Astm D93
January 20, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Soks kmtlrm`tkdm`b st`mc`rc w`s clvlbdplc km `nndrc`mnl wkto kmtlrm`tkdm`bby rlndemkzlc prkmnkpbls dm st`mc`rckz`tkdm lst`ibksolc km tol Clnkskdm dm Xrkmnkpbls fdr tol Clvlbdpglmt df Kmtlrm`tkdm`b ^t`mc`rcs, Eukcls `mc Ylndgglmc`tkdms kssulc iy tol Udrbc Sr`cl Dre`mkz`tkdm Slnomkn`b I`rrklrs td Sr`cl (SIS) Ndggkttll.
Clskem`tkdm: C;> ∙ 98
Clskem`tkdm: >3/;;
^t`mc`rc Slst Gltodcs fdr
Fb`so Xdkmt iy Xlmsay-G`rtlms Nbdslc Nup Slstlr0 Soks st`mc`rc ks kssulc umclr tol ffxlc clskem`tkdm C;>1 tol mugilr kgglck`tlby fdbbdwkme tol clskem`tkdm kmckn`tls tol yl`r df drkekm`b `cdptkdm `cdpt kdm dr, km tol n`sl df rlvks rlvkskdm, kdm, tol yl`r df b`st rlvkskdm. @ mugilr km p`rlmtolsls p`rlmtolsls kmckn`tls kmckn`tls tol yl`r df b`st rl`pprdv`b. rl`pprdv`b. @ suplr suplrsnrkp snrkptt lpskbdm (³) kmckn`tls `m lcktdrk`b no`mel skmnl tol b`st rlvkskdm dr rl`pprdv`b. Soks st`mc`rc o`s illm `pprdvlc fdr usl iy `elmnkls df tol \.^. Clp`rtglmt df Clflmsl.
KMSYDC\NSKDM
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Soks `so pdkmt tlst gltodc ks ` cym`gkn tlst gltodc wokno clplmcs dm splnkfflc r`tls df ol`tkme td il `ibl td gllt tol prlnkskdm df tol tlst gltodc. Sol r`tl df ol`tkme g`y mdt km `bb n`sls ekvl tol prlnkskdm qudtlc km tol tlst gltodc iln`usl df tol bdw tolrg`b ndmcuntkvkty df sdgl g`tlrk`bs. Solrl `rl `so pdkmt tlst gltodcs wkto sbdwlr ol`tkme r`tls `v`kb`ibl, suno `s Slst Gltodc C>;30 (fdr p`kmts, rlskms, `mc rlb`tlc prdcunts, `mc okeo vksndskty prdcunts km tol r`mel df 8 ¸N td 008 ¸N), wolrl tol tlst ndmcktkdms `rl nbdslr td lqukbkirkug. Fb`so pdkmt v`buls `rl ` fumntkdm df tol `pp`r`tus clskem, tol ndmcktkdm df tol `pp`r`tus uslc, `mc tol dplr`tkdm`b dplr`tkdm`b prdnlcurl n`rrklc dut. Fb`so pdkmt n`m tolrlf tolrlfdrl drl dmby il clffml clffmlc c km tlrgs df ` st`mc`rc tlst gltodc, `mc md elmlr`b v`bkc ndrrlb`tkdm n`m il eu`r`mtllc iltwllm rlsubts dit`kmlc iy ckfflrlmt tlst gltodcs, dr wkto tlst `pp`r`tus ckfflrlmt frdg to`t splnkfflc.
0. ^nd ^ndpl* pl* 0.0 Solsl tlst gltodcs gltodcs ndvlr tol cltlrgkm`tkdm cltlrgkm`tkdm df tol `so pdkmt pdk mt df plt pltrdb rdblug lug prd prdcun cunts ts km tol tlgp tlgplr` lr`tur turll r`m r`mel el frd frdg g 38 ¸N td >58 ¸N iy ` g`m g`mu`b u`b Xlm Xlmsay say-G` -G`rtl rtlms ms nbds nbdslclc-nup nup `pp`r` `pp `r`tus tus dr `m `ut `utdg` dg`tlc tlc Xlm Xlmsay say-G` -G`rtl rtlms ms nbd nbdslc slc-nu -nup p `pp`r`tus, `pp`r` tus, `mc tol cltlrgkm`tkdm cltlrgkm`tkdm df tol `so pdkmt df ikdck ikdcklslb lslb km tol tlgplr`turl r`mel df 68 ¸N td 0;8 ¸N iy `m `utdg`tlc Xlmsay-G`rtlms nbdslc nup `pp`r`tus. MDSL 0–Fb`so pdkmt cltlrgkm`tkdms `idvl 9 gkmkgug `so pdkmt ilbdw 38 ¸N, odw odwlvl lvlr, r, tol prl prlnks nkskdm kdm o`s mdt ill illm m clt cltlrg lrgkml kmlc c ilb ilbdw dw tok tokss tlgplr`turl.
0.9 Xrdnlcu Xrdnlcurl rl @ ks `pp `ppbkn` bkn`ibl ibl td cks ckstkbb tkbb`tl `tl ful fulbs bs (ck (cklslb lslb,, ikdcklslb ikdckl slb iblmc iblmcs, s, alrds alrdskml, kml, ol`tkme dkb, turik turikml ml fulbs) fulbs),, mlw `mc km-usl kmusl bui buirkn rkn`tkm `tkme e dkb dkbs, s, `mc dto dtolr lr odg odgdel delmld mldus us plt pltrdb rdblug lug bkqukcs mdt kmnbuclc km tol sndpl df Xrdnlcurl I dr Xrdnlcurl N.
0.> Xrdnlc Xrdnlcurl url I ks `ppbkn`ibl td rlskcu`b fulb dkbs, nuti`na rlskcu`, uslc buirkn`tkme dkbs, gkxturls df pltrdblug bkqukcs wkto sdbkcs, pltrdblug bkqukcs to`t tlmc td fdrg ` surf`nl ffbg umclr tlst ndmcktkdms, dr `rl pltrdblug bkqukcs df suno akmlg`tkn vksndskty to`t toly `rl mdt umkfdrgby ol`tlc umclr tol stkrrkme `mc ol`tkme ndmcktkdms df Xrdnlcurl @. 0.3 Xrdnlc Xrdnlcurl url N ks `ppbkn` `ppbkn`ibl ibl td ikdcklslb (I088). (I088). ^kmnl ` `so pdkmt df rlskcu`b `bndodb km ikdcklslb ks ckffknubt td dislrvl iy g`mu`b `so pdkmt tlnomk tlnomkquls, quls, `utdg`tlc `pp`r`tus `pp`r`tus wkto lblntrdmkn `so pdkmt cltlntkdm o`vl illm fdumc sukt`ibl. 0.< Sol Solsl sl tlst gltodcs gltodcs `rl `ppbkn`i `ppbkn`ibl bl fdr tol clt cltlntk lntkdm dm df ndmt`gkm`tkdm df rlb`tkvlby mdmvdb`tkbl dr mdm`gg`ibl g`tlrk`bs wkto vdb`tkbl dr `gg`ibl g`tlrk`bs. 0.6 Sol v`buls v`buls st`tlc km ^K umk umkts ts `rl td il rle rle`rc `rclc lc `s tol st`mc`rc. 0.6.0 Lxnlptkdm– Sol Sol v`buls ekvlm km p`r p`rlmt lmtols olsls ls `rl fdr kmfdrg`tkdm dmby.
Solsl tlst gltodcs `rl umclr tol jdkmt jurksckntkdm df @^SG Ndggkttll C89 Ndggkttll C89 dm dm Xltrdblug Xrdcunts, Bkqukc Fulbs, `mc Buirkn`mts `mc `rl tol ckrlnt rlspdmskikbkty df ^uindggkttll C89.8? ^uindggkttll C89.8? dm dm Vdb`tkbkty. Km tol KX, tolsl tlst gltodcs `rl umclr tol jurksckntkdm df tol ^t`mc`rckz`tkdm Ndggkttll. Nurrlmt Nurrl mt lcktkd lcktkdm m `pprdv `pprdvlc lc @ue. 0, 9898. Xuibksolc Xuibksolc @ueus @ueustt 9898. Drkekm`bby Drkekm`bby `pprdv `pp rdvlc lc km 0;9 0;90. 0. B`s B`stt prl prlvkd vkdus us lck lcktkd tkdm m `pp `pprdv rdvlc lc km 980 980; ; `s C;> „ 0;. 0;. CDK CDK::
MDSL 9–Kt o`s illm ndggdm pr`ntknl km `so pdkmt st`mc`rcs fdr g`my cln`clss td `bt cln`cl `btlrm lrm`tlb `tlby y usl ` N-s N-sn`bl n`bl dr `m F-s F-sn`b n`bll tol tolrgd rgdglt gltlr lr fdr tlgplr`turl gl`surlglmt. @btodueo tol sn`bls `rl nbdsl km kmnrlglmts, toly `rl mdt lqukv`blmt. Iln`usl tol F-sn`bl tolrgdgltlr uslc km toks prdnlcurl ks er`cu`tlc km < ¸F kmnrlglmts, kt ks mdt pdsskibl td rl`c kt td tol 9 ¸N lqukv`blmt kmnrlglmt df >.6 ¸F. Solrlfdrl, fdr tol purpdsls df `ppbkn`tkdm df tol prdnlcurl df tol tlst gltodc fdr tol slp`r`tl tlgplr`turl sn`bl tolrgdgltlrs, ckfflrlmt kmnrlglmts gust il uslc. Km toks tlst gltodc, tol fdbbdwkme prdtdndb o`s illm `cdptlc: Uolm ` tlgplr`turl ks kmtlmc kmt lmclc lc td il ` ndm ndmvlr vlrtlc tlc lqu lqukv`b kv`blmt lmt,, kt wkb wkbbb `pp `ppl`r l`r km p`r p`rlmt lmtols olsls ls
08.0-98.
fdbbdwkme tol ^K umkt, fdr lx`gpbl >58 ¸N (6;? ¸F). Uolm ` tlgplr`turl
0
*@ ^ugg`ry df No`mels slntkdm `ppl`rs `t tol lmc df toks st`mc`rc Ndpyrkeot © @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b, 088 I`rr O`ridr Crkvl, XD Idx N588, Ulst Ndmsododnalm, X@ 0;39?-9; ∙ 98 ks kmtlmclc td il ` r`tkdm`bkzlc umkt fdr tol `btlrm`tl sn`bl, kt wkbb `ppl`r `ftlr ‒dr,‗ fdr lx`gpbl, 9 ¸N dr < ¸F.
0.5 Soks st`mc`r st`mc`rc c cdl cdlss mdt purpdrt purpdrt td `cc `ccrl rlss ss `bb df tol s`flt s` fltyy nd ndmn mnlr lrms ms,, kf `m `myy, `s `ssd sdnk` nk`tl tlc c wk wkto to kts us usl. l. Kt ks to toll rlspdmskikbkty df tol uslr df toks st`mc`rc td lst`ibkso `pprd prk`tl s`flty, ol`bto, `mc lmvkrdmglmt`b pr`ntknls `mc cltlrgkml tol `ppbkn`ikbkty df rleub`tdry bkgkt`tkdms prkdr td usl. Fdr splnkffn w`rmkme st`tlglmts, sll 6.3 6.3,, 5.0 5.0,, ;.> ;.>,, ;.3 ;.3,, 00.0.9, 00.0.9, 00.0.3,, 00.0.?, 00.0.3 00.0.?, 00.9.9, 00.9.9, `mc `mc 09.0.9 09.0.9.. 0.? Soks kmt kmtlrm lrm`tk `tkdm` dm`bb st` st`mc` mc`rc rc w`s clv clvlbd lbdplc plc km `nn `nndr dr-c`mnl wkto kmtlrm`tkdm`bby rlndemkzlc prkmnkpbls dm st`mc`rckz`tkd kz` tkdm m ls lst` t`ib ibks ksol olc c km to toll Cl Clnks nkskd kdm m dm Xr Xrkm kmnkp nkpbl blss fd fdrr to toll Clvlbdpglmt df Kmtlrm`tkdm`b ^t`mc`rcs, Eukcls `mc Ylndgglmc`tkdms kssulc iy tol Udrbc Sr`cl Dre`mkz`tkdm Slnomkn`b I`rrklrs td Sr`cl (SIS) Ndggkttll. 9. Ylflrlmn Ylflrlmnlc lc Cdnuglmts Cdnuglmts 9.0 @^SG ^t`mc`rcs:9 C;30 Glto todc dc fd fdrr Fb Fb`s `so o Xd Xdkm kmtt iy to toll Lq Lquk ukbki bkirk rkug ug Gltodc Ukto ` Nbdslc-Nup @pp`r`tus C3888 Xr`ntknl fdr ^`gpbkme Kmcustrk`b Nolgkn`bs L3 Elmlr`b >3 Elmlr`b rlqukrlglmts fdr tol ndgpltlmnl df rlflrlmnl g`tlrk` g`tlrk`bb prdc prdcunlrs unlrs Eukcl >< Ylflrlmnl g`tlrk`b–Elmlr`b `mc st`tkstkn`b prkmnkpbls fdr nlrtkffn`tkdm >. Slrgkmdbdey >.0 Clffmktkdms: >.0.0 ikdcklslb, m– ` fulb ndgprkslc df gdmd-`bayb lstlrs df bdme no`km f`tty `nkcs clrkvlc frdg vlelt`ibl dkbs dr `mkg`b f`ts, clskem`tlc I088. >.0.9 ikdcklslb ikdcklslb iblmc iblmcs, s, m– ` ib iblm lmc c df ik ikdc dckls klslb lb fu fulb lb wk wkto to pltrdblug-i`slc cklslb fulb. >.0.> cym`gkn, cym`gkn, `cj–km pltr pltrdblug dblug pr prdcunts dcunts–km –km pltr pltrdblug dblug prdcunt `so pdkmt tlst gltodcs–to –toll ndm ndmcktk cktkdm dm wol wolrl rl tol v`pdr `idvl tol tlst splnkglm `mc tol tlst splnkglm `rl mdt km tlgplr`turl lqukbkirkug `t tol tkgl to`t tol kemktkdm sdurnl ks `ppbklc. >.0.>.0 Cksnusskdm– Soks Soks ks prkg`rkby n`uslc iy tol ol`tkme df tol tlst splnkglm `t tol ndmst`mt prlsnrkilc r`tl wkto tol v`pdr tlgplr`turl b`eekme ilokmc tol tlst splnkglm tlgplr`turl. 9
Fdr rlflrlmnlc @^SG st`mc`rcs, vkskt tol @^SG wlisktl, www.`stg.dre, dr
ndmt`nt @^SG Nustdglr ^lrvknl `t slrvknlH`stg.dre. Fdr @mmu`b Idda df @^SG ^t`mc`rcs vdbugl kmfdrg`tkdm, rlflr td tol st`mc`rc‛s Cdnuglmt ^ugg`ry p`el dm tol @^SG wlisktl. > @v`kb`ibl frdg @glrkn`m M`tkdm`b ^t`mc`rcs Kmstktutl (@M^K), 9< U. 3>rc ^t., 3to Fbddr, Mlw [dra, M[ 088>6, ottp://www.`msk.dre. h h h , , , h h h , , , , h h , , , h h , h , h h h , h , h h h ,
Ndpyrkeot @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Xrdvkclc iy KO^ G`rakt umclr bknlmsl wkto @^SG Md rlprdcuntkdm dr mltwdrakme plrgkttlc wktodut bknlmsl frdg KO^
>.0.3 lqukbkirkug, m–km `so pdkmt tlst gltodcs, tol ndmcktkdm tkd m wol wolrl rl tol v`pdr v`pdr `id `idvl vl tol tlst splnkglm splnkglm,, `mc tol tls tlstt splnkglm `rl `t tol s`gl tlgplr`turl `t tol tkgl tol kemktkdm sdurnl ks `ppbklc. >.0.3.0 Cksnusskdm– Soks S oks nd ndmc mckt ktkd kdm m g` g`y y md mdtt il fu fubb bby y `noklvlc km pr`ntknl, skmnl tol tlgplr`turl g`y mdt il umkfdrg tordueodut tol tlst splnkglm, `mc tol tlst ndvlr `mc souttlr dm tol `pp`r`tus n`m il nddblr dr w`rglr. >.0.< `so pdkmt, m–km `so pdkmt tlst gltodcs, tol bdwlst tlgpl tlg plr` r`tu turl rl df to toll tl tlst st sp splnk lnkgl glm, m, `c `cju just stlc lc td `nn `nndu dumt mt fd fdrr v`rk`tkdms km `tgdspolrkn prlssurl frdg 080.> aX`, `t wokno `ppbkn`tkdm df `m kemktkdm sdurnl n`usls tol v`pdrs df tol tlst s`gpbl td kemktl umclr splnkfflc ndmcktkdms df tlst. 3. ^ugg` ^ugg`ry ry df Slst Gltodc 3.0 @ ir`ss tlst nup df splnkfflc splnkfflc ckg ckglms lmskdm kdms, s, ffbbl ffbblc c td tol kmskcl kmsk cl g` g`ra ra wk wkto to tls tlstt sp spln lnkg kglm lm `m `mc c fftt ffttlc lc wk wkto to ` nd ndvl vlrr df splnkff spl nkfflc lc ckg ckglms lmskdm kdms, s, ks ol` ol`tlc tlc `mc tol spl splnkg nkglm lm stkr stkrrlc rlc `t splnkfflc r`tls, uskme dml df torll clffmlc prdnlcurls (@, I, dr N). @m kemktkdm sdurnl ks ckrlntlc kmtd tol tlst nup `t rleub`r kmtlrv`bs wkto skgubt`mldus kmtlrruptkdm df tol stkrrkme, umtkb ` `so ks cltlntlc (sll 00.0.?) 00.0.?). Sol `so pdkmt ks rlpdrtlc `s clffmlc km >.0.< km >.0.. Sol Sol lbl lblntrk ntrknn kem kemktd ktdrs rs so` so`bb bb il df tol odtod t-wk wkrl rl ty typl pl `m `mc c so so`bb `bb pd pdskt sktkd kdm m to toll ol ol`tl `tlc c sl slntk ntkdm dm df to toll kemktdr km tol `plrturl df tol tlst ndvlr km tol s`gl g`mmlr `s tol e`s `gl clvknl. (U`rmkme– (U`rmkme–E`s E`s prlssurl suppbklc td tol `pp`r`tus sodubc mdt il `bbdwlc td lxnllc > aX` (09 km.) df w`tlr prlssurl.) 6.< I`rdgltlr– Ukto Ukto `nnur`ny df 68.< aX`. MDSL >–Sol i`rdgltrkn prlssurl uslc km toks n`bnub`tkdm ks tol `giklmt prlssu prls surl rl fd fdrr to toll b` b`id idr` r`td tdry ry `t to toll tk tkgl gl df to toll tls tlst. t. G` G`my my `m `mlr lrdk dkc c i`rdgl i`r dgltlr tlrs, s, sun suno o `s tod todsl sl usl uslc c `t wl` wl`tol tolrr st` st`tkd tkdms ms `mc `kr `krpdr pdrts, ts, `rl prlndrrlntlc td ekvl sl` blvlb rl`ckmes `mc wdubc mdt ekvl tol ndrrlnt rl`ckme fdr toks tlst.
5. Yl`e Yl`elmts lmts `mc G`tlrk`bs G`tlrk`bs 5.0 Nbl`mkme Nbl`mkme ^dbvlm ^dbvlmts– ts– \s \sll su sukt` kt`ib ibll sd sdbv bvlm lmtt n` n`p` p`ib ibll df nbl`mkme dut tol splnkglm frdg tol tlst nup `mc crykme tol tlst nup `mc ndvlr. ^dgl ndggdmby uslc sdbvlmts `rl tdbulml `mc `nltdml. (U`rmkme– (U`rmkme–Sdbulml, Sdbulml, `nltdml, `mc g`my sdbvlmts `rl `gg`ibl `mc ` ol`bto o`z`rc. Ckspdsl df sdbvlmts `mc w`stl g`tlrk`b km `nndrc`mnl wkto bdn`b rleub`tkdms.) ?. ^`gpbkme ^`gpbkme ?.0 Dit`km ` s`gpbl km `nndrc`mnl wkto kmstruntkdms ekvlm km Xr`ntknls C3888..
3
^uppdrtkme c`t` rle`rckme ` v`rk`mt df tol ndvlr bdnakme glno`mksg o`vl illm ffblc `t @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Ol`cqu`rtlrs Ol`cqu`rtlrs `mc g`y il dit`km dit`kmlc lc iy rlquls rlqulstkme tkme Ylsl`r Yls l`rno no Ylp Ylpdrt drt YY: YY:C89 C89-05 -0586. 86. Ndm Ndmt`n t`ntt @^S @^SG G Nus Nustdg tdglr lr ^lr ^lrvkn vknll `t slrvknlH`stg.dre.
?.3 Lrr Lrrdml dmldus dusby by oke okeo o `s `so o pdk pdkmts mts g`y il dit dit`km `kmlc lc kf prl prl-n`utkdms `rl mdt t`alm td `vdkc tol bdss df vdb`tkbl g`tlrk`b. Cd mdt dplm ndmt`kmlrs ummlnlss`rkby, td prlvlmt bdss df vdb`tkbl g`tlrk`b dr pdsskibl kmtrdcuntkdm df gdksturl, dr idto. @vdkc stdr`el df s`gpbls `t tlgplr`turls km lxnlss df >< ¸N dr ;< ¸F. ^`gpbls fdr stdr`el so`bb il n`pplc tkeotby wkto kmmlr sl`bs. Cd mdt g`al ` tr`msflr umblss tol s`gpbl tlgplr`turl ks `t bl`st tol lqukv`blmt df 0? ¸N dr >9 ¸F ilbdw tol lxplntlc `so pdkmt. ?.< Cd mdt stdrl s`gpbls km e`s-plrgl`ibl e`s-plrgl`ibl ndmt`kmlrs, ndmt`kmlrs, skmnl vdb`tkbl g`tlrk`b g`y ckffusl tordueo tol w`bbs df tol lmnbdsurl. ^`gpbls km bl`ay ndmt`kmlrs `rl susplnt `mc mdt ` sdurnl df v`bkc rlsubts. ?.6 ^`g ^`gpbl pblss df vlry vks vksndu nduss g`tl g`tlrk` rk`bs bs so` so`bb bb il ol` ol`tlc tlc km tolkr ndmt`kmlrs, wkto bkc/n`p sbkeotby bddslmlc td `vdkc iukbcup df c`melrdus prlssurl, `t tol bdwlst tlgplr`turl `clqu`tl td bkqulfy `my sdbkcs, mdt lxnllckme 9? ¸N dr 8 gk gkm. m. Kf to toll s` s`gp gpbl bl ks to tolm lm md mdtt ndgpbltlby bkqulfflc, lxtlmc tol ol`tkme plrkdc fdr `ccktkdm`b >8 gkm plrkdcs `s mlnlss`ry. Solm elmtby `ekt`tl tol s`gpbl td prdvkcl prdv kcl gkxkme gkxkme,, suno `s drikt driktkme kme tol ndmt`km ndmt`kmlr lr odrkz odrkzdmt`bby dmt`bby,, ilfdrl tr`msflrrkme td tol splnkglm nup. Md s`gpbl so`bb il ol`tlc ol` tlc `mc tr` tr`msf msflrr lrrlc lc umb umblss lss kts tlgp tlgplr` lr`tur turll ks gdr gdrll to` to`m m 0? ¸N dr >9 ¸F ilbdw kts lxplntlc `so pdkmt. Uolm tol s`gpbl o`s illm ol`tlc `idvl toks tlgplr`turl, `bbdw tol s`gpbl td nddb umtkb kts tlgplr`turl ks `t bl`st 0? ¸N dr >9 ¸F ilbdw tol lxplntlc `so pdkmt ilfdrl tr`msflrrkme. MDSL 3–Vdb`tkbl v`pdrs n`m lsn`pl curkme ol`tkme wolm tol s`gpbl ndmt`kmlr ks mdt prdplrby sl`blc. MDSL 8 ¸F) +08 ¸N td 988 ¸N (;9 ¸F) +;8 ¸N td >58 ¸N (988 ¸F td 588 ¸F)
Ndpyrkeot @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Xrdvkclc iy KO^ G`rakt umclr bknlmsl wkto @^SG Md rlprdcuntkdm dr mltwdrakme plrgkttlc wktodut bknlmsl frdg KO^
Solrgdgltlr Mugilr @^SG ;N (;F)
Slgplr`turl Y`mel ∙< ¸N td 008 ¸N
Solrgdgltlr Mugilr KX 0Bknlmsll7XS Xlrt`gkm` (Xlrslrd)/ G^S
h , , h , h , , h , , h h h , h , h h h , h , h h , , , h h , , , , h h h , , , h h h -
C;> ∙ 98 ?.5 ^`gpbls ndmt`km t`kmkme kme cks ckssdb sdbvlc vlc dr frl frlll w`t w`tlr lr g`y il ^`gpbls ndm cloycr clo ycr`tl `tlc c wkto n`bn n`bnkug kug nob nobdrk drkcl cl dr iy ffbtl ffbtlrkm rkme e tor tordue dueo o ` qu`bkt`tkvl ffbtlr p`plr dr ` bddsl pbue df cry `isdrilmt ndttdm. U`rgkme tol s`gpbl ks plrgkttlc, iut kt so`bb mdt il ol`tlc fdr prdbdmelc plrkdcs dr erl`tlr to`m ` tlgplr`turl df 0? ¸N dr >9 ¸F ilbdw kts lxplntlc `so pdkmt. MDSL 6–Kf tol s`gpbl ks susplntlc df ndmt`kmkme vdb`tkbl ndmt`gkm`mts, tol trl`tglmt clsnrkilc km ?.6 km ?.6 `mc ?.5 sodubc il dgkttlc.
(^U^s) n`m il clt (^U^s) cltlrg lrgkml kmlc c `bd `bdme me wkt wkto o tol tolkr kr ndm ndmtrd trdbb bkgk bkgkts. ts. Sols So lsll sln slndm dmc` c`ry ry g`t g`tlr lrk`b k`bss n` n`m m to tolm lm il ut utkbk kbkzl zlc c fd fdrr gd gdrl rl frlqulmt frlqu lmt plrfd plrfdrg`mnl rg`mnl nolnas (sll (sll @mmlx @mmlx @3) @3). 08.< Uolm tol `so pdkmt pdkmt dit`kmlc ks mdt wktokm tol bkgkts st`tlc km 08.> km 08.> dr dr 08.3 08.3,, nolna tol ndmcktkdm `mc dplr`tkdm df tol `pp`r`tus `pp`r `tus td lmsur lmsurll ndmfd ndmfdrgkty rgkty wkto tol clt`kbs bkstlc km @mmlx km @mmlx @0,, lsplnk`bby wkto rle`rc td tkeotmlss df tol bkc ( @0 bkc (@0.0.9.9 @0.0.9.9), ), tol `ntkd `n tkdm m df to toll so sout uttlr tlr,, to toll pd pdsk sktkd tkdm m df to toll ke kemk mktkd tkdm m sd sdur urnl nl (@0.0.9.> @0.0.9.>)), `m `mc c to toll `m `meb ebll `m `mc c pd pdskt sktkd kdm m df to toll tlg tlgpl plr` r`tu turl rl
;. Xrlp`r` Xrlp`r`tkdm tkdm df @pp`r`tus @pp`r`tus ;.0 ^upp ^uppdrt drt tol g`mu`b dr `utdg`tlc `pp`r`tus `pp`r`tus dm ` blvlb stl`cy surf`nl, suno `s ` t`ibl.
gl`surkme clvknl (@0.0.9.3 (@0.0.9.3)). @ftlr `my `cjustglmt, rlpl`t tol tlst km 08.> km 08.> uskme uskme ` frlso tlst splnkglm, wkto splnk`b `ttlmtkdm td tol prdnlcur`b clt`kbs prlsnrkilc km tolsl tlst gltodcs.
;.9 Sls ;.9 lsts ts `r `rll td il pl plrf rfdr drgl glc c km ` cr cr`f `ftt-fr frll ll rd rddg dg dr ndgp`rtglmt.
08.6 Sol muglrkn`b v`buls dit`kmlc dit`kmlc curkme tol vlrkff vlrkffn`tkdm n`tkdm nolna (08.> ( 08.>)) so`bb mdt il uslc td prdvkcl ` ik`s st`tlglmt, mdr so`bb toly il uslc td g`al `my ndrrlntkdm td tol `so pdkmts suislqulmtb suisl qulmtby y cltlrg cltlrgkmlc kmlc uskme tol `pp`r` `pp`r`tus. tus.
MDSL 5–@ soklbc, df tol `pprd `pprdxkg`t xkg`tll ckglm ckglmskdms skdms 368 gg gg (0? km.) squ`rl `mc 608 gg (93 km.) okeo, dr dtolr sukt`ibl ckglmskdms, `mc o`vkme `m dplm frdmt ks rlndgglmclc td prlvlmt cr`fts frdg cksturikme tol v`pdrs `idvl tol tlst nup. MDSL ?–Ukto sdgl s`gpbls wodsl v`pdrs dr prdcunts df pyrdbysks `rl dijlntkdm`ibl, kt ks plrgksskibl td pb`nl tol `pp`r`tus `bdme wkto ` cr`ft soklbc km ` vlmtkb`tkdm oddc, tol cr`ft df wokno ks `cjust`ibl sd to`t v`pdrs n`m il wktocr`wm wktodut n`uskme `kr nurrlmts dvlr tol tlst nup curkme tol kemktkdm sdurnl `ppbkn`tkdm plrkdc.
;.> Xrlp` Xrlp`rl rl tol g`mu`b `pp`r`tus `pp`r`tus dr tol `utdg`tlc `utdg`tlc `pp`r`tus fdr dpl dplr`t r`tkdm kdm km `nnd `nndrc` rc`mnl mnl wkto toldplr`tkme g`muf` g`m uf`ntu nturlr ‛s kmstruntkdms fdr n`bkir`tkme, nolnakme, `mc tolrlr‛s lqukpglmt. glm t. (U`rmkme– U`rmkme–E` E`ss pr prls lssu surl rl so sodu dubc bc md mdtt il `bb `bbdw dwlc lc td lxnllc > aX` (09 km.) df w`tlr prlssurl.) ;.3 Sodr Sodrdueob dueoby y nbl`m `mc cry `bb p`rts df tol tlst nup `mc kts `nnlssdrkls ilfdrl st`rtkme tol tlst, td lmsurl tol rlgdv`b df `my sdbvlmt wokno o`c illm uslc td nbl`m tol `pp`r`tus. \sl sukt`ibl sdbvlmt n`p`ibl df rlgdvkme `bb df tol splnkglm frdg tol tlst nup `mc crykme tol tlst nup `mc ndvlr. ^dgl ndggdmby uslc sdbvlmts `rl tdbulml `mc `nltdml. (U`rmkme– ( U`rmkme–Sdbulml, Sdbulml, `nltdml `nlt dml,, `mc g`m g`my y sdb sdbvlm vlmts ts `rl `g `gg`i g`ibl. bl. Ol`b Ol`bto to o`z o`z`rc `rc.. Ckspdsl Cksp dsl df sdb sdbvlm vlmts ts `mc w`s w`stl tl g`t g`tlrk` lrk`bb km `nn `nndrc drc`mn `mnll wkto bdn`b rleub`tkdms.) 08. Vlrkffn`tkdm df @pp`r`tus @pp`r`tus 08.0 @cjust 08.0 @cjust tol `utd `utdg`tl g`tlc c `s `so o pdk pdkmt mt clt cltlntk lntkdm dm sys systlg tlg (wolm uslc) km `nndrc `nndrc`mnl `mnl wkto tol g`muf`nturlr‛s g`muf`nturlr‛s kmstruntkdms. 08.9 Vlrkf 08.9 lrkfy y to`t tol tlg tlgplr plr`tu `turl rl gl` gl`sur surkme kme clv clvknl knl ks km `nndrc`mnl wkto wkto 6.> 6.>.. 08.> Vlrkfy tol plrfdrg`mnl plrfdrg`mnl df tol g`mu` g`mu`bb `pp`r`tus dr tol `utdg`tlc `pp`r`tus `t bl`st dmnl plr yl`r iy cltlrgkmkme tol `so pdkmt pdkmt df ` nlr nlrtkffl tkfflc c rlf rlflrl lrlmnl mnl g`tlrk`b g`tlrk`b (NY (NYG) G) sun suno o `s todsl tod sl bkst bkstlc lc km @mmlx @3, @3, wok wokno no ks rl` rl`sdm sdm`iby `iby nbdsl nbdsl td tol lxplntlc tlgplr`turl r`mel df tol s`gpbls td il tlstlc. Sol g`tlrk`b so`bb il tlstlc `nndrckme td Xrdnlcurl @ df tolsl tlst gltodcs `mc tol dislrvlc `so pdkmt dit`kmlc km 00.0.? dr 00.9.9 so`bb il ndrrlntlc fdr i`rdgltrkn prlssurl (sll ^lntkdm 03). 03 ). Sol `so pdkmt dit`kmlc so`bb il wktokm tol bkgkts st`tlc km S`ibl @3.0 fdr fdr to toll kc kclm lmtk tkffl fflc c NYG NYG dr wk wkto tokm km to toll bk bkgk gkts ts n`bnub`tlc fdr `m umbkstlc NYG (sll @mmlx (sll @mmlx @3). @3). 08.3 Dmnl 08.3 Dmnl tol tol pl plrf rfdr drg` g`mn mnll df to toll `p `pp` p`r` r`tu tuss o`s o`s il illm lm vlrkff vl rkfflc lc,, to toll ` `so so pd pdkm kmtt df sl slnd ndmc mc`r `ry y wd wdra rakm kme e st st`m `mc` c`rc rcss Ndpyrkeot @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Xrdvkclc iy KO^ G`rakt umclr bknlmsl wkto @^SG Md rlprdcuntkdm dr mltwdrakme plrgkttlc wktodut bknlmsl frdg KO^
XYDNLC\YL @ 00. Xrdnlc Xrdnlcurl url 00.0 G`mu`b @pp`r`tus: 00. 0.0. 0.0 0 Lm Lmsu surl rl to to`t `t to toll s` s`gp gpbl bl nd ndmt mt`k `kml mlrr ks ffbb ffbblc lc td to toll vdbugll n`p`nkt vdbug n`p`nkty y rlqukr rlqukrlglmt lglmt splnkfflc km ?.9 ?.9.. Fkbb tol tlst nup wkto tol tlst splnkglm td tol ffbbkme g`ra kmskcl df tol tlst nup. Sol tlgplr`turl df tol tlst nup `mc tlst splnkglm so`bb il `t bl`st 0? ¸N dr >9 ¸F ilbdw tol lxplntlc `so pdkmt. Kf tdd guno tlst splnkglm o`s illm `cclc td tol tlst nup, rlgdvl tol lxnlss uskme ` syrkmel dr skgkb`r clvknl fdr wktocr`w`b df ukc. Xb`nl tol tlst ndvlr dm tol tlst nup `mc pb`nl tol `sslgiby kmtd tol `pp`r`tus. Il surl tol bdn`tkme dr bdnakme clvknl ks prdplrby lme`elc. Kf tol tlgplr`turl gl`surkme clvknl ks mdt `brl`cy km pb`nl, kmslrt tol clvknl kmtd kts odbclr. 00.0.9 00 .0.9 Bke Bkeot ot tol tlst `gl, `gl, `mc `cjust `cjust kt td ` ck`g ck`gltl ltlrr df >.9 gg td 3.? gg (8.096 km. td 8.0?; km.), dr swktno dm tol lblntrkn kemktlr `mc `cjust tol kmtlmskty km `nndrc`mnl wkto tol g`muf`nturlr‛s kmstruntkdms. (U`rmkme– (U`rmkme–E`s E`s prlssurl sodubc mdt il `bbdwlc td lxnllc > aX` (09 km.) df w`tlr prlssurl.) (U`rmkme– Lxlrnksl n`rl wolm uskme ` e`s tlst `gl. Kf kt U`rmkme–Lxlrnksl sodubc il lxtkmeuksolc kt wkbb mdt kemktl tol v`pdrs km tol tlst nup, `mc tol e`s fdr tol tlst `gl to`t tolm lmtlrs tol v`pdr sp`nl sp `nl n`m km kmu ulm lmnl nl to toll rl rlsu subt. bt.)) (U`rmkme– Sol dpl dplr`td r`tdrr U`rmkme–Sol sodubc lxlrnksl `mc t`al `pprdprk`tl s`flty prln`utkdms curkme tol kmktk`b `ppbkn`tkdm df tol kemktkdm sdurnl, skmnl tlst splnkglmss ndm glm ndmt`km t`kmkme kme bdw bdw-` -`so so g`tl g`tlrk` rk`bb n`m ekv ekvll `m `im `imdrg drg`bby `bby strd st rdme me ` `so so wo wolm lm to toll ke kemk mktkd tkdm m sd sdur urnl nl ks ffr ffrst st `p `ppb pbklc klc.) .) (U`rmkme– U`rmkme–Sol Sol dplr`tdr sodubc lxlrnksl `mc t`al `pprdprk`tl s`flty prln`utkdms curkme tol plrfdrg`mnl df tolsl tlst gltodcs. Sol tlgplr`turls `tt`kmlc curkme tolsl tlst gltodcs, up td >58 ¸N (6;? ¸F), `rl ndmskclrlc o`z`rcdus.) (U`rmkme– ( U`rmkme–@s @s ` s`flty pr`ntknl, wolm uskme `utdg`tlc dr g`mu`b `pp`r`tus, kt ks strdmeby `cvkslc, ilfdrl ol`tkme tol tlst nup `mc splnkglm, td ckp tol kem kemktd ktdrr td nol nolna na fdr tol prl prlslm slmnl nl df uml umlxpl xplntlc ntlc vdb`tkbll g`tlrk` vdb`tkb g`tlrk`b.) b.) 00.0.> 00 .0.> @ppby tol ol`t `t suno ` r`tl to`t tol tlgplr`turl, tlgplr`turl, `s kmckn`tlc iy tol tlgplr`turl gl`surkme kmckn`tlc gl`surkme clvknl clvknl,, kmnrl` kmnrl`sls sls < ¸N td 6 ¸N (; ¸F td 00 ¸F) ⁃gkm. MDSL ;–Km ;–Km pr pr`n `ntk tknl nl to toll r` r`tl tl ks md mdtt `n `nok oklv lvlc lc kg kggl glck ck`t `tlby lby `f `ftl tlrr
3Bknlmsll7XS Xlrt`gkm` (Xlrslrd)/ G^S
h , , h , h , , h , , h h h , h , h h h , h , h h , , , h h , , , , h h h , , , h h h -
C;> ∙ 98 `ppbkn`tkdm df tol ol`t cul td tol tolrg`b kmlrtk` km tol `pp`r`tus.
00.0 0.0.3 .3 Su Surm rm tol stkr stkrrkm rkme e clv clvknl knl `t ;8 r ⁃gk ⁃gkm m td 098 r ⁃gk ⁃gkm, m, stkrrkme km ` cdwmw`rc ckrlntkdm. (U`rmkme– ( U`rmkme–Gltknubdus Gltknubdus `ttlmtkdm td `bb clt`kbs rlb`tkme td tol kemktkdm sdurnl, skzl df tlst `gl dr kmtlmskty df tol lblntrkn kemktdr, r`tl df tlgplr`turl kmnrl`sl, `mc r`tl df ckppkme tol kemktkdm sdurnl kmtd tol v`pdr df tol tlst splnkglm ks clskr`ibl fdr eddc rlsubts.) 00.0.< @ppbkn`tkdm df Kemktkdm ^durnl: 00.0.8 ¸F dr ilbdw, `ppby tol kemktkdm sdurnl wolm tol tlgplr`turl df tol tlst splnkglm ks 9> ¸N 6 < ¸N dr 30 ¸F 6 ; ¸F ilbdw tol lxplntlc `so pdkmt `mc l`no tkgl tolrl`ftlr `t ` tlg tlgplr plr`tu `turl rl rl` rl`ckm ckme e to` to`tt ks ` gub gubtkpb tkpbll df 0 ¸N dr 9 ¸F ¸F.. Cksndmt Cksn dmtkmu kmull tol stkrrkme stkrrkme df tol tlst splnkglm splnkglm `mc `ppby tol kemktkdm sdurnl iy dplr`tkme tol glno`mksg dm tol tlst ndvlr wokno ndmtrdbs tol souttlr sd to`t tol kemktkdm sdurnl ks bdwlrlc kmtd tol v`pdr sp`nl df tol tlst nup km 8.< s, blft km kts bdwlrlc pdsktkdm fdr 0 s, `mc quknaby r`kslc td kts upw`rc pdsktkdm. 00.0. 9>8 8 ¸F ¸F,, `p `ppb pby y to toll ke kemk mktkd tkdm m sd sdur urnl nl km to toll g`mmlr clsnrkilc km 00.0. ¸N 6 < ¸N dr 30 ¸F 6 ; ¸F ilbdw tol lxplntlc `so pdkmt. (U`rmkme– ( U`rmkme–@s @s ` s`flty pr`ntknl, wolm uskme `utdg`tlc dr g`mu`b `pp`r`tus, kt ks strdme dmeby `cvkslc `cv kslc to`t,lvlry fdr `m lxplntl c `s `so o tol pdkmt pdk mt `idvl vl 0>8str ¸N, tdbyckp tol kemktdr 08lxp ¸N lntlc tordueodut tlst`id umtkb tol s`gpbl tlgplr`turl rl`nols 9? ¸N ilbdw tol lxplntlc `so pdkmt `mc tolm fdbbdw tol prlsnrkilc ckppkme prdnlcurl. Soks pr`ntknll o`s illm sodwm td rlcunl tol pdssk pr`ntkn pdsskikbkty ikbkty df ` ffrl, `mc, dm `vl `vlr`e r`el, l, mdt td ske skemkff mkffn`m n`mtby tby `f `fflnt flnt tol rls rlsubt ubt.. @ bkgk bkgktlc tlc < stucy o`s sodwm to`t toks ckppkme pr`ntknl o`s md dislrv`ibl lfflnt lf flnt dm tlst gltodc rlpl`t`ikbkty rlpl`t`ikbkty.) .) 00.0.6 00 .0.6 Uolm tlstkme g`tlrk`bs g`tlrk`bs td cltlrg cltlrgkml kml kf vdb`tkb vdb`tkbll g`tlrk`b ndmt`gkm`tkdm ks prlslmt, kt ks mdt mlnlss`ry td `colrl td tol tlgplr`turl bkgkts fdr kmktk`b kemktkdm sdurnl `ppbkn`tkdm `s st`tlc km km 00.0.9 ¸F ilbdw tol lxplntlc `so pdkmt. Kf tdd guno tlst splnkglm o`s illm `cclc td tol tlst nup, rlgdvl tol lxnlss uskme ` syrkmel dr skgkb`r clvknl fdr wktocr`w`b df ukc. Xb`nl tol tlst ndvlr dm tol tlst nup `mc pb`nl tol `sslgiby kmtd tol `pp`r`tus. Il surl tol bdn`tkme dr bdnakme clvknl ks prdplrby lme`elc. Kf tol tlgplr`turl gl`surkme clvknl ks mdt `brl`cy km pb`nl, kmslrt tol clvknl kmtd kts odbclr. 09.0.9 0.9tdBke Bkeot ot gg tol (8.096 tlstt `g tls `gl `mc `cjukm.), `cjust st kt dr td swktno ` ck` ck`gltl gltlr df >.909. gg 3.? km.l td 8.0?; dm rtol lblntrkn kemktlr `mc `cjust tol kmtlmskty km `nndrc`mnl wkto tol g`muf`nturlr g`muf `nturlr‛s ‛s kmstru kmstruntkdms ntkdms.. (U`rmkme– E`s prlssurl sodubc U`rmkme–E`s mdt il `bbd `bbdwlc wlc td lxn lxnllc llc > aX` (09 km. km.)) df w`t w`tlr lr prl prlssu ssurl.) rl.) (U`rmkme– Lxlrnksl n`rl wolm uskme ` e`s tlst `gl. Kf kt U`rmkme–Lxlrnksl sodubc il lxtkmeuksolc kt wkbb mdt kemktl tol v`pdrs km tol tlst nup `mc tol e`s fdr tol tlst `gl to`t tolm lmtlrs tol v`pdr sp`n sp `nll n` n`m m km kmu ulm lmnl nl to toll rl rlsu subt. bt.)) (U`rmkme– Sol dpl dplr`t r`tdr dr U`rmkme–Sol sodubc lxlrnksl `mc t`al `pprdprk`tl s`flty prln`utkdms curkme tol kmktk`b `ppbkn`tkdm df tol kemktkdm sdurnl, skmnl tlst splnkglms ndmt`kmkme bdw-`so g`tlrk`b g`y ekvl `m `imdrg`bby strdm str dme e ` `so so wo wolm lm to toll ke kemk mktk tkdm dm sd sdur urnl nl ks ffr ffrst st `p `ppb pbkl klc. c.)) (U`rmkme– U`rmkme–Sol Sol dplr`tdr sodubc lxlrnksl `mc t`al `pprdprk`tl s`flty prln`utkdms curkme tol plrfdrg`mnl df tolsl tlst gltoh h h , , , h h h , , , , h h , , , h h , h , h h h , h , h h h , , h , , h , h , , h -
dcs. Sol(6;? tlgplr`turls `tt`kmlc curkme tolsl tlst gltodcs, up td >58 ¸N ¸F), `rl ndmskclrlc o`z`rcdus.) 09.0.> 09. 0.> Su Surm rm tol stkr stkrrkm rkme e clv clvknl knl `t 9 ¸F) ⁃gkm. MDSL 09–Km 09–Km pr` pr`ntk ntknl nl tol r`t r`tll ks mdt `no `noklvl klvlc c kgg kgglck lck`tlb `tlby y `ft `ftlr lr `ppbkn`tkdm df tol ol`t cul td tol tolrg`b kmlrtk` km tol `pp`r`tus.
09.0.< Xrdnl 09.0.< Xrdnllc lc `s prlsnrkilc km ^lntkdm ^lntkdm 00 00,, wkto tol lxnlptkdm df tol prl prlnlc nlckme kme rlq rlqukr ukrlgl lglmts mts fdr r`tls df stkr stkrrkm rkme e `mc ol`tkme. 09.9 @utdg`tlc @pp`r`tus: 09.9.0 09. 9.0 Sol `ut `utdg` dg`tlc tlc `pp `pp`r` `r`tus tus so` so`bb bb il n`p n`p`ibl `ibl df plr plr-fdrgkme tol prdnlcurl `s clsnrkilc km 09.0 09.0,, kmnbuckme ndmtrdb df tol ol`tkme r`tl, stkrrkme df tol tlst splnkglm, `ppbkn`tkdm df tol kemktkdm sdurnl, cltlntkdm df tol `so pdkmt, `mc rlndrckme tol `so pdkmt. 09.9.9 09.9. 9 ^t`rt tol `utdg`tlc `pp`r`tus `pp`r`tus km `nndrc`mnl `nndrc`mnl wkto tol g`muf`nturlr g`muf `nturlr‛s ‛s kmstru kmstruntkdms ntkdms.. Sol `pp`r `pp`r`tus `tus so`bb fdbbdw tol prdnlcur`b clt`kbs km `nndrc`mnl wkto 09.0.> 09.0.> tordueo tordueo 09.0.< 09.0.. Xrdnlcur Xrdnlcurll 0>.0 @utdg`tlc @pp`r Lmsurl url to`t tol `pp `pp`r` `r`tus tus ks @pp`r`tus– `tus– Lms lqukpplc wkto `m lblntrdmkn gl`surkme systlg fdr tol cltlntkdm df tol `so pdkmt. 0>.9 Lmsur Lmsurll to`t tol s`gpbl ndmt`kmlr ndmt`kmlr ks ffbblc td tol vdbugl n`p`nkty rlqukrlglmt splnkfflc km ?.9 km ?.9.. Fkbb tol tlst nup wkto tol tlst splnkglm td tol ffbbkme g`ra kmskcl df tol tlst nup. Sol tlgplr`turl df tol tlst nup `mc tlst splnkglm so`bb il `t bl`st 93 ¸N il ilbd bdw w to toll lx lxpl plnt ntlc lc ` `so so pd pdkm kmt. t. Kf td tdd d gu guno no tl tlst st splnkglm o`s illm `cclc td tol tlst nup, rlgdvl tol lxnlss Ndpyrkeot @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Xrdvkclc iy KO^ G`rakt umclr bknlmsl wkto @^SG Md rlprdcuntkdm dr mltwdrakme plrgkttlc wktodut bknlmsl frdg KO^
uskme ` syrkmel dr skgkb`r clvknl fdr wktocr`w`b df ukc. Xb`nl tol tlst ndvlr dm tol tlst nup `mc pb`nl tol `sslgiby kmtd tol `pp`r`tus. Il surl tol bdn`tkme dr bdnakme clvknl ks prdplrby lme`elc. Kf tol tlgplr`turl gl`surkme clvknl ks mdt `brl`cy km pb`nl, kmslrt tol clvknl kmtd kts odbclr. 0>.> Bk 0>.> Bkeo eott to toll tls tlstt ` `gl, gl, `mc `c `cju just st kt td ` ck ck`g `gltl ltlrr df >.9 gg td 3.? gg (8. (8.096 096 km. td 8.0 8.0?; ?; km. km.)) dr swk swktno tno dm tol lblntrkn kemktlr `mc `cjust tol kmtlmskty km `nndrc`mnl wkto tol g`muf`nturl g`muf `nturlr‛s r‛s kmstru kmstruntkdms. ntkdms. (U`rmkme– U`rmkme–E`s E`s prlssurl sodubc mdt il `bbd `bbdwlc wlc td lxn lxnllc llc > aX` (09 km. df w`t w`tlr lr prl prlssu ssurl. rl.)) (U`rmkme– U`rmkme–Lxlrnksl Lxlrnksl n`rl wolm uskme ` e`s tlst `gl. Kf kt sodubc il lxtkmeuksolc kt wkbb mdt kemktl tol v`pdrs km tol tlst nup, `mc tol e`s fdr tol tlst `gl to`t tolm lmtlrs tol v`pdr sp`n sp `nll n`m km kmu ulm lmnl nl to toll rl rlsu subt. bt.)) (U`rmkme– U`rmkme–Sol Sol dpl dplr`td r`tdrr sodubc lxlrnksl `mc t`al `pprdprk`tl s`flty prln`utkdms curkme tol kmktk`b `ppbkn`tkdm df tol kemktkdm sdurnl, skmnl tlst splnkglmss ndm glm ndmt`km t`kmkme kme bdw bdw-` -`so so g`tl g`tlrk` rk`bb n`m ekv ekvll `m `im `imdrg drg`bby `bby strd st rdme me ` `so so wo wolm lm to toll ke kemk mktkd tkdm m sd sdur urnl nl ks ffr ffrst st `p `ppb pbklc klc.) .) (U`rmkme– Sol dplr`tdr sodubc lxlrnksl `mc t`al `pprdprk`tl U`rmkme–Sol s`flty prln`utkdms curkme tol plrfdrg`mnl df tolsl tlst gltodcs. Sol tlgplr`turls `tt`kmlc curkme tolsl tlst gltodcs, up td >58 ¸N (6;? ¸F), `rl ndmskclrlc o`z`rcdus.) 0>.3 0>. 3 @pp @ppby by tol ol` ol`tt `t suno ` r`tl to`t tol tlgplr`tur tlgplr`turll `s kmckn`tlc kmckn`t lc iy tol tlgp tlgplr` lr`tur turll gl`s gl`surk urkme me clv clvknl knl kmn kmnrl`s rl`sls ls >.8 ¸N ⁃gkm 6 8.< ¸¸N N ⁃gk ⁃gkm. m. MDSL 0>–Km 0>–Km pr` pr`ntkn ntknll tol r`tl ks mdt `no `noklv klvlc lc kgg kgglck lck`tl `tlby by `ft `ftlr lr `ppbkn`tkdm df tol ol`t cul td tol tolrg`b kmlrtk` km tol `pp`r`tus.
0>.< Sur 0>.< urm m to toll st stkr krrk rkme me cl clvk vknl nl `t ;8 r ⁃g ⁃gkm km td 09 098 8 r ⁃g ⁃gkm km,, stkrrkme km ` cdwmw`rc ckrlntkdm. (U`rmkme– ( U`rmkme–Gltknubdus Gltknubdus `ttlmtkdm td `bb clt`kbs rlb`tkme td tol kemktkdm sdurnl, skzl df tlst `gl, `g l, r`t r`tll df tlgp tlgplr` lr`tur turll kmn kmnrl` rl`sl, sl, `mc r`tl df ckp ckppkm pkme e tol kemktkdm sdurnl kmtd tol v`pdr df tol tlst splnkglm ks clskr`ibl fdr eddc rlsubts.) 0>.6 @ppbkn`tkdm @ppbkn`tkdm df Kemktk Kemktkdm dm ^dur ^durnl– nl– Sol ffrst tlst dm tol s`gpbl so`bb usl `m lxplntlc `so pdkmt df 088 ¸N. 0>.5 @ppby tol kemktkdm kemktkdm sdurnl wolm tol tlgplr`turl tlgplr`turl df tol tlst splnkglm ks `pprdxkg`tlby 93 ¸N ilbdw tol lxplntlc `so pdkmt `mc l`no tkgl tolrl`ftlr `t ` tlgplr`turl rl`ckme to`t ks ` gubtkpbl df 9 ¸N. Cksndmtkmul tol stkrrkme df tol tlst splnkglm `mc `ppby tol kemktkdm sdurnl iy dplr`tkme tol glno`mksg dm tol tlst ndvlr wokno ndmtrdbs tol souttlr sd to`t tol kemktkdm sdurnl ks bdwlrlc kmtd tol v`pdr sp`nl df tol tlst nup km 8.< s, blft km kts bdwlrlc pdsktkdm fdr 0 s, `mc quknaby r`kslc td kts upw`rc pdsktkdm. 0>.? Ylnd 0>.? Ylndrc rc `s tol `so pdkmt pdkmt tol rl`ckme rl`ckme dm tol tlgplr`tlgplr`turl gl`surkme clvknl `t tol tkgl tol kemktkdm sdurnl `ppbkn`tkdm n`usls ` ckstkmnt `so km tol kmtlrkdr df tol tlst nup wokno ks cltlntlc iy tol lblntrdmkn clvknl. 0>.; Sol `ppbkn`tkdm `ppbkn`tkdm df tol tlst `gl n`m n`usl n`usl ` ibul o`bd dr `m lmb`relc `gl prkdr td tol `ntu`b `so pdkmt. Soks ks mdt ` `so `mc so`bb il kemdrlc. 0>.08 Uolm ` `so pdkmt ks cltlntlc cltlntlc dm tol ffrst `ppbkn`tkdm, `ppbkn`tkdm, tol tlst so`bb il cksndmtkmulc, tol rlsubt cksn`rclc, `mc tol tlst rlpl`tlc rlpl`t lc wkto ` frlso tlst splnkgl splnkglm. m. Sol ffrst `ppbkn `ppbkn`tkdm `tkdm df tol 6Bknlmsll7XS Xlrt`gkm` (Xlrslrd)/ G^S
C;> ∙ 98 kemktkdm sdurnl wkto tol frlso tlst splnkglm so`bb il `pprdxkg`tlby 93 ¸N ilbdw tol tlgplr`turl `t wokno ` `so pdkmt w`s cltlntlc dm tol ffrst `ppbkn`tkdm. 0>.00 Uolm ` `so pdkmt ks cltlntlc 0>.00 cltlntlc `t ` tlgplr tlgplr`turl `turl wokno ks er erl` l`tl tlrr to to`m `m >8 ¸N `i `idv dvll to toll tl tlgp gplr lr`t `tur urll df to toll ffr ffrst st `ppbkn` `pp bkn`tkd tkdm m df tol kem kemktkd ktkdm m sdu sdurnl rnl,, dr wolm ` `s `so o pdk pdkmt mt ks cltlntlc `t ` tlgplr`turl wokno ks blss to`m 06 ¸N `idvl tol tlgplr`turl df tol ffrst `ppbkn`tkdm df tol kemktkdm sdurnl, tol rlsubt so`bb il ndmskclrlc `pprdxkg`tl, `mc tol tlst rlpl`tlc wkto ` frlso tlst splnkglm. @cjust tol lxplntlc `so pdkmt fdr toks mlxt tlst td tol tlgplr`turl df tol `pprdxkg`tl rlsubt. Sol ffrst ffr st `p `ppb pbkn` kn`tkd tkdm m df to toll ke kemk mktkd tkdm m sd sdur urnl nl wk wkto to to toll fr frlso lso tls tlstt splnkglm splnkgl m so`bb il `pprd `pprdxkg`tlby xkg`tlby 93 ¸N ilbdw tol tlgplr tlgplr`turl `turl `t wokno tol `pprdxkg`tl rlsubt w`s fdumc. 0>.09 0>.0 9 Uo Uolm lm to toll `p `pp` p`r` r`tu tuss o` o`ss nd nddb dblc lc cd cdwm wm td ` s` s`fl fl o`mcbkme tlgplr`turl, blss to`m ) >) `t tol tkgl df tol tlst. Uolm tol prlssurl ckfflrs frdg fr dg 08 080. 0.> > aX aX`` (5 (568 68 gg Oe Oe), ), nd ndrr rrln lntt to toll ` `so so pd pdkm kmtt `s fdbbdws: Ndrrlntlc fb`so pdkmt < N 0 8.9 9 A !
(0 )
Ndrrlntlc fb`so pdkmt < F 0 8.86 ~ 568 9 X !
(9 )
Ndrrlntlc fb`so pdkmt < N 0 8.8>> ~ 568 9 X !
(> )
wolrl: dislrv lrvlc lc `so `so pdkmt, pdkmt, ¸N, ¸N, N 7 dis F 7 dislr dislrvlc vlc `so `so pdkmt, pdkmt, ¸F ¸F,, X 7 `giklm `giklmtt i`rdgltrkn i`rdgltrkn prlssur prlssurl, l, gg Oe, Oe, `mc A 7 `giklm `giklmtt i`rdgltrkn i`rdgltrkn prlss prlssurl, url, aX`. aX`. 03.9 @ft 03.9 @ftlr lr ndr ndrrlnt rlntkdm kdm fdr i`r i`rdgl dgltrk trknn prl prlssu ssurl, rl, rdu rdumc mc tol tlgplr`turl td tol ml`rlst 8.< ¸N (0 ¸F) `mc rlndrc. 0 Ik`s– ^kmnl ^kmnl tolrl ks md `nnlptlc rlflrlmnl g`tlrk`b sukt`ibl sukt`i bl fdr cltlrg cltlrgkmkme kmkme tol ik`s fdr tol prdnl prdnlcurl curl km tolsl tlst gltodcs, ik`s o`s mdt illm cltlrgkmlc. 0?.0.3 0?.0. 3 Sol prlnkskdm prlnkskdm c`t` fdr ikdcklslb wlrl clvlbdplc clvlbdplc km ` 988? nddplr`tkvl kmtlrb`idr`tdry tlst prder`g5 uskme ; s`gpbls df ikdcklslb (I088) df v`rkdus sdurnl `mc 05 s`gpbls df tol s`gll ikd s`g ikdckl cklslb slb cds cdslc lc wkt wkto o ndm ndmnlm nlmtr` tr`tkd tkdms ms df `bnd `bndodb odb frd frdg g 8.0 % td 8.> %. V`rkdus `utdg`tlc `pp`r`tus km 00 b`idr`tdrkls p`rtknkp`tlc. Sol prlnkskdm w`s n`bnub`tlc dm tol `so pdkmt r`mel frdg 68 ¸N td 0;8 ¸N. Sol `bndodb ndmnlmtr`tkdms wlrl vlrkfflc km slp`r`tl b`idr`tdrkls uskme LM 03008. Kmfdrg`tkdm dm tol typl df s`gpbls `mc tolkr `vlr`el `so pdkmt `rl km tol rlsl`rno rlpdrt. 0;. Alyw Alywdrcs drcs
5
^uppdr ^up pdrtkm tkme e c`t c`t`` (to (toll rls rlsubt ubtss df tol 988 988? ? kmt kmtlrb lrb`id `idr`t r`tdry dry ndd nddplr plr`tk `tkvl vl tls tlstt prder`g) o`vl illm ffblc `t @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Ol`cqu`rtlrs `mc g`y il dit`kmlc iy rlqulstkme Ylsl`rno Ylpdrt YY:C89-06?>. Ndmt`nt @^SG Nustdglr ^lrvknl `t slrvknlH`stg.dre.
0;.0 `utdg` `utdg`tlc tlc `so pdkm pdkmt1 t1 `utd `utdg`tl g`tlc c Xlms Xlmsayay-G`r G`rtlms tlms nbdslc nup1 `gg`ikbkty1 `so pdkmt1 Xlmsay-G`rtlms nbdslc nup
@MML_L^ (G`mc`tdry Kmfdrg`tkdm) @0. @XX@Y@ @XX@Y@S\^ S\^ ^XLNKFKN@SKDM^3
@0.0 @0. 0 @ typkn`b typkn`b `ssl `sslgib giby y df tol `pp `pp`r` `r`tus tus,, e`s ol`tlc, ol`tlc, ks sodwm km Fke. km Fke. @0.0. @0.0. Sol `pp`r`tus so`bb ndmskst df ` tlst nup, ndvlr, `mc stdvl ndmfdrgkme td tol fdbbdwkme rlqukrlglmts: @0.0.0 Nup– Sol Sol nup so`bb il df ir`ss, dr dtolr mdmrustkme glt`b df lqukv`blmt ol`t ndmcuntkvkty, `mc so`bb ndmfdrg td tol ckglmskdm`b ckglms kdm`b rlqukr rlqukrlglmts lglmts km Fke. @0.9. @0.9. Sol Sol `m `mel el so` so`bb bb il lqukpplc wkto clvknls fdr bdn`tkme tol pdsktkdm df tol nup km tol stdvl. @ o`mcbl `tt`nolc td tol `mel df tol nup ks ` clskr`ibl `nnlssdry. Sol o`mcbl so`bb mdt il sd ol`vy `s td tkp dvlr tol lgpty nup. @0.0.9 Ndvlr: @0.0.9.0 Ndvlr Xrdplr– Sol Sol ndvlr sodwm km Fke km Fke.. @0. @0.> > so`bb il df ir`ss (@0.0.0 (@0.0.0)) `mc so`bb o`vl ` rkg prdjlntkme cdwmw`rc Ndpyrkeot @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Xrdvkclc iy KO^ G`rakt umclr bknlmsl wkto @^SG Md rlprdcuntkdm dr mltwdrakme plrgkttlc wktodut bknlmsl frdg KO^
`bgdst td tol `mel df tol nup. Sol rkg so`bb fft tol dutskcl df tol nup wkto ` nbl`r`mnl mdt lxnllckme 8.>6 gg (8.803 km.) dm tol ck`gltlr. Solrl so`bb il ` bdn`tkme dr bdnakme clvknl, dr idto, lme`ekme wkto ` ndrrlspdmckme clvknl dm tol nup. Sol upplr lcel df tol nup so`bb il km nbdsl ndmt`nt wkto tol kmmlr f`nl df tol ndvlr tordueodut kts nkrnugflrlmnl. @0.0.9.9 ^outtlr– Sol Sol ndvlr so`bb il lqukpplc wkto ` ir`ss souttlr (Fke Fke.. @0. @0.0 0 `mc Fke. @0. @0.3 3), `pp `pprdx rdxkg` kg`tlby tlby 9.3 gg > ( ⁃ >9 >9 km.) tokna, dplr`tkme dm tol pb`ml df tol upplr surf`nl df tol ndvlr. Sol souttlr so`bb il sd so`plc `mc gdumtlc to`t kt rdt`tls dm tol `xks df tol odrkzdmt`b nlmtlr df tol ndvlr iltwllm twd stdps, sd pb`nlc, to`t wolm km dml lxtrlgl pdsktkdm, tol dplmkmes @, I , `mc N km km tol ndvlr `rl ndgpbltlby nbdslc, `mc ?Bknlmsll7XS Xlrt`gkm` (Xlrslrd)/ G^S
h , , h , h , , h , , h h h , h , h h h , h , h h , , , h h , , , , h h h , , , h h h -
C;> ∙ 98
h h h , , , h h h , , , , h h , , , h h , h , h h h , h , h h h , , h , , h , h , , h -
MDSL 0–Bkc `sslgiby n`m il pdsktkdmlc lktolr rkeot dr blft-o`mclc. FKE. @0.0 Xlmsay-G`rtlms Nbdslc Fb`so Slstlr
wolm km tol dtolr lxtrlgl pdsktkdm, tolsl dplmkmes `rl ndgpbltlby dplmlc. Sol glno`mksg dplr`tkme tol souttlr sodubc il df tol sprkme typl `mc ndmstruntlc sd to`t wolm `t rlst tol souttlr so`bb lx`ntby nbdsl tol torll dplmkmes. Uolm dplr`tlc td tol dtolr lxtrlgl, tol torll ndvlr dplmkmes so`bb il lx`ntby dplm `mc tol tkp df tol lxpdsurl tuil so`bb il fubby clprlsslc. @0.0.9.> Fb`gl-Kemktkdm Clvknl– Sol Sol `gl-kemktkdm clvknl (Fke Fke.. @0. @0.3 3) so so`b `bbb o` o`vl vl ` tk tkp p wk wkto to `m dp dplm lmkm kme e 8. 8.6; 6; gg td 8.5; gg (8.895 km. td 8.8>0 km.) km ck`gltlr. Soks tkp so`bb il g`cl prlflr`iby df st`kmblss stllb, `btodueo kt g`y il f`irkNdpyrkeot @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Xrdvkclc iy KO^ G`rakt umclr bknlmsl wkto @^SG Md rlprdcuntkdm dr mltwdrakme plrgkttlc wktodut bknlmsl frdg KO^
n`tlc df dtolr sukt`ibl glt`bs. Sol `gl-lxpdsurl clvknl so`bb il lqukpplc wkto `m dplr`tkme glno`mksg wokno, wolm tol souttlr ks km tol dplm pdsktkdm, clprlssls tol tkp sd to`t tol nlmtlr df tol drkffnl ks iltwllm tol pb`mls df tol umclr `mc upplr surf`nls df tol ndvlr prdplr `t ` pdkmt dm ` r`ckus p`sskme tordue tor dueo o tol nlm nlmtlr tlr df tol b`r b`relr elr dplmkme dplmkme @ (Fke. @0.>). @0.>). @m lblntrkn kemktdr ks `bsd sukt`ibl. Sol lblntrkn kemktdrs so`bb il df tol lbln lblntrkn trkn rls rlskst` kst`mnl mnl (od (odt-w t-wkrl krl)) typ typll `mc so` so`bb bb pds pdsktkd ktkdm m tol ol`tlc slntkdm df tol kemktdr km tol `plrturl df tol tlst ndvlr km tol s`gl g`mmlr `s tol e`s `gl clvknl. ;Bknlmsll7XS Xlrt`gkm` (Xlrslrd)/ G^S
C;> ∙ 98
gg
gg @ I N C L F E O K J
(km.)
gkm
g`x
(gkm)
(g`x)
5;.8 0.8 9.? 90.59 3.0? ?.3 9.? 8.5; 9.?
(8.59) (8.8;3) (8.>8) (8.8?) (8.895) (8.8?)
(8.5?) (8.09>) (8.00) (8.8>0) (8.00)
E O K@ J A B G M
6.3 ;.6 3>.8 0.? 5.6
08.3 00.9 36.8 6 9.86 33.3 ?.3
(8.9?) (0.6;) (0.;5) (...) (8.83?) (0.98)
(8.30) (8.33) (0.?0) (9.8>) (8.803) (8.8?) (0.5>)
Kmnbucls tdblr`mnl fdr blmeto df tolrgdgltlr ekvlm km ^plnkffn`tkdm L0 L0..
FKE. @0.3 Slst Nup `mc Ndvlr @sslgiby @sslgiby
--hhh,,,hhh,,,,hh,,,hh,h,hhh,h,h-h-h,,h,,h,h,,h---
Ndpyrkeot @^SG Kmtlrm`tkdm`b Xrdvkclc iy KO^ G`rakt umclr bknlmsl wkto @^SG Md rlprdcuntkdm dr mltwdrakme plrgkttlc wktodut bknlmsl frdg KO^
00 Bknlmsll7XS Xlrt`gkm` (Xlrslrd)/ G^S
C;> ∙ 98 kmtlrk lrkdr dr sur surf`n f`nll `rl ol` ol`tlc tlc umk umkfdr fdrgby gby.. Sol w`b w`bbb `mc df tol kmt idttdg df tol `kr i`to so`bb mdt il blss to`m 6.3 gg (0 ⁃ 3 km.) km toknamlss umblss tol rlskst`mnl ol`tkme lblglmts `rl ckstrkiutlc dvlr `t bl`st ?8 % df tol w`bb `mc `bb tol idttdg df tol `kr i`to. @ ol` ol`tlr tlr o`v o`vkme kme sun suno o ` cks ckstrk trkiut iutkdm kdm so`bb o`v o`vll tol ol` ol`tkme tkme lblglmts pdsktkdmlc `t bl`st 3.8 gg (9 >9 km.) `w`y frdg tol kmtlrm`b surf`nl df tol `kr i`to km ndmjumntkdm wkto ` gkmkgug toknamlss df 0.
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