Astm D1894-14
December 9, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Nhsbligtbci? N7=2> ∑ 7>
[tgingrn ^hst @htmcn jcr
[tgtbk gin Fbihtbk Kchjjbkbhits cj Jrbktbci cj Udgstbk Jbd` gin [mhhtbil7 ^mbs stgingrn bs bssuhn uinhr tmh xhn nhsbligtbci N7=2>6 tmh iu`ahr b``hnbgthdy jcddcwbil tmh nhsbligtbci binbkgths tmh yhgr cj crblbigd gncptbci cr, bi tmh kgsh cj rhvbs crblbigd rhvbsbci, bci, tmh yhgr cj dgst rhvbsbci. rhvbsbci. G iu`ahr bi pgrhi pgrhitmhsh tmhshss binbkgths tmh yhgr cj dgst rhgppr rhgpprcvgd. cvgd. G suphrskrbpt hpsbdci (¾) binbkgths gi hnbtcrbgd kmgilh sbikh tmh dgst rhvbsbci cr rhgpprcvgd. ^mbs stgingrn mgs ahhi gpprcvhn jcr ush ay glhikbhs cj tmh X.[. Nhpgrt`hit cj Nhjhish.
N==; ^hr`bicdcly Qhdgtbil tc Udgstbks N==; N7=2> ^hst @htmc N7=2> @htmcn n jcr [tgtbk gin Fbihtbk Kchjjbkbhits Kchjjbkbhits cj Jrbktbci cj Udgstbk Jbd` gin [mhhtbil N;8 ^hst N;8 ^hst @htmcns jcr Jdhxbadh Khddudgr @gthrbgds„[dga, Acinhn, gin @cdnhn Xrhtmgih Jcg`s N>555 Kdgssbkgtbci N>555 Kdgssbkgtbci [ysth` jcr [phkbjybil Udgstbk @gthrbgds H7; L7>; ^hst ^hst @htmcn jcr @hgsurh`hit cj \ha/Qcddhr Jrbktbci Kmgrgkthrbstbks 1.1 B[C [tgingr n? n? ; B[C =128‛7228
ourbsnbktbci cj G[^@ [uakc``btthh L51.85.
7.1 ^hst ngtg cat catgbi gbihn hn ay tmbs thst `htmcn `htmcn bs rhd rhdhvg hvgit it gin gpprcprbgth jcr ush bi hilbihhrbil nhsbli. 7.1.7 Gs gi cptbci tc tmbs thst, kchjjb kchjjbkbhit kbhit cj jrbktbci `gy ah rui gt th`phrgturhs ctmhr tmgi 1;µK ay mhgtbil cidy tmh pdgih wmbdh tmh sdhn bs gt g`abhit th`phrgturh.
;. ^hr`bicdcly
7.; 7. ; ^m ^mhh vg vgdu duhs hs stg stgthn thn bi [B ui uibts bts grh tc ah rh rhlg lgrn rnhn hn gs stgingrn. ^mh vgduhs lbvhi bi pgrhitmhshs grh jcr bijcr`gtbci cidy.
;.7 Nhibtbcis? ;.7.7 jrbktbci, i„ rhsbstgikh rhsbstgikh tc rhdgtbvh `ctbci ahtwhhi twc acnbhs bi kcitgkt.
7.> ^mbs stgingr stgingrn n nch nchss ict purpcrt purpcrt tc gnn gnnrh rhss ss gdd cj tmh sgjhtyy kc sgjht kcik ikhr hris is,, bj gi giyy, gs gssc sckbg kbgth thn n wb wbtm tm bts us ush. h. Bt bs tm tmhh rhspcisbabdbty cj tmh ushr cj tmbs stgingrn tc hstgadbsm gpprc prbgth sgjhty gin mhgdtm prgktbkhs gin nhthr`bih tmh gppdbkgabdbty abdb ty cj rh rhlud ludgtc gtcry ry db` db`btgt btgtbci bciss prb prbcr cr tc ush ush.. Jcr g sp sphk hkb bkk
;.7.7.7 kchjjķkbhit cj jrbktbci„ tmh rgtbc cj tmh jcrkh rhqubrhn tc `cvh cih surjgkh cvhr gictmhr tc tmh tctgd jcrkh gppdbhn icr`gd tc tmcsh surjgkhs. ;.7.7.1 fbihtbk kchjjķkbhit cj jrbktbci„ tmh rgtbc cj tmh jcrkh rhqubrhn tc `cvh cih surjgkh cvhr gictmhr tc tmh tctgd jcrkh gppd gp pdbh bhn n ic icr` r`gd gd tc tm tmcs cshh su surj rjgkh gkhs, s, ci cikh kh tm tmgt gt `c `ctbc tbci i bs bi prclrhss.
prhkgutbcigry stgth`hit, shh tmh hin cj :.8 :.8.. IC^H 1„^mbs thst `htmcn bs ict hqubvgdhit tc B[C =128‛7228, gin rhsudts kgiict ah nbrhktdy kc`pgrhn ahtwhhi tmh twc `htmcns.
;.7.7.; stgtbk kchj kchjjķkb jķkbhit hit cj jrbktbc jrbktbci„ i„ tmh rgtbc cj tmh jcrkh rhqubrhn tc `cvh cih surjgkh cvhr gictmhr tc tmh tctgd jcrkh gppdbhn icr`gd tc tmcsh surjgkhs, gt tmh bistgit `ctbci stgrts.
1. Qhjhrhik Qhjhrhikhn hn Ncku`hits Ncku`hits 1.7 G[^@ [tgingrns?1 N:7= Urgktbkh N:7= Urgktbkh jcr Kcinbtbcibil Udgstbks jcr ^hstbil
;.1 Nhibtbcis cj ^hr`s [phkbk tc ^mbs [tgingrn? ;.1.7 sdbp„bi pdgstbk d`s, duarbkbty cj twc surjgkhs sdbnbil bi kcitgkt wbtm hgkm ctmhr.
7
^mbs thst `htmcn bs uinhr tmh ourbsnbktbci cj G[^@ Kc``btthh N15 Kc``btthh N15 ci ci Udgstbks gin bs tmh nbrhkt rhspcisbabdbty cj [uakc``btthh N15.72 ci Jbd`, [mhhtbil, gin @cdnhn Urcnukts. Kurrhit Kurrh it hnbtb hnbtbci ci gpprc gpprcvhn vhn @grkm 7, 157>. Uuadbsmhn Uuadbsmhn @grkm 157>. Crblbigddy gpprcvhn bi 72:7. Dgst prhvbcus hnbtbci gpprcvhn bi 1577 gs N7=2> - 77 7. NCB? 75.7815/N7=2>-7>. 1 Jcr rhjhrhikhn G[^@ stgingrns, vbsbt tmh G[^@ whasbth, www.gst`.crl, cr kcitgkt G[^@ Kustc`hr [hrvbkh gt shrvbkhEgst`.crl. Jcr Giiugd Accf cj G[^@ [tgingrns vcdu`h bijcr`gtbci, rhjhr tc tmh stgingrn‒s Ncku`hit [u``gry pglh ci
>. [blib [blibkgik kgikhh gin Xsh >.7 @hgsur @hgsurh`hits h`hits cj jrbktbcigd jrbktbcigd prcphrtbhs prcphrtbhs `gy ah `gnh ci g d` cr smh smhhtbi htbil l sph sphkb` kb`hi hi wmh wmhi i sdbn sdbnbil bil cvhr btsh btshdj dj cr cvh cvhrr
θ
;
tmh G[^@ whasbth.
Gvgbdgadh jrc` G`hrbkgi Igtbcigd [tgingrns Bistbtuth (GI[B), 18 \. >;rn [t.,
>tm Jdccr, Ihw Rcrf, IR 755;:, mttp?//www.gisb.crl.
*G [u``gry cj Kmgilhs shktbci gpphgrs gt tmh hin cj tmbs stgingrn Kcpyrblmt © G[^@ Bithrigtbcigd, 755 Agrr Mgracr Nrbvh, UC Acx K1=-1282. Xibthn [tgths
7
N7=2> ∑ 7>
gictmhr suastgikh. ^mh kchjjbkbhits cj jrbktbci grh rhdgthn tc tmh sdbp sdb p pr prcp cphr hrtbh tbhss cj pd pdgs gstbk tbk d d`s `s tm tmgt gt gr grhh cj wb wbnh nh bi bithr thrhs hstt bi pgkfglbil gppdbkgtbcis. ^mhsh `htmcns ybhdn h`pbrbkgd ngtg jcr kcitrcd purpcshs bi d` prcnuktbci. Kcrrhdgtbci cj thst rhsudts wbtm gktugd phrjcr`gikh kgi usugddy ah hstgadbsmhn. >.7.7 ^mbs thst `htmcn bikdunhs bikdunhs thstbil gt th`phrgturhs th`phrgturhs ctmhr tmgi 1;µK ay mhgtbil cidy tmh pdgih wmbdh tmh sdhn bs gt g`abhit th`phrgturh.
Nhisbty ^hst cj @ht Nhisbty @htmcn mcnss N;8. N;8. ^mh prhssurh prhssurh rhqubrhn rhqubrhn tc kc`prhss tmh jcg` 18 % smgdd ah =8 : 78 fUg (71.8 : 1.8 psb). ^mh jcg` smgdd gdsc mgvh g mblm mysthrhsbs wmhi nhjcr`hn. > ^mh ruaahr smgdd ah wrgpphn siuldy grcuin tmh sdhn gin mhdn bi pdgkh glgbist tmh acttc` gin tcp cj tmh sdhn wbtm ncuadhjgkhn `gsfbil tgph. \mhi g smhht (shh :.; :.;)) bs tc ah gttgkmhn, ncuadh-jgkhn tgph smgdd ah ushn tc gttgkm tmh sphkb`hi. ^mh tctgd whblmt cj tmh (wrgpphn) sdhn gin sphkb`hi smgdd ah 155 : 8 l.
>.1 >. 1 [d [dbp bp pr prcp cphr hrtbh tbhss gr grhh lh lhih ihrg rgthn thn ay gn gnnb nbtbv tbvhs hs bi sc sc`h `h
IC^H ;„Qcuin-rcabi thstbil8 mgs smcwi tmgt tmh pmysbkgd prcphrtbhs cj tmh agk agkfbi fbil l kgi nrg nrgstb stbkgd kgddy dy gj gjjhk jhktt act actm m tmh kch kchjjjbkbh bkbhit it cj jrb jrbktb ktbci ci gin stbkf-sdbp ahmgvbcr cj tmh d`.
pdgstbk d`s, jcr hxg`pdh, pcdyhtmydhih. ^mhsh gnnbtbvhs mgvh vgrybil vgrybi l nhlrhhs cj kc`pg kc`pgtbabdbty tbabdbty wbtm tmh d` `gtrbx `gtrbx.. [c`h cj tmh` adcc`, cr hxunh tc tmh surjgkh, duarbkgtbil bt gin `gfbil bt `crh sdbpphry. Ahkgush tmbs adcc`bil gktbci `gy ict gdwgys ah uibjcr` ci gdd grhgs cj tmh d` surjgkh, vgduhs jrc` tmhsh thsts `gy ah db`bthn bi rhprcnukbabdbty.
8.1 Udgih„ G pcdbsmhn pdgstbk, wccn, cr `htgd smhht, : gpprcxb`gthdy 785 ay ;55 ay 7 `` (: ay 71 ay 5.5>5 bi.). G s`cctm, figt pbhkh cj ldgss `gy kcvhr tmh upphr surjgkh cj tmh pdgih. ^mbs prcvbnhs g s`cctm suppcrt jcr tmh sphkb`hi. 8.1.7 \mhi bt bs nhsbrgadh nhsbrgadh tc rui thsts gt th`phrgturhs th`phrgturhs gacvh 1;µK 1; µK,, g mh mhgtb gtbil il ui uibt bt sm smgd gddd ah pr prcv cvbn bnhn hn tm tmgt gt bs kg kgpg pgad adhh cj `gbitgbibil tmh th`phrgturh cj tmh pdgih wbtmbi :1µK cj tmh nhsbrhn nhsbrh n th`phr th`phrgturh. gturh. ^mh th`phr th`phrgturh gturh smcudn ah `gbitgbi `gbitgbihn hn wbtmbi :1µK cj tmh nhsbrhn th`phrgturh cvhr tmh hitbrh trgvhrsh cj tmh sdhn (tmgt bs, cvhr tmh judd surjgkh cj tmh pdgih).
>.; ^mh jrbktbcig jrbktbcigdd prc prcphr phrtbhs tbhs cj pdg pdgstbk stbk d` gin smh smhhtbi htbil l `gy ah nhp nhphin hinhit hit ci tmh uibjcr`b uibjcr`bty ty cj tmh rgth cj `ct `ctbci bci ahtwhhi tmh twc surjgkhs. Kgrh smcudn ah hxhrkbshn tc hisurh tmgt tm gt tm tmhh rg rgth th cj `c `ctb tbci ci cj tm tmhh hq hqub ubp` p`hi hitt bs gs kg kgrh rhju judd ddy y kcitrcddhn kcitrc ddhn gs pcssb pcssbadh. adh. >.> Ngt Ngtgg cat catgbih gbihn n ay tmh tmhsh sh prc prckhn khnurh urhss `gy ah hxt hxtrh` rh`hdy hdy shisbtbvh tc tmh glh cj tmh d` cr smhht gin tmh kcinbtbci cj tmh surj su rjgkh gkhs. s. ^m ^mhh ad adcc cc`b `bil il gkt gktbc bci i cj `g `giy iy sdb sdbp p gn gnnb nbtbv tbvhs hs bs
IC^H >„Bj tmh hqubp`hit mgs g pdgih wbtm g mhgthr, g kcvhr `gy ah ushn tc mhdp `gbitgbi tmh th`phrgturh cj tmh pdgih wbtmbi :1µK cj tmh
tb`h-nhphinhit. tmbs rhgsci, bt bscj sc`htb`hs `hgibildhss tc kc`pgrh sdbp ginJcr jrbktbci prcphrtbhs d`s cr smhhts prcnukhn gt nbjjhrhit tb`hs, uidhss bt bs nhsbrhn tc stuny tmbs hjjhkt.
nhsbrhn th`phrgturh.
8.; [kbsscrs cr Kutthr, subtgadh jcr kuttbil sphkb`his tc tmh nhsbrhn nb`hisbcis.
>.8 Jrbktbc Jrbktbcigd igd gin sdbp prcphrtbhs prcphrtbhs cj pdgstbk d` gin smhhtbil grh ags agshn hn ci `hgs `hgsurh urh`hi `hits ts cj sur surjgkh jgkh pmh pmhic` ic`hig hig.. \mh \mhrh rh prcnukts mgvh ahhi `gnh ay nbjjhrhit prckhsshs, cr hvhi ci nbjjhrhit `gkmbihs ay tmh sg`h prckhss, tmhbr surjgkhs `gy ah nhphinhit ci tmh hqubp`hit cr bts ruiibil kcinbtbcis. [ukm jgktcrs `ust ah whblmhn bi hvgdugtbil ngtg jrc` tmhsh `htmcns.
8.> Gnmhsbvh ^gph, khddcpmgih cr prhssurh-shisbtbvh. 8.8 Gnmhsbvh ^gph, ncuadh-jgkhn. 8.: Iydci @cicdg`hit, mgvbil g 5.;; : 5.58-`` (5.57; : 5.551-bi.) nbg`hthr gin kgpgadh cj suppcrtbil g ;.:-fl (=-da) dcgn.
>.: ^mh `hgsurh`hit `hgsurh`hit cj tmh stgtbk kchjj kchjjbkbhit cj jrbktbci bs mblmdy nhphinhit ci tmh rgth cj dcgnbil gin ci tmh g`cuit cj adckfbil ckkurrbil ahtwhhi tmh dcgnhn sdhn gin tmh pdgtjcr` nuh tc vgrbgtbci bi tb`h ahjcrh `ctbci bs bibtbgthn.
8.< Ahgnhn fihxbadh dh `h `htg tgdd kg kgad adh, h, cr hq hqub ubvg vgdhi dhit, t, Ahgnhn Kmg Kmgbi, bi, fihxba mgvbil g sprbil rgth ic dhss tmgi :55 das phr bikm cj strhtkm phr bikm cj dhiltm (>5 das/bi. (.< Kgrh smcudn smcudn ah hxhrkbshn tc `gfh khrtgbi tmgt tmh sphhn cj rhspcish cj tmh rhkcrnhr, hbtmhr hdhktrcibk cr `hkmgibkgd, bs ict hxkhhnhn.
8.= Dcw-Jrbktbci Uuddhys„ G pmhicdbk typh puddhy `cuithn bi mgrnhihn sthhd kcih ahgrbils ci g `htgd jcrf. G agdd-ahgrbil typh puddhy `gy gdsc ah ushn.
>.= Jcr `giy `gthrbgds `gthrbgds,, tmh tmhrh rh `gy ah g sph sphkb kbkgtb kgtbci ci tmgt rhqubrhs tmh ush cj tmbs thst `htmcn, aut wbtm sc`h prckhnurgd `cnb `c nbk kgtb gtbci ciss tm tmgt gt tgf tgfhh pr prhk hkhn hnhi hikh kh wm wmhi hi gn gnmh mhrb rbil il tc tm tmhh sphkbkgtbci. ^mhrhjcrh, bt bs gnvbsgadh tc rhjhr tc tmgt `gthrbgd sphkbkgtbci ahjcrh usbil tmbs thst `htmcn. ^gadh 7 cj Kdgssb dbsts tmh G[^@ `gthrbgds `gthrbgds stgingrns stgingrns tmgt kgtbci [ysth` N>555 [ysth` N>555 dbsts kurrhitdy kurrhi tdy hxbst.
8.2 Jcrkh-@hgs kgpgadh dh cj `hg `hgsu surb rbil il tm tmhh Jcrkh-@hgsurbil urbil Nhvbkh, kgpga jrbktbcigd jcrkh tc :8 % cj bts vgduh. vgduh. G spr sprbil bil lgulh lgulh< (shh (shh Icth Icth 8), uibvhrsgd thstbil `gkmbih, cr strgbi lgulh `gy ah ushn. IC^H 8„^mh kgpgkbty cj tmh sprbil lgulh (Jbl. (Jbl. 7( 7(g gin a )) ihhnhn wbdd nhphin upci tmh rgilh cj vgduhs tc ah `hgsurhn. Jcr `cst pdgstbk, g 855-l
> [dhns prh-wrgpphn prh-wrgpphn wbtm spcil spcilhh ruaah ruaahrr grh kc``hrkbgddy kc``hrkbgddy gvgbdgadh jrc` g iu`ahr cj suppdbhrs. 8 [uppcrtbil [uppc rtbil ngtg grh gvgbdg gvgbdgadh adh jrc` G[^@ Mhgnq Mhgnqugrthr ugrthrs. s. Qhquh Qhquhst st QQ?N1 QQ?N15575:8. : Gkrydbk cr rblbn pcdy(vbiyd kmdcrbnh) smhhtbil mgs ahhi jcuin sgtbsjgktcry jcr tmbs purpcsh.
8. Gppgr Gppgrgtus gtus 8.7 [dhn„ G `htgd adckf :;.8-`` (1 7 ⁎ 1-bi.) squgrh ay gpprcxb`gthdy :-`` (5.18-bi.) tmbkf wbtm g subtgadh hyh skrhw jgsthihn bi cih hin. \mhi g fihxbadh d` (shh :.1 :.1)) bs tc ah gttgkmhn, tmh adckf smgdd ah wrgpphn wbtm g spcilh ruaahr :;.8 `` (1 7 ⁎ 1 bi.) bi wbntm gin ;.1 `` ( 7 ⁎ = bi.) bi tmbkfihss. ^mh jcg` jcg ` smg smgdd dd ah fihx fihxbad badh, h, s`c s`cctm ctm-jg -jgkhn khn,, gin mgv mgvhh g ic` ic`big bigdd nhisbty cj 5.18 l/k`; wmhi `hgsurhn bi gkkcrngikh wbtm tmh
< ^mh scdh scurkh cj suppdy cj tmh @cnhd D-855 ficwi tc tmh kc``btthh gt tmbs tb`h bs Muithr [prbil Kc., Dgisngdh, UG. Bj ycu grh gwgrh cj gdthrigtbvh suppdbhrs, pdhgsh prcvbnh tmbs bijcr`gtbci tc G[^@ Bithrigtbcigd Mhgnqugrthrs. Rcur kc``hits wbdd rhkhbvh kgrhjud kcisbnhrgtbci gt g `hhtbil cj tmh rhspcisbadh thkmibkgd kc``btthh,7 wmbkm ycu `gy gtthin.
1
N7=2> ∑ 7>
G. [dhn A. Udgih K. [uppcrtbil agsh N. Lgulh H. [prbil lgulh J. Kcistgit-sphhn kmgbi nrbvh L. Kcistg Kcistgit-sph it-sphhn hn thisbdh thsthr krcssm krcssmhgn hgn
M. Kcistgit-sphhn nrbvh rcdds B. Iydci `cicdg`hit O. Dcw-jrbktbci puddhy F. \cr` skrhw D. Mgdj iut @. Mysthrhsbs, syikmrcicus `ctcr
JBL. 7 Jbvh @htmcns cj Gssh`ady Gssh`ady cj Gppgrgtus jcr Nhthr`bigtbci Nhthr`bigtbci cj Kchjjbkbhit Kchjjbkbhits s cj Jrbkt Jrbktbci bci cj Udgstbk Jbd`
cphrgthn cphrgth n scu scurkh rkh `gy ah ush ushn n jcr puddbil puddbil tmh sdhn cvhr tmh mcrbzcitgddy-`cuithn sphkb`hi gt g uibjcr` sphhn cj 785 : ;5 ``/`bi (5.8 : 5.7 jt/`bi). G uibvhrsgd thstbil `gkmbih hqubpphn wbtm g dcgn khdd bi bts upphr krcssmhgn gin g kcistgit rgth-cj-`ct rgth-c j-`ctbci bci dcwhr krcssmhgn mgs ahhi jcuin sgtbsj sgtbsjgktcry gktcry (shh Jbl. (shh Jbl. 7( 7(k)).
kgpgkbty lgulh wbtm 75-l cr s`gddhr suanbvbsbcis wbdd ah sgtbsjgktcry. ^mbs sprbil wbdd `hgsurh kchjjbkbhits cj jrbktbci up tc gin bikdunbil 1.8.
8.75 [uppcrtbil Agsh„ G s`cctm wccn cr `htgd agsh gpprcx pr cxb` b`gth gthdy dy 15 155 5 ay ;= ;=5 5 `` (= ay 78 bi bi.) .) bs ih ihkhs khssg sgry ry tc supp su ppcr crtt tm tmhh pd pdgi gih. h. ^m ^mhh su supp ppcr crtb tbil il ag agsh sh `gy ah g sb sb`p `pdh dh rhktgiludgr acx. Bj g uibvhrsgd thstbil `gkmbih bs ushn tc pudd g `cv `cvbil bil pdgi pdgih, h, g sup suppcr pcrtbi tbil l ags agshh cj suj sujjjbkbh bkbhit it str strukt ukturg urgdd strhiltm gin rblbnbty tc `gbitgbi g r` pcsbtbci ahtwhhi tmh `cvbil `cv bil krc krcssm ssmhgn hgn gin tmh jcr jcrkhkh-`hgs `hgsurb urbil il nhv nhvbkh bkh wbd wbddd ah ihkhssgry.
IC^H :„\mhrh tmh `cvbil krcssmhgn cj g uibvhrsgd thstbil `gkmbih bs ushn tc pudd tmh `cvbil pdgih tmrculm g puddhy systh` ( Jbl. 7( 7(n )), )), tmh strgbi lgulh dcgn khdd, cr ctmhr dcgn-s dcgn-shisbil hisbil bistru`hit bistru`hit bi tmh thstbil `gkmbih, `gkmb ih, gkts gs tmh jcrkhjcrkh-`hgs `hgsurbil urbil nhvbkh.
8.77 Nrbvb Nrbvbil il cr Uu Uuddb ddbil il Nh Nhvbk vbkhh jc jcrr [d [dhn hn cr Udg Udgih ih„ „ ^mh pdgih `gy ah puddhn ay g nrbvhi pgbr cj ruaahr-kcgthn rcdds ict dhsss tm dhs tmgi gi 15 155 5 `` (= bi bi.) .) dc dcil il,, kg kgpg pgad adhh cj `g `gbi bitg tgbi bibi bil l g uibjcr` surjgkh sphhn 785 : ;5 ``/`bi (5.8 : 5.7 jt/`bi) (Jbl. 7( 7(a)), ay tmh krcssmhgn cj g uibvhrsgd thstbil `gkmbih (Jb Jbl. l. 7(n )) ) ) (s (shh hh Icth Icth :), cr g wc wcr` r` nr nrbv bvhh nr nrbv bvhi hi wb wbtm tm g syikmrcicus `ctcr (Jbl. 7( 7(h)). G kcistgit-sphhn kmgbi nrbvh systh` mgs gdsc ahhi jcuin sgtbsjgktcry (Jbl. 7( 7(g)). G pcwhr-
:. ^hst [phkb`his :.7 ^mh thst sphkb`hi sphkb`hi tmgt bs tc ah gttgkmhn tc tmh pdgih pdgih smgdd ah kut gpprc gpprcxb`gthd xb`gthdy y 185 `` (75 bi.) bi tmh `gkmbi `gkmbihh nbrhktbci gin 7; gin 7;5 5 `` (8 bi bi.) .) bi tm tmhh tr trgi gisv svhr hrsh sh nb nbrh rhktb ktbci ci wm wmhi hi su sukm km hxtrusbci nbrhktbcis hxbst gin grh bnhitbgadh. :.1 G d` sphkb`hi sphkb`hi tmgt bs tc ah gttgkmhn gttgkmhn tc tmh sdhn smgdd smgdd ah kut gpprcxb`gthdy 715-`` (>7 ⁎ 1-bi.) squgrh. Jbd` bs nhihn gs ;
N7=2> ∑ 7>
smhhtbil mgvbil g ic`bigd tmbkfihss cj ict lrhgthr tmgi 5.18> `` gs binbkgthn bi ^hr`bicdcly N==; N==;..
Urgktbkh N:7=,, uidhss ctmhrwbsh sphkbhn ay glrhh`hit cr tmh Urgktbkh N:7= rhdh rh dhvg vgit it G[ G[^@ ^@ `g `gth thrb rbgd gd sp sphk hkb bkg kgtb tbci ci.. Bi kg kgsh shss cj nbsglr nbs glrhh`h hh`hit, it, tmh tcd tcdhrg hrgikh ikhss smg smgdd dd ah :7µK (:7.= 7.=µJ) µJ) gin 8 % rhdgtbvh mu`bnbty. :
:.; G smhhtbil smhhtbil sphkb`hi (lrhgthr tmgi 5.18> `` ic`bi ic`bigd gd tmbkfihss) cr gictmhr suastgikh tmgt bs tc ah gttgkmhn tc tmh sdhn smgdd ah kut :;.8 `` (1 7 ⁎ 1 bi.) squgrh.
IC^H 2„Bi sphkbk kgshs, sukm gs kcitrcd thstbil, wmhrh tmh kcinbtbcibil rhqubrh`hits kgiict ah `ht gin tmh ngtg grh cj nbrhkt gssbstgikh tc tmh cphrgtbci, ctmhr kcinbtbcibil prckhnurhs kgi ah ushn gin rhkcrnhn bi tmh rhpcrt. Jrbktbcigd prcphrtbhs grh tc ah `hgsurhn cidy gjthr sujjbkbhit tb`h mgs hdgpshn jcr tmh sphkb`his tc rhgkm hsshitbgd hqubdbarbu` wbtm tmh g`abhit gt`cspmhrh.
:.> [mh [mhhtbi htbil l sph sphkb` kb`his his smgdd ah figt gin jrh jrhhh cj wgr wgrpgl pglh. h. Hnlhs cj sphkb`his smgdd ah rcuinhn s`cctm. :.8 Jbv Jbvhh sph sphkb`h kb`his is smgdd ah thst thsthn hn jcr hgkm sg`pdh sg`pdh uid uidhss hss
IC^H 75„Khrtgbi duarbkgits gin sdbp-glhits grh gjjhkthn ay rhdgtbvh mu`bnbty mu`bnbt y gin glbil tb` tb`h. h. ^mb ^mbss `us `ustt ah rhk rhkcli clibzh bzhn n gin kgi nbk nbktgth tgth gdthrigtbvh kcinbtbcibil. ^mbs kgi gdsc ah gi bth` cj bithrhst jcr stuny gin, bj sc, smgdd ah icthn bi tmh rhpcrt.
ctmhrw ctmhrwbsh bshtmh sphkbhn. sphkb hn. (\gribil„ Hxtr trh` h`h h tmh kgrh kg rhthst bs surjgkh ihhn ih hnhn hn ay bi \gribil„Hx mgindbil sphkb`his. Kcitg`bigtbci cj nust, dbit, ilhr prbits, cr giy jcrhbli `gtthr `gy kmgilh tmh surjgkh kmgrgkthrbstbks cj tmh sphkb`his.)
=.1 ^hst Kcinbtbcis„ Kcinukt Kcinukt tmh thsts gt 1; : 1µK ( : ;.:µ ;. :µJ) J) gi gin n 85 : 75 % rhdg rhdgtbv tbvhh mu` mu`bnb bnbty ty uid uidhss hss ctm ctmhrw hrwbsh bsh sphkbhn ay glrhh`hit cr tmh rhdhvgit G[^@ `gthrbgd sphkbkgtbci. Bi kgshs cj nbsglrhh`hit, tmh tcdhrgikhs smgdd ah :7µK (:7.=µJ) gin :8 % rhdgtbvh mu`bnbty.
IC^H ,, kcinuk N7=2> kcinukthn thn bi 157 1575. 5. Hbl Hblmt mt dga dgacrg crgtcr tcrbhs bhs thst thsthn hn jcu jcurr nbjjhrhit pdgstbk smhhtbil `gthrbgds. Hvhry —thst rhsudt‐ rhprhshits shi ts gi bin binbvbn bvbnugd ugd nht nhthr` hr`bigt bigtbci bci.. Hgk Hgkm m dga dgacrg crgtcr tcry y wgs bistrukthn tc rhpcrt tmrhh rhpdbkgth thst rhsudts jcr hgkm `gthrbgd. Hxkhpt jcr tmh db`bthn iu`ahr cj rhspcishs jrc` tmh pgrtbkbpgtbil dgacrgtcrbhs, Urgktbkh H:27 Urgktbkh H:27 wgs wgs jcddcwhn jcr tmh nhsbli
2.< Qh`cv Qh`cvhh tmh d` cr smhhtb smhhtbil il sphkb`hi jrc` jrc` tmh sdhn gin tmh mcrbzcitgd pdgih. ^mh gppgrgtus bs icw rhgny jcr tmh ihxt sht cj sphkb`his. sphkb`his. G ihw sht cj sphkb`his sphkb`his smgdd ah ushn jcr jcr hgkm rui. Ic sphkb`hi surjgkh(s) smgdd ah thsthn `crh tmgi cikh uidhss sukm thsts kcistbtuth cih cj tmh vgrbgadhs tc ah stunbhn. IC^H 78„^mh 78„^mh `gx `gxb`u b`u` ` pcb pcbit it gt wmb wmbkm km bib bibtbgd tbgd `c `ctbci tbci tgfhs pdg pdgkh kh ahtwhhi tmh sdhn gin tmh mcrbzcitgd pdgih smcudn ah kgrhjuddy hxg`bihn wbtm rhjhrhikh tc tmh rgth cj dcgnbil gin tmh sphhn cj rhspcish cj tmh shisbil nhvbkh. Jgbdurh tc kcisbnhr tmbs jgktcr kgi dhgn tc `hgibildhss rhsudts jcr tmh vgduh cj tmh stgtbk kchjjbkbhit cj jrbktbci.
=
[uppcrtbil ngtg mgvh ahhi dhn gt G[^@ Bithrigtbcigd Mhgnqugrthrs gin `gy ah catgbihn ay rhquhstbil Qhshgrkm Qhpcrt QQ?N15-718;.
8
N7=2> ∑ 7> ^GADH 7 Kchjjbkbhit cj Jrbktbci Urhkbsbci Ngtg GvhrglhG
@gthrbgd UU 1.1 `bd DDNUH 7.: `bd DDNUH 1.5 `bd DNUH 7.5 `bd
x¯ 5.>
[tgtbk Kchjjbkbhit cj Jrbktbci gt 1;µK Qhprcnukbabdbty [tgingrn Nhvbgtbci s Q K 5.1;; 5.>:: 5.52> 5.5=7 Fbihtbk Kchjjbkbhit cj Jrbktbci gt 1;µK Qhphgtgabdbty Qhprcnukbabdbty Qhphgtgabdbty [tgingrn Nhvbgtbci s r A 5.5=2 5.75> 5.5:> 5.5;<
[tgingrn Nhvbgtbci s r A 5.5:2 5.71< 5.5;; 5.5;;
[tgingrn Nhvbgtbci s Q K 5.18; 5.>12 5.58> 5.5>>
Qhphgtgabdbty Db`bt
Qhprcnukbabdbty Db`bt
r N 5.185 5.125 5.7 5.11<
Qhphgtgabdbty
Qhprcnukbabdbty
Db`bt
Db`bt
N
r 5.72; 5.;88 5.521 5.52;
Q H 5.
G
^mh gvhrglh cj tmh dgacrgtcrbhs‒ kgdkudgthn gvhrglhs. [r 0 wbtmbi-dgacrgtcry stgingrn nhvbgtbci cj tmh gvhrglh. K [Q 0 ahtwhhi-dgacrgtcrbhs stgingrn nhvbgtbci cj tmh gvhrglh. N r 0 1.=; [r. H Q 0 1.=; [ Q. A
gin gi gin gigdy gdysbs sbs cj tm tmhh ng ngtg6 tg6 tm tmhh nh nhtg tgbds bds gr grhh lb lbvh vhi i bi G[^@ Qhshgrkm Qhpcrt Ic. N15-718;. 71.7.1 Qhphgtga Qhphgtgabdbty bdbty Db`bt (r)„ ^wc ths thstt rhs rhsudt udtss cat catgbih gbihn n wbtmbi cih dgacrgtcry smgdd ah ounlhn ict hqubvgdhit bj tmhy nbjjhr ay `crh tmgi tmh r vgduh vgduh jcr tmgt `gthrbgd6 r bs bs tmh bithrvgd rhprhshitbil rhprhs hitbil tmh krbtbkg krbtbkgdd nbj nbjjhrhik jhrhikhh ahtwhh ahtwhhi i twc thst rhsudts jcr tmh sg` sg`hh `gt `gthrbg hrbgd, d, cat catgbi gbihn hn ay tmh sg`h cph cphrgt rgtcr cr usb usbil il tmh sg`h hqubp`hit ci tmh sg`h ngy bi tmh sg`h dgacrgtcry. 71.7.1.7 71.7. 1.7 Qhphgtg Qhphgtgabdbty abdbty db`bts grh dbsthn bi ^gadh bi ^gadh 7. 7. 71.7.; Qhprcnukbabdbty Qhprcnukbabdbty db`bt (Q)„ ^wc thst rhsudts smgdd ah ounlhn ict hqubvgdhit bj tmhy nbjj nbjjhr hr ay `crh tmgi tmh Q vgduh jcr tmg tmgtt `gt `gthrbg hrbgd6 d6 Q bs tmh bith bithrvg rvgdd rhp rhprhs rhshit hitbil bil tmh krbt krbtbkgd bkgd nbjjhr nbj jhrhik hikhh ahtw ahtwhhi hhi twc thst rhs rhsudt udtss jcr tmh sg` sg`hh `gt `gthrbg hrbgd, d, catgbihn catgbi hn ay nbj nbjjhrhit jhrhit cphrgtcrs usbil nbj nbjjhrhi jhrhitt hqubp hqubp`hit `hit bi nbjjhrhit dgacrgtcrbhs. 71.7.;.7 71.7. ;.7 Qhprc Qhprcnukbab nukbabdbty dbty db`bts grh dbsthn bi ^gadh bi ^gadh 7. 7. 71.7.> 71.7. > ^mh gacvh thr`s (rhph (rhphgtgabdbt gtgabdbty y db`bt gin rhprcnukrhprcnukbabdbty db`bt) grh ushn gs sphkbhn bi Urgktbkh H7 ∑ 7> Bithrigtbcigd tgfhs ic pcsbtb G[^@ Bithrigtbcigd pcsbtbci ci rhsphktbil tmh vgdbnb vgdbnbty ty cj giy pgthit rblmts gsshrt gsshrthn hn bi kciihk kciihktbci tbci wbtm giy bth` `hitbc `hitbcihn ihn bi tmbs stgingrn. Xshrs cj tmbs stgingrn grh hxprhssdy gnvbshn tmgt nhthr`bigtbci cj tmh vgdbnbty cj giy sukm pgthit rblmts, gin tmh rbsf cj bijrbilh`hit cj sukm rblmts, grh hitbrhdy tmhbr cwi rhspcisbabdbty. ^mbs stgingrn bs suaohkt tc rhvbsbci gt giy tb`h ay tmh rhspcisbadh thkmibkgd kc``btthh gin `ust ah rhvbhwhn hvhry vh yhgrs gin bj ict rhvbshn, hbtmhr rhgpprcvhn cr wbtmnrgwi. Rcur kc``hits grh bivbthn hbtmhr jcr rhvbsbci cj tmbs stgingrn cr jcr gnnbtbcigd stgingrns gin smcudn ah gnnrhsshn tc G[^@ Bithrigtbcigd Mhgnqugrthrs. Rcur kc``hits wbdd rhkhbvh kgrhjud kcisbnhrgtbci gt g `hhtbil cj tmh rhspcisbadh rhspci sbadh thkmibkgd thkmibkgd kc``btthh, wmbkm ycu `gy gtthin. Bj ycu jhhd tmgt ycur kc``hits mgvh ict rhkhbv rhkhbvhn hn g jgbr mhgrbil ycu smcudn `gfh ycur vbhws ficwi tc tmh G[^@ Kc``btthh ci [tgingrns, gt tmh gnnrhss smcwi ahdcw. ^mbs stgingrn bs kcpyrblmthn ay G[^@ Bithrigtbcigd, 755 Agrr Mgracr Nrbvh, UC Acx K1=-1282, Xibthn [tgths. Binbvbnugd rhprbits (sbildh cr `udtbpdh kcpbhs) cj tmbs stgingrn `gy ah catgbihn ay kcitgktbil G[^@ gt tmh gacvh gnnrhss cr gt :75gnnrhss :75-=;1=;1-28=8 28=8 (pmc (pmcih), ih), :75:75-=;1=;1-2888 2888 (jgx (jgx), ), cr shrv shrvbkhE bkhEgst` gst`.crl .crl (h-` (h-`gbd) gbd)66 cr tmrc tmrculm ulm tmh G[^@ whas whasbth bth (www.gst`. (www .gst`.crl). crl). Uhr`bssbci Uhr`bssbci rblmts tc pmctckcpy tmh stging stgingrn rn `gy gdsc ah shkurh shkurhn n jrc` tmh Kcpyrb Kcpyrblmt lmt Kdhgrgikh Khithr, Khithr, 111 Qcshwccn Nrbvh, Ngivhrs, @G 5721;, ^hd? (2:-1:556 mttp?//www.kcpyrblmt.kc`/
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