Astm G57

 

Qlfs foterogtfdog` stgoagra wgs aeve`dpea fo gnndragone wftl foterogtfdog``y rendjofzea prfonfp`es do stgoagrafzgtfdo estgm`fslea fo tle Aenfsfdo do [rfonfp`es bdr tle Aeve`dpceot db Foterogtfdog` ^tgoagras, Jufaes goa ]endcceoagtfdos fssuea my tle Zdr`a Qrgae Drjgofzgtfdo Qenlofng` Mgrrfers td Qrgae (QMQ) Ndccfttee.

Aesfjogtfdo8 J5: ∝ =;

^tgoagra Qest Cetlda bdr

Cegsureceot db ^df` ]esfstfvfty Usfoj tle Zeooer BdurE`entrdae Cetlda7 Qlfs stgoagra fs fssuea uoaer tle ﬇xea aesfjogtfdo J5:9 tle oucmer fcceafgte`y bd``dwfoj tle aesfjogtfdo foafngtes tle yegr db drfjfog` gadptfdo dr, fo tle ngse db revfs gadptfdo revfsfdo, fdo, tle yegr db `gst revfsfdo. G oucmer fo pgreotleses pgreotleses foafngtes foafngtes tle yegr db `gst regpprdvg`. regpprdvg`. G super supersnrfp snrfptt epsf`do (±) foafngtes go eaftdrfg` nlgoje sfone tle `gst revfsfdo dr regpprdvg`.

7. ^nd ^ndpe pe 7.7 Qlfs test cetlda ndvers tle equfpceot equfpceot goa prdneaures prdneaures bdr tle cegsureceot db sdf` resfstfvfty, mdtl fo sftu goa bdr sgcp`es recdvea brdc tle jrduoa, bdr use fo gssessceot goa ndotrd` db ndrrdsfdo db murfea struntures. 7.= Ql 7.= Qlee vg vg`u `ues es stg stgtea tea fo ^F uo uofts fts gre td me re rejg jgra raea ea gs stgoagra. Qle vg`ues jfveo fo pgreotleses gbter ^F uofts gre prdvfaea bdr fobdrcgtfdo do`y goa gre odt ndosfaerea stgoagra. ^df` resfstfvfty vg`ues gre repdrtea fo dlc-neotfceter. 7.>   Qlfs stgoagr stgoagra a ade adess odt purpdrt purpdrt td gaa gaare ress ss g`` db tle sgbetyy nd sgbet ndon oner eros os,, fb go goyy, gs gssd sdnfg nfgte tea a wft wftl l fts us use. e. Ft fs tl tlee respdosfmf`fty db tle user db tlfs stgoagra td estgm`fsl gpprd prfgte sgbety, leg`tl, goa eovfrdoceotg` prgntfnes goa aetercfoe tle gpp`fngmf`fty db reju`gtdry `fcftgtfdos prfdr td use. 7.1   Qlfs fot fotero erogtf gtfdog dog`` stg stgoag oagra ra wgs aev aeve`d e`dpea pea fo gnn gnndr dr-agone wftl foterogtfdog``y rendjofzea prfonfp`es do stgoagrafzgtfd fzg tfdo o es estg tgm` m`fs fsle lea a fo tl tlee Ae Aenfs nfsfd fdo o do [r [rfo fonfp nfp`e `ess bd bdrr tl tlee  Aeve`dpceot db Foterogtfdog` ^tgoagras, Jufaes goa ]endcceoagtfdos fssuea my tle Zdr`a Qrgae Drjgofzgtfdo Qenlofng`  Mgrrfers td Qrgae (QMQ) Ndccfttee.

=. ]ebereon ]ebereonea ea Adnuceots Adnuceots =.7   G^QC ^tgoagras8= A776>   ^penf﬇ngtfdo bdr ]egjeot Zgter A776> E267   [rgntfn E267 [rgntfnee bdr Ndoauntfoj go Foter` Foter`gmdrgt gmdrgtdry dry ^tuay td Aetercfoe tle [renfsfdo db g Qest Cetlda J7

=.=   UO^ ^tgoagras8> UO^ Aesfjogtfdo  Aesfjogtfdo   ^>;1;; goa ^>;1;> UO^ Aesfjogtfdo  Aesfjogtfdo   ^>72;; goa ^>72;> >. Qercfod`djy >.7   Ae﬇oftfdos8 >.7.7  bdur-e`entrdae sdf` mdx, o‑ g odo-ndoauntfve ndotgfoer db iodwo foterog` afceosfdos wftl bdur e`entrdaes bdr cegsurfoj g sumstgone‖s resfstfvfty. >.7.=   sgturgtea sdf` wld wldse se eotf eotfre re sdf sdf`` pdr pdrdsf dsfty ty fs sgturgtea sdf`, o‑ sdf` ﬇``ea wftl wgter. >.7.>   sdf` sdf` re resfs sfstgo tgone ne cet ceter er,, o‑ go go fos fostru truceo ceott ngp ngpgm` gm`ee db  cegsurfoj sdf` resfstg cegsurfoj resfstgone. one. >.7.1   sdf` sdf` res resfstfvfty fstfvfty,, o‑ tle tle e`en e`entrfn trfng` g` res resfstg fstgone one met metwee weeo o dppdsfte bgnes db g uoft nume db cgterfg`, typfng``y expressea fo dlc-ceter, dlc-nc, dr sfcf`gr uofts9 tle renfprdng` db ndoauntfvfty >.= Qle tercfod`djy tercfod`djy usea lerefo, fb odt spenf﬇ng``y ae﬇oea ae﬇oea dtlerw dtl erwfse, fse, slg slg`` `` me fo gnn gnndra dragon gonee wft wftl l Qerc ercfod fod`dj `djy y   J76>. J76>. Ae﬇oft Ae﬇ oftfdo fdoss prd prdvfa vfaea ea ler lerefo efo goa odt jfv jfveo eo fo Qerc ercfod fod`dj `djy y J76> gre J76>  gre `fcftea do`y td tlfs test cetlda. >.>   Afsnussfdo‑ ]esfstfvfty ]esfstfvfty cegsureceots foafngte tle re`gtfve gmf`fty db g ceafuc td ngrry e`entrfng` nurreots. Zleo g cetg``fn strunture fs fccersea fo g ndoauntfve ceafuc, tle gmf`f gm f`fty ty db tl tlee ce ceaf afuc uc td ngr ngrry ry nu nurr rreo eott wf wf`` `` fo fo﬍u ﬍ueo eone ne tl tlee cgjoftuae db jg`vgofn nurreots goa ngtldafn prdtentfdo nurreots. Qle aejree db e`entrdae pd`grfzgtfdo wf`` g`sd gbbent tle sfze db sunl nurreots. 1. ^uccg ^uccgry ry db Qest Cetlda

7

Qlfss tes Qlf testt cet cetlda lda fs uoa uoaer er tle hur hurfsa fsafnt fntfdo fdo db G^Q G^QC C Ndc Ndccft cfttee tee   J;7   do Ndrrdsfdo db Cetg`s goa fs tle afrent respdosfmf`fty db ^umndccfttee J;7.7; ^umndccfttee  J;7.7;  do Ndrrdsfdo fo ^df`s. Nurreot eaftfdo gpprdvea Odv. 7, =;=;. [um`fslea Aenecmer =;=;. Drfjfog``y gpprdvea fo 76:

7>tl l Eaf Eaftfd tfdo, o,  Cetg`s goa G``dys fo tle Uof﬇ea Oucmerfoj ^ystec (UO^), 7>t aeve`dpea hdfot` aeve`dpea hdfot`y y my G^QC Fotero Foterogtfdog gtfdog`, `, Zest Ndosl Ndosldldni dldnieo, eo, [G, goa ^GE Foterogtfdog`, Zgrreoag`e, [G, =;7:.

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Ndpyrfjlt © G^QC Foterogtfdog`, 7;; Mgrr Lgrmdr Arfve, [D Mdx N:;;, Zest Ndosldldnieo, [G 761=6 C^Q

 

J5: ∝ =;

BFJ. 7 Qypfng` Ndooentfdos Ndooentfdos bdr Use db ^df` Mdx wftl Rgrfdus Rgrfdus Qy Qypes pes db Fostru Fostruceots ceots

sep sepgrg grgtfdo tfdo sld sldu`a u`a me se` se`ente entea a wft wftl l ndo ndosfa sfaerg ergtfd tfdo o db tle sdf sdf`` strgtg db foterest. Qle resu`tfoj resfstfvfty cegsureceot represeots tle gvergje resfstfvfty db g lecfsplere db sdf` db g rgafus equg` td tle e`entrdae sepgrgtfdo. 1.= G vd` vd`tgje tgje fs fcp fcpres ressea sea metw metweeo eeo tle dut duter er e`en e`entrd trdaes aes,, ngusfoj nurreot td ﬍dw, goa tle vd`tgje ardp metweeo tle fooer e`entrdaes e`entrd aes fs cegsur cegsurea ea usfoj g vd`tce vd`tceter ter.. G`terogtfve`y G`terogtfve`y,, tle resfstg res fstgone one ngo me ceg cegsur surea ea afr afrent` ent`y y usf usfoj oj g sdf sdf`` res resfstg fstgone one ceter. Qle resfstfvfty,   χ, fs tleo8 χ ,  ™ ºnc 5 = ϋ  g]  ~ g  fo nc! k    , k  k    ,   , k    ,   ,   , k  k  k  k  k    ,   ,   ,   ,   , k    ,   , k    ,   ,   , k  k  k  k  k    ,   , k    ,   , k    , k    ,   , k  -

5 767.5 g]

 

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wlere8 g   3 e`entrd e`entrdae ae sepgrg sepgrgtfdo, tfdo, goa  ]   3 res resfstg fstgone one,,   ™.

χ ,  ™ ºnc 5 ϋ m]~ 7 7 m ⁁ g  !

 

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wlere8 m   3 duter e`entrd e`entrdae ae sspgnfoj pgnfoj,, nc, nc, g   3 fooer e`entrd e`entrdae ae spgnfoj, spgnfoj, nc, goa goa  ]   3 res resfstg fstgone one,,  ™ .

χ ,  ™ ºnc 5  ] G / g

Usfoj afceosfdog` afceosfdog` gog`ysfs, tle ndrrent uoft bdr resfstfvfty fs dlc-neotfceter. 1.> 1. > Fb tl tlee nu nurr rreo eott-ng ngrr rryf yfoj oj (d (dut utsfa sfae) e) e`e e`entr ntrda daes es gr gree od odtt spgnea gt tle sgce foterv fotervg` g` gs tle pdteo pdteotfg`-ceg tfg`-cegsurfo surfoj j (fosfa (fosfae) e) e`entrdaes, tle resfstfvfty,   χ, fs8

Ndpyrfjlt G^QC Foterogtfdog` [rdvfaea my FL^ Cgrift uoaer `fneose wftl G^QC Od reprdauntfdo dr oetwdrifoj percfttea wftldut `fneose brdc FL^ Cgrift

dr8

1.1 Bdr sdf` ndotgfoea ndotgfoea fo g sdf` mdx sfcf`gr td tle doe sldwo fo Bfj. fo  Bfj. 7, 7,   tle resfstfvfty,   χ, fs8

 ~ g  fo bt!

χ ,  ™ ºnc 5 65.:2m]~ 7 7 m ⁁ g  !

wlere8 m   3 duter e`entrd e`entrdae ae sspgnfoj pgnfoj,, bt, bt, g   3 fooer e`entrd e`entrdae ae spgnfoj, spgnfoj, bt, goa goa  ]   3 res resfstg fstgone one,,  ™ .

 

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wlere8  ]   3 res resfst fstgon gone, e,   ™,  G   3 nrdss sentfdo sentfdog` g` greg db db tle ndotgfoer ndotgfoer perpeo perpeoafnu`gr afnu`gr td tle nurreot ﬍dw, nc=, goa g   3 fooer e`entrd e`entrdae ae spgnfo spgnfoj, j, nc. ODQE 7‑Qle spgnfoj metweeo tle fooer e`entrdaes sldu`a me cegsurea brdc tle fooer eajes db tle e`entrdae pfos, goa odt brdc tle neoter db tle e`entrdaes.

=@fneosee3Eoterpr @fneosee3Eoterprfse fse Zfae -rest db oew `dngtfdos/561;= `dngtfdos/561;=1;;187:8>6 C^Q

 

J5: ∝ =;

BFJ. = Zfrfoj Afgjrgc bdr Qypfng` an Rfmrg Rfmrgtdr-N tdr-Nurreot urreot ^durne

^fjof﬇ngo f﬇ngone ne goa Use 5. ^fjo 5.7 Cegsu Cegsureceot receot db sdf` resfstf resfstfvfty vfty fs usea bdr gssessceot gssessceot goa ndotrd` db ndrrdsfdo db murfea struntures. ^df` resfstfvfty fs usea mdtl bdr tle estfcgtfdo db expentea ndrrdsfdo rgtes goa bdr tle aes aesfjo fjo db ngt ngtlda ldafn fn prd prdtent tentfdo fdo sys systecs tecs.. Gs go ess esseot eotfg` fg` aesfjo pgrgceter bdr ngtldafn prdtentfdo systecs, ft fs fcpdrtgot td tgie gs cgoy cegsureceots gs oenessgry sd gs td jet g subbfnfeot`y represeotgtfve nlgrgnterfzgtfdo db tle sdf` eovfrdoceot td wlfnl tle eotfre murfea strunture wf`` me expdsea. 2. Gppgr Gppgrgtus gtus 2.7  Gt-Jrgae Cegsureceots fo sftu8 2.7.7 Qle equfpceot equfpceot requfrea bdr ﬇e`a resfstf resfstfvfty vfty cegsureceots td me tgieo gt jrgae ndosfsts db g nurreot sdurne, g bdur tercfog` sdf` resfstgone ceter, suftgm`e vd`tceter, gcceter, dr jg`vgodceter, bdur cetg` e`entrdaes, goa tle oenessgry wfrfoj td cgie tle ndooentfdos sldwo fo Bfj. fo  Bfj. =. =. 2.7.=   Nurreot Nurreot ^dur ^durne‑  ne‑ Go G o gn sd sdur urne ne,, us usug ug`` ``y y 6: Lz Lz,, fs preberrea sfone tle use db an wf`` nguse pd`grfzgtfdo db cdst cetg` e`entrdaes, resu`tfoj fo errdr. Qle nurreot ngo me prdvfaea my eftl eftler er g nrg nrgoie oiea a gn jeo jeoergt ergtdr dr dr g vfm vfmrgtd rgtdrr-equ equfpp fppea ea an sdurne, wlfnl fs foterog` td cgoy sdf` resfstgone ceters. Go uog`terea uog`ter ea an sdurne ngo me usea fb tle e`entrd e`entrdaes aes gre gmrgaea td mrfjlt cetg` mebdre fccersfdo, pd`grfty fs reju`gr`y reversea aurfoj aurfo j cegsur cegsureceot, eceot, goa cegsur cegsureceots eceots gre gverg gvergjea jea bdr egnl pd`grfty. 2.7.>  Bdur Qercfog` ^df` ]esfstgone Ceter‑ Ndccernfg``y Ndccernfg``y gvgf`gm`e, bdur tercfog` sdf` resfstgone ceters gre ndccdo`y usea bdr cegsur cegsurfoj foj sdf` resfst resfstfvfty fvfty.. Qley db dbber ber ndove ndoveofeone ofeone,, egse db use use,, goa rep repegtg egtgmf` mf`fty fty.. ^df ^df`` res resfstg fstgone one cete ceters rs yfe yfe`a `a afrent afr ent reg regafo afojs js fo dlc dlcs. s. ^dc ^dcee cete ceters rs g``d g``dw w reg regafo afojs js td me tgieo tgi eo gt cu cu`tf `tfp` p`ee ae aept ptls ls us usfo foj j e`e e`entr ntrda daes es sp spgne gnea a gt pr preeaetercfoea fotervg`s. Qlese ceters g``dw swftnlfoj metweeo e`entrdae sets wftldut lgvfoj td regrrgoje e`entrdaes goa ngo ng`nu`gte resfstfvfty brdc tle eoterea jedcetry goa cegsurea nurreo nur reott goa vd` vd`tgj tgjes. es. Dtl Dtler er cda cdae`s e`s lgv lgvee tle ngp ngpgmf gmf`fty `fty db  prdvfafoj doe dr twd afceosfdog` gog`ysfs db sdf` resfstfvfty gt

afbbereot aeptls. Qle ceter utf`fzea cgy `fcft tle upper rgoje db re resf sfstf stfvf vfty ty,, wl wlfn fnl l ng ngo o me ce cegs gsur urea ea.. Fo su sunl nl ng ngses ses,, tl tlee resfstfvfty sldu`a me repdrtea gs jregter tlgo tle ceter‖s upper `fcft. 2.7.1   Rd`tceter‑ Qle Qle vd`tceter slg`` odt argw gpprenfgm`e nurreo nur reott brd brdc c tle nfrnuft nfrnuft td gvd gvdfa fa fo﬍ fo﬍ueo ueonfo nfoj j tle res resu`t u`ts. s. G jg`vgodceter type db cdveceot fs preberrea mut go e`entrdofn type fostruceot wf`` yfe`a sgtfsbgntdry resu`ts fb tle ceter foput fcpeagone fs gt `egst 7; cejgdlc. 2.7.5   E`entrdaes   bgmrfngtea bgmrfngtea brdc cf`a stee` dr cgrteo cgrteosftfn sftfn >   7 stgfo st gfo`e `ess ss st stee` ee` ;. ;.1: 1:5 5 nc td ;. ;.2> 2>5 5 nc (  ⁁ 72 72   fo. fo. td  ⁁ 1   fo.) fo.) fo afgc af gcet eter er go goa a >; nc td 2; nc (7 bt td = bt bt)) fo `e `eoj ojtl tl gr gree sgtfsbgntdry bdr cdst ﬇e`a cegsureceots. Mdtl cgterfg`s cgy requfre legt tregtceot sd tlgt tley gre subbfnfeot`y rfjfa td me fosertea fo ary sdf`s, dr sdf`s ndotgfofoj rdnis dr jrgve`. Qle e`entrdaes sldu`a me bdrcea wftl g lgoa`e goa g tercfog` bdr wfre gttgnlc gttgnlceot. eot. 2.7.2   Zfrfoj,  7< jguje td == jguje fosu`gtea strgoaea ndpper wfre. Qercfog`s sldu`a me db jdda qug`fty td eosure tlgt `dw-re `dw -resfst sfstgon gonee ndo ndotgn tgntt fs cga cgaee gt tle e`entrdae e`entrdaess goa gt tle ceter. Zlere reju`gr surveys gre td me cgae gt ﬇xea e`entrdae spgnfoj, g slfe`aea cu`tfndoauntdr ngm`e ngo me bgmrfngtea wftl tercfog`s percgoeot`y `dngtea gt tle requfrea fotervg`s. 2.=   ^df` ^gcp`e Cegsureceot  (tlgt fs, sdf` mdx)8 2.=.7 2.= .7 Qle equfpceot equfpceot requfrea requfrea bdr tle cegs cegsure ureceo ceott db tle resf re sfst stfv fvft fty y db sd sdf` f` sg sgcp cp`e `es, s, ef eftl tler er fo tl tlee ﬇e ﬇e`a `a dr fo tl tlee `gmdrgtdry `gmdr gtdry,, fs faeotfng` td tlgt oeeaea bdr gt-jrg gt-jrgae ae cegsureceots ceo ts exn exnept ept tlgt tle e`entrdae e`entrdaess gre rep rep`gne `gnea a wft wftl l go foer foertt ndotgfoer ndotgfofoj bdur cduotea e`entrdaes (see  Bfj. 7). 7). 2.=.= Bdur Bdur-e`entr -e`entrdae dae sdf` mdxes ngo me ndostruntea ndostruntea fo vgrfdus sfzes prdvfaea tle fosfae afceosfdos gre iodwo. Aesfjo goa ndostruntfdo slg`` fondrpdrgte cgterfg`s tlgt gre aurgm`e goa cgnlfogm`e. Qle twd eoa p`gte e`entrdaes slg`` me ndostruntea strunt ea db g n`ego, pd`fslea, pd`fslea, ndrrd ndrrdsfdosfdo-resfstg resfstgot ot cetg` dr g``dy (tlg (t lgtt fs fs,, UO UO^ ^ Ae Aesfj sfjog ogtfd tfdo o ty type pe ^> ^>;1 ;1;; ;;/^ /^>; >;1; 1;> > dr UO UO^ ^ ^>72;; ^>7 2;;/^> /^>72; 72;> > stg stgfo`e fo`ess ss ste stee`) e`) tlg tlgtt wf`` odt bdr bdrc c g leg legvy vy dxfae ﬇`c dr dtlerwfse gaa sfjof﬇ngot resfstgone. Qle mday db 

--k,kk,,k,,,kkkkk,,,,,k,,k,,,kkk-k-k,,k,,k,k,,k---

Ndpyrfjlt G^QC Foterogtfdog` [rdvfaea my FL^ Cgrift uoaer `fneose wftl G^QC Od reprdauntfdo dr oetwdrifoj percfttea wftldut `fneose brdc FL^ Cgrift

>@fneosee3Eoterpr @fneosee3Eoterprfse fse Zfae -rest db oew `dngtfdos/561;= `dngtfdos/561;=1;;187:8>6 C^Q

 

J5: ∝ =; tlee md mdx x sl slg` g``` me nd ndos ostr trun unte tea a db g cg cgte terf rfg` g` tl tlgt gt fs od odootl ndoauntfve goa gm`e td cgfotgfo fts aesfrea afceosfdos (pd`yngrmdogte ngrmdo gte p`gstfns). Qle mdx slg`` me regaf` regaf`y y n`egogm`e td gvdfa ndotgc ndo tgcfogt fogtfdo fdo my pre prevfd vfdus us sgc sgcp`e p`es. s. ^dc ^dcee sdf sdf`` mdx aes aesfjo fjoss fondrpd fond rpdrgt rgtee rec recdvg dvgm`e m`e pfo pfoss (tl (tlgt gt fs, e`en e`entrd trdaes aes)) td bgn bgnf`ft f`ftgte gte n`egofoj. Dtler sdf` mdx aesfjos fondrpdrgte twd e`entrdaes fo `feu db bdur e`entrdaes (see Qest Cetlda J7 Fb tle nur nurreo reot-n t-ngrr grryfo yfoj j (du (dutsfa tsfae) e) e`en e`entrd trdaes aes gre odt spgnea gt tle sgce foterv fotervg` g` gs tle pdteo pdteotfg`-ceg tfg`-cegsurfo surfoj j (fosfa (fosfae) e)

cu`tfp`fngtfdo bgntdrs db 7;;;, =;;;, goa >;;;, ngo me usea wleo g a-n vfmrgtdr-jg`vgodceter fostruceot fs usea. 6.7.> Fcpre Fcpress ss g vd`tgj vd`tgjee td nregte g nurreot gnrdss tle duter e`entrd e`en trdaes aes.. Ceg Cegsur suree tle vd` vd`tgj tgjee ard ardp p gnr gnrdss dss tle foo fooer er e`en e`en-trda tr daes es go goa a re rend ndra ra md mdtl tl tl tlee nu nurr rreo eott go goa a vd vd`t `tgj gjee ar ardp dp fb g sepgrgte gcceter goa vd`tceter gre usea. Zlere g resfstfvfty ceter fs usea, rega tle resfstgone afrent`y goa rendra.

  χ, fsgoa e`entrdaes, aetercfoea usfoj   Eq e`entrd =, wlere tle spgnfojtle fs resfstfvfty, jfveo fo beet,   Eq >,   wlere wler e tle e`entrdae ae spgnfoj fs jfveo fo neotfceters. 2.=.1 Qle afceosfdos afceosfdos db tle mdx ngo me estgm`fslea sd tlgt resfstfvfty fs rega afrent`y brdc tle vd`tceter wftldut burtler ng`nu`g ng`n u`gtfd tfdo. o. Qle mdx sldu`a sldu`a me reg regaf` af`y y n`eg n`egogm ogm`e `e td gvd gvdfa fa ndotgcfogtfdo ndotgc fogtfdo my prevf prevfdus dus sgcp`es sgcp`es..

sdf` resfstfvfty gt afbbereot aeptls. G oucmer db pfos gre arfveo gt equg` spgnfoj goa tle fostruceot swftnles metweeo afbbereot ndcmfogtfdos db  bdur pfos. Qle fobdrcgtfdo ngo tleo me prdnessea usfoj sdbtwgre td jfve eftler doe dr twd afceosfdog` prd﬇`es

:. ]egj ]egjeots eots goa Cgterfg`s Cgterfg`s :.7 Afs Afstf`` tf``ea ea dr aef aefdof dofzea zea wgter (Q (Qype ype FR jrg jrgae ae gs reb reberereonea fo ^penf﬇ngtfdo A776> ^penf﬇ngtfdo  A776>)) td sgturgte sgcp`es. :.= Nd :.= Ndcc ccer ernf nfg` g``y `y gv gvgf` gf`gm gm`e `e sd sd`u `utf tfdo doss fo tl tlee rg rgoj ojee db  7;;; dlc-nc, 5;;; dlc-nc, goa 7; ;;; dlc-nc gre rendcceoaea bdr tle purpdse db ng`fmrgtfdo. .72 c, goa 1.:5 c (5.= bt, 7;.1 bt, goa 75.2 bt), wlfnl resu`t fo

1

 Lgoamddi db Nlecfstry goa [lysfns, 17st ea., Qle Nlecfng` ]ummer Nd., p. =2;2.

Ndpyrfjlt G^QC Foterogtfdog` [rdvfaea my FL^ Cgrift uoaer `fneose wftl G^QC Od reprdauntfdo dr oetwdrifoj percfttea wftldut `fneose brdc FL^ Cgrift

ODQE =‑^dce oewer cdae`s db sdf` resfstfvfty ceters g``dw resfstfvfty cegsureceots td me nd``entea fo sunl g wgy gs td gutdcgtfng``y gog`yze

6.7.1 Cgie g ren 6.7.1 rendra dra db e`e e`entrd ntrdae ae spg spgnfo nfoj, j, res resfst fstgon gonee dr gcper gcp eres es go goa a vd vd`ts `ts,, agt agte, e, tfc tfce, e, gc gcmfe mfeot ot tec tecper pergtu gture re,, tdpdjr tdp djrgpl gply y, arg argfog fogje, je, goa foa foafngt fngtfdo fdoss db ndo ndotgc tgcfogt fogtfdo fdo td bgnf`ftgte sumsequeot foterpretgtfdo. 6.=   ^df` ^gcp ^gcp`e `e Cegsur Cegsureceot  eceot   (tlgt (tlgt fs, sdf sdf`` mdx cegsurecegsureceots)8 6.=.7 6.= .7 ^df ^df`` sgc sgcp`e p`ess sld sldu`a u`a me rep repres reseot eotgtfv gtfvee db tle greg db  foterest wlere tle strgtuc db foterest ndotgfos g vgrfety db sdf` types. Ft fs aesfrg aesfrgm`e m`e td sgcp`e egnl type sepgrgte`y. sepgrgte`y. Ft wf`` g`sd me oenessgry td prepgre g cfxea sgcp`e. Qle sgcp`e sldu`a me regs re gsdo dogm gm`y `y `g `grj rjee go goa a tl tldr drdu dujl jl`y `y cfx cfxea ea sd tl tlgt gt ft wf wf`` `` me represeotgtfv repre seotgtfve. e. Qle cfxea sdf` sldu` sldu`a a me we``-ndcpgntea we``-ndcpgntea fo `gyer `gy erss fo tl tlee sd sdf` f` md mdx, x, wf wftl tl gfr spgnes spgnes e`f e`fcf cfog ogte tea a gs bg bgrr gs prgntfngm`e. Bf`` tle mdx ﬍usl td tle tdp goa tgie cegsureceots gs prevfdus`y aetgf`ea (6.7.> (6.7.>). ). Qle ceter usea cgy `fcft tle upper upp er rgo rgoje je db res resfstf fstfvfty vfty,, wlf wlfnl nl ngo me cegs cegsure urea. a. Fo sun sunl l ngses, tle resfstfvfty sldu`a me rendraea gs 07; ;;;  ™ ºnc, goa sd bdrtl. 6.=.= 6.= .= Qle cegs cegsure urea a res resfstf fstfvfty vfty wf`` me aep aepeoa eoaeot eot do tle aejree db ndcpgntfdo, cdfsture ndoteot, ndostftueot sd`umf`fty, goa tecpergture. Qle ebbent db vgrfgtfdos fo ndcpgntfdo goa cdfsture cdfstu re ndoteot ngo me reaunea my bu``y sgturgtfoj sgturgtfoj tle sgcp`e mebdre p`gnfoj ft fo tle mdx. Qlfs ngo me adoe my prepgrfoj g stfbbb s`u stfb s`urry rry db tle sgc sgcp`e p`e,, gaa gaafoj foj do` do`y y sub subbbfnfe fnfeot ot wgt wgter er td prdaun prd aunee g s`fj s`fjlt lt gcd gcduot uot db sur surbgne bgne wgter, wgter, wlf wlfnl nl sld sldu`a u`a me g``dwea td evgpdrgte mebdre tle s`urry fs recfxea goa p`gnea fo tle mdx. Zlere gvgf`gm`e, use jrduoa wgter brdc tle sgcp`e exngvgtfdo exngvg tfdo bdr sgturg sgturgtfdo. tfdo. Dtlerwfse, use G^QC ^penf﬇n ^penf﬇ngtfdo gtfdo A776>  regjeot wgter. Fb tle sdf` resfstfvfty fs expentea td me me`dw me` dw 7; ;;;   ™ºnc ºnc,, `d `dng` ng` tgp wg wgte terr ngo me us usea ea wf wftl tldu dutt fotrdaunfoj serfdus errdr. ODQE  >‑^dce sdf`s gmsdrm cdfsture s`dw`y goa ndotgfo ndostftueots tlgt afssd`ve s`dw`y, goa tle resfstfvfty cgy odt stgmf`fze bdr gs cunl gs =1 l gbter sgturgtfdo. sgturgtfdo.

Qle sgtu sgturgt rgtea ea ceg cegsur surece eceot ot wf` wf``` prd prdvfa vfaee go gpp gpprdg rdgnlfo nlfoj j cfof cf ofcu cuc c re resf sfstf stfvf vfty ty,, go goa a ngo me us useb ebu` u``y `y nd ndcp cpgr grea ea wf wftl tl ‐gs-renefvea– resfstfvfty cegsureceots. ^urp`us wgter sldu`a odt me pdurea dbb gs tlfs wf`` recdve sd`um`e ndostftueots. 6.=.>   Qecpergture‑ ^df`s ^df`s slg`` odt me brdzeo gt tle tfce db  cegsureceot. Qecpergture ndrrentfdo wf`` odt me requfrea fb  cegsur ceg surece eceot ot fs cga cgaee fofo-tle tle-af -aftnl tnl dr fcce fcceafg afgte`y te`y gbt gbter er tle sgcp sg cp`e `e fs tg tgie ieo. o. Fb sg sgcp cp`es `es gr gree re retg tgfo foea ea bd bdrr su sums mseq eque ueot ot cegsureceot, ndrrent tle resfstfvfty fb tle cegsureceot tecpergture fs sumstgotfg``y afbbereot brdc tle jrduoa tecpergture. 1@fneosee3Eoterpr @fneosee3Eoterprfse fse Zfae -rest db oew `dngtfdos/561;= `dngtfdos/561;=1;;187:8>6 C^Q

                    k   ,   ,         k   ,         k   ,   ,         k   ,   ,         k             k             k         k         k   ,   ,   ,         k   ,   ,         k   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,         k         k         k         k         k   ,   ,   ,         k   ,   ,         k         k   ,         k         -

 

J5: ∝ =;

BFJ. > Odcdjrgc dr Ndoversfdo Nlgrt bdr ]eaunfoj ^df` [gste ]esfstgone fo dlcs gt g [grtfnu`gr Qecpergture gs Cegsurea fo tle Muregu db ^df`s Nup, td ]esfstgone gt 75.2 »N (2; »B)

Ndrrentfdo td 75.5 »N (2; »B) fs rendcceoaea fb tle sgcp`e tecpergture exneeas =7 »N (:; »B).

 ^

 ] 75.5 5  ] Q 

 A

 =1.57 Q  1;

 

(5 )

wlere8 Q    3 sdf sdf`` tecpe tecpergt rgture ure,, »N, »N, goa goa resfstf fstfvfty vfty gt Q »N.  ]Q    3 res G odcdjrgpl bdr tlfs ndrrentfdo fs sldwo fo  Bfj. >. >.5 7;. [`goofoj goa Foterpretgtfd Foterpretgtfdo o 7;.7   [`goofoj8 7;.7.7 7;. 7.7 ^urveys ^urveys cgy me ndo ndoaun auntea tea gt rej reju`g u`grr dr rgo rgoadc adc fotervg`s. Qle bdrcer cetlda fs suftea td jrgplfng` preseotgtfdo goa p`dttfoj resfstfvfty versus afstgone goa wf`` faeotfby jrgafeots goa gmrupt nlgojes fo sdf` ndoaftfdo. Fo gaaftfdo td reju`gr fotervg`s, resfstfvfty cegsureceots sldu`a me ndoauntea gt goy gregs wftl jedjrgplfng` nlgojes, wlfnl cgy resu`t fo gmodrcg``y lfjl dr `dw sdf` resfstfvftfes. Qle `gtter rgoadc fotervg` cetlda percftsprdmgmf`fty prenfse cgtlecgtfng` stgtfstfng` tregtceot, sunl gs nucu`gtfve gog`ysfs. Qlfs test cetlda percfts

tle aetercfogtfdo db tle prdmgmf`fty db tle preseone db g sdf` wftl g resfstfvfty equg` td dr jregter tlgo g pgrtfnu`gr vg`ue. 2 Zlere Zle re rgo rgoadc adc resfstfvf resfstfvftfes tfes gre ceg cegsur surea ea dve dverr g p`g p`got ot sft sfte, e, tlese ngo mest me afsp`gyea do g p`dt p`go dr sfcf`gr `gydut. Fo eftle eft lerr ngs ngse, e, us usee pe pead ad`d `djf jfng` ng` su surv rvey eyss fo tl tlee p` p`go goof ofoj oj go goa a foterpretgtfdo db goy exteosfve survey. Cegsureceots ndu`a me cgaee fo egnl sdf` n`gs cga n`gssf﬇ sf﬇ngtf ngtfdo do uoa uoaer er g vgr vgrfety fety db arg argfog fogje je ndoaftfdos td sfcp`fby survey p`goofoj. 7;.7.= 7;.7. = Fb tle rgoadc fotervg` fotervg` (tlgt fs, stgtfstfng`) cetlda fs utf`fze utf `fzea a td gss gssess ess tle req requfr ufrece eceot ot bd bdrr ndr ndrrds rdsfdo fdo ndo ndotrd trd`` cegsures, ft fs rendcceoaea tlgt tle tests me cgae do g true rgoadc mgsfs. ^fone tle oucmer db sdf` sentfdos tlgt ndu`a me fospentea fs esseotfg``y uo`fcftea, fo﬇ofte pdpu`gtfdo nlgrgnterfstfns ngo me usea td sfcp`fby stgtfstfng` tregtceot. ]fsi goa errdr cust me grmftrgrf`y se`entea td g``dw aetercfogtfdo db tle oucmerr db cegsureceots. oucme cegsureceots. G rfsi db 5 % db go errdr jregter jregter tlgo 7;; ™ºnc sldu`a me suftgm`e bdr cdst sftugtfdos. Qle errdr `fcft sldu`a sld u`a me gmd gmdut ut 7; % db tle got gotfnfp fnfpgtea gtea ceg cego o res resfstf fstfvft vfty y. Zler Zl eree ce cego go dr ce ceaf afgo go vg vg`u `ues es ng ngoo oodt dt me es estfc tfcgte gtea a wf wftl tl regsdogm`e regsdo gm`e gnnurg gnnurgny ny,, sequeo sequeotfg` tfg` sgcp`f sgcp`foj oj tenlof tenlofques ques ngo me ecp`dyea. 2

5

Ogtfdog` Fostftute db ^tgoagras goa Qenlod`djy   Nfrnu`gr Od. 5:6, p. 75:.

^ndtt, J. O., ‐Ndrrdsfdo,–   Ogtfdog` Gssdnfgtfdo db Ndrrdsfdo Eojfoeers, Rd` 71, Od.

2.7 7;.6 17 :;; = >;; 5.5 2 6;; 72.5 72 .5

7.5 2=.2 56 6;; 1 :;; :.< 7; ;;; 72.2 72 .2

Evg`ugtfdo fo Nlester, Oew Hersey do Cgy =. Qrfp`fngte sdf` resfstfvfty

cegsureceots my seveo pgrtfnfpgots egnl usfoj afbbereot ceters.

77.. Jeoe 77 Jeoerg` rg` 77.7 Ft sldu`a me rendj 77.7 rendjofzea ofzea tlgt sumsurbgne sumsurbgne ndoaftfdos ngo vgry jregt`y fo g sldrt afstgone, pgrtfnu`gr`y wlere dtler murfea struntures lgve meeo fostg``ea. ^urbgne ndotgcfogtfdo teoas td ndoneotrgte fo exfstfoj aftnles wftl surbgne ruo-dbb, gpprenfgm`y `dwerfoj tle resfstfvfty me`dw tle ogturg` `eve`. ^fone g pfpe pf pe`fo `foee af aftnl tnl ngo ngood odtt me fo fon`u n`uae aea a fo tl tlee sp spgo go db gt gt-j -jrg rgae ae cegsureceots, sdf` mdx sgcp`es sldu`a me dmtgfoea wlere tle dppdrtuofty exfsts. Qd evg`ugte ndotgcfogtfdo ebbents wleo g oew rdute fs mefoj evg`ugtea, sdf` sgcp`es ngo me dmtgfoea gt nrdssfojs db exfstfoj pfpe`foes, ngm`es, etn., dr my foteotfdog`

cu`tf-pgr cu`tfpgrtfnf tfnfpgo pgott evg evg`ug `ugtfdo tfdo wftl egn egnl l pgr pgrtfnf tfnfpgo pgott usf usfoj oj g afbber afb bereot eot cet ceter er.. Qle agt agtgg brd brdc c tlf tlfss evg evg`ug `ugtfd tfdo o gre gvg gvgf`gm f`gm`e `e brdc G^QC fo ]esegrnl ]epdrt ]]8J;7-7;7=. G succgry db  tlese agtg fs jfveo fo  Qgm`e 7. 7.

sgcp`foj usfoj sdf` gujers. 77.= Dtler ﬇e` ﬇e`a a res resfstf fstfvfty vfty cegs cegsure ureceo ceott tenl tenlofq ofques ues goa equfpceot gre gvgf`gm`e. Qlese ndccdo`y use twd e`entrdaes cduotea do g prdme tlgt fs fosertea fo tle sdf`-gt-jrgae fo go exngv ex ngvgtf gtfdo do dr g ar arfv fveo eo dr md mdre rea a ld ld`e. `e. Ql Qlee tw twdd-e` e`ent entrd rdae ae tenlofque tenlofq ue fs folere folereot`y ot`y `ess gnnur gnnurgte gte tlgo tle bdur bdur-e`entr -e`entrdae dae cetlda menguse db pd`grf pd`grfzgtfdo zgtfdo ebbents, ebbents, mut usebu usebu`` fobdr fobdrcgtfdo cgtfdo ngo me dmt dmtgfo gfoea ea ndo ndoner nerofo ofoj j tle nlg nlgrgn rgnterf terfstfn stfnss db pgr pgrtfnu tfnu`gr `gr strgtg. Cdre prenfse prdneaures cgy me ecp`dyea fo `gmdrgtdry fovestf fov estfjgt jgtfdo fdoss goa tle tlese se sld sldu`a u`a me ae﬇ ae﬇oea oea fo rep repdrt drtfoj foj tle resu`ts. Zlere resfstfvfty fobdrcgtfdo fs fon`uaea fo pum`fslea fobdrc fob drcgtfd gtfdo, o, tle ceg cegsur sureceo eceott tenl tenlofq ofques ues use usea a sld sldu`a u`a me ae﬇oea.

gvergje resu`t goa expressea fo perneot. Qle cu`tf-pgrtfnfpgot test prdjrgc resu`ts foafngte g repegtgmf`fty Nv db 2.: %. Qle 65 % ndo﬇aeone fotervg` fs =.< Nv dr 7. Ieyw Ieywdras dras

:

^uppdrtfoj agtg lgve meeo ﬇`ea gt G^QC Foterogtfdog` Legaqugrters goa cgy me dmtgfoea my requestfoj ]esegrnl ]epdrt ]]8J;7-7;7=. Ndotgnt G^QC Nustdcer ^ervfne gt servfneKgstc.drj.

7>.7 bdur e`entrdae e`entrdae cetlda9 sdf` mdx9 sdf` resfstg resfstgone one ceter9 sdf` resfstf resfstfvfty vfty

G^QC Foterogtfdog` Foterogtfdog` tgies od pdsftf pdsftfdo do respentfoj tle vg`faf vg`fafty ty db goy pgteot rfjlts gssert gssertea ea fo ndooen ndooentfdo tfdo wftl goy ftec ceotfd ceotfdoea  oea  fo tlfs stgoagra. Users db tlfs stgoagra gre express`y gavfsea tlgt aetercfogtfdo db tle vg`fafty db goy sunl pgteot rfjlts, goa tle rfsi  db fobrfojeceot db sunl rfjlts, gre eotfre`y tlefr dwo respdosfmf`fty. Qlfs stgoagra fs sumhent td revfsfdo gt goy tfce my tle respdosfm`e tenlofng` ndccfttee goa cust me revfewea every ﬇ve yegrs goa  fb odt revfsea, eftler regpprdvea dr wftlargwo. Vdur ndcceots gre fovftea eftler bdr revfsfdo db tlfs stgoagra dr bdr gaaftfdog` stgoagras  goa sldu`a me gaaressea td G^QC Foterogtfdog` Legaqugrters. Vdur ndcceots wf`` renefve ngrebu` ndosfaergtfdo gt g ceetfoj db tle  respdosfm`e respdo sfm`e tenlofng` tenlofng` ndccfttee, wlfnl ydu cgy gtteoa. Fb ydu bee` tlgt ydur ndcceots lgve odt renefv renefvea ea g bgfr legrfoj ydu sldu`a  cgie ydur vfews iodwo td tle G^QC Ndccfttee do ^tgoagras, gt tle gaaress sldwo me`dw.

Qlfs ^tgtes. stgoagra fs ndpyrfjltea my G^QC 7;; Mgrr Arfve, [D Zest [G gt 761=