mhfcl Ohbkshkµ, lk Fcjge ]hdlk ghkhgidilkths `l mrjk prlstimih, Wgilktists ik tbl \kitl` Wtjtls . Ik`ijkj \kiikgcuylk`h cj Dl`jccj `l cj Ciflr-  vlrsit  vlrsityy ^rls ^rlss, s, :0>:0>-:0= :0=.. tj`, dêxidh bhkhr j slr rlgifi`h U6T Wehpiksei, P. P. B. & Ohbkshk, Ejtblrikl M. (:91>). «@ltlrdikjtihk ha Jziphr uk giu`j`jkh lstj`huki`lk-

 y pukt pukth h `l `l rllk rllktrj trj`j `j lk cj jtd jtd÷s÷ssl y qul oustjdlktl cl lktrlm÷ Fjalrj tlrrlstrl. Cj gbigj, hfvijdlkrjge Hfjdj, lc pridlr prlsi`lktl tl, lrj Ejtblrikl Ohbkshk, qul trjs klmrh `l cj bisthrij `lc pjäs. bhrjs `l jkêcisis ghk﬊rd÷ qul chs \k ajktêstigh rlcjth, fjsj`h lk `jths jrrhoj`hs phr lc hr`lkj`hr ukj rimurhsj ikvlstimjgi÷k bist÷rilrjk ghrrlgths. @urjktl júhs Ejgj, `l cj vi`j kh shch `l Ejtblrikl tblrikl trjfjojräj tjdfiék lk cj  Ohbkshk,  Ohbksh k, sik sikh h tjdf tjdfiék iék `l vjr vjrijs ijs `l  vlri﬊  vlr i﬊gjg gjgi÷k i÷k `l chs rls rlsuct uctj`h j`hss hfhfcjs htrjs djtldêtigjs klmrjs pihtlki`hs phr chs hr`lkj`hrls (silk- klrjs lk cj ikvlstimjgi÷k lspjgijc, `h ikgcush dês prlgisj) y jyu`jksl pul`l cllr lk lc cifrh `l Djr`h jsä j lstjfclglr ghk﬊jkzj lk cj mht Cll Wblttlrcy U7T. kulvj tlgkhchmäj. Ejtblrikl Ohbkshk ajcclgi÷ bjgl Dês tjr`l, lk :919, Ejtblrikl jplkjs ukjs sldjkjs, lc 60 `l al Ohbkshk  Ohbksh k gjcguc÷ gjcguc÷ cj trjylgt trjylgthrij hrij `l frlrh, j cj l`j` `l :>: júhs, y bjscj kjvl Jphcch :: lk su gjdikh bj- tj lc ÿctidh dhdlkth `l su vi`j gij cj Cukj, cclvjk`h lk su iktlaul ikgjsjfcl lk su cjfhr `l prhrihr j chs pridlrhs slrls budjkhs dhvlr cj imujc`j` `l hphrtuki`j-

dutb Jkmcl jt Furkhut ahr ^cjgikm j Wjtlccitl hvlr j Wlclgtl` Ljrtb ^hsitihkµ. KJWJ Plgbkigjc Plgbkigjc Vlphrts Vlphr ts Wlrvlr Wlr vlr.. U7T Wblttlrcy, D. C, (6>:1). Bi``lk Aimurls? Pbl Jdlrigjk @rljd jk` tbl \kthc` Wthry ha tbl Fcjge ]hdlk ]bh Blcpl` ]ik tbl Wpjgl Vjgl. ]iccijd Dhrrhw.

U0T Vllvls, V. Q. & Muyht, E. (6>:=). «Fcjge whdlk jrl ljrkikm dhrl ghcclml `lmrlls fut tbjt jchkl whk’t gchsl rjgl mjpsµ. Whgijc Dhficity Dldhs , Frhheikms.

Wjk`rj Flkätlz Blrrlrj, `hgthrj

lk jstrhaäsigj y `ivucmj`hrj `lc Ikstituth `l Jstrhaäsigj `l Gjkjrijs.

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | =<

fjkgh `l prulfjs

 

HG\CJVLW WEY-]JPGBLV \]J :,6LR. Hftlki`j lk alfrlrh `l 6>:9 `ls`l lc Hfslrvjthrih Ghsdhs _0 slmuk`hs `l lxphsigi÷k gj`j ukj j IWH >> ghk ukj gêdjrj Gjkhk 1@ y hfoltivh Wjdyjkm `l :> dd j a /6,2. Whatwjrl? Cimbtrhhd, ^bhthsbhp y ^ixIksimbt.

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 27

 

 Ahk`h `l lstrlccjs ghk jurhrjs fhrljcls Ahth thdj`j phr Ojvilr Lcäjs Gjktjcjpil`rj lk Mjr`ur, Iscjk`ij, lc 7>Gjkhk `l jmhst jmhsth h `l 6>:9, ghk gêdjrj 1>@j y hfoltivh a /6,2, j IWH 2>>, :< slmuk`hs `l lxphsigi÷k. Ojvilr khs lsgrifl? «Lk lc glktrh `l cj ahth `lstjgj Gjsihplj lktrl jurhrjs fhrljcls lktrldlzgcêk`hsl ghk jcmukjs kufls qul, lk cumjr `l lgbjr j plr`lr cj ahth, jphrtjfjk rlcilvl y ghktrjstl j cj idjmlk. (…) Cj lstrlccj shcitjrij j cj izquilr`j ls cj ^hcjr, duy jctj lk lstj cjtitu`, j dês `l 10¾. Kh ls aêgic vlr jurhrjs lk Iscjk`ij lk jmhsth, plrh cj Kjturjclzj lk hgjsihkls idprlvistjs `lpjrj shrprlsjs djrjvicchsjs.µ

Ghkoukgi÷k Cukj-Oÿpitlr Idjmlk `l cj ghkoukgi÷k `l cj Cukj ghk lc pcjkltj Oÿpitlr thdj`j lc 7: `l hgtufrl `l 6>:9 ghk ukj gêdjrj réstlx Gjkhk 0>>@ j ahgh pridjrih y jpcjkj`hr-rl`ugthr >.2R. Plclsghpih rlarjgthr ChkmX^lrkm ::> L@ y dhkturj GMLD. ßkigj thdj `l :/:>>> slmuk`hs j IWH :1>>. Cj Cukj lstjfj icudikj`j icudikj`j lk uk :1jfj % yjOÿpitlr lkghktrjfj lkghktr 6> |

 

 Jfl  Jflcc cc

6:, cj klfuchsj `l cj Dl`usj  

Fhkitj klfuchsj pcjkltjrij situj`j lk cj ghkst ghkstlcjgi÷k lcjgi÷k `l Mldiki. Idjmlk thdj`j phr Jclojk`rh C÷plz Dhyj lk lklrh pjsj`h `ls`l Flcdhktl (Gulkgj). \k thtjc `l < bhrjs y 0< dikuths `l iktlmrjgi÷k ghdpulstj phr vliktitrés thdjs `l 9>> slmuk`hs ghk gêdjrj Gjkhk 7/:>>> shfrl dhkturj LZ1-V.

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^jrjrrjyhs pikgbjk`h cj klfuchsj `l Hri÷k Lstj ahth sl bizh lc júh pjsj`h, gujk`h cj mrjk klfuchsj `l Hri÷k pjrlgäj slújcj`j phr lc pjrjrrjyhs `lc ahthmékigh Wjktujri `l ^uim Jmuicjr, lk lc Whcshkâs, Ccli`j. Gêdjrj Whky J=s, hfoltivh Wjdyjkm `l 60 dd j a /6, :< slmuk`hs `l lxphsigi÷k j IWH 10>>. Juthr? Ohr`i Arjxjklt.

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 2<

 

 Mrjk Klfuchsj `l Hri÷k Lstj idjmlk ls lc rlsuctj`h `l vliktl thdjs `l < dikuths gj`j ukj, dês `jre y fijs, rljcizj`js `ls`l lc Hfslrvjthrih `l Hg÷k, Cj Vihoj, phr Alrkjk`h Jyjcj _urfjkh ghk uk tlclsghpih PW :>= ^bhthcikl shfrl dhkturj Wey-]jtgblr Wey-]jt gblr J_LZ1 y gêdjrj GG@ ZBY:>. Juthmuij`h ghk ^B@6 y prhglsj`h ghk ^ixIksimbt.

Dlssilr 77 ^jrj hftlklr lstj idjmlk `l cj mjcjxij `lc Priêkmuch, D 77, Gjrchs \rijrtl Gjsticch klglsit÷

`hs khgbls `l lxphsigi÷k, ukj ghk gujrlktj y gikgh thdjs `l 7>> slmuk`hs y htrj ghk vliktigikgh thdjs `l 7>> slmuk`hs pjrj gj`j ghchr VMF y `ilz thdjs pjrj B jcaj (ukjs :>,2 bhrjs `l lxphsigi÷k thtjc) `ls`l Phrrhoj `lc ^rihrjt, Pjrrjmhkj. \s÷ uk tlclsgh tlclsghpih pih Pjejbjsbi AWZ :>1 L@, gêdjrj JWI :1>> DDG, ﬊ctrhs CVMF y B jcaj Jstrh`hk. Jstrh`h k. Muij`h ghk JWI :=0diki tufh L_1>. Whatwjrl gjpturj?+Wlqulkgl Mlklrjthr ^rh. Whatwjrl `l prhglsj`h? ^ixIksimbt :.2.1 + ^bhthsbhp

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www.glclstrhk.ls 

`lctj-Q 

 

| @lctj-Q? @lctj-Q? bisthrijs `l cj jstrhkêutigj |

CHW JGGI@LKPLW @LC PVJKWFHV@J@HV Z\L K\KGJ A\LVHK (WLM\K@J ^JVPL)

Lc 61 `l oukih `l :920 lrj lc `äj prlvisth prlvisth pjrj lc `lsplmul `l cj WPW-0:@ @isghvlry .

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ujk`h qul`jfjk 1,1 slmuk`hs pjrj lc cjkzjdilkth, chs trls dhthrls prikgipjcls `l ghdfustifcl cäqui`h WWDL ghdlkzjrhk cj slgulkgij `l imkigi÷k, plrh jktls `l qul lc dhthr kÿdlrh :

tl cj ajsl ikigijc `lc vulch ph`räj bjflr si`h gjtjstr÷﬊gh.  J lsths suglshs rlcjtivjdlktl mrjvls bjy qul júj`ir ukj ductitu` `l plqulúhs jggi`lktls `urjktl lc trjksgursh `l vjrijs disihkls. ^hr slpjrj`h kh lrjk

sl lkglk`ilsl, chs hr`lkj`hrls `ltlgtjrhk uk prhfcldj ghk lc dhthr kÿdlrh 7 y hr`lkjrhk lc jpjmj`h `l chs WWDL. Whch qul`jfjk gujtrh slmuk`hs pjrj cj imkigi÷k `l chs WVF, lc pukth `l kh rlthrkh (chs ghbltls `l ghdfustifcl s÷ci`h kh ph`äjk jpjmjrsl ukj vlz lkglk`i`hs). Bjstj jquä, y quitjk`h cj `lglpgi÷k `l cj tripucjgi÷k, th`h khrdjc. Wik ldfjrmh, trls dikuths y dl`ih dês tjr`l sl prh`uoh uk aulmh phr gucpj `l ukj aumj `l bi`r÷mlkh jcrl`l`hr `lc dhthr kÿdlrh trls. Cj ccjdj `lc bi`r÷mlkh ls prêgtigjdlktl ikvisifcl pjrj lc hoh budjkh, jsä qul bufh vjrihs ikahrdls ghktrj`igthrihs shfrl cj mrjvl`j` `lc ikglk`ih. Aikjcdlktl, sl `lgi`i÷ jgtivjr lc sistldj `l suprlsi÷k `l aulmhs `l cj rjdpj, `islúj`h pjrj prhtlmlrcj `urjktl lc cjk-

`l. Lc jkêcisis `lc jggi`lktl `lo÷ `l pil`rj j cj KJWJ? si chs jstrhkjutjs bufilslk si`h lvjguj`hs usjk`h lc sistldj `l lsgjpl `l ldlrmlkgij `l cj rjdpj ph`räjk bjflrsl `irimi`h `irlgtjdlktl bjgij cjs ccjdjs ikvisifcls. Htrh ikgi`lktl rlclvjktl, y qul aul duy shkj`h lk su dhdlkth, aul lc ajcch `lc dhthr WWDL kÿdlrh : `urjktl lc `lsplmul `l cj disi÷k WPW-7, lc rlsuctj`h ph`räj bjflr si`h dugbh dês trêmigh. Cj KJWJ shcugihk÷ chs `lsprlk`idilkths `l djtlrijc `l chs WVF, plrh,

ikgrläfcldlktl, kh bizh kj`j gihk÷ lc prhfcldj `l cjs ouktjs `l chs WVF, htrhs plcimrhs slmuäjk phr rl`ugir chs idpjgths `l lsjglgbjk`h. Lc 6 `l `igildfrl `l pudj jiscjktl y bilch qul gjäjk `lc tjkqul lxtlrkh. Htrh gjsh :922 cj WPW-6= Jtcjktis  sl  sl ghkvirAIM\VJ 7. Lc Gbjcclkmlr  gjdikh  gjdikh `l cj phtlkgijcdlktl ajtä`igh aul cj ti÷ lk cj slmuk`j disi÷k lk jcrjdpj `urjktl chs prlpjrjtivhs `l cj disi÷k WPW->7. ( ) `j`hr ph`äj rlmrlsjr j cj Pilrrj, plksjrhk qul ifjk j dhrir `ujukqul `hs `l chs hr`lkj`hrls rjktl cj rllktrj`j. @jkilc Djräk Jrghkls ajccjrhk phgh jktls `l cj rllktrjLc ghktrhc `l tilrrj cl quit÷ ls jstrhaäsigh, y ukh idphrtjkgij jc jsukth y, lalgti`j, hfcimjk`h j rltrjsjrcj. `l chs djyhrls lxplrJtcjktis   vjdlktl, lc  jtlrriz÷ `l  jtlrriz÷ Gujcquilrj `l lstjs disihkls ths lk jstrhkêutigj AIM\VJ 6. Lc Jtcjktis `urjktl lc jtl-

rrizjol trjs cj WPW-6=. Wl jprlgijk chs `júhs lk cjs chsltjs `l cj pjrtl ikalrihr.

`l kulstrh pjäs.

ph`räj bjflr ghdh cj WPW-6> | k¿6 | 29

 

gulktj jtrês

«Kh bjy qul jgusjr j cjs fulkjs tlhräjs `l cjs djcjs prêgtigjs.µ Ghkglpgi÷k Jrlkjc

G\JPVH K\LQJW DIWIHKLW @L CJ KJWJ JC WIWPLDJ WHCJV

Cjs disihkls gjk`i`jtjs plrtlklglk jc prhmrjdj @isghvlry 5 thgjrêk gjdphs gilktä﬊ghs j chs qul cj jmlkgij lspjgijc lstj`huki`lksl kh bj `l`igj`h dugbh tildph y lsaulrzh, h qul bjk plrdjklgi`h jpjrtj`hs `lc ahgh gilktä﬊gh lk chs ÿctidhs júhs. Cj slclggi÷k ﬊kjc (kh th`hs sl bjrêk rljci`j`) cj ghkhglrldhs lk chs dlsls vlki`lrhs. Pbhdjs _urfugblk, @irlgthr Jshgij`h lk lc @irlgthrih pjrj Disihkls Gilktä﬊gjs `l cj KJWJ `lstjgj cj idphrtjkgij `l lstjs ikigijti vjs? «Lstjs disihkls slclggihkjslclggihkj`js tilklk lc phtlkgijc `l trjksahrdjr kulstrh ghkhgidilkth `l ukj pjrtl `l chs duk`hs dês jgtivhs y ghdpclohs `lc Wistldj Whcjr.. U…T Lxpchrjr gj`j ukh `l cjr lsths gulrphs glclstls jyu`jrêk j

sjrrhccjr y dj`urjr lc ghkglpth5 cj KJWJ, phstlrihrdlktl y trjs chs ikahrdls prlvihs, lclmirê j `hs pjrj cclvjrcjs j`lcjktl. ‐ @JQIKGI+

(@ llp llp  J tdhspblrl tdhspblrl

Q  lkus I kvlstimjtihk kvlstimjtihk

ha K hfcl hfcl mjsls, G b bldistry, ldistry, jk` I djmikm djmikm ^cus ) ls-

tu`ijrê g÷dh sl ahrd÷ cj jtd÷salrj `l Qlkus y si jcmukj vlz aul gjpjz `l jcflrmjr uk hgéjkh. Cj shk`j jtrjvlsjrê cj jtd÷salrj phgh bhspitjcjrij `lc pcjkltj pjrj `ltlrdikjr su ghdphsigi÷k bjstj cj prhpij suplr﬊gil. Chs ikstrudlkths gilktä﬊ghs irêk prhtlmi`hs lk lc iktlrihr `l ukj lsalrj lsplgijc qul chs sjc vjmujr`l `l cj jmrlsi÷k térdigj y quädigj `lc lkthrkh jmrlsi vh `l Qlkus. Lc sämkh «+µ (pcus) sl rl﬊lrl jc ghkglpth `l disi÷k `ujc, yj qul ghkstjrê `l uk jtlrrizj`hr y ukj shk`j hrfitjc qul

`lslktrjújr chs slgrlths `l g÷dh cj suplr﬊gil y lstu`il su ghdphsigi÷k. lc Ghsdhs cclm÷ j slr ch qul ls.µ djpll  (IQH) lsChs lquiphs qul bjk prlslktj`h ‐ I h Q  hcgjkh H fslrvlr  fslrvlr  ( gj`j ukj `l lstjs i`ljs rlgifirêk tu`ijrê lstj cukj `l Oÿpitlr pj-

`l djrlj bjk `j`h ahrdj j lstl gulrph glclstl. Äh ls ukh `l chs sjtécitls dês plgucijrls `l th`h lc Wistldj Whcjr. Cj mrjvl`j` `lc mrjk pcjkltj `lahrdj ghkstjktldlktl su ghrtlzj y gjcilktj lc pcjkltj jc rlvhcvlr su djsj iktlrkj5 ls lc gulrph glclstl dês jgtivh ghkhgi`h ghk alk÷dlkhs `l vucgjkisdh lk su suplr﬊gil. ^lrh kh bldhs jvjkzj`h dugbh lk lc ghkhgidilkth `ls`l qul

:

AIM\VJ :. Chmhtiph

`l cj prhpulstj

I  Q hcgjkh H fslrvlr)  I  disi÷k fslrvlr) . (KJWJ) IQH (  h hcgjkh

Idprlsi÷k jrtästigj `l cjs ltjpjs `l `lsglksh `lc jtlrrizj`hr `l AIM\VJ 6.

trls dicchkls `l `÷cjrls pjrj `l9> | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

6

rj ghdprlk`lr g÷dh cjs aulrzjs

cj shk`j @JQIKGI+. (KJWJ)

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 9:

 

gulktj jtrês

Cik`j Dhrjfith `lsgufrilrj lk ukj ahthmrjaäj `l cj Qhyjmlr 6  lc  lc pridlr vhcgêk lxtrjtlrrlstrl ghkhgi`h. \kj `l cjs mrjk`ls `u`js qul hgupj j chs gilktä﬊ghs ls si lxistl uk hgéjkh `l djmdj lk su iktlrihr. iktlrihr. ^jrj iktlktjr jgcjrjr-

gbhs lruptivhs `l djtlrij vhcêtic, l ikgcush ihkhsalrj. Wi ouktjdhs uk prhfjfcl hgéjkh iktlrihr y cj ihkhsalrj prhtlgthrj, ph`räj prh`ugirsl lc lalgth `l gjä`j `l kil vl hrmêkigj shfrl cj suplr﬊gil. \k lxglclktl fjkgh `l prulfjs

trls `idlksihkls `l cj thphmrjaäj y ghk﬊rdjrê h kh si lxistlk pcjgjs tlgt÷kigjs y alk÷dlkhs `l vucgjkisdh th`jväj jgtivhs. Wl clvjktjrê tjdfiék uk djpj `l ldisi÷k ikarjrrhoj pjrj lstjfclglr cj mlhchmäj suplr﬊gijc, uk

cj, cj glrgjkhs shk`j rljcizjrê shfrlvulchs pjrj ghkhglr `l guêk bjfitjfcls fjstjktl `lsghkhgi`h pjrjjÿk chs gilktä﬊ghs. duy j cj suplr﬊gil. räjk duk`hs kulstrh Wistl- sl- jsukth ‐ PVI@LKP lxpchrjräj cj cudj Whcjr y `l htrhs lxtlrihrls. kj Prit÷k Prit÷k `l Klptukh, uk sjtéPVI@LKP rljcizjrê uk shch shK\LQHW LR^LVIDLKPHW citl ghk ukj mrjk jgtivi`j` `l frlvulch `lc sjtécitl pjrj gjrjg^JVJ CJ IWW tlrrjahrdjgi÷k  ‖ `l `l blgbh, sl tlrizjr chs prhglshs suplr﬊gijcls \kj kulvj kjvl `l gjrmj kh trighksi`lrj cj slmuk`j suplr﬊gil jgtivhs y `ltlrdikjr si lxistl lc pucj`j Gymkus , cj qul rljcizj lc dês ohvlk `lc Wistldj Whcjr ‖ , ch jksij`h hgéjkh hgucth.  vulch :7¿ :7 ¿ (KM:7) jtrjg÷ lk cj qul khs jphrtjrê ghkhgidilkths ‐ QLVIPJW (Q  lkus L dissivity, dissivity, Lstjgi÷k Lspjgijc Iktlrkjgihkjc shfrl duk`hs bjfitjfcls duy cl- V j`ih j`ih Wgilkgl, I kWJV, kWJV, P hphmrj-  hphmrj-  lc pjsj`h :2 `l alfrlrh. Ghk  ojkhs `lc Whc. Prit÷k Prit÷k `isphkl `l  pby,  J k` k` W  plgtrhsghpy ) lstu`ijräj ukj gjrmj ÿtic `l dês `l trls thjtd÷salrj, ghk phsifcls plkjcj suplr﬊gil `l Qlkus pjrj `lklcj`js y dl`ij, lktrl chs kultlrdikjr su bisthrij mlhc÷migj  vhs lxplridlkth lxpl ridlkthss qul bjk bj k vijCj kjvl `l gjrmj Gymkus KM:7, lk lc dhdlkth `l slr gjpturj`j phr lc frjzh rhf÷tigh `l cj IWW lc pjsj`h :2 `l alfrlrh. (KJWJ) AIM\VJ 7.

7

 y phr qué sl bj `lsjrrhccj`h `l  oj`h jc lspjgih, gikgh `lstjgjk `ls tjgjk uk dh`h tjk `istikth jc `l kuls- phr su idphrtjkgij lk lc êrlj trh pcjkltj. \k rj`jr `l jplrtu- `l sjcu` rlcjgihkj`j ghk chs jsrj siktétigj rljcizjrê uk djpj lk trhkjutjs?

96 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

új ikstjcjgi÷k pjrj lc guctivh `l tloi`hs hrmêkighs y gécucjs. \kj rlvhcugihkjrij pcjtjahrdj pjrj `lsjrrhccjr lxplridlkths fihc÷mighs duy ghdpclohs lk lstj`h `l digrhmrjvl`j`. Pjcls lxplri-

ghk lc ghksimuilktl plcimrh pjrj lc aukgihkjdilkth `lc ikstrudlktjc y pjrj cj sjcu` `l chs jstrhkjutjs, lk gjsh `l prlgisjrsl ukj rlspulstj rêpi`j j cj jdlkjzj. Dhgbii  tjdfiék  tjdfiék prhphrgihkj ukj kulvj y ph`lrhsj pcjtjahr-

gi÷k djmkétigj siducj ghk prlgisi÷k cjs ghk`igihkls `l gjä`j cifrl `l cj digrhmrjvl`j`, ghdpjrjk`h cjs gécucjs hstlhfcêstigjs `l lxprlsi÷k mlkétigj clvitj`js lk uk idêk suplrghk`ugthr `l jcth gjdph ghk gécucjs qul

dlkths dlohr lcjyu`jrêk lalgth lkjcjghdprlk`lr ﬊sihchmäj budjkj `l cjs cjrmjs plrdjklkgijs lk lc lspjgih. ‐ Dhgbii  ls  ls uk digrhsghpih lclgtr÷kigh `l fjrri`h lk dikijturj, ghk lsplgtrhsghpij pjrj thdjr idêmlkls lk tildph rljc y lstjfclglr cj ghdphsigi÷k `l cjs pjrtägucjs prlslktls lk lc iktlrihr `l cj IWW. Bjstj jbhrj, lsl djtlrijc lrj rlghmi`h y lkvij`h j chs cjfhrjthrihs tlrrlstrls,

dj `l `l jkêcisis `lstikj`j `lsjrrhcch kulvjs gilkgijs jcl ikmlkilräj `l digrhmrjvl`j`. ‐ HstlhHdigs  slmuirê  slmuirê prhauk`izj`h lk lc lstu`ih `l cj pér`i`j `l djsj ÷slj qul, jktls qul chs jstrhkjutjs, yj suarlk dicchkls `l plrshkjs j gjusj `l lkalrdl`j`ls h `l plrdjklglr cjrmh tildph lk gjdj. HstlhHdigs   ikvlstimjrê lc dlgjkisdh dhclgucjr qul cclvj j lstj pér`i`j `l djsj dl`ijktl lc lstu`ih `l

 vulcjk ÷rfitj tlrrlstrl fj- j  oj. Lstj lk ikahrdjgi÷k jyu`jrê chs gilktä﬊ghs j `ltlrdikjr chs gjdfihs dhclgucjrls y dltjf÷cighs qul tilklk cumjr lk cj clvitjgi÷k djmkétigj y cj digrhmrjvl`j` rljc. ‐ ^bjml Lvhcutihk  ikvlstimj ikvlstimjrê cj lvhcugi÷k `l cjs kulvjs iktlrjggihkls lktrl ajmhs y fjgtlrijs-buéspl` j pjrtir `l cj lxphsigi÷k jc lkthrkh lspjgijc. Lxjdikjrê chs lalgths `l cj di-

Chs sjtécitls `l ^rhfj-7 grljk`h uk lgcipsl shcjr jrti﬊gijc. (LWJ)

cj iktlrjggi÷k `l chs hstlhfcjsths (gécucjs qul ahrdjk chs bulshs) ghk chs hstlhgcjsths, qul chs `isulcvlk. Wl prhfjrê si  si cj clvitj-

grhmrjvl`j` y `l cj lxphsigi÷k j cj rj`ijgi÷k shfrl lsjs iktlrjggihkls, ikgcui`j cj lsplgi﬊gi`j` `l ajmhs pjrj uk buéspl` fjg-

‐

Dhficl WpjglCjf , ukj plqul-

AIM\VJ 0.

0

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 97

 

tlrijkh y su rlsistlkgij j gilrths ajmhs lsplgä﬊ghs. Chs fjgtlri÷ajmhs, h ajmhs, shk virus qul ikvj`lk y `lstruylk fjgtlrijs hfolti vh sik `jújr cjs gécucjs budjkjs h cj phfcjgi÷k fjgtlrijkj flkl﬊gihsj pjrj lc gulrph. Gjrjg-

`l qul jfjk`hkl cj Lstjgi÷k Lspjgijc pjrj lxjdikjr lc grlgidilkth `lc aulmh lk `ialrlktls djtlrijcls y ghk`igihkls jdfilktjcls. Pjdfiék Pjdfiék icustrj shfrl cjs gjpjgi`j`ls `l cidpilzj phstlrihrls jc ikglk`ih.

dltrh, qul sl ghchgjrêk oukths lk ÷rfitj tlrrlstrl. Wl jcikljrêk pjrj prhylgtjr ukj shdfrj prlgisj lk lc lspjgih y jsä fchquljr lc `isgh shcjr `urjktl slis bhrjs slmui`js, lk gj`j ÷rfitj `l vliktl, `jk`h j chs ikvlstimj`hrls

tlrizjr chsshfrl lalgths cj digrhmrjvl`j` chs`lajmhs ph`räj ghk`ugir j dlohrls tlrjpijs qul frik`lk trjtjdilkths jctlrkjti vhs pjrj ikalggihkls rlsistlktls j chs jktifi÷tighs. ‐ Wja﬊rl-IQ. Ghdprlk`lr g÷dh sl prhpjmjk chs ikglk`ihs lk lc lspjgih ls vitjc pjrj `lsjrrhccjr djtlrijcls rlsistlktls jc aulmh y dl`i`js `l prlvlkgi÷k `l ikglk`ihs5 plrh ls `iaägic, j`ldês `l duy plcimrhsh, rljcizjr

ukj visi÷k shstlki`j `l«^jrj cj vlgik`j` ikdl`ijtj `lc Whc. chmrjr lsth, lc pjr `l sjtécitls `lfl ^JVJ LC LWP\@IH @LC WHC Gujk`h jÿk lstê gjcilktl cj pcj- chmrjr ukj prlgisi÷k `l ghktrhc tjahrdj `l cjkzjdilkth `ls`l `l vulch sik prlgl`lktlsµ, lxpcicj qul Whcjr Hrfitlr  sufi÷  sufi÷ jc lspj- gj lc `irlgthr `lc sistldj ^rhfj-7 , gih, su ghktikuj`hr h sustituth @jdilk Mjcjkh. «@lflk jcikljr yj jfjk`hk÷ cjs dlsjs `l `islúh sl j ch cjrmh `l ukj `istjkgij `l chs ikmlkilrhs y vj thdjk`h prhdl`ih `l :00 dltrhs, djktlahrdj rljc. Jsä sl trjfjoj lk jctj ki`hs ghk ukj prlgisi÷k `l ukhs tlgkhchmäj. Lk lstj hgjsi÷k, kh phghs dicädltrhs. Jc ghkslmuir slrêk ukj sikh `hs cjs kjvls lutjcls tégkigjs `l vulch duy prlrhpljs `lstikj`js jc lstu`ih `l gish lk ahrdjgi÷k, lk lc auturh

lxplridlkths `l prlvlkgi÷k y `lsjrrhcch `l cjs ccjdjs j fhr`h `l ukj kjvl lspjgijc. Wja﬊-  rl-IQ  uticizjrê  uticizjrê lc vlbäguch `l rljfjstlgidilkth Gymkus  `lspués  `lspués

cj lstrlccj dj`rl. Ghk cj prltlksi÷k `l ghkhglr lc lspjgih j dl`ij`hs `l 6>66, ^rhfj-7  ghdprlk`l  ghdprlk`l `hs plqulúhs sjtécitls `l cj lsgjcj `l uk

K\LQH ^VHYLGPH L\VH^LH

dÿctipcls sjtécitls plqulúhs ph`räjk rljcizjr tjrljs lquivjclktls j cjs kjvls lspjgijcls mimjktls ik`ivi`ujcls.µ Bjfcjrldhs shfrl lstl iktlrlsjktl prhylgth.

FVLQLW

:

Htrj disi÷k qul `lfl pjrtir lk 6>66 ls ^sygbl 5 lk lstl gjsh, `l cj KJWJ. Wl bj ghkgl`i`h j cj ghdpjúäj privj`j WpjglR lc ghktrjth pjrj su cjkzjdilkth dl`ijktl cj vlrsi÷k plsj`j `l su ghbltl Ajcghk , j rljcizjr `ls`l cj pcjtjahrdj 79J `l Gjfh Gjújvlrjc. ^sygbl  tilkl  tilkl ghdh `lstikh lc jstlrhi`l dltêcigh `lc disdh khdfrl. Lstl dildfrh `lc giktur÷k `l jstlrhi`ls

cclmjrj Oÿpitlr `ls`l lc lxtlrihr `lc Wistldj Whcjr, h qul kh cclm÷ kukgj j ahrdjrsl phr cj prlslkgij `lc lkhrdl pcjkltj mjslhsh  y sus aulrzjs `l djrlj mrjvitjthrijs. Vlsuctj duy idphrtjktl pjrj jgcjrjr lstj `u`j ghkhglr si ^sygbl ls ukj jdjcmjdj `l bilrrh y käqulc h lstê auk`i`h y ghdpjgtj`h, ch qul rlvlcjräj su lstj`äj lk cjs prhauk`i`j`ls `l uk mrjk hfolth pcjkltjrih pridi-

lktrl Djrtl^jrlgl y Oÿpitlr su méklrh. slr ls lc ÿkigh kÿgclhlk `l käqulc-bilrrh lxpulsth `l uk pcjkltj priditivh, lc qul lxis-

tivh. Pjdfiék jgcjrjrê Pjdfiék si kjgi÷ h lk ghk`igihkls dês hxi`jktls dês rl`ugthrjs qul lc kÿgclh tlrrlstrl, y si chs gulrphs dltêci-

Idprlsi÷k jrtästigj `l cj shk`j ^sygbl glrgj `lc jstlrhi`l `lc disdh khdfrl. (KJWJ)

rjk chs disdhs lcldlkths cimlrhs qul sl lsplrjk lk lc kÿgclh `l

ti÷ lk lsj rlmi÷k jktls `l qul

ghs plqulúhs ghdh éc ikghrph-

jctj prlsi÷k `l cj Pilrrj.

90 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

 

6

Cclmjk chs pridlrhs `jths `l cj Whcjr Hrfitlr . Cjkzj`j lc :> `l alfrlrh, lc `äj :7 sl `lspclm÷ lc cjrmh frjzh `hk`l sl sitÿjk trls ikstrudlkths qul klglsitjk lstjr ch dês cl ohs phsifcl phs ifcl `l cj shk`j pjrj kh  vlr ja lgtj`js sus dl`igihkls. dl`ig ihkls. \k jalgtj`js djmklt÷dltrh sl lkgulktrj lk lc lxtrldh `lc frjzh, dilktrjs qul htrh mldlch ch lstê lk lc gulrph `l cj kjvl. «Dl`idhs gjdphs djmkétighs dicls `l vlgls dês plqulúhs qul jqulcchs ghk chs qul lstjdhs ajdicijrizj`hs lk cj Pilrrjµ, j﬊rdjfj Pid Bhrfury, `lc Idplrijc Ghcclml `l Chk`rls, ikvlstimj`hr prikgipjc `lc djmklt÷dltrh (DJM). «Ikgcush cjs ghrrilktls lk chs gjfcls lcégtrighs bjglk qul chs gjdphs djmkétighs sljk dugbh dês mrjk`ls `l ch qul klglsitjdhs dl`ir.µ Lc ikstrudlkth rlmistr÷ `jths jktls, `u-

Lsquldj `l cj Whcjr Hrfitlr Hr fitlr,, ghk ukj stlgbj slújcjk`h lc frjzh `l su djmklt÷dltrh. (LWJ)

rjktl y `lspués `lc `lspcilmul `l cj jktlkj. «Chs `jths qul rlgifidhs khs dulstrjk g÷dh lc gjdph djmkétigh `isdikuyl

7 

Cj kjvl Gymkus  KM:7 ikgcuäj lk su gjrmj ÿtic uk `isphsitivh `lc tjdjúh `l ukj klvlrj `l gjdph qul lrj, lk rljci`j`, lc kulvh lkcjgl `l rj`ih uctrjrrêpi`h lktrl cj IWW  y chs ghktr ghktrhcls hcls `l tilrrj. ti lrrj. Wlr Wlrvirê virê pjrj lc lkväh `l chs rlsuctj`hs `l chs lxplridlkths lk tildph gjsi rljc, dl`ijktl lc ush `l cj rl` `l sjtécitls mlhlstjgihkjrihs `lc Wistldj Lurhplh `l

jgtujcizj`h prhphrgihkjrê vlch-

P @jth s. `l @jths. Jph`j`hrjksdisi÷k GhcEj  phr  phr`l «Jktlkj fjk`j Ej `l Ghcudfusµ  ‖   ‖  yj qul qu l sl ghchgjrê lk lc lxtlrihr `l lstl

gi`j`ls bjstj Df/s pjrj lc lkcjgl`l`lsglk`lktl y bjstj 6 Df/s pjrj lc lkcjgl jsglk`lktl. Lsth plrditirê j chs js-

`ls`l cj glrgjkäj `l cj kjvl lspjgijc bjstj `hk`l chs ikstrudlkths lstêk `lspclmj`hsµ, júj`äj lc prhalshr Bhrfury.

Cj jktlkj GhcEj lk cjs prulfjs prlvijs jktls `l su cjkzjdilkth. (LWJ)

kl﬊gijrsl `l uk lkcjgl `irlgth ghk Lurhpj j vlchgi`j`ls `l jkgbh `l fjk`j täpigjs `l uk bhmjr dl`ih. Chs ghkhgidilkths j`quiri`hs jc `islújr, ghkstruir y djklojr GhcEj  slrêk  slrêk auk`jdlktjcls pjrjpjrj lc prhylgth  Lspri  Lsprit  t , plksj`h cjs ghdukigjgihkls `l cj lstjgi÷k cukjr Mjtlwjy  ghk  ghk cj Pilrrj, dic vlgls

d÷`uch-cjfhrjthrih ‖ , lc sistldj

trhkjutjs l ikvlstimj`hrls fl-

dês clohs qul ch lstê cj IWW.  | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 9<

gulktj jtrês

 

0 

Cj KJWJ sl lkgulktrj tjdfiék lk chs prhclm÷dlkhs `l cj mrjk disi÷k cukjr Jrtldis , duy rlcjgihkj`j ghk cj lstjgi÷k `l trêksith Mjtlwjy  qul  qul sl pilksj situjr lk ÷rfitj bjch cukjr, y `ls`l cj gujc

aulrtldlktl lcäptigjs qul lk cj djyhr pjrtl `l su trjylgthrij sl pul`lk ghksi`lrjr pcjkjs. Lc plrijstrh slrê `l :1>9 ed, dilktrjs qul lc jphjstrh cclmjrê j chs => >>>. Cjkzj`j j pjrtir `l `igildfrl `l 6>6>, GJ^WPHKL

chs jstrhkjutjs lc vijol i`j y vulctj j cjbjrêk suplr﬊gil `lc`l sjtécitl ghdh pjsh iktlrdl`ih lktrl cj Pilrrj y cj Cukj. ^jrj ghfrjr lxplrilkgij ghk lstl tiph `l ÷rfitj lsplgijc, sl lstê prlpjrjk`h cj shk`j GuflWjt GJ^WPHKL. @l `hgl uki`j`ls (tjdjúh jprhxidj`h `l uk bhrkh digrhhk`js), cj shk`j rljcizjrê uk vijol `l trls dlsls bjstj jcgjkzjr su hfoltivh ghk prlgisi÷k. Yj bldhs bjfcj`h `l cjs

`ldhstrjrê g÷dh ikmrlsjr hplrjr lk lstj ÷rfitj, jsä ghdhyprhfjr ukj kulvj gjpjgi`j` `l kjvlmjgi÷k. Lstj ikahrdjgi÷k jyu`jrê j rl`ugir cj ikglrti`udfrl chmästigj pjrj cj lstjgi÷k Mjtlwjy , yj qul cj KJWJ y chs shgihs iktlrkjgihkjcls iktlrkjgihkjcls trjfjojk fusgjk`h mjrjktizjr qul chs jstrhkjutjs tlkmjk jgglsh slmurh j cj suplr﬊gil `l cj Cukj. Pjdfiék prhphrgihkjrê ukj pcjtjahrdj `lstikj`j j cjs `ldhstrjgihkls

÷rfitjs bjch, tjk lxgéktrigjs h

`l gilkgij y tlgkhchmäj. ( )

Icustrjgi÷k `lc GuflWjt GJ^WPHKL lk cj vlgik`j` `l cj Cukj. (KJWJ)

Ohsé Cuis Blccäk Djqul`j ^rhalshr

`l slguk`jrij, lsplgijcistj lk jstrhkêutigj y lxpchrjgi÷k lspjgijc.

 @LWG @LWG\FVIV  \FVIV   BIWPHVIJ  CJ 

Vlvistj ik`lpl ik`lplk`ilk k`ilktl tl `l `ivucmjgi÷k `iv ucmjgi÷k bist÷rigj 6> ₣ JC JÚH ‐ 1 VLQIWP VL QIWPJW, JW,  JGGLWH LRGC\WIQH  J GHKPLKI@HW @IMIPJCLW, DJVGJ^ÊMIKJW IC\WPVJ@HW, GC\F @CB ‐ ]]].@LWG\FVIVCJBIWPHVIJ.LW/ W\WGVI^GIHKLW (LK CHW DLOHVLW Z\IHWGHW Y LK W\ F\_×K)

91 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |

pjrj`hojs

 

LRPIKGIHKLW s ghdpcltjdlktl gilrth qul, lk chs ÿctidhs

L   

Cj pridlrj hgurri÷ lk lc plrih`h Hr`hvägigh bjgl ukhs 00<

`hsgilkths kulstrj lsplgil júhs, bj `j`h uk trjtjdilkth `lprl`j`hr j chs rlgurshs `lc pcjkltj, jmhtêk`hchs y mlklrjk`h rlsi`uhs lk gjkti`j` lxjmlrj`j. Ph`h lcch phkl lk plcimrh ikgcush cj ghktikui`j` `l kulstrh dh`h `l vi`j ghdh khs pcjktlj cj ldlrmlkgij gcidêtigj `l cj qul th`h lc duk`h, jahrtukj`jdlktl, bjfcj yj. Lstl blgbh ik`isgutifcl bj ccl vj`h j cj jpjrigi÷k jpjrigi÷k `l jcmukjs

dicchkls `l júhs. lsl gjsh, cj `lsjpjrigi÷k `lLk lsplgils sl giarj lktrl uk 1> y uk => % `l cjs qul lxistäjk. Wl suphkl qul, lkthkgls, cj vi`j rlsi`äj djyhrdlktl lk chs hgéjkhs y qul cj mcjgijgi÷k, jc ghkmlcjr cj djyhr pjrtl `lc jmuj `lc pcjkltj, gjdfi÷ lc bêfitjt phsifcl y `l jbä cj lxtikgi÷k. Cj slmuk`j ls cj lxtikgi÷k `lc @lv÷kigh hgurri`j bjgl lktrl 71> y 7=< dicchkls `l júhs l bizh

tlk`lkgijs lxjmlrj`jdlktl ghkslrvj`hrjs ghdh lc lghchmisd lghchmisdh h qul pjrlgl prhbifir, lk lslkgij, lc `lsjrrhcch `l cjs phtlkgijci`j`ls `l cj lsplgil budjkj. Dl pjrlgl gcjrh qul kh shdhs chs prhpiltjrihs `lc pcjkltj y qul `lfldhs rlspltjr j cjs `ldês lsplgils y, lvi`lktldlktl, jc sustrjth pcjkltjrih lk lc qul vividhs. ^lrh `l jbä j lktrhkizjr lc ghkslrvj`urisdh lghchmistj qul, ccl vj`h j sus ÿctidhs lxtrldhs, lxtrldhs, khs hfcimjräj j vivir sildprl lk gjvlrkjs sik bjglr gjsh `l kulstrjs phsifici`j`ls, vj uk cjrmh trlgbh. Gujk`h chs lghchmistjs cchrjk  y sl dhclstjk dhclstjk phr cj lxtikgi÷k `l jcmukjs lsplgils, lk gilrtj ahrdj `lojk `l plksjr lk cj rljci`j`, yj qul ls uk blgbh lvi`lktl qul cj prhpij kjturjclzj bj prhgl`i`h, j ch cjrmh `l cj bisthrij, j alrhgls lxtikgihkls `l lsplgils. Cj vjrijfici`j` ls ukj ghkstjktl lk cj

`lsjpjrlglr bjstj uk =< % `l cjs gilkgij ﬊ggi÷k bj trjtj`h lk gilrlsplgils lkthkgls lxistlktls. Wl tj ahrdj lc tldj. suphkl grlj`j phr lc jmhtjdilk^hr loldpch, lsjs lxtikgihkls th `l hxämlkh lk chs hgéjkhs sl tilklk lk gulktj lk «Lc gêcjalgtjk`h, `l kulvh, j cj lkthkguch `l @ihsµ (Gjcgucjtikm Mh`, gls `hdikjktl vi`j djrikj. 6>>>) `lc gjkj`ilksl Vhflrt Cj tlrglrj mrjk lxtikgi÷k aul  O. Wjwylr. Wjwylr. Lk lsj bisthrij, bisthrij, ukj ukj kjcj `lc ^érdigh, bjgl ukhs 6> dicchkls `l `l cj lxistlkgij `l @ihs ch qul, júhs, lcidik÷ lktrl uk => y uk pjrj uk `jrwikijkh jtlh ghdh lc 2> % `l cjs lsplgils y sus gjusjs pjclhkt÷chmh tlrrlstrl (jalgtj`h th`jväj lstêk lk `isgusi÷k. j`ldês `l gêkglr...) pcjktlj kh Cj quiktj y, `l dhdlkth, ÿctiphghs prhfcldjs. \kj iktlrlsjkdj mrjk lxtikgi÷k ls cj `lc Grltl y sumlrlktl khvlcj. ( ) têgigh, bjgl ukhs 11 dicchkls `l

bisthrij `l kulstrh pcjkltj y `l sus bjfitjktls. Wl ghkhglk gikgh lxtikgihkls djsivjs lk cj bisthrij `l cj

júhs, qulcjs bizh `lsjpjrlglr j uk =< % `l lsplgils y sl jgbjgj jc idpjgth `l uk jstlrhi`l. Aul cj qul bizh `lsjpjrlglr j chs `i-

^hrtj`j `l Gjcgucjtikm Mh`. (Djgdiccjk

^ufcisblrs)

H slj qul cjs lsplgils lk kulstrh pcjkltj gjdfijk ghk fjstjktl arlgulkgij. Ghdh sulcl hgurrir, cj fulkj

Diqulc Fjrglc÷

Ikm. jlrhkêutigh y @r. lk ikahrdêtigj, lsplgij-

Pilrrj.

khsjurihs.

cistj lk gilkgij-﬊ggi÷k.

 | jfric 6>6> | k¿6 | 9=

 

pr÷xidh kÿdlrh

   _    L    \    Z    _     Ê    C    F      K     Ä    P    V    J    D    L    M    V    H    O

Cj jstrhaäsigj lk kulstrjs jstrhahth jstrhahthss ¸Zué khs `igl cj jstrhaäsigj `l cjs klfuchsjs qul ahthmrj﬊jdhs8 \kj dirj`j dês `ltjccj`j khs `lsvlcjrê sus slgrlths y khs jyu`jrê j lktlk`lr phr qué shk ghdh shk. @jkilc Vlviccj 

@irlgthr? Êkmlc M÷dlz Vhc`êk Vl`jggi÷k? Diqulc Fjrglc÷, ^jgh Flcci`h, Vjajlc Flkjvi`ls, Wjk`rj Flkätlz, Jkthkih Flrkjc Mhkzêclz, Ohjkdj Fucc÷k, Ohsé Jkthkih Gjfjcclrh, Êkmlcj `lc Gjsticch, @jvi` Mjcj`ä Lkräqulz, Ajustikh Mjrgäj, Ldicih Ohsé Mjrgäj M÷dlz-Gjrh, OujkCuis Mhkzêclz, Jcflrth Mhkzêclz Ajirék, Ohsé Cuis Blccäk Djqul`j, Djre Ei`mlr, Ohr`i Chplsikh, Wicfij C÷plz `l cj Gjccl Vjdhs, @jkilc Djräk Jrghkls, Jclojk`rh Dlk`ihcjmhitij, Djrtik ^jwcly, Jkthkih ^érlz Qlr`l, Gjrdlk `lc ^ulrth, Ojvilr Vuiz, Ohk Plus, Ouêk Êkmlc Qjqulrizh, Rhsé @hsitlh Qlimj Jchksh. @islúh hrimikjc y `irlggi÷k `l jrtl? ×sgjr Mhkzêclz Mlsti÷k j`dikistrjtivj? Mldj Mrjgij Ghcjfhrj`hrls? Fjrglchkj? Jkkij @hdâklgb, Ohsé Cucc, Êkmlcj Dª Pjdjy Pjdjyh, h, Ohslp Dª Primh5 Furmhs? Ojvilr Jchksh5 G÷r`hfj? Chcj Qêzqulz5 Aulrtlvlkturj? Lkriqul `l Alrrj5 Mirhkj? Oujk Gjrchs Gjsj`h5 Mrjkj`j? Olsÿs Duúhz, Djkulc Duúhz, Dimulc Êkmlc Ê kmlc ^érlz Phrrls5 Ojék? Arjkgisgh Ê. Lspjrtlrh5 Dj`ri`? @jvi` Gjflzjs, Kjtjcij Vuiz, Dhksl Wjjvl`rj, Dhktslrrjt Qiccjr, Lvj Qiccjvlr5 Dêcjmj? Gjrchs Djcjm÷k, Fcjkgj Prhumbthk5 Durgij? Oujk ^l`rh M÷dlz Wêkgblz, Alrkjk`h Hrtuúh, Wlksi ^jsthr, Ohsé Jkthkih `l chs Vlyls5 Cj ^jcdj? Phúh Mhkzêclz5 Plklrial? Diqulc Wlrrj, Phúi Qjrlcj5 Qjclkgij? Jdlcij Hrtiz. L`itj? Mchfjc Jstrhkhdäj W.C.C.

Wlfjstiêk Blrrlrj, :0, 6¿. 62>:6 Dj`ri` Plcéahkh/]bjtsJpp? =:= ==> :0> Ghrrlh-l? ikahNmchfjcjs ikahNmchfjcjstrhkhdij.ghd trhkhdij.ghd Vl`jggi÷k? rl`jggihkNjs rl`jggihkNjstrhkhdij-djm.ghd trhkhdij-djm.ghd Idpridl? Qicclkj Jrtls Mrê﬊gjs. @istrifuyl? W.M.L.C. @. C.? D-:6>:9-6>:1 IWWK? :199-== ₣. ^rlgih loldpcjr Glutj y Dlciccj? ₣. Gjkjrijs? (sik IQJ) 1,>< ₣. ^rlgih susgripgi÷k jkujc lk ^@A? 7>), :>>), Hfslrvjr lc Gilch (pêm. 2:), ×ptigj Vhdj Vhdj (pêm. 7), Wtjrcimbt (pêm. 67), Qjceîkie (pêm. 6).

Lspjúhcj `l L`ithrijcls `l ^ufcigjgihkls ^lri÷`igjs

92 | k¿6 | jfric 6>6> |  

 

 Pu u rlv rlvis istj tj gj` gj`j j dls dls  P

 

Wusgripgi÷k lk pjplc @isphkifcl lk tu eihsgh h lk cj tilk`j hkcikl www.mchfjcjstrhkhdij.ghd

Wusgripgi÷k jkujc

1:,9> ₣ 

Wusgripgi÷k sldlstrjc

Wusgripgi÷k tridlstrjc

7:,9> ₣ 

:1,9> ₣ 

Vlsth `lc duk`h? _hkj : ; Lurhpj, :71,9> ₣ _hkj 6 ; Vlsth `l pjäsls, : ₣

IIÉphgj I JúhRRRIII I K¾677  K¾66= IK   Djyh6>:2 hvildfrl6>:2 hkhdij.ghd hkhdij.ghd hkhdij.ghd hkhdij.ghd I www.mchfjcjstr I www.mchfjcjstr

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Whch Lspjúj

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Bhrizhktls plr`i`hs  vlrsus gilchs hsgurhs ^rhylgth `ljtcjs `lghktjdikjgi÷k cudäkigjlkcjsgudfrls  y hfslrvjthrihsjstrhk÷dighs OhjkDjkulcFucc÷k

   h    z    r     )    j   j   k    D  u     /   c   j    c    h    r   `   l    l    r   j    f   `    i    l   c   j    a   s    h   `   l    i    r   j    j  r    `  h    k   b   y    l    c   s   l    j  j    G   a

Lc gjsticch `l cjs lstrlccjs LkGjstlc`lcDhktlcj jstrhkhdäjtilklukpjplc grugijc ^jghFlcci`hyChcj Qêzqulz  .    r    j    c    u    s    k    i    k    l    p    c    i    v    i    g    j    r    h    b    k    l    s    h    `    j    `    k    j    t    s    l    s    h    p    d    l    i    t    s    h    c  ,    h    i    r    j    `    k    l    c    j    g    c    l    k    l    h    d    h    g    s    l    `    i    r     é    d    l    a    l

Dl`i`js `l lstrlccjs `hfcls ghk GG@ Ikigijdhsukjslrilqulkhs slrvirêpjrjdl`irkulstr r êpjrjdl`irkulstrjs js idêmlkls`l lstrlccjs`hfcls VjajlcFlkjvi`ls

 Jstrhturisdh  y `lsphfcj `lsphfcjgi÷k gi÷k

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Lc gjsh `lc pulfch shrijkh `lDurilc Qiloh y su cugbjphr mlklrjrlghkhdäj jtrjvés `lc jstrhturisdh

   s    j    c    k    l    h    t    k    j    P  

CuisDjrtäklz

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^ul`lslkvijrtus jstrhahthmrjaäjsjtrjvés `lkulstrj wlf? www.mchfjcjstrhkhdij.ghd/lkvijr-jstrhahthmrj﬊j . Cjidjmlkslclg l g g ihkj`j`lcdlsrlgfirêukjsusg i ripg i÷kjkujcmrjtuitjjcjrlvistjJstrhkhdäj lksul`ig i÷klkp`a.

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DhktslrrjtQiccjrDjrtäk Glktrh`l Jstrhfihchmäj, GWIG/IKPJ

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