assignmnet schedule waste.docx

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ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE

Table of Contents 1.0 DEFINITIONS OF SCHEDULED WASTE ..................................................... ................................................................................. ............................ 1

2.0

HOW TO TRANSPORTS THE SCHEDULED WASTE ................................................. ............ 2

3.0

COLLECTION PROCEDURE .............................................. ..................................................... ........................................................ ... 3

3.1

Consignment note .................................................. .................................................... ......................................................................... ..................... 3

3.2

Waste Packaging and Labelling ...................................................... ..................................................................................................... ............................................... 7

3.2.1

Packaging................................ ..................................................... .................................................................................................... ............................................... 7

3.2.2

Labelling .................................................. ..................................................... ................................................................................... .............................. 9

4.0 TREATMENT .................................................. ..................................................... ................................................................................. ............................ 12 Chemical Methods................................................................................................................................... 12 Thermal Method ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Biological Methods ................................................................................................................................. 13 Physical Methods .................................................................................................................................... 14 5.0 DISPOSAL .............................................. ...................................................... .......................................................................................... .................................... 14 6.0 RECYCLING AND RECOVERY .............................................. ..................................................... ....................................................... 15 REFERENCES .............................................. ...................................................... .......................................................................................... .................................... 18

1.0

DEFINITIONS OF SCHEDULED WASTE

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ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE

Section 2 of Environmental Quality Regulations 2005 has defined scheduled wastes is “any waste falling within the categories of waste listed in the First Schedule”. Scheduled waste also is any wastes that possess hazardous characteristics and have the potential to adversely affect to the public health and environment. There are 77 types of scheduled wastes listed under First Schedule of Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 and the management of wastes shall be in accordance with the provisions of the above Regulations. There are dividing into 5 categories which are: i.

SW 1: Metal and metal-bearing wastes (10 types of scheduled wastes);

ii.

SW 2: Wastes containing principally inorganic constituents which may contain metals and organic materials (7 types of scheduled wastes);

iii.

SW 3: Wastes containing principally organic constituents which may contain metals and inorganic materials (27 types of scheduled wastes);

iv.

SW 4: Wastes which may contain either inorganic or organic constituents (32 types of scheduled wastes)

v.

SW 5: Other wastes (1 type of scheduled waste)

2.0

HOW TO TRANSPORTS THE SCHEDULED WASTE

2.1

Transport vehicles Land transport of oily liquid waste It is important to minimize the amount of water required to be transported. This may be achieved in a temporary storage pit by skimming the surface of the pit (provided the oil has not emulsified) using a skimmer and transferring the collected oil into another storage container. To avoid the formation of finely dispersed droplets (as is the case with emulsion), it is important to avoid or minimize the  pumping of mixtures of oil and water before gravity separation occurs. Land transport of oily solid waste Conventional vehicles for moving solids are generally suitable for transporting oily solid waste. However, attention should be given to the prevention of spillage or seepage from the vehicle(perhaps due to reduced viscosity from exposure to sunlight or an increase in ambient temperature) by the use of suitable oil impervious sheeting. Waste should be covered to avoid any overflow during rain events. Hazardous waste transportation can be carried out by road, railways or vessels. Transporter is required to provide documentation attesting that these vehicles meet the required specification and are suitable for transporting the types of hazardous waste designated in the license. Hazardous waste is generally transported by truck over public highways. Highway shipment is the

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most common because road vehicles can gain access to most industrial sites and approved facility disposal. Railroad trains require expensive siding facilities and are suitable only for very large waste shipments. Hazardous wastes can be shipped in tank trucks made of steel or aluminum alloy, with capacities up to about 34,000 litres (9,000 gallons). They also can be containerized and shipped in 200-litre (55gallon) drums. Specifications and standards for cargo tank trucks and shipping containers are included in governmental regulations. Only a very small amount is transported by rail, and almost none is moved by air or inland waterway.

Figure 1: Example of transport vehicles 3.0

COLLECTION PROCEDURE

3.1

Consignment note

A consignment note is a paper or electronic document that records the details of hazardous waste when it moves from one site to another. Any person or business involved in producing, storing, moving, recovering or disposing of hazardous waste must fill in the parts of the consignment note that link to their responsibilities.

SIXTH SCHEDULE (Regulation 12) ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974

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ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (SCHEDULED WASTES) REGULATIONS 2005 CONSIGNMENT NOTE FOR SCHEDULED WASTE

I WASTE GENERATOR

For office use only

Fail Reference No: …………………………… Waste Generator Code: State Code:

 Name of Waste Generator: ………………………..…………………………...………………….. Address: …………………………………………………………………………...……………….  Name of Responsible Person: .………………………………………………………..…………… Tel. No: …………………… Fax. No: ………………………. Telex No: ………………..……..  Name of Waste: …………………………………. Waste Category Code: Waste Com ponent: ………………………………………………………………………………… Waste Origin: ……………………………………. Waste Origin Code: Type of Waste: Solid Waste Packaging:

Sludge

Pallet Container 

Canister

Liquid

55 gallon Drum

Other (Specify) ………………………………

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ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE

Quantity:

And If Possible

Metric Tonnes

m3

Cost of Treatment and Disposal RM……………../Metric Tonne  Name and Address of Final Destination: …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Delivery Date: …………………………………

Signature of Responsible Person:

Delivery Time:…………………………………

………………………………………

For office use only

II CONTRACTOR Contractor Code:

State Code:

 Name of Contractor: …………………………...………………………………………………….. Address: …...……………………………………………………………………………………….  Name of Responsible Person:……………………………………………………………………… Tel. No: ………………….………… Fax. No: …….………… Telex No: .……………………. Vehicle Registration No: ………………………………………………………………….………..  Name of Driver: …………………………………………………………………………………… Temporary Storage:

No

Yes,

Address: …………….…………………………………

Date Received: …………………………… Signature of Driver: ………………….…………… Time Received : …………………………

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3.2

Waste Packaging and Labelling

Under the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, the requirements for hazardous waste management include proper packaging and labeling of hazardous waste. 3.2.1

Packaging General Requirement 

Containers to be resistant to the contents

All part of the container should be resistant to any chemical, and the material of the container must not be liable to any reaction with the contents so as to form any dangerous  product. 

Containers should be in good condition

All the container use should be in good condition and free from the corrosion, damage and any defects. Before a container is used for packing chemical waste, a waste producer should carry out visual inspection of both the outside and inside of the container to determine its condition. 

Containers to be securely closed

Every container of chemical waste should be securely closed or sealed, correctly placed and kept clean. 

 No mixing of incompatible wastes in a container

For packing different types of waste should be used separate containers to minimize the danger of mixing incompatible waste and av oid complications during waste treatment 

Sufficient air space in containers when storing liquid wastes

Generally 100 mm air space should be allowed between the top of the container and the level of the liquid contents.

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ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE

Types of containers and types of waste 







Liquid organic/inorganic waste Use bunghole drum (steel/plastic) or plastic pallet tank with stopper Solid waste and empty contaminated container Open top drums (steel/plastic) with covers and clamp can b e used Dry solid waste and contaminated rags One-tonne Polypropelene (PP) bags. Pharmaceutical and laboratory waste Open top drums (steel/plastic) with covers and clamp can b e used

Standard Packaging

Packaging Bunghole drum (steel/plastic) for liquid waste

Open top drums with and clamp for solid waste

One-tonne Polypropelene (PP) bags

Pallet

Specifications Maximum dimension: Height= 90cm Diameter= 60 cm Drums not be filled more than 90% The maximum weight is not more than 200kg Maximum dimension: Height= 90cm Diameter= 60 cm Drums not be filled more than 10 cm from the top Must be double lined Bags should not be filled more than 10 cm from the top The pallet size 120 cm x 120cm The number of container : Drum- 4 drums per pallet PP bag-One bag per pallet

Figure 1: Example of Packaging (drum on pallet)

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3.2.2

Labelling

1. Information to be included in the label for sched uled wastes containers:   

The date when the scheduled waste are first generated  Name of waste generator Address and telephone number of the waste generator

2. Containers of scheduled wastes shall be clearly labelled in acco rdance with the types applicable to them as specified in the Third Schedule and marked with the scheduled waste code as specified in the First Schedule for identification and warning purposes. 3. The characteristic label shall be a square set at a n angle of 45 degrees and the dimension shall not be less that 10 cm by 10 cm except where the size of the container or package warrants for a label of smaller size. Examples of waste characteristic labels are as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Example of Waste Characteristic label 4. The labels shall be divided into halves, the upper half of the label shall be reserved for the  pictorial symbol (characteristic label) and the lower half for text printed. The text shall be  printed in black on all labels. The colour used on the characteristic labels shall be in accordance with British Standard BS 381 C, “colours for specific purposes”. 5. There are type of the label: (a) Stick on; (b) Metal plates; (c) Stencilled on the container; or (d) Printed on the container. 6. All labels shall be able to withstand open weather exposure without a substantial reduction in effectiveness. 7. Label shall be placed on a background of contrasting colour.

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Figure 3: Example how to label the scheduled waste container

Figure 4: Example of label for scheduled wastes

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Labeling Requirement for Scheduled Wastes

Warning Label

Classification

EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES

Warning Label

Classification

ORGANIC PEROXIDES

INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

TOXIC SUBSTANCES

INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES

SOLID: SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE

CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES

SOLID:DANGEROUS WHEN WET

MIXTURE OF MISCELLANEOUS DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES

OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES

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4.0 TREATMENT

The purpose of treating hazardous waste is to convert it into nonhazardous substances or to stabilize the waste so that it will not migrate and present a hazard when released into the environment. The selection of a treatment process for a waste stream depends on among other factors the nature of the waste, desired characteristics of the output stream. Hazardous waste can  be treated by chemical, thermal, biological, and physical methods. Chemical Methods

Oxidation and reduction Oxidation is a reaction in which valence increases from a loss of electrons. Example: CN  + OCI OCN  + Cl Reduction is a reaction in which valence decreases from a gain of electrons. − − + Example: 2 NO3  + 10 e  + 12 H  N2 + 6 H2O Chemical reactions that involve both oxidation and reduction are known as redox reactions. Precipitation This technique is particularly useful to convert hazardous heavy metal to a less mobile, insoluble form prior to disposal to a landfill.

For example: Carbonate ion hydrolyses in water to give hydroxide ion 3+ Cr  + 3(OH ) Cr (OH)3 Neutralisation The acid and base react to form salt and water. When the waste has pH less than 2 or more than 12.5, it is categories as corrosive. Acidic wastes are neutralised with slaked lime [Ca(OH)] or caustic soda (NaOH) in a continuoulsy stirred chemical reactor with a pH sensor to control the lime feed rate. Lime is least expensive and is widely used for treating acidic wastes. Example: Ca(OH)2 + H2CO3  CaCO3 + 2 HOH

Alkaline wastes may be neutralised by adding sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. Alkaline wastes can also be neutralised by bubbling gaseous carbon dioxide forming carbonic acid. The advantage of CO is that it is often readily available in the exhaust gas from any combustion  process at the treatment site. Example: Mg(OH)2 + HCl MgCl2 + HOH

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Thermal Method

The treatment processes which involve the application of heat to convert the waste into less hazardous. Incineration is one of the common treatment technologies in hazardous wastes management. The figure below illustrates the processes involved in incineration. Thermal incineration is a  process that uses high-temperature thermal oxidation to convert a waste to a less bulky, less toxic.

Figure 5: Incineration System The hazardous products of incineration are compounds of sulphur, nitrogen, halogen and heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium). If the gaseous combustion products of incineration contain undesirable compounds, air pollution control equipment is required. The solid and liquid effluents may require treatment prior to ultimate disposal or discharge. The critical factors that determine complete combustion of hazardous wastes are (1) high combustion temperatures above about 900˚C to ensure that the thermally resistant compounds react (2) availability of sufficient amount of oxygen for combustion. (3) Sufficient residence time to allow the reactions to occur. Biological Methods

Biological processes are in general, the most cost effective techniques for treating aqueous waste streams containing organic constituents. Biological treatment may be categorized according to the oxygen utilization, into aerobic processes and anaerobic processes. In the aerobic processes, oxygen is required to decompose organic matter using aerobic bacteria and most commonly used to treat industrial wastewater. Anaerobic processes use anaerobic bacteria, in an oxygen deficient atmosphere, to decompose organic matter. Anaerobic systems are generally used for the treatment of concentrated organic waste or organic sludge.

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Physical Methods

Encapsulation A process that creates a structure that completely surrounds sealed containers of waste by concrete or another solid material to reduce the of formation of leachate by physically limiting water from contacting the waste or the container. Encapsulation produces a solid mass of material that is resistant to leaching. Filtration To filter or separate phases that containing hazardous waste other nonhazardous constituents Example: separation of oils Solvent extraction Another method to separate the base oil from impurities is the selective solvent extraction. The  base oil is extracted by using liquefied propane. After separation of the propane –  oil mixture the gas is expanded and recovered. The residual base oil can then be further processed. The propane insoluble residues can be used energetically or further processed to bitumen. 5.0 DISPOSAL

Used and waste oil must be managed appropriately to prevent environmental problems from occurring. Remember to handle waste oil properly and in no case let it enter the nature environment or the sewer system. One litre of oil is enough to contaminate one million litres of groundwater used by households. According to the official regulations, the owner of the oil must know the amount, type, and origin of the waste. Oil that has entered the soil, also biodegradable oil, must be collected as completely as possible. Waste oil must not be disposed by burning. Incineration is one of the most efficient methods of disposal for recovered oil, used oil sorbents, and debris in a relatively short time and involving not much labor force. However general disadvantage of incineration is high transportation cost of the disposed material to the incinerator facility. Below is another ways of disposing waste oil.  



Sending the waste oil off-site. Some facilities are permitted to handle the waste oil. Marketing the waste oil. Claims are made that the waste oil is to be burned for energy recovery. It is then shipped to a waste oil burner who burns the waste oil in an approved industrial furnace or boiler. Burning waste oil as a fuel. Some waste oil is not regulated by burner standards, but others that are off-specification waste oil can only be burned in industrial furnaces, certain boilers, and permitted hazardous waste incinerators. For on-site burning of waste oil, the oil must be stored in tanks or containers, above or underground. The containers

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must be in good condition with no leaks, the tanks or containers must be labelled and there must be a spill prevention plan or a control and countermeasures plan

6.0 RECYCLING AND RECOVERY Recycling

Waste oil need to recover and recycle in order to ensure minimal impact on the environment. The critical reason why it is important to recycle and recover waste oil is that it can be turned back into energy.  At the same time, waste oil and oil-containing wastes may serve as a quasirenewable resource. Based on the waste management hierarchy the recycling of waste oil is the first priority. Recycling of waste oil can reduce both the demand on energy and on nonrenewable resources. There is a market demand for waste oil for energy production in incineration process since for energy use limited investment costs are necessary. Waste oil can substitute mineral oil directly in the incineration process. However, recycling is normally the more ecological option taking into account the whole chain of production of new mineral oil  products and fuels. Many oil-containing waste streams (oil-water mixtures, separator content, and recovered oil from emulsions) have a varying composition and are therefore not fit for recycling. Such wastes should preferably be recovered and converted into secondary fuel serving the demand of industrial co-incineration plants. The necessary steps in waste oil recycling depend widely on the composition of the original  product and the impurities generated during use. In most cases transformer oil is only slightly degraded and water is the main impurity, which makes the recycling process easy. Motor oil, however, is contaminated with fine metallic scrapings and products of thermal and oxidative degradation like unsaturated, polar, asphalt-like, acidic compounds, and aromatic compounds including phenols, demanding a more sophisticated recycling process. Emulsions from machining contain only a few percent of oil and may contain high concentrations of additives as well as oxidation products. The collected amount of a specific quality may be rather small, compared with motor oil or hydraulic oil. Con sequently, such oil-containing waste can preferable  be recovered and converted to secondary fuel. Recovery

There are several waste oils not suitable for recycling. Only a few waste oils can be recycled directly without any pre-treatment. For most waste oil, as a first step, a sedimentation/filtration is necessary. In this pre-treatment an oil containing sludge is generated, which normally cannot be recycled. Also from the treatment of grit chamber content or oil-water separator content and the P/Ctreatment of oil water mixtures oil-containing sludge arises. Finally, oil-containing concentrates

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derived from emulsion splitting or from oil-water separators are often not fit for recycling. All these wastes can be converted to secondary fuel preferably. There are limit values for several pollutants in secondary fuel. However, secondary fuel derived from oily wastes may contain other, non-hazardous and/or not restricted pollutants which may influence the incineration process and the incineration residues. The influence can be both  positive and negative. On the other hand, phosphorus contained in oily wastes derived from machining emulsions may negatively influence the melting point of slag when co-incinerated in a coal fired power plant. Secondary fuel derived from residues of waste oil processing therefore should be tailor made for a specific purpose. Wherever limit values for restricted pollutants cannot be met the waste shall be sent to a specialised incineration plant only. 7.0 As a SHE officer you have to comply with related regulations under EQA 1974. What are the legal requirements  needed in order to construct new oily waste recovery plant.

EQA 1974 AIR POLLUTION Prohibition on open burning

 No person shall allow or cause open burning on any premises NOISE POLLUTION Restrictions on noise pollution

 No person shall , unless licensed, emit or cause or permit to be emitted any noise greater in volume, intensity or quality in contravention of the acceptable conditions specified WATER POLLUTION Restrictions on pollution of inland waters

 No person shall , unless licensed, discharge or spill any oil mixture containing oil into Malaysian waters in contravention of acceptable conditions specified Prohibition of discharge of wastes into Malaysian waters

 No person shall , unless licensed, discharge environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or wastes into Malaysian waters in contravention of acceptable conditions specified Prohibition against placing, deposit, etc. of schedule wastes

 No person shall place, deposit or dispose of, except at prescribed premises only, any scheduled wastes on land or into Malaysian waters.

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SOIL POLLUTION Restrictions on pollution of the soil

 No person shall, unless licensed, pollute or cause or permit to be polluted any soil or surfaceof any land in contravention of the acceptable conditions specified.

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REFERENCES Jabatan Alam Sekitar | Kementerian Sumber Asli & Alam S ekitar.Retrieved November 29, 2013,

from http://www.doe.gov.my/webportal/en Probst, K. N., & Beierle, T. C. (1999). The Evolution of Hazardous Waste Programs: Lessons from  Eight Countries. Resources for the Future. Scheduled Waste. Retrieved, from December 2, 2013 http://www.environment.act.gov.au/environment/environment_protection_authority/business_an d_industry/wastemanagementandhazardousmaterials/scheduledwaste Maizatun, & Mustafa, M. (2011). Environmental Law in Malaysia. Kluwer Law International. Hazardous Waste Packaging and Labeling: Hazardous Waste Management Guide: Waste Management: Topics: EHS: Indiana University. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http://www.ehs.iu.edu/topics/waste-management/hazardous-waste-managementguide/hazardous-waste-packaging-labeling.shtml EPD - Code of Practice on the Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Chemical Wastes. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/guide_ref/guide_cwc_sub3_3-2.html

hazardous-waste management :: Treatment -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/257926/hazardous-wastemanagement/72403/Treatment