Astm D-4214

 

A`shebgthfb< A 1>71 ‟ 8= GK@^HOGB _FOH@QX JF^ Q@_QHBE GBA KGQ@^HGD_ 733 Ngrr Mgrnfr Ar., U`st Ofbsmfmfoi`b, SG 781>= ^`prhbt`a jrfk tm` Gbbugd Nffi fj G_QK _tgbagras. Ofpyrhemt G_QK

_tgbagra Q`st K`tmfas jfr

@vgdugthbe tm` A`er`` fj Omgdihbe fj @xt`rhfr Sghbt Jhdks 7 Qmhs stgbagra hs hssu`a uba`r tm` ﬇x`a a`shebgthfb A 1>719 tm` bukn`r hkk`ahgt`dy jfddfwhbe tm` a`shebgthfb hbahogt`s tm` y`gr fj  frhehbgd gafpthfb fr, hb tm` ogs` fj r`vhshfb, tm` y`gr fj dgst r`vhshfb. G bukn`r hb pgr`btm`s`s hbahogt`s tm` y`gr fj dgst r`gpprfvgd. G sup`rsorhpt sup`rso rhpt `pshdfb (`) hbahogt`s gb `ahtfrhgd omgbe` shbo` tm` dgst r`vhshfb fr r`gpprfvgd.

7. _ofp` _ofp`

0. Qyp` fj Omgdih Omgdihbe be

7.7 Qm`s` t`st k`tmfas ofv`r tm` `vgdugthfb `vgdugthfb fj tm` a`er`` fj  omgdih omg dihbe be fb wmht` wmht` fr thb thbt`a t`a `xt`rh `xt`rhfr fr pghbt pghbt ﬇dk ﬇dks. s. Qm` Qm`s` s` t`st t`st k`tmfas a`sorhn` tm` prfo`aur`s r`ofkk`ba`a jfr trgbsj`rrhbe tm` omgdi tf g jgnrho fr ﬇be`rthp, wmhom hs tm`b ofkpgr`a tf pmftfergpmho r`j`r`bo` stgbagras, fr hb tm` ogs` fj gam`shv` tgp`s, ofkpgr`a tf g r`﬎`otgbo` tgnd` fr pmftfergpmho r`j`r`bo` stgbagras, tf a`t`rkhb` tm` a`er`` fj omgdihbe. 7.> Qm` vgdu`s stgt`a hb hbom-pfuba hbom-pfuba ubhts gr` tf tf n` r`egra`a gs tm tm`` st stgb gbag agra ra.. Qm` Qm` vgdu vgdu`s `s eh ehv` v`b b hb pgr` pgr`bt btm` m`s` s`ss gr` gr` jfr jfr hbjfrkgthfb fbdy. 7.?   Qmhs stg stgbag bagra ra af`s bft purpf purpfrt rt tf gaa gaar` r`ss ss gdd fj tm` sgj` sgj`ty ty ofbo ofbo`r `rbs bs,, hj gby gby, gs gssf sfoh ohgt gt`a `a whtm whtm ht htss us us`. `. Ht hs tm tm`` r`spfbshnhdhty fj tm` us`r fj tmhs stgbagra tf `stgndhsm gpprf-

0.7 Fbdy fb` typ` fj omgdihbe omgdihbe hs r`ofebhz` r`ofebhz`a, a, gs a`﬇b`a hb _`othfb ?. :. Ps` fj Smftf Smftfergpm ergpmho ho ^`j`r`b ^`j`r`bo` o` _tgbagras :.7 Qm` pmftfergpmho pmftfergpmho r`j`r` r`j`r`bo` bo` stgbagras stgbagras tmgt gr` pgrt fj  tm`s` t`st k`tmfas gr` r`pr`s`btgthv` fj tm` a`er``s fj omgdihbe fb g pghbt ﬇dk. Qm` pmftfergpms smfwb hb Jhe. 7 gba Jhe. > gr` jfr hdd hddust ustrgt rgthfb hfb pur purpfs pfs`s `s fbdy fbdy gba smf smfuda uda bft n` us` us`a a jfr `vgdugthfb. :.> Qm` us` fj pmftf pmftfergp ergpmho mho r`j`r`bo` r`j`r`bo` stgbagras stgbagras hddustrgt`a hddustrgt`a hb Jhe. 7 gba Jhe. > r`quhr`s tm` jfddfwhbe pr`oguthfbs< :.>.7 Qm` a`er`` a`er`` fj omgdihbe omgdihbe whdd vgry fv`r gby ehv`b gr` gr`g. g. Qm`r`jfr`, gb gv`rge` pfrthfb fj tm` ofgthbe smfuda n` `vgdugt`a. Fb dgre` surjgo`s, hs r`ofkk`ba`a tmgt tm` rgthbe n` kga` gt s`v`rgd dfogthfbshtgba tm` k`gb gba rgbe` r`pfrt`a. :.>.> :.>.> Ht hs ahj ahjjjhoudt houdt tf kg kgi` i` r`g r`gahb ahbes es fb g whb whbay ay agy gba kgihbe r`gahbes gt suom thk` smfuda n` gvfha`a. Ht smfuda gdsf n` bft`a tmgt rghb, sbfw, fr kfhstur` hb gby jfrk whdd r`kfv` omgdi sf tmgt r`gahbes smfuda n` kga` gjt`r g p`rhfa fj od`gr w`gtm`r gba wm`b tm` surjgo` hs ary. :.>.? :.>.? Omgdih Omgdihbe be gba `rf `rfshf shfb b (Bft` (Bft` 7) gr` odfs`d odfs`dy y r`d r`dgt` gt`a. a. Mf Mfw` w`v` v`rr, tm` tm` rg rgt` t` fj omgd omgdih ihbe be gs k`gs k`gsur ur`a `a ny tm`s tm`s`` t` t`st st k`tm k`tmfa fas, s, gba gba tm` tm` rg rgt` t` fj `r `rfs fshf hfb b kgy kgy bf bftt n` of ofkp kpgr grgn gnd` d` n`ogus` sfk` phek`bt ofknhbgthfbs t`ba tf r`tghb omgdi fb tm` surjgo` wmhd` ftm`r phek`bt ofknhbgthfbs `x`rt g s`dj-od`gbhbe gothfb ny bgturgd k`gbs.

 prhgt` gba m`gdtm prgotho`s gba tm` gppdhognhdhty fjsgj`ty r`eudgtfry dhkhtgthfbs prhfr tf a`t`rkhb` us`.

>. ^`j`r`bo`a Afouk`bts >.7   G_QK _tgbagras< A ::> ::> Q`st K`t K`tmfa mfa jfr @vg @vgdug dugthb thbe e A`er`` A`er`` fj @rf @rfshf shfb b fj  @xt`rhfr Sghbts> @ 7?15 Q`st K`tmfa jfr Ofdfr gba Ofdfr-Ahj Ofdfr-Ahjj`r` j`r`bo` bo` K`gsur`k`bt ny Qrhsthkudus (Jhdt`r) Ofdfrhk`try> >.>   Ftm`r Afouk`bt< Shotfrhgd _tgbagras fj Ofgthbe A`j`ots? ?. Q`rkhbfdfey ?.7   A`﬇bhthfbs< ?.7.7   omgdihbe‑tm` jfrkgthfb fb g phek`bt`a ofgthbe fj g jrhgnd` pfwa`r `vfdv`a jrfk tm` ﬇dk hts`dj gt fr lust n`b`gtm tm` surjgo`.

BFQ@  7‑Jfr tm` `vgdugthfb fj `rfshfb, s`` Q`st K`tmfa A ::>.

:.? ^`ofras ^`ofras kgy n` i`pt fb jfrk jfrkss1 suom gs smfwb hb Jhe. ?. ^`pfrthbe fj tm` r`sudts smgdd hbodua` tm` hbjfrkgthfb ehv`b hb _`othfb =. :.1 Um`b tm`s` t`st k`tmfas k`tmfas hs r`j` r`j`r`bo` r`bo`a a hb sp`oh﬇ogthfb sp`oh﬇ogthfbss jfr p`rjfrkgbo`, tm` p`rkhsshnd` a`er`` fj omgdihbe hs `stgndhsm`a n`tw``b tm` prfauo`r gba tm` us`r.

1. _hebh _hebh﬇ogbo ﬇ogbo`` gba Ps` 1.7 Qm` prfo`aur`s prfvha` g nrfga nrfga rgbe` fj t`ombhqu`s gba pmftfergpmho r`j`r`bo`s tf `vgdugt` omgdihbe fj `xt`rhfr pghbts.

5. ^`ofkk`ba`a Srfo`aur`s Srfo`aur`s 5.7  Q`st K`tmfa G‑Odftm Qgp` K`tmfa < 5.7.7   Kgt`rhgd‑Jg ‑Jgnrh nrho, o, gs ger``a ger``a upf upfb b n`tw`` n`tw``b b tm` prf prf-auo`r auo `r,, us`r, us`r, fr ftm`r ftm`r hbt`r` hbt`r`st` st`a a pgrth` pgrth`s, s, tf run geghbs geghbstt tm` surjgo` n`hbe t`st`a. Ndgoi (fr wmht` jfr agri ofgthbes) wffd j`dt, v`dv`t, gba v`dv`t``b mgv` prfv`b pgrthoudgrdy `jj`othv`.

7

Qm`s` t`st k`tmfas gr` uba`r tm` lurhsahothfb fj G_QK Ofkkhtt`` A-7 fb Sghbt gba ^`dgt`a Ofgthbes, Ofgthbes, Kgt`rhgds, gba Gppdhogthfbs Gppdhogthfbs gba gr` tm` ahr`ot r`spfbshnhdht r`spfbshnhdhty y fj _unofkkhtt`` A37.>0 fb @vgdugthfb fj U`gtm`rhbe @jj`ots gba Ofgthbe A`j`ots. Ourr`btt `ahthfb Ourr`b `ahthfb gpprfv`a gpprfv`a Gue. 73, 788=. Sundhsm`a Sundhsm`a Fotfn`r 788=. Frhehbgddy Frhehbgddy pundhsm`a pundh sm`a gs A 1>71 ‟ =>. Dgst pr`vhfus pr`vhfus `ahthfb A 1>71 ‟ 85. >  Gbbugd Nffi fj G_QK _tgbagras _tgbagras,, Zfd 3:.37. ? Ofph`ss fj tm` photfrh Ofph` photfrhgd gd pmftfergpmh pmftfergpmhoo r`j`r`bo` stgbagras stgbagras gppdhognd` gppdhognd` tf Q`st Q`st K`tmfa G gr` ofbtghb`a hb tm` pundhogthfb pundhogthfb  Shotfrhgd _tgbagras fj Ofgthbes A`j`ots gba kgy n` fntghb`a jrfk tm` J`a`rgthfb fj _foh`th`s jfr Ofgthbes Q`ombfdfey, 18>

1

Qm`s` Qm`s` r`ofra r`ofra sm`` sm``ts ts kgy n` fnt fntghb` ghb`a a jrfk jrfk tm` J`a`rgthf J`a`rgthfb b fj _foh`th _foh`th`s `s jfr

Ofgthbes Q`ombfdfey, 18> Bfrrhstfwb ^a., Ndu` N`dd, SG 781>>.

Bfrrhstfwb ^a., Ndu` N`dd, SG 781>>.

7

 

A 1>71

JHE. 7 Smftfergpmho ^`j`r`bo` _tgbagra Bf. 7‑Q`st K`tmfa A :08

5.>.7   Srfo`aur`‑Kf ‑Kfhst hst`b `b g ﬇be ﬇be`rt `rthp hp gba whtm whtm k`ahuk k`ahuk pr`ssur` kgi` fb` ofbthbufus run > tf > 7 ⁁ >  hb. (03 tf :0 kk) hb d`betm fb tm` surjgo` uba`r t`st. Qm` omgdi jrfk tmhs t`st k`tmfa smfuda n` rgt`a gs Bfb`, Zhshnd`, fr _`v`r`9 mfw`v`r, sfk` kgy pr`j`r tf us` gb `v`b bukn`r`a sogd` fj 73 tf z`rf. 5.?  Q`st K`tmfa O‑Qrgbspgr`bt Qgp` K`tmfa-hb. -hb. (7?-kk (7?-kk)) wha`, wha`, pr`ssur`-s`bshthv`. 5.?.7.>   @rgs`r ,   ? ⁁ 1   hb. (>3 kk), kk), wrgpp wrgpp`a `a whtm o`ddfpmgb` o`ddfpmgb` tgp`. 5.?.7.?  Kgsihbe Qgp`,   7 ⁁ >-hb. (7?-kk) wha`. 5.?.7.1   Sdgstho _m``t Srft`otfr , od`gr. 5.?.7.0   Smftfergpmho ^`j`r`bo` _tgbagra Bf. >, QBF.: 5.?.7.:   ^`﬎`otgbo` _tgbagra , pfdhsm`a ndgoi edgss. 5.?.7.5   ^`﬎`otgbo` _tgbagra , wmht` thd`. BFQ@  ?‑Qm` ndgoi r`j`r`bo` stgbagra hs b`o`ssgry gs tm` ngoierfuba jfr tmhs k`gsur`k`bt, shbo` tm` r`﬎`otgbo` fj ndgoi pgp`r hs tff mhem. ^`﬎`otfk`t`rs (trhsthkudus ofdfrhk`t`rs), whtm 3 tf 10³ e`fk`try, us` tm` X  vgdu`.   vgdu`.

5.?.>   Fpthfbgd Kgt`rhgds< 5.?.>.7   Omhbg Kgri`r , ndgoi. 5.?.>.>   ^gzfr Ndga`. 5.?.?   Sr`pgrgthfb< 5.?.?.7 5.?.?. 7 _`pgr _`pgrgt`dy gt`dy kfubt gba gppdy twf 77-hb. 77-hb. (>58-kk (>58-kk)) ph`o`s fj kgsihbe tgp` gdfbe tm` rhemt sha` fj tm` od`gr pdgstho sm``t sm` `t ofv`r ofv`r d`gvhb d`gvhbe e 77 ⁁ 1   hb. (?> kk kk)) fj spgo` n`tw``b n`tw``b tm` ph`o`s (s`` Jhe. 1). 5.?.?.> 5.?.?. > ^`kfv ^`kfv`` g >-hb. (03-kk) (03-kk) dfbe ph`o` fj   7 ⁁ >-hb. (7?kk) o`ddudfs`, pr`ssur`-s`bshthv` gam`shv` tgp` jrfk tm` rfdd9 pdgo` ht gorfss tm` kgsihbe strhps, gba gam`r` ht tf tm` sm``t ushbe g   ? ⁁ 1-hb. (>3-kk) `rgs`r, wrgpp`a whtm o`ddfpmgb` tgp`. Dgn`d tmhs tgp` —ndgbi‛ —ndgbi‛ fb tm` od`gr pdgstho sm``t ofv ofv`r. `r. G ndgoi  omhbg kgri`r mgs n``b jfuba us`jud jfr tmhs purpfs`.

JHE. > Smftfergpmho ^`j`r`bo` _tgbagra Bf. >‑Z`r﬇bsthtuut QBF

5.7.>   Srfo`aur`‑Urgp tm` jgnrho grfuba tm` hba`x ﬇be`rthp, tm`b kgi` g > tf ?-hb. (03 tf 50-kk) strfi` whtm k`ahuk pr`ssur` fb tm` ofgthbe uba`r fns`rvgthfb. ^`kfv` tm` jgnrho gba gba ofkp ofkpgr gr`` tm` tm` spft spft fj om omgd gdi i fb ht whtm whtm Smft Smftfe ferg rgpm pmho ho ^`j`r`bo` _tgbagra Bf. 7.

0 S`rkhssh S`rk hsshfb fb tf hbo hbodua dua`` tmh tmhss t`st k`tmfa k`tmfa hs prfvha prfvha`a `a gs g ofurt`s ofurt`sy y fj BD Om`khogds, Uyoifjj Khdds ^a., Mhemtstfwb, BL 3=0>3. : Qm` QBF K`tm K`tmfa fa gba pmftferg pmftfergpmh pmhoo r`j`r`bo r`j`r`bo`` stgb stgbagr agra a gr` prfvha prfvha`a `a gs g

BFQ@   >‑K`ah >‑K`ahuk uk pr`ssur` ogb n` qugbth﬇`a ny pdgohbe tm` ﬇be`r fb g ngdgbo ngdgbo`` fr sog sogd`, d`, gba pr` pr`sshb sshbe e afwbwg afwbwgra ra ubthd ubthd ? tf 0-d 0-dn n pr` pr`ssur ssur`` hs fntghb`a.

ofurt`sy fj `rdgba. Z`r﬇bsthtuut QBF Sghbt Hbsthtut` QBF, _omf`kgi`rstrggt 85, A`djt, A`dj t, B`a B`a`rdg ba. Qm` frhehb frh ehbgd gd sfuro` sfu^`s`grom ro` fj tm` pmftfe pmftfergp rgpmho mho r`j`r`bo r`j`r`bo`` stgb stgbagra agra hddustrgt`a hb Jhe. > hs tm` Sghbt ^`s`grom Hbsthtut`, QBF. Qm` G_QK buk`rhogd rgthbe fj omgdihbe smfwb fb tm` pmftfergpmho r`j`r`bo` stgbagra hs fppfsht` tf tm` frhehbgd QBF sogd`.

5.>   Q`st K`tmfa N‑U`t Jhbe`r K`tmfa < >

 

A 1>71

BFQ@   7‑Qm` 7‑Qm` outfut outfut s`o s`othfb thfb hs jfr hddu hddustr strgthf gthfb b pur purpfs` pfs`ss fbdy fbdy.. Qm` dgn`dhbe (omhbg kgri`r) kgy n` r`kfv`a ny runnhbe tm` sm``t whtm g od`gb thssu` fr odftm. JHE. 1 Ofkpd`t`a Ufrism``t QGND@ 7 Omgdi ^gthbe jrfk ^`﬎`ot ^`﬎`otgbo` gbo` ^`gahbeG

BFQ@  7‑Dgn`d sgkpd` bukn`rs, gppdy hbhthgd ndgbi tgp`, gba prfo``a whtm tgp` sp`ohk`bs fj tm` sgkpd`s. JHE. ? @xgkpd` fj Ufrism``t

BFQ@   1‑Qm` 1‑Qm` gv`rge gv`rge`` r`﬎`ot r`﬎`otgbo gbo`` k`gsur k`gsur`k` `k`bts bts fj tm` hbhthgd hbhthgd gba `bahbe —ndgbi‛ tgp`s d`ss tm` ofrr`othfb vgdu` jfr tm` od`gr pdgstho sm``t ahvha`a ny 733 gr` us`a tf v`rhjy g rgthbe fj 73 ushbe Qgnd` 7.5

5.?.1   Srfo`aur`< 5.?.1.7 5.?.1. 7 Gppdy g >-hb. (03-kk) (03-kk) dfbe ph`o` ph`o` fj   7 ⁁ >-hb. (7?-kk) wha` wha` tgp` tgp` tf tm tm`` surj surjgo go`` n`hb n`hbe e rgt` rgt`a. a. ^un ^un t` t`b b th thk` k`ss whtm whtm kfa`rg kfa `rgt` t` pr`ssu pr`ssur` r` ush ushbe be tm` ofv`r` ofv`r`a a `rg `rgs`r s`r,, tf r`kfv` r`kfv` gdd

^`﬎`otgbo` ^gbe`

Omgdi ^gthbe

3‟3.3?= 3.3?=7‟3.311 3.3117‟3.301 3.3017‟3.3:> 3.3:>7‟3.35> 3.35>7‟3.3=> 3.3=>7‟3.380 3.3807‟3.730 3.7307‟3.7>3 3.7>37‟3.7?7 3.7?77‟3.703 3.7037‟3.7:0 3.7:07‟3.783 3.7837‟3.>73 3.>737‟3.>?0 3.>?07‟3.>:3 3.>:37‟3.>=: 3.>=:7‟3.?73 3.?737‟3.?13 3.?137‟3.?:: 23.?::

73 8.0 8.3 =.0 =.3 5.0 5.3 :.0 :.3 0.0 0.3 1.0 1.3 ?.0 ?.3 >.0 >.3 7.0 7.3 3.0 3

G Qmhs tgnd` hs ngs`a upfb g ofrr`dgthfb n`tw``b tgp` r`﬎`otgbo` k`gsur`k`bts gba vhsugd `vgdugthfbs fj tm` sgk` tgp` ofkpgr`a tf tm` pmftfergpmho stgbagras pr`pgr`a ny Irfbfs-Qhtgb.5

nunnd`ss gba pr` nunnd` pr`v`b v`btt sorgto sorgtomhb mhbe. e. ^`k ^`kfv` fv` tm` tgp` tgp` jrf jrfk k tm` surjgo` gba gam`r` ht tf tm` sm``t ny runnhbe whtm tm` `rgs`r. Dgn`d sp`ohk`bs ushbe g ndgoi omhbg kgri`r. Sdgo` suoo`sshv` tgp`s v`rthogddy galgo`bt tf pr`vhfus tgp`s, s`pgrgt`a ny   7 ⁁ =   hb.

5

Irfbfs-Qht Irfbf s-Qhtgb gb Qgnd` jfr Omgdi ^gthbe jrfk ^`﬎`otgbo` ^`﬎`otgbo` ^`gahbe ^`gahbe ushbe tm` Qr Qrgbsp gbspgr`b gr`btt Qgp` K`tm K`tmfa fa hs prf prfvha vha`a `a gs g ofu ofurt`s rt`sy y fj Irf Irfbfs bfs-Qh -Qhtgb tgb EKnM, EKnM, D`v`rius`b, U`st E`rkgby. Qm` frhehbgd sfuro` fj Qgnd` 7 hs Irfbfs-Qhtgb EKnM.

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A 1>71 (? kk). Jfddfw tm` hbstruothfbs ehv`b hb 5.?, gba pdgo` tm` ﬇bgd —ndgbi‛ tgp` gorfss tm` kgsihbe tgp` strhps gba dgn`d —ndgbi‛ fb tm` od`gr sm``t. Um`b ofkpd`t`a, us` g rgzfr ndga` tf out gdfbe tm` hbsha` `ae`s fj tm` kgsihbe tgp`, outthbe tmrfuem tm` gam`shv` tgp`s. Qm` r`kfvgd fj tm` kgsihbe tgp` whdd d`gv` fbdy tm` tgp`s tf n` k`gsur`a gba `vgdugt`a whtm tm` sgkpd` bukn`r fj `gom tgp` dhst`a fb tm` sm``t (s`` wfrism``t `xgkpd` hb Jhe Jhe.. 1). N`j N`jfr` fr` prfo``ah prfo``ahbe, be, om` om`oi oi tf `bs `bsur` ur` gdd sgk sgkpd` pd` bukn`rs mgv` n``b r`ofra`a fb tm` sm``t.

5.?.0.1 Qm`s` tgp` omgdi 5.?.0.1 omgdiss kgy gdsf n` ofkpgr` ofkpgr`a a tf Smftf Smftf-ergpmho ^`j`r`bo` _tgbagra Bf. > gs gb gdt`rbgthv` prfo`aur`. 5.1   Q`st K`tmfa A‑QBF Qyp` K`tmfa < 5.1.7   Kgt`rhgds< 5.1.7.7   Smftfe Smftfergp rgpmho mho ^`j ^`j`r `r`bo `bo`` _tg _tgbag bagra ra Bf. >   jjfr fr tm` tm` a`t`rkhbgthfb fj omgdihbe, ofbshsthbe fj g pmftfergpm fj ﬇v` strhps fj tgp` kfubt`a fb g ndgoi ngoierfuba, bukn`r`a 3, >, 1, :, gba =, gba vgryhbe hb tmhs fra`r jrfk ndgoi tf gdkfst wmht`.

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5.?.1.> Hbs`rt 5.?.1.> Hbs`rt tm`  ⁁ >-hb. (7?-kk) fr skgd skgdd`r d`r gp`rtur` gp`rtur` gba ogdhnrgt ogdh nrgt`` tm` r`﬎`otfk` r`﬎`otfk`t`r t`r goofr goofrahbe ahbe tf tm` kgbujgot kgbujgotur`r‘ ur`r‘ss hbstruothfbs, s`tthbe tm` r`﬎`otfk`t`r jfr z`rf r`﬎`otgbo` ushbe tm` ndgoi r`﬎`otgbo` stgbagra gba stgbagrahzhbe whtm tm` wmht` r`﬎`ot r`﬎ `otgbo gbo`` stg stgbag bagra ra gba r`o r`ofra fra tm` vgd vgdu`s u`s.. ^`j`r ^`j`r tf Q`st K`tmfa @ 7?15 smfuda tm`r` n` gby qu`sthfb fb tm` ofrr`ot prfo`aur` tf jfddfw hb tm` ogdhnrgthfb fj tm` hbstruk`bt. 5.?.0  ^`﬎`otfk`t`r K`gsur`k`bts< 5.?.0.7 5.?.0. 7 D`gv` tm` trgbspgr`bt trgbspgr`bt tgp`s kfubt` kfubt`a a fb tm` od`gr od`gr pdg pdgsth sthoo sm``t. sm``t. ^`kfv` ^`kfv` tm` ndgoi pgp`r pgp`r tmg tmgtt kgy mgv` n`` n``b b hbs`rt`a n`mhba tm` sm``t gba jfda ngoi tm` ubus`a pfrthfb fj  tm` sm``t. K`gsur` tm` r`﬎`otgbo` r`﬎`otgbo` fj tm` od`gr pdgst pdgstho ho sm``t ushbe tm` ndgoi r`﬎`otgbo` stgbagra fj tm` hbstruk`bt (Bft` ?) gs g ngoihbe fr ngoierfuba gba r`ofra hts vgdu`. Kfv` tm` sm``t ubthd tm` ﬇rst tgp` hs `xpfs`a tf tm` dhemt sfuro` whtm tm`

5.1.7.>  Sfdy`tmyd`b` Qgp`, trgbspgr`bt,   7 ⁁ >  tf 7 hb. (7? tf >0 kk) wha`. 5.1.7.?   Ndgoi Z`dv`t , audd ndgoi whtm g smfrt phd` gba whtmfut g t`ba`boy tf orusm, shz` gpprfxhkgt`dy = ny 7> hb. (>33 ny ?33 kk), kfubt`a fb g ﬎gt sunstrgt`. Ndgoi ofbstruothfb pgp`r kgy gdsf n` us`a. Sdgo` galgo`bt tf tm` stgbagra jfr tm` rgthbes. 5.1.>   Srfo`aur`‑Gppdy g ph`o` fj tgp`, >7 ⁁ >  tf 1 hb. (:? tf 733 kk) dfbe tf tm` ofgthbe ny ubhjfrk e`btd` pr`ssur` fj tm` ﬇be`r, r`kfv` tm` tgp`, gba dgy ht whtm tm` gam`shv` sha` fb tm` ph`o` fj v`dv`t. Pba`r ahjjus`a dhemt ofkpgr` tm` tgp` fb tm` ndgoi v`dv`t whtm Smftfergpmho ^`j`r`bo` _tgbagra Bf. >, gba a`t`rkhb` wmhom fj tm` ﬇v` erga`s kfst odfs`dy kgtom`s tm` wmht`b`ss fj tm` gam`rhbe phek`bt. Hj tm` a`er`` fj omgdihbe hs fnvhfusdy n`tw``b twf galgo`bt erga`s, s`d`ot tm` hbt`rk`ahgt` faa bukn`r gs tm` omgdi rgthbe.

gam` ga m`sh shv` v` n`mhba sha` sh a` tf tfwg wgra ra tm tm` ` dh dhem emt t gba gba tm` tmgba ` nd ndgo goi i r`﬎` r` ﬎`ot otgb gbo` o` stgbagra tm` gr`g n`hbe k`gsur`a, r`ofra tm` vgdu`. 5.?.0.> 5.?.0. > Ofbthbu` Ofbthbu` tmhs prfo`aur` prfo`aur` ubthd t`b tgp`s mgv` n``b k`gsur k`g sur`a, `a, tm`b tm`b om` om`oi oi r`﬎ r`﬎`ot `otgbo gbo`` vgdu`s vgdu`s jfr tm` wmht` wmht` gba ndgoi ndgo i stgb stgbagras agras.. Hj bf omgbe`s omgbe`s mgv` foour foourr`a, r`a, prfo``a whtm k`gsur k`g sur`k` `k`bts bts.. Hj vgdu`s vgdu`s mgv mgv`` omgbe` omgbe`a, a, r`stgb r`stgbagr agrahz ahz`` gba r`ofra vgdu`s n`jfr` prfo``ahbe tf tm` r`kghbhbe tgp`s. Jfddfwhbe tm` ﬇bgd tgp` k`gsur`k`bt, r`ofra r`﬎`otgbo` vgdu`s fj  tm` od`gr pdgstho sm``t ofv`r, gba tm` wmht` gba ndgoi r`﬎`otgbo` stgbagras. 5.?.0. 5.?.0.? ? _un _untrg trgot ot tm` k`gb k`gb r`﬎ r`﬎`ot `otgbo gbo`` vgdu` vgdu` fj tm` sm``t sm``t jrfk `gom r`gahbe, `bt`r fb wfrism``t jfrk (Jhe. 1), fr ftm`r jfrk us`a, gba a`t`rkhb` jrfk Qgnd` 7 tm` omgdi rgthbe vgdu` fj `gom tgp` tf tm` b`gr`st 3.0 ubht. ^`ofra tm` rgthbe fb tm` wfrism``t fr ftm`r jfrk. Qm` wfrism``t jfrk (Jhe. 1), hbs`rt`a hbtf tm` pdgstho sm``t prft`otfr whtm g ndgoi ngoierfuba ehv`s g od`gr p`rkgb`bt r`ofra fj tm`s` k`gsur`k`bts gba `vgdugthfbs.

5.1.? Omgdi rgthbes rgthbes kgy gdsf n` a`t`r a`t`rkhb` khb`a a ny jfddfwhb jfddfwhbe e tm` prfo`aur`s fj 5.?.? gba ofkpgrhbe tf tm` vgdu`s smfwb hb Jhe. 7. Qm` us` fj tm` wfrism``t jfrk smfwb hb Jhe. ? gba Jhe. 1 kgy n` us`a gs g p`rkgb`bt r`ofra. =. ^`pf ^`pfrt rt =. =.7 7 G r` r`of ofra ra fj tm` tm` t` t`st st k` k`tm tmfa fa us us`a `a,, tm` tm` rg rgth thbe be,, pg pgb` b`dd bukn`r, gba ftm`r p`rthb`bt hbjfrkgthfb kust n` od`grdy smfwb fb tm` hbsp`othfb r`pfrt jfr `gom `vgdugthfb. =.> Qm` p`rthb`bt p`rthb`bt hbjfr hbjfrkgth kgthfb fb smfu smfuda da hbod hbodua`< ua`< agt` fj hbsp`oth sp` othfb, fb, agt` agt` fj `xp `xpfsu fsur` r` stg stgrt, rt, puromg puromgs` s` fra`r fra`r bukn`r bukn`r fj  t`sthbe fregbhzgthfb, aurgthfb, r`kgris gnfut ubusugd w`gtm`r, `to., tm` bgk` fj tm` p`rsfb kgihbe tm` hbsp`othfb, gba ftm`r hbjfrkgthfb ger``a upfb n`tw``b tm` prfauo`r gba tm` s`dd`r. 8. I`yw I`ywfras fras 8.7 omgdihbe9 `vgdugthfb9 `vgdugthfb9 `xt`rhfr pghbt ﬇d ﬇dks ks

Qm` Gk`rhogb _foh`ty jfr Q`sthbe Q`sthbe gba Kgt`rhgds tgi`s bf pfshthfb r`sp`othbe tm` vgdhahty fj gby pgt`bt rhemts gss`rt`a hb ofbb`othfb  whtm gby ht`k k`bthfb`a hb tmhs stgbagra. Ps`rs fj tmhs stgbagra gr` `xpr`ssdy gavhs`a tmgt a`t`rkhbgthfb fj tm` vgdhahty fj gby suom  pgt`bt rhemts, gba tm` rhsi fj hbjrhbe`k`bt fj suom rhemts, gr` `bthr`dy tm`hr fwb r`spfbshnhdhty. Qmhs stgbagra hs sunl`ot tf r`vhshfb gt gby thk` ny tm` r`spfbshnd` t`ombhogd ofkkhtt`` gba kust n` r`vh`w`a `v`ry ﬇v` y`grs gba  hj bft r`vhs`a, `htm`r r`gpprfv`a fr whtmargwb. Xfur ofkk`bts gr` hbvht`a `htm`r jfr r`vhshfb fj tmhs stgbagra fr jfr gaahthfbgd stgbagras  gba smfuda n` gaar`ss`a tf G_QK M`gaqugrt`rs. Xfur ofkk`bts whdd r`o`hv` ogr`jud ofbsha`rgthfb gt g k``thbe fj tm` r`spfbshnd`  t`ombhogd ofkkhtt``, wmhom yfu kgy gtt`ba. Hj yfu j``d tmgt yfur ofkk`bts mgv` bft r`o`hv`a g jghr m`grhbe yfu smfuda kgi` yfur  vh`ws ibfwb tf tm` G_QK Ofkkhtt`` fb _tgbagras, 733 Ngrr Mgrnfr Arhv`, U`st Ofbsmfmfoi`b, SG 781>=.

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