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Designation: D5454 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture Analyze Analyzers rs1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5454; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revis original revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1
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NOTE—Fig. 1 was editorially updated in July 2011.
1. Sco Scope pe 1.1 This test method covers the determination determination of the water vapor content of gaseous fuels by the use of electronic moisture analyzers. Such analyzers commonly use sensing cells based on phos phosphoru phoruss pento pentoxide, xide, P 2O5, aluminum oxide, Al2O3, or silicon sensors piezoelectric-type cells and laser based technologies. ` , , , ` , ` , , ` , ` , , , , , ` ` , ` ` ` ` ` , ` ` ` , , , ` -
1.2 This standar standard d doe doess not purport purport to addre address ss all of the safet sa fetyy co conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciate ted d wi with th its use. use. It is the the responsibility of the userpractices of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 D1142 Test Method for Water Vapor Conten D1142 Contentt of Gaseou Gaseouss Fuels by Measur Measurement ement of Dew-P Dew-Point oint Temperature Temperature D1145 Test D1145 Test Method for Sampling Natural Gas (Withdrawn 1986)3 D4178 Practice D4178 Practice for Calibra Calibrating ting Moistu Moisture re Analyzers 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.1.1 capacitance-type cell— this this cell uses aluminum coated with Al2O3 as part of a capacitor. The dielectric Al 2O3 film changes the capacity of the capacitor in relation to the water vapor present. Silicone cells also operate on this principal by reporting a capacitance change when adsorbing or desorbing water vapor.
3.1.2 electrolytic-typ electrolytic-typee cell— th this is ce cell ll is co comp mpos osed ed of tw two o noble metal electrode electrode wires coated with P2O5. A bia biass voltag voltagee is applied to the electrodes, and water vapor chemically reacts, generating a current between the electrodes proportional to the water vapor present. 3.1.3 piezoelectric-type cell— sensor consists of a pair of electrodes which support a quartz crystal (QCM) transducer. When voltage is applied to the sensor a very stable oscillation occurs. The faces of the sensor are coated with a hygroscopic polymer. As the amount of moisture absorbed onto the polymer varies, var ies, a pro propor portio tional nal cha change nge in the osc oscilla illatio tion n fre freque quency ncy is produced. 3.1.4 laser-type laser-type cell— consi consists sts of a sa samp mple le ce cell ll wi with th an optical head mounted on one end and a mirror mounted on the other; however, some models will not need a mirror to reflect the light wavelength emitted from the laser. The optical head contains a NIR laser, which emits light at a wavelength known to be absorbed by the water molecule. Mounted, the laser is a detector sensitive to NIR wavelength light. Light from the laser passes through the far end and returns to the detector in the opticall head. A portion optica portion of the emitted light, proportional proportional to the water molecules present, is absorbed as the light transits the sample cell and returns to the detector. 3.1.5 water content— water water content is customarily expressed in terms of term dewpoint, °Fnds or °C, atmospheric pressure, the nonmet non metric ric of pou pounds peratmill million ion stan standar dard d cub cubic icorfee feet, t, lb/MMSCF. The latter term will be used in this test method because it is the usual readout unit for electronic analyzers. One lb/MMSCF = 21.1 ppm by volume or 16.1 mgm/m3 of wate wa terr va vapo porr. An Anal alyz yzer erss mu must st co cove verr th thee ra rang ngee 0. 0.1 1 to 50 lb/MMSCF.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D03 Committee D03 on on Gaseous Fuels and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.05 Subcommittee D03.05 on on Determination of Special Constituents of Gaseous Fuels. Curren Cur rentt edi editio tion n app approv roved ed Jul July y 11 11,, 201 2011. 1. Pub Publis lished hed Jul July y 201 2011. 1. Ori Origin ginall ally y approved approv ed in 1993. Last previous previous edition approved in 2004 as D5454– D5454–04. 04. DOI: 10.1520/D5454-11E01. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 The last app approve roved d vers version ion of this historica historicall sta standa ndard rd is refe referenc renced ed on www.astm.org.
3.1.6 water dewpoint— the the temperature (at a specified pressure) at whi sure) which ch liqu liquid id wat water er will start to con conden dense se fro from m the water vapor present. Charts of dewpoints versus pressure and water content are found in Test Method D1142 Method D1142.. 4. Signi Significanc ficancee and Use 4.1 Water content content in fuel gas is the major factor influencing influencing internal corrosion. Hydrates, a semisolid combination of hydrocarbons and water, will form under the proper conditions
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D5454 − 11 causin sing g ser seriou iouss ope operat rating ing pro proble blems. ms. Fue Fuell hea heatin ting g val value ue is cau reduced by water concentration. Water concentration levels are therefore frequently measured in natural gas systems. A common mo n pi pipe pelin linee sp speci ecific ficati ation on is 4 to 7 lb lb/M /MMS MSCF CF.. Th This is tes testt method describes describes measur measurement ement of water vapor content with direct readout electronic instrumentation. 5. Appar Apparatus atus 5.1 The moisture moisture analyzer and sampling system will have
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5.1.2. 5.1. 2.1 1 Pr Pres essu sure re ga gage gess wi with th bo bour urdo don n tu tube bess sh shou ould ld be avoi av oide ded d as a re resu sult lt of wa wate terr ac accu cumu mula latio tion n in th thee st stag agna nant nt volume. 5.1.2.2 Sample purging is important to satisfactory response time. There must be a method to purge the sample line and sample cleanup system. 5.1.3 Electronics— Output Output from the sensor will be linearized forr an fo analo alog g or di digi gital tal di disp splay lay in de desi sire red d un units its (u (usu suall ally y lb lb/ / MMSCF). There must be an adjustment for calibration accu-
the5.1.1 following follow ing gener general al specific specifications ations: : involved with moisture Sampling System— Most Most errors analysis can be eliminated with a proper sampling system. 5.1.1.1 5.1.1 .1 A pipeline pipeline sample should be obtained with a prob probee per Metho Method d D1145. D1145. The sam sample ple temp tempera eratur turee mus mustt be main main-tained tain ed 2°C (3°F) above above the dewpoint dewpoint of the gas to pre preven ventt condensation in the sample line or analyzer. Use of insulation or heat tracing is recommended at cold ambient temperatures. 5.1.1.2 5.1.1 .2 Analyz Analyzer er sensors are very sensitive sensitive to contamination.. Any contamina tion contaminants nts inj injuri urious ous to the sen sensor sor must be removed from the sample stream before reaching the sensor. This must be done with minimum impact on accuracy or time of response. If the contaminant is an aerosol of oil, glycol, and so forth, a coalescing filter or semipermeable membrane separator must be used.
racy available(This available that can benot used in the if a suitable standar d is available. does apply tofield instruments thatstandard assume complete chemical reaction of water. Their accuracy still must be verified as in Section Section 6.) 5.1.4 Power Power Suppl Supply— y— Analy A nalyzer zerss fo forr fie field ld us usee wi will ll ha have ve rechar rec harge geabl ablee or eas easily ily re repla placea ceable ble bat batter teries ies.. (Warning Warning— — Analyzers for use in hazardous locations because of combustible gas must be certified as meeting the appropriate requirements.)
Construction— Sampling Sampling be hdone at high or tlow pre5.1.2 pressu ssure. re. All com compon ponents ents subject sub jectmay to hig high pressu pre ssure re mus must be rated accord accordingly ingly.. To minimiz minimizee dif diffusio fusion n and absor absorption, ption, all materials in contact with the sample before the sensor must be madee of stai mad stainles nlesss stee steel. l. Tu Tubin bing g of 1 ⁄ 8-in -in.. sta stainle inless ss stee steell is recommended recomm ended.. (Warning —Use —Use appro appropriate priate safety precau precau-tions when sampling at high pressure.)
a standard gas of known water concentration is achieved. 6.1.1 6.1 .1 Ins Instru trumen ments ts ver very y sen sensiti sitive ve to sam sample ple flow must be compensated for barometric pressure.
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6. Cali Calibrati bration on 6.1 A calibration calibration technique technique is descri described bed in Practic Practicee D4178 that should be used to verify the accuracy of the analyzer. This method uses the known vapor pressure of water at 0°C and mixes wet gas and dry gas to make up the total pressure so that
6.2 A commer commercially cially made water water vapor vapor calibrator calibrator is shown in Fig. 1, 1, which uses essentially the same technique. This method is useful only between 5 to 50 lb/MMSCF.
FIG. 1 Moistu Moisture re Calibrator Calibrator
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D5454 − 11
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Low-range ange water vapor standards standards may be obtained by 6.3 Low-r the use of water permeation tubes. Permeation rates must be established by tube weight loss.
dations datio ns pr prio iorr to us use. e. Se Seee Se Secti ction on 6. Veri Verifica fication tion of a dry instru ins trumen mentt usi using ng dry compress compressed ed nit nitrog rogen en to get a rea readin ding g below 1 lb/MMSCF is recommended before field use.
6.4 Com Compre presse ssed d gas water vap vapor or stan standar dards ds may be use used, d, provided they are checked by an independent method once a month.
7.2 Sample Procedure— Sample Sample as in 5.1.1.1 in 5.1.1.1.. Use as short a sample line as practical. Purge the sample for 2 min before valving to the sensor.
6.5 Calibr Calibrate ate the analyzer using using one of the standards in 6.3 in 6.3 and 6.4 and 6.4 and respective procedures. Calibration must be at two poin po ints, ts, on onee hi high gher er an and d on onee lo lowe werr th than an av aver erag agee ex expe pect cted ed readings. readin gs. Some analyz analyzers ers can have large nonlinear errors. Use the calibration adjustment if applicable.
7.3 Reading— The The time for a sensor to come to equilibrium is variable depending on its type and condition. The analyzer may ma y re requ quir iree 20 mi min n to st stab abili ilize. ze. So Some me an analy alyzer zerss ha have ve an external recorder output, and these can be used with a chart recorder to become familiar with the true equilibrium response time.
7. Pro Procedu cedure re
8. Pre Precisi cision on and Bias
7.1 Preparation— The The ana analyz lyzer er ope operat ration ion and cal calibr ibratio ation n should be checked according to the manufacturer’s recommen-
8.1 Precisi Precision on data is being prepared for this test method by an interlaboratory study.
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