This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2035 − 19
Standard Practice for
Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test of Water1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original origin al adoption or, in the case of revis revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
D6855 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5 D6855 Test NTU in Static Mode D7315 Test D7315 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Static Mode
1. Sco Scope pe 1.1 This practice practice covers a gener general al procedure procedure for the evaluation of a treatment to reduce dissolved, suspended, colloidal, and nonsettleable matter from water or wastewater by chemical coagul coa gulatio ation-fl n-flocc occula ulatio tion, n, fol follow lowed ed by gra gravit vity y set settlin tling. g. The proc pr oced edur uree ma may y be us used ed to ev evalu aluat atee co colo lorr, tu turb rbid idit ity y, an and d hardness reduction.
3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 For definitions definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D1129 D1129..
1.2 The practice practice pro provid vides es a sys system tematic atic eva evalua luatio tion n of the variables normally encountered in the coagulation-flocculation process. 1.3 Th 1.3 Thee va valu lues es sta stated ted in SI un units its are to be re rega gard rded ed as standard.
4. Summ Summary ary of Practice Practice
1.4 This standar standard d doe doess not purport purport to add addre ress ss all of the safet sa fetyy co conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciate ted d wi with th its us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This int intern ernati ationa onall sta standa ndard rd was dev develo eloped ped in acc accor or-dance with internationally recognized principles on standardizatio iza tion n es esta tabl blis ishe hed d in th thee De Decis cisio ion n on Pr Prin incip ciple less fo forr th thee Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
mine th mine thee ch chemi emica cals, ls, do dosa sage ges, s, an and d co cond nditi ition onss re requ quire ired d to achieve optimum results. The primary variables to be investigated gat ed usi using ng the reco recomme mmende nded d pra practic cticee inc includ lude, e, but are not limited to: 4.1.1 Chemica Chemicall additives, 4.1.2 4.1 .2 pH, 4.1.3 Temper emperature, ature, and 4.1.4 Order of addition and mixing conditions. conditions.
4.1 The coagulation-flo coagulation-flocculatio cculation n test is carried out to deter deter--
5. Signi Significanc ficancee and Use 5.1 This practice permits permits the evaluat evaluation ion of various coagulants and coagulant aids used in the treatment of water and waste was te wat water er for the sam samee wat water er and the sam samee exp experi erimen mental tal conditions.
2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 D1129 Terminology D1129 Terminology Relating to Water D1193 Specification for Reagent Water D1193 D1293 Test D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water D3370 Practices D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process Streams
5.2 Th 5.2 Thee ef effe fects cts of co conc ncen entr trati ation on of th thee co coag agul ulan ants ts an and d coagulant aids and their order of addition can also be evaluated by this practice. 6. Interfere Interferences nces
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direc directt respo responsibi nsibility lity of Subc Subcommitt ommittee ee D19.03 on Sa Sampl mpling ing Wate aterr and Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water. Current Curre nt editi edition on appro approved ved March 1, 2019. Published Published March 2019. Originally approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D2035 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D2035-19. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.1 There are some possible possible interferen interferences ces that may make the determination of optimum jar test conditions difficult. These includee the follow includ following: ing: 6.1.1 Temperature Change (During Test)— Thermal Thermal or convectio vec tion n cur curren rents ts may occ occur ur,, inte interfe rferin ring g with the sett settling ling of coagul coa gulated ated par particl ticles. es. Thi Thiss can be pre preven vented ted by tem temper peratu ature re control. 6.1.2 Gas Releas Releasee (Duri (During ng Test)— Flotatio Flotation n of coagu coagulated lated flocc ma flo may y oc occu curr du duee to ga gass bu bubb bble le fo form rmat atio ion n ca caus used ed by
the ASTM website.
mechanical agitator, temperature increase or chemical reaction.
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Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D2035 − 19
FIG. 1 Reagen Reagentt Rack for Multiple Stirrer Jar Test Test Apparatus Apparatus
where such specific specifications ations are availab available. le.3 Other grades may be used us ed,, pr prov ovid ided ed it is fir first st asc ascer erta tain ined ed th that at th thee re reag agen entt is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
6.1.3 Testing-Period— Biologi Biological cal acti activit vity y or oth other er fac factor torss may alter the coagulation characteristics of water upon prolonged standing. For this reason the period between sampling and testing should be kept to a minimum, with the time being recorded.
8.2 Purity of Water— Refe Referen rence ce to water that is used for reagent preparation, rinsing or dilution shall be understood to mean water that conforms to the quantitative specifications of Type IV reagent water of Specification D1193 Specification D1193..
7. Appar Apparatus atus 7.1 Multiple Stirrer— A multiposition stirrer with continuous speed variation from about 20 to 150 rpm should be used. The stirring paddles should be of light gage corrosion-resistant material all of the same configuration and size. An illuminated basee is use bas useful ful to obs observ ervee the floc for format mation ion.. Pre Precau cautio tionar nary y measures should be taken to avoid heat being imparted by the illumination system which may counteract normal settling.
8.3 The fol follow lowing ing chemicals chemicals and additives additives are typical typical of those used for test solutions and suspensions. The latter, with the exception exception of coa coagul gulant ant aid aids, s, may be pre prepar pared ed dai daily ly by mixing chemicals with water to a concentration of 10 ( 60.1) g/L (1.0 mL of test solution or suspension when added to 1 L of sample is equivalent to 10 mg/L):
7.2 Jars Jars (or Bea Beaker kers), s), all all of th thee sa same me si size ze an and d sh shap ape; e; 1500-mL Griff Griffin in beakers may be used (1000-mL (1000-mL recommended
Prime Coagulants Alum[Al2(SO4)3·18H2O] Ferric sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O] Ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O) Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3·3H2O) Sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) Coagulant Aids Activated silica Anionic (polyelectrolyte) Cationic (polyelectrolyte) Nonionic Polymer Oxidizing Agents Chlorine (Cl2) Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Potassium permanganate (KMnO4 ) Calcium hypochlorite [CaCl(ClO)·4H2O] Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
minimum size). minimum 7.3 Reagent Racks— A means of introducing each test solution to all jars simultaneously. There should be at least one rack forr ea fo each ch tes testt so solu lutio tion n or su susp spen ensio sion. n. Th Thee ra rack ckss sh shou ould ld be similar to that shown in Fig. in Fig. 1. 1. 7.4 Hand-Held High Speed Mixer, to mix up polymers (if needed need ed). ). Hi High gh sp spee eed d on th thee mu multi ltipl plee st stir irre rerr ma may y no nott be sufficient to mix up some wastewater polymers. 7.5 Pipets— Gradua G raduated ted or vol volume umetri tricc pip pipets ets to acc accura urately tely measure chemicals used in the testing. 7.6 Pipet Pipet Filler— Rub Rubber ber bub or ded dedicat icated ed app appara aratus tus for filling pipets pipets.. 8. Reag Reagents ents
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American an Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, Americ
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed liste d by the American Chemical Chemical Soci Society ety,, see Analar Standa Standards rds for Labor Laboratory atory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.
8.1 Purity of Reagents— Reagent Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Analytical Reagen Reagents ts of the Americ American an Chemica Chemicall Society Society,, 2
D2035 − 19 reagent in the reagent rack. When adding slurries, it may be necessary to shake the rack to produce a swirling motion just prior to transfer.
Alkalis Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Dolomitic lime (58 % CaO, 40 % MgO) Lime, hydrated [Ca(OH)2] Magnesium oxide (MgO) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Weighting Agents Bentonite Kaolin Other clays and minerals
10.3 10. 3 Sta Start rt the multiple multiple sti stirre rrerr ope operat rating ing at the “flash mix” speed of app speed approx roximat imately ely 120 rpm. Add the test solution solution or suspen sus pensio sions, ns, at pre predet determ ermine ined d dos dosage age lev levels els and seq sequen uence. ce. Flas Fl ash h mix fo forr ap appr prox oxim imate ately ly 1 mi min n af after ter th thee ad addi diti tion onss of chemicals. Record the flash mix time and speed (rpm). 10.4 Red 10.4 Reduce uce the spe speed ed as nec necess essary ary to the minimum minimum required to keep floc particles uniformly suspended throughout the “slow mix” period. Slow mix for 20 min. Record the time for the first visible floc formation. Every 5 min (during the slow mix period), record relative floc size and mixer speed (rpm). (rp m). If coa coagul gulant ant aids are use used, d, mix mixing ing speed is cri critica ticall because excessive stirring tends to break up early floc formation and may redisperse the aid.
Miscellaneous Activated carbon (powdered)
8.4 Coagula Coagulant nt Aids— The There re are num numero erous us com commer mercial cially ly available coagulant aids or polyelectrolytes. All polyelectrolytes are classifi classified ed anion anionic, ic, cation cationic ic or nonionic, depending depending upon upo n the their ir com compos positio ition. n. The These se aid aidss may have the abi ability lity to produce large, tough, easily-settled floc when used alone or in conjunction conjun ction with inor inorganic ganic coagulants. coagulants. A small dosag dosagee (und (under er 1 mg/L) may permit a reduction in the dosage of, or complete elimination of, the coagulant. In the latter case, the polyelectrolyte would be considered the prime coagulant rather than a coag co agul ulan antt ai aid. d. Ai Aids ds co come me in po powd wder ered ed an and d li liqu quid id fo form rm.. Powder Pow dered ed aid aidss sho should uld be pre prepar pared ed as 0.1 % sol soluti utions ons with approp app ropria riate te aliq aliquot uotss to pro provid videe pro proper per dos dosage age.. Alw Always ays add powdered aids to the dissolving water rather than the reverse, and add slowly to the shoulder of a vortex created by stirring. If a vortex is not formed, the dry powder powder will merely collect on the surface of the water in gummy masses and become very difficult to dissolve. Dissolving time may vary from several minutes to several hours. Suggested manufacturers’ procedures for wetting, dissolving, and storing should be followed when available. Liquid forms can be readily prepared to the above strength without difficulty.4
10.5 After the slow mix period, withdraw the paddles paddles and observe settling of floc particles. Record the time required for the bulk of the particles to settle. In most cases this time will be that required for the particles to settle to the bottom of the beak be aker er;; ho howe weve verr, in so some me cas cases es th ther eree ma may y be in inter terfe feri ring ng convection currents. If so, the recorded settling time should be that at which the unsettled or residual particles appear to be moving equally upward and downward. 10.6 After 15 min of settling, record record the appearance appearance of floc on the bea beaker ker bot bottom tom.. Reco Record rd the sam sample ple tem temper peratu ature. re. By means mea ns of a pip pipet et or sip siphon hon,, with withdra draw w an ade adequa quate te samp sample le volume of supernatant liquor from the jar at a point one half of the depth of the sample, to conduct color,5 turbidity, pH, and other oth er req requir uired ed ana analys lyses es (No Note te 1), det determ ermine ined d in acco accorda rdance nce with Test Methods D6855 Methods D6855 or or D7315 D7315 (for (for turbidity) and D1293 and D1293 (for pH). A suggested form for recording results is appended (see Fig. (see Fig. 2). 2).
9. Samp Sampling ling 9.1 Collect the water sample in accordance accordance with the applicable Practic Practices es D3370 D3370..
NOTE 1—Tests for residual chemicals should be included, for example, alum; residual Al2O3; copperas; residual Fe2O3; etc.
10.7 Repeat steps steps 10.1 – 10.6 until all pertinent variables have been evaluated.
10. Procedur Proceduree 10.1 Measur Measuree equal volumes (1000 (1000 mL) of sample into each of thee jar th jars s orbe15 1500 00-m -mL L there Grif Gr ifffin beak aker ers. s. Asonma many nymultiple samp sa mple le portions may used as arebe positions the stirrer. Locate beakers so that the paddles are off-center, but clear the beaker wall by about 6.4 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4 in.). Record the sample temperature at the start of the test.
10.8 10 .8 The tim times es gi give ven n in 10.3, 10.3, 10.4, 10.4, an and d 10.6 are onl only y suggestions. 11. Pre Precisi cision on and Bias 11.1 This is a practi 11.1 practice ce that prod produces uces subjective subjective results. No precision and bias data are available.
10.2 Load the test chemicals in the reagent racks. racks. Use one rack for each series of chemical additions. Make up each tube in the rack to a final volume of 10 mL, with water, before usin us ing. g. Th Ther eree may be a si situ tuati ation on wh wher eree a lar large gerr vo volu lume me of reagent will be required. Should this condition prevail, fill all tubes with water to a volume equal to the largest volume of
12. Quali Quality ty Control Control 12.1 This is a practice practice that prod produces uces subjective subjective results. As such su ch,, th ther eree ar aree no sta stand ndar ards ds av avail ailab able le fo forr qu qual ality ity co cont ntro roll purposes. 13. Keyw Keywords ords 13.1 coagu coagulation lation;; flocculation; jar tests
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A periodically periodically update updated d “Repo “Report rt on Coagu Coagulant lant Aids for Water Treatment” Treatment” is publis pub lished hed by the Env Enviro ironme nmenta ntall Pro Protec tectio tion n Age Agency ncy Of Offi fice ce of Wate aterr Sup Supply ply,, Cincinnati, OH, listing coagulant aids that may be used in water treatment without
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adverse physi adverse physiologic ological al ef effects fects on those using the water water,, base based d on informa information tion submitted by the manufacturers or distributors, or both.
For the color determination, reference is made to Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Waste Water Water , Fourteenth Edition,American Public Health Association, Inc., New York, NY, 1975, pp. 64–71.
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D2035 − 19
FIG. 2 Jar Test Test Data International takes no positi ASTM International position on respecting the validi validity ty of any patent rights assert asserted ed in connec connection tion with any item mentio mentioned ned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible respon sible technical technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not receiv received ed a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address addr ess or at 610610-832832-9585 9585 (pho (phone), ne), 610610-832832-9555 9555 (fax (fax), ), or serv service@ ice@astm astm.org .org (e-m (e-mail) ail);; or thro through ugh the ASTM webs website ite (www.astm. (www .astm.org). org). Permission Permission rights to photocopy the standa standard rd may also be secure secured d from the Copyri Copyright ght Clearance Center, Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/
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