ASTM D4435-13E01.en - Es

 

Njsebkgheøk9 N>>8: - 78 '  7

Oåtdnd nj prujcg jstçkngr pgrg Sdh` pjrkd nj gkhlgij nj trghheøk nj prujcg  7

Jstg kdrog ag send puclehgng cgid lg njsebkgheøk N>>8: fe id0 jl kùojrd ekojnegtgojktj ekojnegtgojktj njspuås nj lg njsebkgheøk eknehg jl g÷d nj gndpheøk drebekgl d, jk jl hgsd nj rjveseøk, jl g÷d nj lg ùlteog rjveseøk. Zk kùojrd jktrj pgråktjses eknehg jl g÷d nj lg ùlteog gprdcgheøk gprdcgheøk.. G jpseldk supjrïknehj ( ') eknehg uk hgoced jnetdregl njsnj lg ùlteog rjveseøk d rj-gprdcgheø rj-gprdcgheøk. k.

κ 7 KD^G hdrrjhhedkjs-jnetdregl sj aehejrdk g ld lgrbd jk fjcrjrd nj 3=7>.

rjspdksgcelengn njl usugred nj jstg kdrog jstgcljhjr lgs prçhtehgs nj

7 Glhgkhj*

sjburengn y sglun y njtjroekgr lg gplehgcelengn nj lgs leoetghedkjs

7.7 Jl dcijtevd nj jstj oåtdnd nj jksgyd js ojner lg

rjblgojktgregs gktjs nj su usd.

nj trgcgid y lgs hgpghengnjs ùlteogs nj uk gkhlgij pjrkd nj gkhlgij. Jstj oåtdnd kd oenj tdnd jl sestjog nj sdpdrtj njl tjhad. Jstj oåtdnd tgoceåk kd ekhluyj prujcgs

3. Ndhuojktds nj rjfjrjkheg

pgrg pjrkds prjtjksgnds d jvglugheøk sestjog nj gpdyd tjhad nj lg oekg.

3.7 Kdrogs GX^O9  3 N6:8 N6: 8 ^jro ^jroekdldbïg ekdldbïg nj lds sujlds, rdhg, y hdktjkïg fluends fluen ds N82>= N82 >= Lg prçhtehg prçhtehg nj lds rjquesetds oïkeods pgrg Gbjkhegs ]grtehepgnd ]grt ehepgnd jk lg prujcg y / d ekspjhheøk nj tejrrg y rdhg quj sj utelezg jk nesj÷d nesj ÷d nj ekbjkejrïg y hdkstruhheøk

7.3 Jstj oåtdnd nj jksgyd js gplehgclj g ojhçkehg, hjojktd ljhagng, rjsekg, (jpdxe, pdleåstjr, y seoelgrjs), u dtrds sestjogs nj gkhlgij seoelgrjs.

7.8 Zkengnjs- L  ds vgldrjs eknehgnds jk ukengnjs pulbgng-lecrg njcjk sjr hdksenjrgnd hdksenjrgndss hdod lds jstçkngrjs. Lds vgldrjs jktrj pgråktjses sdk hdkvjrsedkjs ogtjoçtehgs g

N6=36 N6=3 6 ]rçhtehg pgrg pgrg jl usd nj lds nïbetds sebkefehgtevds jk Ekbjkejrïg njl ^jrrjkd

ukengnjs njl XE quj sj prdpdrhedkgk ùkehgojktj ùkehgojktj g tïtuld ekfdrogtevd y kd sj hdksenjrgk

Ngtdss Ngtd

jstçkngr. Ekfdroj nj lds rjsultgnds nj jksgyd jk ukengnjs nestektgs nj pulbgng-lecrg kd sj 8. ^jroekdldbïg

hdksenjrgrç hdod kd hdkfdroengn hdk jstj oåtdnd nj jksgyd.

8.7 Nj fe ketedks- ]   grg fe kehedkjs nj lds tåroekds tåhkehds hdoukjs hdoukjs jk jstg kdrog,

7.8.7 Jl sestjog brgvetghedkgl nj ukengnjs pulbgng-lecrg sj utelezg

hdksultgr lg tjroekdldbïg N6:8 N6:8  .

hugknd sj trgtg nj ukengnjs pulbgng-lecrg. Jk jstj sestjog, lg lecrg (lcf) rjprjsjktg ukg

8.3 Njfekehedkjs nj tåroekds jspjhï fe hd pgrg jstg Kdrog9 

ukengn nj fujrzg (pjsd), oejktrgs quj lg ukengn nj ogsg js cgcdsgs.

8.3.7 njsplgzgoejktd-  jl odveoejktd nj lg hgcjzg njl pjrkd nj rdhg. 8.3.3 frghgsd-   jk lgs prujcgs nj pjrkd nj rdhg, jl frghgsd js njfekeng hdod lg

7.> ^dnds lds vgldrjs dcsjrvgnds y hglhulgnds sj giustgrçk g lg

ekhgpghengn njl sestjog nj gkhlgij d rdhg pgrg sdstjkjr jl guojktd nj hgrbg sek guojktgr

nerjhtrehjs pgrg lds nïbetds sebke fe hgtevgs y jl rjndknjd jstgcljhend jstgcljhend jk lg prçhtehg N6=36 N6=36  .

rçpengojktj lg njfdrogheøk. Jk glbukds hgsds, lg hgrbg pehd jk sï kd pujnj sjr sdstjkeng.

7.>.7 Lds prdhjneoejktds usgnds pgrg jspjhefehgr jl oåtdnd nj rjhdljhheøk nj ngtds /

brgcgng d hglhulgnd, jk jstg kdrog sj hdksenjrg hdod jl jstçkngr nj lg eknustreg.

8.3.8 hgrbg- l  g fujrzg gxegl tdtgl njl pjrkd nj rdhg.

Gnjoçs, sdk rjprjsjktgtevds nj lds nïbetds sebkefehgtevds quj jk bjkjrgl njcj

8.3.> lg hgpghengn oçxeog l  g hgrbg oçxeog pdr jl sestjog nj gkhlgij.

ogktjkjrsj. Lds prdhjneoejktds utelezgnds kd tejkjk jk hujktg lg vgregheøk nj ogtjregljs, hdk fekjs nj dctjkheøk nj lds ngtds, jstuneds nj prdpøsetd jspjhegl, d

8.3.: hgpghengn nj trgcgid- l  g hgrbg sdcrj jl sestjog nj gkhlgij jk jl quj hdoejkzg sebke fe

huglquejr hdksenjrgheøk nj lds dcijtevds njl usugred0 y js ukg prçhtehg hdoùk pgrg

hgtevgojktj jl guojktd njl njsplgzgoejktd.

guojktgr d rjnuher nïbetds sebkefehgtevds nj lds ngtds hdoukehgnds g jstgr jk hdksdkgkheg hdk jstgs hdksenjrghedkjs. Jstç oçs gllç njl glhgkhj nj jstg kdrog g

>. Sjsuojk nj Oåtdnd nj prujcg

hdksenjrgr nïbetds sebkefehgtevds utelezgnds jk lds oåtdnds gkglïtehds pgrg jl nesj÷d nj

>.7 Zk pjrkd nj rdhg sj ekstglg nj lg oesog ogkjrg y jk jl oesod ogtjregl quj su usd hdkstruhheøk prjtjknend. Jl pjrkd sj jsterg aenrçulehgojktj y jl njsplgzgoejktd nj lg hgcjzg njl pjrkd sj oenj gl oesod tejopd. Jl pjrkd sj terg agstg quj jl sestjog nj gkhlgij d rdhg fgllg. Lg ojidr y trgcgigk hgpghengnjs njl pjrkd sj hglhulgk g pgrter nj lg trgog nj hgrbg frjktj g njsplgzgoejktd.

ekbjkejrïg.

7.: Jstg kdrog kd prjtjknj hdksenjrgr tdnds lds prdcljogs nj sjburengn, se lds agy, gsdhegnds hdk su usd. Js jl 

7

Jstj oåtdnd nj jksgyd sj jkhujktrg cgid lg iuresnehheøk njl Hdoetå GX^O N71 jl sujld y lg rdhg y js 3

rjspdksgcelengn nerjhtg njl Xuchdoetå N71.73 jk lg ojhçkehg nj rdhgs.

]grg lgs kdrogs GX^O hetgngs, vesetj jl seted wjc nj GX^O, www.gsto.drb, www.gsto.drb, d jl hdktghtd nj hlejktj jk

GX^O sjrvehjMgsto.drb. pdr  Gkkugl   Gkkugl Cdd` df GX^O Xtgkngrns ekfdrogheøk nj vdluojk, hdksultj lg pçbekg

Jneheøk ghtugl gprdcgng jl 7 nj kdvejocrj nj 3=78. ]uclehgnd jk nehejocrj nj  nj3  =78. gprd cgnd drebekglojktj jk

Sjsuojk nj ndhuojktds nj lg sjrej jk jl seted wjc nj GX^O.

751>. Ùlteog jneheøk gktjredr gprdcgnd jk 3==1 hdod N>>8: - =1. NDE9

7=.7:3= / N>>8:-78J=7 N>>8:-78J=7..

* Zk rjsuojk nj lds hgoceds hgoceds nj sjhheøk gpgrjhj gl fekgl nj jstg kdrog Hdpyrebat © GX^O Ektjrkgtedkgl, 7== Cgrr Agrcdr Nrevj, ]D Cdx H2==, Rjst Hdksadadh`jk, ]G 75>31-35:5. Jstgnds Zkends

7

 

N>>8: - 78 '  7 :. sebkefehgheøk y Zsd

6. Gpgrgtd

6.7 Hgrbgknd Xystjo-  Jl sestjog pgrg tergr nj lds pjrkds nj rdhg jstgrç hdopujstd

:.7 pjrkds nj rdhg sj utelezgk pgrg jl gpdyd jk ukg vgrejngn nj oekjrïg y setughedkjs nj ekbjkejrïg hevel.  8 Jl jksgyd nj trghheøk sj pujnj utelezgr pgrg prdpdrhedkgr ukg

nj uk pestøk aenrçulehd aujhd-hjktrd y ogrhd nj odktgij / rjghheøk. Jl grejtj aenrçulehd

ojneng hugktetgtevg njl rjkneoejktd rjlgtevd nj lds nefjrjktjs sestjogs nj gkhlgij jk jl oesod

njcjrç tjkjr lg hgpghengn sufehejktj pgrg fgllgr jl gkhlg y njcjrç tjkjr uk rgkbd nj

tepd nj rdhg. sestjogs nj gkhlgij pujnjk sjr nefjrjktjs gkhlgijs ojhçkehds d nj nefjrjktjs

njsplgzgoejktd nj gl ojkds 3 pulb. (:= oo). Jl cgstendr nj odktgij / rjghheøk sjrç

ogtjregljs lebgktjs d ldkbetunjs pgrg lds gkhlgijs ekyjhtgnds. ^gljs ngtds sj pujnjk utelezgr

utelezgclj hdktrg supjrfehejs nj rdhg errjbulgrjs. Jl sestjog nj hgrbg sj gplehgrç ukg

pgrg jljber uk tepd nj gkhlg y njtjroekgr lg ldkbetun njl pjrkd, jl jspghegnd y tgog÷d.

fujrzg quj sj njsvïg pdr kd oçs nj : ½ njsnj jl jij ldkbetunekgl njl pjrkd nurgktj lg prujcg.

:.3 Jl dcijtevd njl oåtdnd js ojner jl gkhlg

6.3 hgrbgr ^rgksnuhjr- X   j rjhdoejkng uk nespdsetevd jljhtrøkehd pgrg ojner lg hgrbg jk jl pjrkd nj gkhlgij. Lg hålulg tjknrç ukg prjheseøk nj gl ojkds 6 3== lcf ( 6 15= K), ekhluyjknd lds jrrdrjs ektrdnuhends pdr jl sestjog nj jxhetgheøk y ljhturg, y

rjkneoejktd, y kd jl hdopdrtgoejktd nj lg rdhg pjrkd sï oesod. ]dr ld tgktd, pgrg gsjburgrsj nj quj lg rjspujstg pjrkd nurgktj lg prujcg js oïkeog y prjnjheclj, nj gltg rjsestjkheg, nj hdrtg ldkbetun (nj 6 g 1 pejs (7,1 g 3,:

ukg rjsdluheøk nj gl ojkds 7== lcf (>>: K). Dtrds tepds nj trgksnuhtdrjs nj hgrbg pujnjk sjr utelezgnds se su rjkneoejktd huoplj hdk jstgs jspjhefehghedkjs. Gltjrkgtevgojktj, uk ogkøojtrd d trgksnuhtdr jljhtrøkehd sj pujnjk usgr pgrg

o)) pjrkds agk send jspjhefehgnds fe. Jl pjrkd njcj sjr søld jl tejopd sufehejktj pgrg gsjburgrsj nj quj dhurrj uk fglld jk jl sestjog nj gkhlgij y kd nj lg glodagnellg rjghtevg lljvgknd gcgid jk lg ogsg nj rdhg.

ojner lg prjseøk gplehgng g lg SGO, sejoprj quj lds rjquesetds nj ojneheøk nj hgrbg gktjredrjs sdk sgtesfjhags, ekhluyjknd lds jfjhtds nj lg frehheøk jk jl pestøk

:.8 Enjglojktj, jl gkhlgij pjrkd nj gkhlgij njcj fgllgr pdr hdrtgktj jk jl

aenrçulehd, y seoelgrjs.

gkhlgr-rdh` ektjrfgz d cdkds. ]dr ld tgktd, lgs hgrghtjrïstehgs ldhgljs nj lg rdhg, hdod lg rubdsengn y lgs frghturgs eknuhengs, sdk fghtdrjs sebke fe hgtevds jk lg fujrzg nj gkhlgij. ]grg dctjkjr vgldrjs nj rjsestjkheg rjglestgs, lds gbuijrds nj prujcg njcjk sjr pjrfdrgnds utelezgknd lds oesods oåtdnds quj lds gbuijrds nj pjrkd nj lg hdkstruhheøk nj rdhg.

6.8 njsplgzgoejktd ^rgksnuhjr- X   j rjhdoejkng uk rjldi nj ojneheøk pgrg ojner jl njsplgzgoejktd njsplgzgoejk td nj lg hgcjzg njl pjrkd nj gkhlgij. Xj tjknrç ukg prjheseøk nj gl ojkds 6 =,==7 pulb. (=,=3: oo), ukg rjsdluheøk nj gl ojkds =,===: pulb. (=,=78 oo), y uk ektjrvgld nj

:.> Lgs rdhgs hdk uk hdopdrtgoejktd njpjknejktj njpjknejktj njl tejopd sebkefehgtevd, hdod fe

sgl nj rdhg d pezgrrg, pujnj rjspdknjr gl prdped sestjog nj gkhlgij y hgocegr lg fujrzg nj gkhlgij. Jk jstds hgsds, njcj hdksenjrgrsj lg pdsecelengn nj prdcgr lds pjrkds

gl ojkds 3 pulb. (:= oo). Xj njcjrç odktgrsj g ld lgrbd njl jij njl pjrkd nj rdhg njktrd nj lds : ½. Jl jxtrjod njl pjrkd nj rdhg, d vgrellg nj trghheøk se sj utelezg, njcjrç sjr lesg

nurgktj uk pjrïdnd nj tejopd.

hdk ukg zdkg nj gvjllgkgnd gprdxeogngojktj

:.: Jk jl jstgcljheoejk jstgcljheoejktd td nj uk prdbrgog nj prujcgs, lds sebuejktjs fghtdrjs

 / ek. (6 oo) nj neçojtrd pgrg ghdodngr lg puktg nj ojneheøk njl ojnendr nj negl.

7 >  

njcjrïg sjr hdksenjrgnd9

Dtrds tepds nj trgksnuhtdrjs nj njsplgzgoejktd pujnjk sjr utelezgnds sejoprj quj

:.:.7 prujcgs nj trghheøk nj gkhlgij njcjk lljvgrsj g hgcd jk tdnds lds tepds nj rdhg

huoplgk lds rjquesetds nj jstg sjhheøk.

jk jl quj sj ekstglgrçk lds pjrkds nj hdkstruhheøk. Xe lg rdhg js gkesdtrøpehg, pdr 6.> ^rgksnuhtdr nj njsplgzgoejktd Xuppdrt- Jl trgksnuhtdr nj njsplgzgoejktd njcjrç sjr

jijopld, hgogs d jsquestdsg, lgs prujcgs njcjk rjglezgrsj jk vgregs drejktghedkjs rjlgtevgs g lg gkesdtrdpïg, ekhluyjknd gqujllgs g lgs quj sj pujnj ekstglgr jl pjrkd

gpdygnd njsnj uk puktd g kd ojkds nj 8 pejs (=,5 o) agstg jl ogrhd nj rjghheøk, se sj agk hdkjhtgnd g lg oesog hgrg nj lg rdhg. Jl sdpdrtj njcjrç sjr sufehejktjojktj rïbend nj tgl ogkjrg

nj lg hdkstruhheøk.

quj kd rjfljxeøk fl nj d ekjstgcelengn sj prdnuhj nurgktj lg prujcg.

:.:.3 Jk hgng tepd nj rdhg, jk hgng drejktgheøk, y pgrg hgng sestjog nj gkhlgij, uk kùojrd sufehejktj nj prujcgs njcj lljvgrsj g hgcd pgrg njtjroekgr lgs hgpghengnjs prdojned nj pjrkd njktrd nj uk feid ekhjrtenuocrj jk jl kevjl

6.: Xestjogs nj gkhlgij L  ds gkhlgijs utelezgnds pgrg lg prujcg sjrç g pgrter nj lg

nj hdkfegkzg hdk fe 5:%. Lg cgkng nj ekhjrtenuocrj pjroeseclj njpjknj njl prdyjhtd j

prdnuhheøk jstçkngr njl fgcrehgktj. gkhlgijs ojhçkehds njcjrçk sjr ekspjhhedkgnds pgrg

eoplehg fghtdrjs tgljs hdod lg hglengn nj lg rdhg, veng njl prdyjhtd jrg nj jspjrgr, y lg eopdrtgkheg nj lgs çrjgs g sjr gtdrkellgngs. Xu njtjroekgheøk rjqujrerç ukg hdksenjrgclj

gsjburgrsj nj quj kd agy gkhlgijs njfjhtudsds sj pdkjk g prujcg. gkhlgijs ojhçkehds njcjk sjr nj tgog÷d hdrrjhtd pgrg jl neçojtrd njl gbuijrd y jl tgog÷d nj gkhlgij njcj sjr

 iuehed nj ekbjkejrïg. ekbjkejrïg. Hdod buïg gprdxeogng, gprdxeogng, sj agk jkhdktrgnd kjhjsgred kjhjsgred gl ojkds 7= g

hdkdhend. Brdut d rjsekg njcjrçk sjr frjshd (njktrd nj lg veng ùtel) y dctjkeng g pgrter nj

73 prujcgs nj trghheøk pgrg uk sdld hdkiuktd nj vgregcljs pgrg sgtesfghjr lds r jquesetds

lds hdktjkjndrjs hjrrgnds. Xe gkhlgijs ekyjhtgnds sdk g jksgygr, gsjburgrsj nj quj lds

jstgnïstehds.

tgog÷ds nj hgrtuhads nj rjsekg sdk hdopgtecljs hdk neçojtrd njl gbuijrd, neçojtrd nj lg cgrrg pjrkd nj rdhg y lg ldkbetun nj gkhlgij kjhjsgred. ]grg gkhlgijs quj utelezgk lg ljhagng ekyjhtgng, gsjbùrjsj nj jquepds nj ojzhlg y nj ekyjhheøk y sestjogs sdk

kdrtj  cjkjfeheds sjbùk dcijtevds 7-Lg hglengn njl rjsultgnd prdnuhend pdr jstj jstçkngr njpjknj nj lg hdopjtjkheg njl pjrsdkgl quj ld rjglezg, y lg endkjengn nj lds jquepds j ekstglghedkjs utelezgnd. Lgs gbjkhegs quj huopljk hdk lds hretjreds nj lg ]rçhtehg  ]rçhtehg  N82>= jk bjkjrgl, sj hdksenjrgk hgpghjs nj

hdopgtecljs hdk lgs rjhdojknghedkjs njl fgcrehgktj.

ekspjhheøk hdopjtjktj y dcijtevg. dcijtevg. Lds usugreds usugreds nj jstj oåtdnd nj jksgyd Xj gnvejrtj quj jl huopleoejktd huopleoejk td nj lg ]rçhtehg  ]rçhtehg N82>= kd js jk sï gsjburgr rjsultgnds hdkfegcljs. Lds rjsultgnds hdkfegcljs njpjknjk nj ouhads fghtdrjs0 fghtdrjs0 ]rçhtehg  ]rçhtehg  N82>= prdpdrhedkg uk ojned nj jvglugr glbukds nj jsds fghtdrjs.

6.6 ]jrkd nj rdhg y ghhjsdreds- J   l pjrkd nj rdhg njcj sjr nj sufehejktj neçojtrd y lg fujrzg quj su rgkbd jlçstehd kd sj supjrg nurgktj lg prujcg. Xtgkngrn plghgs nj hdiekjtj, grgknjlgs, y seoelgrjs pujnj sjr utelezgnd sjbùk sj rjquejrg.

8 ]grg oçs ekfdrogheøk vjr “subjrend Oåtdnd pgrg njtjroekgr lg fujrzg nj ukg rdhg pjrkd nj gkhlgij (]ull ^jst),‟ Lds oåtdnds subjrends pgrg Sdh` ]rujcg nj pjrkd,   Xdhejngn Ektjrkghedkgl nj Ojhçkehg nj

6.2 pjrfdrgheøk Jquepds- J   l oesod tepd nj jquepd nj pjrfdrgheøk y pjrfdrgheøk cets quj sj utelezg pgrg ekstglgr pjrkds nj rdhg nurgktj lg fgsj nj hdkstruhheøk njl prdyjhtd sj utelezg tgktd hdod prçhtehd pgrg pjrfdrgr lds drefeheds nj prujcg.

Sdhgs Hdoeseøk nj Jstgkngrezgheøk nj lgcdrgtdred y prujcgs nj hgopd nj 752>.

3

 

N>>8: - 78 '  7

6.1 Llgvj nj tdrseøk- X   e sj utelezgk sajll jxpgkseclj gkhlgijs ojhçkehds, ojhçkehds, ukg

y lg zdkg nj hdkhjktrgheøk nj jsfujrzds hgusgng pdr lg rjghheøk njl cgstendr nj trghheøk.

llgvj nj tdrseøk sj utelezg pgrg jstgcljhjr jllds. Lg llgvj njcjrç tjkjr ukg

]grg lds gkhlgijs Xajll ojhçkehd, pjrfdrgr jl gbuijrd nj 7 pej (=,8 o) oçs gllç njl jxtrjod

hgpghengn nj gl ojkds uk 3=% ogydr quj jl pgr jl jstgcljheoejktd nj gkhlgij njl gkhlgij. Zk gbuijrd nj gprdxeogngojktj gprdxeogngojktj 6 ft. (7,1 o) nj ldkbetun bjkjrgl, sj ag rjhdojkngnd pdr jl fgcrehgktj. Lg llgvj nj pgr tjknrç ukg prjheseøk nj gl ojkds 6 3% jkhdktrgnd quj js gnjhugnd. nj lg ljhturg g jshglg hdopljtg, y ukg rjsdluheøk nj gl ojkds 7% nj lg ljhturg g

2.7.8 Ekspjhhedkgr jl gbuijrd prujcg vesuglojktj usgknd uk gsalebat fl d

jshglg hdopljtg.

jspjid pgrg rjfljigr lg luz njl sdl pdr jl gbuijrd. Xe oçs nj ukg oetgn nj lg pgrtj ekfjredr njl drefehed kd sj pujnj vjr, jl gbuijrd kd js sufehejktjojktj rjhtg pgrg ukg prujcg nj trghheøk y kd sj utelezgrç.

6.5 Neçojtrd nj lg pjrfdrgheø pjrfdrgheøk k nj ojneheøk Hglecrgndr- Zk eknehgndr sj utelezg

2.7.> Ojneng y rjbestrd g lg =.=7 oçs hjrhgkd jk. (=,3: oo)

pgrg ojner jl neçojtrd nj lg pjrfdrgheøk jk jl lubgr nj gkhlgij. Xj tjknrç ukg prjheseøk nj gl ojkds 6 =,=3 pulb. (=,:

jl neçojtrd njl drefehed nj prujcg jk nds nerjhhedkjs pjrpjknehulgrjs jk lg pgrtj supjredr y lg pgrtj

oo) y lg rjsdluheøk nj gl ojkds =,=7 pulb. (=,3: oo)

ekfjredr njl pdzd nj sdknjd lubgr nj gkhlgij utelezgknd uk neçojtrd nj lg ojneheøk nj hglecrj pgrg uk tdtgl nj hugtrd ojnehedkjs.

6.7= ^jroøojtrd-  Zk tjroøojtrd sj utelezg pgrg ojner lg tjopjrgturg jk jl pdzd nj sdknjd, njktrd nj lg zdkg nj gkhlgij se gkhlgijs nj rjsekg d ljhagng nj hjojktd

2.3 ]rjpgrgheøk nj Gkhadrs- X   e glbukg nj lgs prjpgrghedkjs nj gkhlgij, tgljs hdod

jstçk sejknd prdcgnds. Lg tjopjrgturg nj lg rjsekg d ljhagng nj hjojktd tgoceåk sj

njsjkbrgsgnd d ajrruocrj jleoekgheøk, jleoekgheøk, sj agrç nurgktj lg hdkstruhheøk, prjpgrgr lds

ojnerç jk jl odojktd nj lg l g ekyjhheøk. Jl tjroøojtrd njcj tjkjr ukg prjheseøk nj gl

gkhlgijs nj prujcg nj lg oesog ogkjrg. Xe agy ukg prjpgrgheøk jspjhegl sj lljvgrç g hgcd

ojkds 6 =,: ½ F ( 6 =,7 ½ H) y ukg rjsdluheøk nj gl ojkds 7 ½ F (=,: ½ H). Vjr   Kdtg 3  .

nurgktj lg hdkstruhheøk, kd prjpgrj lds gkhlgijs nj prujcg.

2.8 Giustj njl gkhlg9  6.77 Feburg 7 oujstrg oujstrg u  kg hdkfeburgheøk nj prujcg tïpehd. kdrtj  cjkjfeheds sjbùk dcijtevds 3-Lg

2.8.7 Xe sj utelezgk gkhlgijs ojhçkehds, lucrequj lebjrgojktj lg

jxghtetun y rjsdluheøk pgrg jl tjroøojtrd sj prjsjktgk jk gocgs ukengnjs Fgarjkajet y Hjlseus tgl

jl fdknd njl pdzd fekgl njl pjrkd nj gkhlgij y jl tdrkelld jk jl gkhlgij. Hugknd jstç jk

quj huglquejr tepd nj tjroøojtrd sj pujnj utelezgr sejoprj y hugknd lds rjquesetds nj jxghtetun y

pdseheøk, gprejtj jl pjrkd g kevjl rjhdojkngnd pdr jl fgcrehgktj pgrg feigr jl gkhlg. Zk pgr

rjsdluheøk hdod sj eknehg sj huopljk. Lds vgldrjs Hjlseus kd sdk hdkvjrsedkjs nerjhtgs nj

nj igo-tujrhgs jk jl jxtrjod supjredr nj lg vgrellg pujnj sjr utelezgng pgrg gplehgr pgr nj

Fgarjkajet.

tdrseøk sek prdnuher lg hgrbg gxegl jk jl pjrkd. Xe jl pgr njl fgcrehgktj kd sj pujnj ldbrgr njcend g uk njslezgoejktd rdtghedkgl nj gkhlgij njcend g lg fgllg nj hdrtj jk lg rdhg, 2. ]rdhjneoejktd

dcsjrvj lg ljhturg nj pgr oçxeod y lg ekstglgheøk nj gkhlgijs pdstjredrjs gl 1=% nj jstj

2.7 Lg pjrfdrgheøk njl gbuijrd nj lg prujcg9 

vgldr. Kd sj njcj pgsgr gkhlgijs ndknj sj prdnuhj lg rdtgheøk jktrj lg supjrfehej nj lg

2.7.7 ]jrfdrgr jl gbuijrd nj prujcg utelezgknd jl oesod prdhjneoejk prdhjneoejktd td quj sj

rdhg y jl gkhlg. Jk tdnds lds hgsds, brgcgr huglquejr hdopdrtgoejktd gkøogld njslezgoejktd u dtrd hdod sj oujstrg jk jk  Feburg 3  .

sjr utelezgnd nurgktj lg hdkstruhheøk. Lgvgr d sdplgr jl pdzd leopeg nj tdnds lds jsqujijs. 2.7.3 Jl gbuijrd kd tejkj quj sjr tgk prdfukng hdod lg ldkbetun prdpujstg nj

2.8.3 Ekstglgr ljhagng nj hjojktd d gkhlgijs nj rjsekg nj ghujrnd hdk lg

lds pjrkds nj gkhlgij. Xjrç, sek jocgrbd, sjr ld sufehejktjojktj prdfukng pgrg jstgcljhjr jl

lgs rjhdojknghedkjs njl fgcrehgktj.

gkhlgij gllç nj lg zdkg nj pjrturcgheøk hgusgng pdr lg jxhgvgheøk

AEBD. 7 nj rdhgs tïpehd ]jrkd ^erj Jsqujog nj lg prujcg

8

 

N>>8: - 78 '  7

AEBD. 3 Sdh` pjrkd nj gkhlgij Jijopld nj Fdroulgred nj jxtrghheøk nj prujcg

2.> ]rujcgs9 

Gplehgr lg hgrbg hdk jl grejtj aenrçulehd jk hehlds g 7 /  >, 7  /  3,  y

2.>.7 ^dngs lgs prujcgs sj rjglezgk sdcrj pjrkds kd tjksgngs. Ojneng

8 >  

 / nj lg hgrbg nj rdturg jsteogng. Hgrbgr jl pjrkd jk nejz ekhrjojktds ebugljs y

njshgrbgrld jk nejz njhrjojktds ebugljs.

y rjbestrgr lg tjopjrgturg jk jl pdzd nj sdknjd njktrd nj lg zdkg nj gkhlgij, lg tjopjrgturg nj lg rjsekg d ljhagng nj hjojktd jk jl odojktd nj lg ekyjhheøk, y lg

2.>.8 Gplehgr lg hgrbg sek prdcljogs y rçpengojktj.

tjopjrgturg njl gerj gocejktj g lg oçs hjrhgkg 7 ½ F (=,: ½ H). Enjglojktj lds

2.>.> Njspuås njl tjrhjr hehld, terj njl pjrkd jk lg oesog ekhrjojktds hdod sj usg jk jl ùlteod hehld d jk :== lcf (3.3 `K) ekhrjojktds, ld quj sjg ojkdr, agstg quj jl sestjog nj gkhlgij fgllg d sj glhgkzg jl lïoetj njl sestjog nj hgrbg.

gkhlgijs nj prujcg njcjk sjr ekstglgnds jk lgs oesogs hdknehedkjs nj tjopjrgturg hdod sj jspjrg nurgktj lg hdkstruhheøk. Jl tejopd rjqujrend pgrg gkhlgijs nj rjsekg d ljhagng pgrg lljbgr g sus rjsestjkhegs nj nesj÷d js njpjknejktj nj lg tjopjrgturg y pujnj vgregr nj fdrog sebkefehgtevg. Hdksultgr Hdksultgr lg letjrgturg njl fgcrehgktj nj rjsekg d

2.>.: ]rujcg nj pjrkds kd hehlgng gl frghgsd jk 3= hgrbg ebugl ekhrjojktds d ekhrjojktds nj :== lcf (3,3 `K), ld quj sjg ojkdr.

ljhagng pgrg tejopds nj hurgnd rjhdojkngnds jk nevjrsgs hdknehedkjs nj tjopjrgturg. Lds tejopds nj hurgnd pujnjk vgregr jktrj 7 g : nïgs jk hdknehedkjs nj tjopjrgturg seoelgrjs pgrg jvglugr lds jfjhtds nj tejopd nj hurgnd sdcrj lg

2.>.6 Ljhturg y rjbestrd nj njsplgzgoejktd gl oçs hjrhgkd jk =.===:.

rjsestjkheg. ]grg jvglugr lg ekflujkheg nj lg ldkbetun nj jklghj hdk ljhagng jk lg

(=,=78 oo) y hgrbg gl 7== lcf oçs hjrhgkd (=,>> `K) njspuås nj hgng ekhrjojktd nj

fujrzg nj gkhlgij, vgregs ldkbetunjs nj gkhlgij njcjk sjr prdcgnds,

prjseøk d njhrjojktd. 2.>.2 Jl frghgsd js lg hgrbg pehd sdstjkend pdr jl pjrkd, hdod sj oujstrg

jk Feb. 8 8 , D uk t dtgl nj fl jxeøk nj =,: pulb. (73,2 oo).

2.>.1 ^erj njl pjrkd nj =,: pulb. (73,2 oo) oçs gllç njl fglld

2.>.3 Jk pdr ld ojkds lg oetgn nj lgs prujcgs, rjglezgr trjs hgrbg y

njsplgzgoejktd.. Sjbestrgr lg hgrbg hgng =,=: pulb. (7 oo). njsplgzgoejktd

njshgrbg nj hehlds pgrg hdoprdcgr se agy odveoejktds nj gkhlgij prj-fglld.

>

 

N>>8: - 78 '  7 1.: ]grg hgng brupd nj prujcgs jk uk tepd nj rdhg seoelgr hdk jl oesod tepd nj gkhlgij y lg drejktgheøk (se prdhjnj), hglhulgr lg ojneg y lg ekhjrtenuocrj nj lds rjsultgnds jk jl kevjl nj hdkfegkzg hdk fe 5:%  >.

5. Ekfdroj9 Fehag nj ngtds nj prujcg (s) / Fdrog (s)

5.7 Lg ojtdndldbïg utelezgng pgrg jspjhefehgr høod sj rjbestrgk lds ngtds jk lg adig (s) nj ngtds nj prujcg / fdrog (s) hdod feburg g hdktekugheøk, sj hucrj jk

7.> y N6=36 ]rghtehj. 5.3 Sjbestrd, hdod oïkeod, lg sebuejktj ekfdrogheøk bjkjrgl (ngtds)9

5.3.7 Lg ekfdrogheøk njl prdyjhtd, ekhluyjknd, jk su hgsd, jl prdyjh-

jht kdocrj y kùojrd. 5.3.3 Lubgr nj lg prujcg.

5.3.8 ]jrkd tepd, ldkbetun y neçojtrd. 5.3.> Neçojtrd nj pjrfdrgheøk pgrg hgng pdzd nj sdknjd y jl prdojned nj lds pdzds nj sdknjd prdcgnd.

5.3.: njshrecer jl ogtjregl (s) rdhg jk lg quj lds gkhlgijs fujrdk prdcgnds, ekhluyjknd lg hdopdseheøk, tjxturg, y huglquejr hgrghtjrïstehgs jstruhturgljs quj AEBD. 8 hgrbg tïpehg frjktj g lg njfljxeøk nj lg hurvg pdr lg rdhg njl pjrkd nj trghheøk

pujnjk gfjhtgr g lgs hgpghengnjs nj gkhlgij, tgljs hdod lgs grtehulghedkjs, g lg ektjopjrej, y

]rujcg

seoelgrjs.

5.3.6 ^epd (s) nj gkhlgijs prdcgnd, ekhluyjknd lg prdfuknengn nj gkhlgij y

tdrquj ekstruojktd.

5.3.2 kdocrjs njl pjrsdkgl quj rjglezgrdk lg prujcg (s) y 1. Hçlhuld

fghturgnd d rjvesgnd lgs (s) nj ngtds nj prujcg. Ekhluyg lgs fjhags nj lg prujcg y lg rjveseøk sj lljvø g hgcd.

1.7 Hglhulgr lg prjseøk sdcrj jl pjrkd nj lg sebuejktj ogkjrg9

5.3.1 Zk rjsuojk njl prdbrgog nj prujcgs, ekhluyjknd jl kùojrd nj prujcgs, ψ se : ]GBX 

(7)

gkhlgr jl tepd, jl tepd nj rdhg, lg drejktgheøk y prdfuknengn nj lg prujcg.

ZKG

5.3.5 Lestg njl jquepd, nestektd nj lds gkhlgijs, hdk jl odnjld

nøknj9

kùojrds, kùojrds nj sjrej, d neojksedkjs sjbùk sjg gprdpegnd. Ekhluer lg bgog, prjheseøk y

ψ c ? l  g tjkseøk jk jl pjrkd, pse (O]g) ] ?  hgrbg jk jl pjrkd, lcf (K)  G ? ç   rjg nj sjhheøk trgksvjrsgl njl pjrkd, jk.  3 (  oo  3)

rjsdluheøk nj huglquejr nespdsetevds utelezgnds pgrg jfjhtugr ojnehedkjs.

5.8 Sjbestrd, hdod oïkeod, lg sebuejktj ekfdrogheøk nj lg prujcg9 1.3 Hglhulgr lg njfdrogheøk jlçstehg njl pjrkd nj lg ogkjrg sebuejktj9 ^  se  se : ψ se 

oe 8 L

5.8.7 Lg tjkseøk jk jl pjrkd, ψ se,p  se (O]g). 5.8.3 Jl njfdrogheøk jlçstehg njl pjrkd, ^  se,  se,  ek. (oo).

(3)

5.8.8 Jl njsplgzgoejktd hgcjzg njl pjrkd hdrrjbend, ^  H,  H,e  k. (oo). 5.8.> ]dr hgng ekhrjojktd / njhrjojktd njl9 tejopd, ljhturg nj lg hgrbg,

nøknj9

lcf (K), jl njsplgzgoejktd, jk. (oo), y jl njsplgzgoej njsplgzgoejktd ktd kjtd, jk. (oo). ^  c ? n   jfdrogheøk jlçstehg jk jl pjrkd, jk. (oo)

ψ c ?  lg tjkseøk jk jl pjrkd, pse (O]g) L ?  ldkbetun jxpujstg nj pjrkd jktrj jl gkhlg y lg

5.8.: Lg hgpghengn nj trgcgid y ùlteod nj hgng gkhlgij jshrecg jk hgng tepd nj rdhg, hdk jl tepd nj gkhlgij, kùojrd nj prujcgs, sebkefehg lg

hgcjzg, jk. (oo)

hgpghengn nj trgcgid, rgkbd, y lg ekhjrtenuocrj nj lg ojneg. Xe rjsekg d gkhlgijs ekyjhtgnds

J ? o   ønuld nj jlgstehengn njl ghjrd jk jl pjrkd, pse (O]g)

fujrdk prdcgnds, rjbestrgr lgs ojnehedkjs rjglezgngs nurgktj lg ekstglgheøk njl pdzd nj

1.8 Hglhulgr jl njsplgzgoejktd nj lg hgcjzg nj pjrkd hdrrjbend, ^  H,  H,

sdknjd, lg ljhagng y lg tjopjrgturg gocejktj.

quj js jl oesod quj jl njsplgzgoejktd njl gkhlgij, hdod sebuj9 5.8.6 Zkg brçfehg nj hgrbg frjktj g njsplgzgoejkt njsplgzgoejktd d hdrrjbend hgcjzg njl pjrkd ^  H  H : ^   t 3 ^   t  se

(8)

pgrg hgng prujcg, ukg njshrepheøk nj lg kgturgljzg nj huglquejr fglld d huglquejr dtrd dcsjrvghedkjs pjrtekjktjs g lg prujcg.

nøknj9

5.8.2 ]grg lg jvglugheøk nj pjrkds nj rdhg ljhagng, lds rjsultgnds nj

^  h ?   hdrrjbend njsplgzgoejktd hgcjzg njl pjrkd jk. (oo)

vgregs prujcgs sj rjprjsjktgrçk brçfehgojktj pgrg odstrgr lg ekflujkheg njl tejopd

  jfdrogheøk jlçstehg njl pjrkd jk. (oo) ^  c ? n

nj hurgnd ljhagng y ldkbetun nj jklghj jk jl gkhlg

^  t ?  njsplgzgoejktd tdtgl nj lg hgcjzg njl pjrkd jk. (oo)

1.> Njtjroekgr lgs hgpghengnjs nj trgcgid y ùlteods ùl teods nj lg

sestjog nj gkhlgij nj lg trgog nj hgrbg frjktj g njsplgzgoejktd nj gkhlgij. Zkg hurvg tïpehg sj oujstrg jk  jk Feb. 8  . Ektjrprjtgheøk n j lg hurvg  hurvg ojkund rjquejrj glbùk

]rujcgs nj lg rdhg, JJ.ZZ. Hujrpd nj Ekbjkejrds njl Jiårhetd, Jstgheøk Jxpjreojktgl nj lgs vïgs kgvjbgcljs,

hretjred nj ekbjkejrïg.

Veh`scurb, OX, 751=, Xjhheøk 7=>-1=.

>

:

]grg hglhulgr lg ojneg y lg ekhjrtenuocrj nj lds rjsultgnds vjr, “Hdksenjrghedkjs jstgnïstehgs‟ Ogkugl nj

 

N>>8: - 78 '  7 fujrzg. Lds ngtds rjlgtevds g lds jfjhtds nj tjopjrgturg sj njcjk prjsjktgr pgrg eknehgr lds

njtjroekgnd seted. N71.73 suchdoetå jstç cushgknd tdnds lds ngtds nj lds usugreds nj jstj oåtdnd

jfjhtds nj lg tjopjrgturg sdcrj lds tejopds nj hurgnd y lds prdhjneoejktds nj ekstglgheøk

nj prujcg quj pdnrïgk sjr utelezgnds pgrg aghjr ukg njhlgrgheøk sdcrj lg prjheseøk leoetgng.

rjhdojkngnds quj njcjk sjbuersj nurgktj lg hdkstruhheøk. 7=.3 ]grheglengn- K   d agy uk vgldr nj rjfjrjkheg ghjptgnd pgrg jstj oåtdnd nj jksgyd0 pdr ld tgktd, jl sjsbd kd sj pujnj njtjroekgr.

7=. ]rjheseøk y Cegs 7=.7 ]rjheseøk- n  gtds nj prujcg jk lg prjheseøk kd sj prjsjktg njcend g lg kgturgljzg nj

77. ]glgcrgs hlgvj

lds ogtjregljs rdhdsds prdcgnds pdr jstj oåtdnd nj jksgyd. D cejk kd js vegclj d js ouy

77.7 gkhlgs (rdhg)0 njsplgzgoejktd0 prujcgs nj hgopd0 hgrbgknd

hdstdsd jk jstj odojktd pgrg tjkjr nejz d oçs gbjkhegs pgrtehepgk jk uk prdbrgog nj prujcgs jk setu g ukg

lgs prujcgs0 oekgs0 tergr nj lg prujcg0 rdh`0 hezgllgnurg

SJXZOJK NJ HGOCEDX

Hdoetå N71 ag enjkte fe hgnd lg ucehgheøk nj hgoceds sjljhhedkgnds pgrg jstg jspjhefehgheøk njsnj lg ùlteog puclehgheøk (N>>8: - =1) quj pujnjk eopghtgr lg utelezgheøk nj jstg kdrog. (Gprdcgnd 7 nj kdvejocrj nj 3=78.) (7) kdrog rjvesgng jk tdngs pgrtjs.

(8) Xjhheøk rjjshreceø 5 .

(3) Gnehedkgl 7.8.7 7.8.7   y Kdtg 3 .

GX^O Ektjrkgtedkgl kd tdog pdseheøk rjspjhtd g lg vglenjz nj lds njrjhads nj pgtjktj njhlgrgnds jk rjlgheøk hdk huglquejr grtïhuld ojkhedkgnd jk jstg kdrog. Lds usugreds nj jstg kdrog sj gnvejrtj jxprjsgojktj quj lg njtjroekgheøk nj lg vglenjz nj tgljs njrjhads nj pgtjktj, y jl rejsbd nj ljseøk nj sus njrjhads, sdk jktjrgojktj su prdpeg rjspdksgcelengn.

Jstg kdrog jstç suijtg g rjveseøk jk huglquejr odojktd pdr jl hdoetå tåhkehd rjspdksgclj y njcj sjr rjvesgnd hgng hekhd g÷ds y se kd js rjvesgnd, yg sjg gprdcgnd nj kujvd d rjtergngs. Xus hdojktgreds sdk ekvetgnds pgrg lg rjveseøk nj jstg kdrog d pgrg kdrogs gnehedkgljs, njcjk nerebersj g lgs dfe hekgs nj GX^O Ektjrkgtedkgl. Xus hdojktgreds rjhecerçk ukg huengndsg hdksenjrgheøk jk ukg rjukeøk njl hdoetå tåhkehd rjspdksgclj, quj pujnj gsester. Xe ustjn sejktj quj sus hdojktgreds kd agk rjhecend ukg fjreg nj lg guneheøk, pujnj prjsjktgr sus puktds nj vestg gl Hdoetå nj Kdrogs nj lg GX^O, jk lg nerjhheøk quj sj oujstrg g hdktekugheøk.

Jstg kdrog ag send prdpejngn nj GX^O Ektjrkgtedkgl, 7== Cgrr Agrcdr Nrevj, ]D Cdx H2==, Rjst Hdksadadh`jk, ]G 75>31-35:5, Jstgnds Zkends. Sjeoprjsedkjs eknevenugljs (hdpegs ùkehgs d oùltepljs) nj jstg kdrog sj pujnjk dctjkjr hdktghtgknd hdk GX^O jk lg ner jhheøk gktjredr d gl 67=-183-5:1: (tjlåfdkd), 67=-183-5::: (fgx), d sjrvehjMgsto.drb (j- hdrrjd)0 d g tr gvås nj lg pçbekg wjc nj GX^O (www.gsto.drb). Lds njrjhads pjroesd pgrg fdtdhdpegr l g kdrog tgoceåk sj pujnjk feigr njsnj jl seted wjc GX^O (njrjhads nj gutdr www.gsto.drb/ /).

6