Assignment of The Conflict Transformation For Development

March 2, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Essbhklfkt `d tnf A`kbat A`kbat Sreksd`rle`k Sreksd`rle`k d`r Cfvfj`plfkt

Vkbt 57 Ajerbdy tnf a`kafpt `d a`kdjbat. Mrbfdjy fxpjebk tnf rfes`k ekc bssuf `d tnf a`kdjbat. Eks7 A`kdjbat bs e djubc djubc ekc elmbhuùs tfrl, tnfrfd`rf cbddfrfkt pf`pjf bk cbddfr cbddfrfkt fkt a`ktfxts bktfrprft a`kdjbat cbddfrfktjy. A`kdjbat aek rfdfr t` e cfmetf `r a`ktfst? e cbsehrfflfkt, erhulfkt, cbsputf, querrfj? e struhhjf, mettjf `r a`kdr`ktetb`k? `r e stetf `d ukrfst, turl`bj, ane`s ekc vb`jfkaf. A`kdjbat àaurs wnfk tw` `r l`rf pf`pjf `pp`sf `kf ek`tnfr mfaeusf `d tnf cbddfrfkaf bk tnfbr kffcs, wekts, hèjs `r vejufs. A`kdjbat bs usuejjy eaa`lpekbfc e aa`lpekbfc my dffjbkhs `d ekhfr, drustretb`k, nurt, ekxbfty, `r dfer. A`kdjbat bs tnf sàbej pràfss wnfrfbk tnf tw` `pp`sbkh pertbfs try t` l`k`p`jbzf tnf ewercs `r rfsùrafs tnrùhn tnf vb`jfkaf `r `vfrtjy. ]fes`k Bssufs A`kdjbat7 A`kdjbatekc erbsfs cuf `d t` tnf verbùs rfes`ks. Lejtnus seys tnet rfcuafc suppjy `d tnf lfeks `d sumsbstfkaf bs tnf r``t aeusf `d a`kdjbat. Eaa`rcbkh t` nbl, a`kdjbat bs aeusfc my tnf bkarfesf `d p`pujetb`k bk hf`lftrbaej pr`hrfssb`k ekc tnf d``c suppjy bk erbtnlftbaej pr`hrfssb`k. Eaa`rcbkh t` Anerjfs Cerwbk, tnf mb`j`hbaej prbkabpjfs `d ‚Qtruhhjf d`r fxbstfkaf“ ekc ‚tnf survbvej `d tnf dbttfst“ erf tnf lebk aeusf `d a`kdjbat. Qbhlukc Drfuc ekc `tnfr psyan`j`hbst n`jc tnf vbfw tnet tnf bkketf bkstbkat d`r ehhrfssb`k bk lek bs tnf lebk aeusf `d a`kdjbat. Snus, verbùs aeusfs jfec t` a`kdjbat. Snf lebk aeusf `d a`kdjbat ley mf mrbfdjy stetfc es d`jj`ws7

5. Bkcbvbcuej Cbddfrfkaf7

Bkk sàbfty, lfk erf k`t ejbof bk tnfbr keturf, ettbtucfs, bcfej, bktfrfst ekc espbretb`ks. Cuf t` tnbs cbddfrfkaf, tnfy debj t` eaa`ll`cetf tnflsfjvfs wnban ley jfec t` a`kdjbat el`kh tnfl.

=. Aujturej Cbddfrfkaf7 Aujturf bs tnf wey `d jbdf `d e hrùp. Bt cbddfrs dr`l sàbfty t` sàbfty. Snf aujturf `d `kf hrùp cbddfrs dr`l tnf aujturf `d tnf `tnfr hrùp. Snfsf aujturej cbddfrfkafs el`kh tnf hrùp, s`lftblfs aeusf tfksb`k ekc jfec t` a`kdjbat.

1. Ajesnfs `d Bktfrfsts7 Snf ajesn `d bktfrfsts `d cbddfrfkt pf`pjf leofs a`kdjbat a`k djbat bkfvbtemjf. Snf bktfrfsts `d tnf w`rofrs ajesn wbtn tn`sf `d flpj`yfrs jfec t` a`kdjbat a`k djbat el`kh tnfl. 3. Qàbej Anekhf7 A`kdjbat ejs` erbsfs cuf t` tnf cbddfrfkaf mftwffk retfs `d sàbej anekhf. Snf anekhf bk tnf l`rej k`rls `d e sàbfty ekc lek‒s n`pfs, espbretb`ks ekc cflekcs c flekcs jfecs t` a`kdjbat .Snf a`kdjbat mftwffk tnf `jc ekc kfw hfkfretb`ks bs `wbkh t` sàbej anekhfs. A`kdjbat bs ek fxprfssb`k `d sàbej cbsfqubjbmrbul.

6. Y``r A`llukbaetb`k7

A`kdjbat hfkfrejjy erbsfs `wbkh t` p``r a`llukbaetb`k `r a`llukbaetb`k a` llukbaetb`k hep wnban usuejjy teofs pjeaf bk tnf, emsfkaf `d a`lpjftf, ajfer ekc a`rrfat bkd`rletb`k `r cuf t` jekhuehf merrbfrs. Y``r a`llukbaetb`k jfecs t` suspbab`k, lbsukcfrstekcbkh, ekc wr`kh `r pertbej blprfssb`k mftwffk bkcbvbcuejs, hrùps `r tfels, ekc hbvfs rbsf t` a`kdjbat.

4. A`lpftbtb`k7

A`lpftbtb`k d`r l`kftery bkafktbvfs (f.h., m`kus d`r bkcbvbcuej `r hrùp pfrd`rlekaf), nbhnfr p`sbtb`k, ettebklfkt `d mfkfdbts, fta. ley aeusf a`kdjbat. Snf pr`mjfl `d a`lpftbtb`k a`lfs bk wnfrf rfsùrafs erf jblbtfc ekc `kjy e dfw erf rfwercfc, ekc e jerhf sfatb`k rflebks cfprbvfc. Snbs a`lpftbtb`k hfkfretfs cbssetbsdeatb`k ekc, ujtbletfjy, hbvfs rbsf t` a`kdjbat.

8. L`rf Y`wfr7

S` rflebk setbsdbfc wbtn e jblbtfc p`wfr bs hfkfrejjy k`t dùkc bk nulek keturf. Ek bkcbvbcuej `r e hrùp nes e hfkfrej tfkcfkay t` mfa`lf l`rf p`wfrduj ekc l`rf blp`rtekt. Dr`l tnbs tfkcfkay, ek bkcbvbcuej `r e hrùp ley cfdy `r qufstb`k qu fstb`k tnf eutn`rbty `d tnf supfrb`r. Snbs jfecs

t` a`kdjbat. E a`kdjbat ley ejs` erbsf bd e hrùp ajebls t` cfsfrvf l`rf p`wfr t` btsfjd tnek `tnfr hrùp `r hrùps.

>. Cbddfrfkaf bk @mgfatbvfs7

Bkcbvbcuejs `r hrùps wbtn cbddfrfkt `mgfatbvfs erf jbofjy t` `pp`sf fean `tnfr. Snfy aekk`t h` ej`kh tnf self rùtf d`r j`kh. Snf eatbvbty `d ek bkcbvbcuej wbtn e str`kh sfksf `d rfsp`ksbmbjbty ekc elmbtb`k bs mùkc t` ajesn wbtn tnet `d e pfrs`k nevbkh jfss `d tn`sf quejbtbfs, fvfk tnùhn m`tn `d tnfl ley mf tnf flpj`yffs `d tnf self reko. Quan cbddfrfkafs hrecuejjy hfkfretf cbssetbsdeatb`k mftwffk tnfl, ekc rfsujt bk e a`kdjbat.

Mrbfdjy cfsarbmf tnf anereatfrbstbas `d tnf wfeo stetfs. Fxpjebk n`w tnfsf anereatfrbstbas jfec tnf stetfs bkt` wfeo fddbabfkt0 Eks7 Xfeo Qtetf7 Bt bs cfdbkfc es tnf stetf wbtn tnf d`jj`wbkh anereatfrbstbas7 e. Qfaurbty Qfaurbty Hep7 Hep7 Xfeo Xfeo bk pr`vbcbkh pr`vbcbkh sfaurbty sfaurbty t` bts pf`pjf m. Aepeabty Hep7 Xfeo bk pr`vbcbkh mesba sfrvbafs t` bts pf`pjf a. Jfhbtbleay Jfhbtbleay Hep7 Hep7 Xfeo Xfeo bk bk nevbkh nevbkh jfhbtb jfhbtbleay leay el`kh el`kh bts bts pf`pjf pf`pjf Snf X`rjc Meko cfdbkfs e stetf t` mf „wfeo‒ bd bt (e) bs fjbhbmjf d`r essbstekaf (b.f., e hrekt) dr`l tnf Bktfrketb`kej Cfvfj`plfkt Essàbetb`k (BCE) (m) nes nec e VK pfeafoffpbkh lbssb`k bk tnf jest tnrff yfers, ekc ( a) nes rfafbvfc e „h`vfrkekaf‒ sa`rf `d jfss tnek 1.= Anereatfrbstbas `d Xfeo Qtetfs e. Qàbej    

Lùktbkh cfl`hrepnba prfssurfs ekc trbmej, ftnkba ekc/`r rfjbhbùs a`kdjbats. Lessbvf bktfrkej ekc fxtfrkej cbspjeaflfkt `d rfduhffs. Xbcfsprfec vfkhfekaf-sffobkh hrùp hrbfvekafs. Anr`kba ekc sustebkfc flbhretb`k.

m. Fa`k`lba

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Xbcfsprfec a`rruptb`k Nbhn fa`k`lba bkfquejbty Vkfvfk fa`k`lba cfvfj`plfkt ej`kh hrùp jbkfs. Qfvfrf fa`k`lba cfajbkf.

a. Y`jbtbaej      

Cfjfhbtblbzetb`k `d tnf stetf. Cftfrb`retb`k `d pumjba sfrvbafs. Xbcfsprfec nulek rbhnts emusfs. Qfaurbty d`rafs `pfretbkh es e "stetf wbtnbk e stetf" `dtfk wbtn blpukbty. ]bsf `d deatb`kejbzfc fjbtfs. Bktfrvfktb`k `d fxtfrkej p`jbtbaej ehfkts ekc d`rfbhk stetfs.

Snf em`vf lfktb`kfc anereatfrbstbas an ereatfrbstbas aek jfec tnf stetf bkt` wfeo stetf my tnf d`jj`wbkh weys7 5. Xbtnbk tnf m`rcfrs `d tnf stetf, tnfrf bs `dtfk ` dtfk k` sbkhjf ketb`k, b.f., e sàbejjy a`nfsbvf sàbfty. Bkstfec, tnfrf erf usuejjy e verbfty `d ` d a`llukej hrùps a`ktfkcbkh d`r tnfbr `wk sfaurbtbfs ekc d`r suprfleay `vfr tnfbr a`lpftbt`rs. =. Snf rfhblf bk p`wfr, tnfrfd`rf, usuejjy jeaos tnf supp`rt `d s`lf sbhkbdbaekt a`lp`kfkt `d p`pujetb`k, mfaeusf tnf rfhblf rfprfsfkts tnf bktfrfsts fbtnfr `d e pertbaujer sàbej sfat`r `r `d fa`k`lba `r lbjbtery fjbtf tnet nes teofk a`ktr`j. Bk ejj bkstekafs, tnf rfsujt bs ek emsfkaf `d pfrafbvfc p`pujer jfhbtbleay t` tnf fxbstfkaf ekc sfaurbty bktfrfsts `d tnf rfhblf. 1. Snf stetf jeaos fddfatbvf bkstbtutb`kej aepeabtbfs t` pr`vbcf pfeaf pfe af ekc `rcfr, es wfjj es tnf a`kcbtb`ks d`r setbsdeat`ry pnysbaej fxbstfkaf, d`r tnf p`pujetb`k. 3. Snf sfksf `d tnrfet tnet prfvebjs bs `d bktfrkej tnrfets t` ekc dr`l tnf rfhblf p`wfr, retnfr tnek fxtfrkejjy l`tbvetfc tnrfets t` tnf fxbstfkaf `d ` d tnf ketb`k-stetf. 6. Jfss fddfatbvf sfaurbty d`r ejj `r afrtebk sfat`rs `d tnf p`pujetb`k. p `pujetb`k. 4. Jfss fddfatbvf aepeabty `d afktrejbzfc stetf bkstbtutb`ks t` pr`vbcf sfrvbafs ekc `rcfr. 8. Bkarfesfc vujkfrembjbty `d tnf stetf ekc bts pf`pjf t` bkdjufkaf, bktfrvfktb`k, ekc a`ktr`j my ùtsbcf eat`rs, mf tnfy `dtfk stetfs, a`llukej hrùps `r lujtbketb`kej a`rp`retb`ks. >. Bkarfesfc vujkfrembjbty `d tnf stetf ekc bts pf`pjf t` bkdjufkaf, bktfrvfktb`k, ekc a`ktr`j my ùtsbcf eat`rs ekc `dtfk stetf‒s a`llukej hrùps `r lujtbketb`kej a`rp`retb`ks.

A`kdjbat, pfeaf ekc cfvfj`plfkt nevf a`lpjflfktery rfjetb`ksnbp t` fean `tnfr. Gustbdy. A`kdjbat nes ejweys m`tn p`sbtbvf ekc kfhetbvf blpeats `k bkcbvbcuejs ekc sàbfty. Q`lf fxelpjfs `d p`sbtbvf ùta`lfs `d a`kdjbat `k pfeaf ekc cfvfj`plfkt erf erf cbsaussfc nfrf. 

A`kdjbat aek l`tbvetf pf`pjf t` try nercfr t` wbk. Bt bkarfesfs a`llbtlfkt ekc fknekafs hrùp j`yejty. Bt ejs` ajerbdbfs pr`mjfls `r bcfktbdbfs lebk bssufs `d a`kafrk. Bt jfecs t` bkk`vetbvf mrfeotnrùhns ekc kfw epprèanfs, tfankbqufs, pràfcurfs ekc a`ktfkts. Bt ajerbdbfs `r mrbkhs ukcfrjybkh pr`mjfls ekc deabjbtetfs anekhf pràfss jfecbkh t` s`jutb`ks. Bt hejvekbsfs `r bkarfesfs fkfrhy jfvfj ekc leofs ofy vejufs vbsbmjf. Bt ejs` snerpfks pf`pjf‒s aepeabty t` merhebk, bkdjufkaf, a`lpftf ekc kfh`tbetf. Bt a`ktrbmutfs t` ehrerbek rfd`rl ekc sàbej anekhf. Qblbjerjy, a`kdjbat aùjc nevf sfvfrf kfhetbvf ùta`lfs t``. A`kdjbat aek jfec t` ekhfr, ev`bcekaf, skeppbkh, snùtbkh, drustretb`k, dfer `d debjurf, ekc 

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sfksf `d ejs` pfrs`kej bkecfqueay. Bt aùjc wbtnn`jc arbtbaej bkd`rletb`k `r cbst`rt bkd`rletb`k. Bt rfcuafs pr`cuatbvbty `d pf`pjf fkhehfc bk bt. Bk `rhekbsetb`k espfat, bt sbcftreaos aerffrs, rubks rfjetb`ksnbps ekc cbsrupts fstemjbsnfc w`robkh pettfrks. Bt westfs mrebks, l`kfy ekc tblf, wnban jfecs t` j`ss bk pr`cuatbvbty. Bt `dtfk pr`l`tfs vb`jfkaf ekc cbsbktfhretfs sàbej nerl`ky ekc a`ktrbmutfs t` mrfeobkh c`wk `d sàbfty. Xnfk pfeafduj/sbjfkt a`kdjbat turks t` vb`jfkaf ekc wer, nulek rbhnts vb`jetb`ks, nulek aesuejty ekc cfstruatb`k bkarfesf ekc tnet ujtbletfjy turks t` „stetf-debjurf‒

. Yfeaf ekc Cfvfj`plfkt7 Yfeaf ekc cfvfj`plfkt a`lpjflfktery fean tnf `tnfr. Snfy `d erfvb`jfkaf jbof tw``r sbcfs `dcbsturmekafs e a`bk. Bk tnf emsfkaf `d `kf `tnfrerf aekk`t fxbst. Yfeaft` lfeks emsfkaf `tnfr wbtnbk e stetf wnfrfes cfvfj`plfkt bs e rfsujt `d pfeafduj fkvbr`klfkt. Cfvfj`plfkt aek mf a`kcuatfc `kjy bk e pfeafduj fkvbr`klfkt. Bd tnfrf bs wer, a`kdjbat ekc vb`jfkaf bk tnf aùktry tnfk k` cfvfj`plfkt aek mf aerrbfc ùt. Ejj tnf evebjemjf lfeks ekc rfsùrafs h`fs bk vebk wbtnùt bts utbjbzetb`k. Snf stetf wbjj dàus `k tfrlbketbkh wer retnfr tnek a`kcuatbkh cfvfj`plfkt w`ros. D`r fh7 Bk spbtf `d nevbkh nev bkh fk`rlùs rfsùrafs strbdf, ftnkba vb`jfkaf Edrbaek pf`pjf erf cfprbvfc `d pr`spfrbty. Curbkh wer ejj ketb`kej rfsùrafs erf cfv`tfc t` wer fdd`rts. ujtbletfjy tnf fa`k`lba jbdf `d tnf ketb`k bs bk pfrbj. Q` eky obkc `d rfej cfvfj`plfkt pfeaf lust prfvebj. Snbs bs wny pfeaf bs blp`rtekt d`r cfvfj`plfkt. E fkvbr`klfkt bs blp`rtekt d`r cfvfj`plfkt, ekc bk a`kdjbat-rbccfk a`llukbtbfs, cfvfj`plfkt eatbvbtbfs erf cbsruptfc cuf t` tnf ukrfjbemjf sàbej sfrvbafs ekc tnf prfvejfkaf `d sàbej pr`mjfls suan es p`vfrty, nukhfr ekc bkfquejbty. Bk `rcfr t` fsaepf cbrfat, struaturej ekc/`r aujturej vb`jfkaf, cfvfj`plfkt eatbvbtbfs ley mf d`rafc t` aj`sf c`wk ekc l`vf t` sedfr jàetb`ks, fvfk

es tnf pf`pjf rflebkbkh bk tnfsf a`kdjbat-rbccfk erfes fxpfrbfkaf p`vfrty, nukhfr ekc cfarfesfc `pp`rtukbtbfs. Snf trecbtb`kej k`tb`k `d pfeaf–tnf emsfkaf `d a`kdjbat–bs k`t fkùhn t` mrbkh emùt cfvfj`plfkt. Bd e h`vfrklfkt fkcs erlfc e rlfc n`stbjbtbfs my bssubkh e afesfdbrf wbtnùt eccrfssbkh bts ukcfrjybkh deat`rs, a`kdjbat ley rfsulf, durtnfr cbsruptbkh musbkfss `pfretb`ks ekc fxeafrmetbkh p`vfrty, nukhfr ekc bkfquejbty. Yfeaf aek nfjp t` pr`l`tf cfvfj`plfkt my tnf d`jj`wbkh weys7        

Xfjj-dukatb`kbkh h`vfrklfkt Qùkc musbkfss fkvbr`klfkt Fqubtemjf cbstrbmutb`k `d rfsùrafs Eaafptekaf `d tnf rbhnts `d `tnfrs H``c rfjetb`ks wbtn kfbhnm`rs Drff dj`w `d bkd`rletb`k Nbhn jfvfjs `d nulek aepbtej J`w jfvfjs `d a`rruptb`k

]fsùraf saerabty ekc rfsùraf cfpjftb`k erf tnf prblf bssufs bk teobkh pjeaf a`kdjbat bk fkvbr`klfkt. Yut yùr erhulfkt. ]fsùraf saerabty ekc rfsùraf cfpjftb`k erf tnf prblf bssufs bk teobkh pjeaf a`kdjbat bk fkvbr`klfkt. Snbs k`tb`k aek mf mfst cfsarbmfc wbtn tnf nfjp `d Kf`-Lejtnusbek l`cfj. Snf Kf`-Lejtnusbek san``j `d tnùhnt purp`sf tnet saerabty bkfvbtemjy jfecs sàbftbfs t` e stetf stetf `d wer. @kf `d tnf str`khfst pr`p`kfkts `d tnbs pnbj`s`pny pn bj`s`pny bs N`lfr-Cbx`k, wn` pr`p`sfs tnf a`kafpt `d fkvbr`klfktej saerabty7 e a`kstruat a`lprbsfc `d tnf suppjy, cflekc ekc cbstrbmutb`k `d keturej rfsùrafs (N`lfr-Cbx`k 5222). Nf erhufs tnet saerabty jfec t` tnf letfrbejbzetb`k `d vb`jfkaf. D`r fh7 wetfr saerabty bkarfesf tnf rbso `d wer my 4%. Hejtukh (52>=)7 • ‚Xers erf `dtfk `vfr rfsùrafs.“ ‚Snf cfstruatb`k `d tnf fkvbr`klfkt ley jfec t` l`rf wers `vfr rfsùrafs.“ Snrff Aesuej D`rls `d Qaerabty7 • cflekc bkcuafc (p`pujetb`k hr`wtn) • suppjy bkcuafc (cfhrecetb`k, fkvbr`klfktej anekhf) • struaturej (ukfquej cbstrbmutb`k `d rfsùrafs el`kh bkcbvbcuejs & hrùps) ]fsùr ]fs` uraf af saer saerab abty ty + p`puj p`pujet etb` b`k k hr`w hr`wtn tn + st stru ruat atur urej ej bk bkfq fquej uejbt btbf bfss lerhbkejbsetb`k, lbhretb`k a`kdjbat

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rfs rfsùr ùraf af aeptur aepturf, f,

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]fsùraf saerabty bs tnf sbkhjf l`st blp`rtekt bssuf bk erlfc a`kdjbat. Snbs bs fvfk l`rf truf edtfr tnf fkc `d tnf A`jc Xer. Sfrrbt`rbej cbsputfs aek mf pr`xbfs d`r cbsputfs emùt `tnfr saeraf rfsùrafs (lbkfrejs, fkfrhy sùrafs, d``c, wetfr, fta.).

Y`jbtbaej fa`j`hy7 Y`jbtbaej fa`j`hy7 Keturf Keturf ekc sàbfty sàbfty erf lutuejjy lutuejjy bktfrjbkofc bktfrjbkofc es e rfsujt rfsujt fkvbr`klfktej fkvbr`klfktej a`kdjbats erf sàbej a`kdjbats, fa`k`lba a`kdjbats, p`jbtbaej ekc aujturej a`kdjbats Bt stetfs tnet k`t saerabty saerabty mut ukfquej fktbtjflfkt fktbtjflfkts, s, eaafss, eaafss, a`ktr`j, a`ktr`j, cbstrbmut cbstrbmutb`k b`k es wfjj es rfprfsfkte rfprfsfktetb`k tb`k wbjj jfec t` tnf a`kdjbat. Fxelpjfs `d ]fsùraf Qaerabty bkcuafc a`kdjbat7 Cerdur A`kdjbat- Xetfr Eaafss Erlfc A`kdjbat bk Kfpej- Jekc Eaafss Qyrbek Abvbj Xer- crùhnt BQBQ bkvesb`k bkvesb`k `d Breq- Crùhnts, Crùhnts, fxtrflf fxtrflf dj``cbkh, ekc wbkcs aeusfc fa`k`lba cbs`rcfr cbs`rcfr d`r sa`rfs `d derlfrs, nfrcfrs, ekc `tnfr musbkfssfs. Qùtn Qucek A`kdjbat- delbkf Jbmyek Abvbj Xer- j`w rebkdejj

Mrbfdjy fxpjebk tnf `vfrvbfw `d erlfc a`kdjbat bk Kfpej. Fxpjebk tnf fddfats `d erlfc a`kdjbat `k w`lfk bk rfdfrfkaf t` erlfc a`kdjbat pfrb`c. Blpeats `d A`kdjbat `k Hfkcfr7

Y`sbtbvf Blpeats7 5.

Anekh Anekhff bk Hfkc Hfkcfr fr bcf bcf`j `j`h `hbf bfss 

Hfkcfr bcf`j`hbfs d`rl pert `d tnf vejuf systfl wnban supp`rts e hbvfk sft `d hfkcfr r`jfs, bcfktbtbfs, ekc p`wfr struaturfs. X`lfk‒s bkv`jvflfkt bk k`k-trecbtb`kej r`jf (s`jcbfrs, spbfs) bk a`kdjbat ley sfrvf t` anekhf hfkcfr bcf`j`hbfs t` s`lf fxtfkc

n` n`wf wfvfr vfr,, tnfs tnfsff w`lf w`lfk k `dtf `dtfk k er erff an anes estb tbsf sfc c bk s` sàb abft ftbf bfss d` d`rr k` k`tt a` a`kd kd`r `rlb lbkh kh t` trecbtb`kej hfkcfr bcf`j`hbfs. =. Anekh Anekhff bk hfkcf hfkcfrr rfje rfjetb tb`k `k Snfsf erf tnf eatbvbtbfs wnban lfk ekc w`lfk erf fxpfatfc t` aerry ùt `k e cebjy mesbs wbtnbk tnfbr nùsfn`jcs `r a`llukbtbfs, verybkh eaa`rcbkh t` sàb`-aujturej a`ktfxt? tnfy erf `dtfk rfdfrrfc t` es tnf hfkcfr cbvbsb`k `d jem`r. Snf rfsferan dùkc tnet wer jfecs w`lfk t` teof `k nfevbfr rfsp`ksbmbjbtbfs, wnbjf lfk‒s rfsp`ksbmbjbtbfs tfkc t` rfcuaf. Snbs bs pertjy mfaeusf leky lfk erf emsfkt dbhntbkh `r erf objjfc `r emcuatfc. Mut bt bs ejs` `dtfk mfaeusf tnf rfsùrafs wnban lfk usfc t` a`ktr`j erf k` j`khfr evebjemjf, ekc mfaeusf tnf fa`k`lba `pp`rtukbtbfs evebjemjf bk tnf kfw sbtuetb`k (d`r fxelpjf, pftty trecf `r ehrbaujturej jemùr) erf `dtfk l`rf eaafptemjf t` w`lfk tnek t` lfk. X`lfk, tnfrfd`rf, nevf e mrècfr rekhf `d `ptb`ks tnrùhn wnban tnfy aek dujdbj tnfbr c`lfstba rfsp`ksbmbjbtbfs, rfsp`ksbmbjbtbfs, wnbjf d`r lfk tnf rekhf `d `ptb`ks bs kerr`wfc. 1. L`vf L`vf dr`l stfrf` stfrf`typ typbae baej/a j/a`kvf `kvfktb ktb`kej `kej r`jfs r`jfs Snbs snbdt bk rfsp`ksbmbjbtbfs rfprfsfkts e l`vf ewey dr`l stfrf`typbaejjy „lesaujbkf‒ ekc „dflbkbkf‒ r`jfs. Lfk n`wfvfr ley rfeat t` tnfsf anekhfs wbtn cfprfssb`k, eja`n`jbsl ekc ek fsaejetb`k `d vb`jfkaf ehebkst w`lfk bk pumjba ekc prbvetf . 3. X`lfks X`lfks‒s ‒s bkv`jv bkv`jvflf flfkt kt bk ketb`kej ketb`kej jfecfr jfecfrsnb snbp p Bkarfe Bka rfesfc sfc p`jbtb p`jbtbaej aej pertba pertbabpe bpetb` tb`k k ekc `rhekb `rhekbzet zetb`k b`k77 w`lfk w`lfk bk pertba pertbauje ujerr hebk hebk hrfetf hrfetfr r a`kdbcfkaf ekc sff tnf mfkfdbts `d w`robkh wbtn `tnfr w`lfk. 6. Fa`k`lba Fa`k`lba blpeats blpeats77 jbvfjbn` jbvfjbn``cs `cs ekc tnf cbvbs cbvbsb`k b`k `d jemùr e) Bkar Bkarfe fesf sf bk bk aesn aesn fa` fa`k`l k`ly7 y7 cuf t` cbspjeaflfkt lfk ekc w`lfk wfrf cfpfkcfkt `k dbkcbkh aesuej w`ro `k tnf bkd`rlej sfat`r ekc ejs` mfaelf fkhehfc `k verbfty `d rbsoy survbvej stretfhbfs suan es pr`stbtutb`k m) Eceptetb`k `k fa`k`lba r`jf `k nùsfn`jc jfvfj Lfk `dtfk j`st g`ms ekc essfts. X`lfk es nùsfn`jc nfecs bk emsfkaf `d lfk.X`lfk wfrf `dtfk prblery bka`lf ferkfrs a) Blpjba Blpjbaetb etb`k `k `d tnfsf tnfsf anekhfs anekhfs 

Bk s`lf aesfs, lfk eaafpt tnbs snbdt pessbvfjy eaok`wjfchbkh w`lfk‒s a`ktrbmutb`k

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Bk s`lf aesfs, tnbs snbdt nes mrùhnt bkarfesf bk eja`n`jbsl ekc c`lfstba vb`jfkaf ehebkst w`lfk

Kfhetbvf Blpeat7 5) Bkarfe Bkarfesf sf bk w`lfk w`lfk nfecf nfecfc c nùsfn nùsfn`jc `jc77 

Lfk erf usuejjy cbrfatjy terhftfc bk erlfc a`kdjbats ekc tnfy leof up tnf leg`rbty `d aesuejtbfs aeusfc my slejj erls ekc jbhnt wfep`ks (QEJX). Snf bkarfesbkh kulmfr `d nùsfn`j nùs fn`jcs cs nfecfc nfecfc my w`lfk w`lfk bk a`kdjba a`kdjbatt z`kfs z`kfs bs ek bjj bjjust ustret retb`k b`k `d lfk‒s lfk‒s spfabd spfabdba ba vujkfrembjbty

Snùhn dr`l pfrspfatbvf pfrspfatbvf `d hfkcfr fquejbty, fquejbty, dflejf nfecfc nùsfn`jc bs sffk es `kf `d tnf dfeturf `d w`lfk‒s flp`wfrlfkt mut tnfy nevf t` suddfr nbhn w`rojèc sbkaf tnfy nevf t` bkv`jvf bk m`tn aerf ekc aesn fa`k`ly. Bt bs ejs` sffk tnet dflejf nfecfc nùsfn`jc erf vujkfremjf t` tnf p`vfrty. =) Hfkcf Hfkcfrr mesf mesfc c vb`j vb`jfk fkaf af77 

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Hfkcfr-me Hfkcfr -mesfc sfc sfxuej sfxuej vb`jfkaf vb`jfkaf nes mfa`lf mfa`lf e wfep`k wfep`k `d wer, wer, `dtfk `dtfk a`kcuat a`kcuatfc fc `k e lessbvf saejf. Quan vb`jfkaf bs drfqufkt bk aùktrbfs wnfrf t`tej blpukbty `d pfrpftret`rs bs tnf rujf, d`jj`wbkh tnf a`jjepsf `d p`jbaf ekc jfhej systfls ekc tnf t`tej ane`s bknfrfkt t` wer. Ek fxelpjf bs tnf emusf a`llbttfc ehebkst w`lfk my h`vfrklfkt s`jcbfrs bk Murle. Hfkcfr mesfc sfxuej vb`jfkaf aek a`ksbst `d repf, d`rafc blprfhketb`k, d`rafc em`rtb`k, treddbaobkh, sfxuej sjevfry ekc tnf bktfktb`kej sprfec `d sfxuejjy trekslbttfc bkdfatb`ks (QSBs), bkajucbkh NBT/EBCQ, fta. Qfxuej vb`jfkaf ehebkst w`lfk nes e kfhetbvf fddfat `k tnf sàbej rfjetb`ks. Leky dflejf BCYs erf d`rafc t` fkhehf bk pr`stbtutb`k. ]epfs my tnf a`llekcfrs bk wer ekc bk vbjjehfs t``.

Nulek treddbaobkh fspfabejjy hbrjs 1) Hfkcf Hfkcfrr ekc cbs cbspj pjea eafl flfkt fkt A`kdjbat ekc cbspjeaflfkt `dtfk nevf e hrfet blpeat `k hfkcfr r`jfs m`tn bk tnf sn`rt ekc bk tnf j`kh tfrl. L`rf spfabdbaejjy, tnbs blpeat aek mf7 5 Qn`rt Qn`rt tfrl tfrl e. Qfpere Qfperetb`k tb`k `d delbjb delbjbfs fs ekc bkarfesfc bkarfesfc vujkfremb vujkfrembjbty jbty `d w`lfk w`lfk (TEX, (TEX, jeao `d eaafss eaafss t` t` d``c). m. Jeao `d fcuaetb`k, pertbaujerjy d`r hbrjs. a. Lfk Lfk su sumg mgfa fatt t` a` a`ks ksar arbp bptb tb`k `k bkt` bkt` lb lbjb jbte tery ry ek ekc c lb lbjb jbtb tbes es77 hb hbrj rj an anbj bjcr crfk fk emcua emcuatf tfc c es lfssfkhfrs, „wbvfs‒ ekc sfx sjevfs ekc saùts d`r lbjbtery hrùps? w`lfk ley g`bk tnf lbjbtery. = J`kh J`kh tfrl7 tfrl7 e) Cfl`hrepnba Cfl`hrepnba pr`dbj pr`dbjff anekhfs bk erlfc erlfc a`kdjbat a`kdjbat sbtuet sbtuetb`ks, b`ks, l`rf l`rf w`lfk tnek tnek lfk ley survbvf. 

m) Anekhfs bk jem`r cbvbsb`k mftwffk lfk ekc w`lfk7 lfk ley j`sf tnfbr g`ms ekc dffj drustretfc es e rfsujt `d tnf j`ss `d tnfbr r`jfs es mrfecwbkkfrs, wnbjf w`lfk ley mf d`rafc t` essulf rfsp`ksbmbjbtbfs prfvbùsjy nfjc my lfk d`jj`wbkh tnf sfperetb`k `d delbjbfs, tnf objjbkh `d rfjetbvfs ekc tnf cfstruatb`k `d n`lfs. Snfsf anekhfs aek mf j`kh tfrl `r fvfk pfrlekfkt. a) X`lfk‒s X`lfk‒s vujkfrembj vujkfrembjbty bty t` sfxuej sfxuej fxpj`btet fxpj`btetb`k, b`k, c`lfstba c`lfstba vb`jfkaf vb`jfkaf ekc repfs repfs bkarfesfs es 3) Anbj Anbjc c Lerr Lerrbe behf hf77

hfkcfr r`jfs snbdt.

Bk leky a`llukbtbfs, anbjc lerrbehfs tfkc t` rbsf bk e a`kdjbat sfttbkh ùt `d e kffc t` pr`tfat yùkh w`lfk dr`l sfxuej vb`jfkaf et tnf nekcs `d tnf fkfly `r `tnfr eat`rs. Bt bs ejs` s`lftblfs c`kf bk e mbc t` deabjbtetf tnf fktry f ktry `d lfk bkt` tnf tfrrbt`ry `d tnf mrbcf, d`r lerrbehf ejj`ws eaafss. Bk s`lf a`llukbtbfs, lerrbehf bs e wey t` pr`tfat tnf hbrj‒s ‚n`kùr“. D`r fxelpjf, bk Qyrbe, eaa`rcbkh t` stetbstbas dr`l VKBAFD, bk =955, 5=% `d rfhbstfrfc lerrbehfs bkv`jvfc e hbrj ukcfr tnf ehf `d 5>. Snbs dbhurf bkarfesfc t` 5>% bk =95=, =6% bk =951 ekc gust ukcfr 1=% bk tnf dbrst quertfr `d =953.

Cfdbkf vb`jfkaf. Fxpjebk verbùs d`rls `d vb`jfkaf. Tb`jfkaf bs "tnf usf `d pnysbaej d`raf s` es t` bkgurf, emusf, celehf, `r cfstr`y". Eaa`rcbkh t` XN@, ‚Tb`jfkaf bs tnf bktfktb`kej usf `d pnysbaej d`raf `r p`wfr, tnrfetfkfc `r eatuej, ehebkst `kfsfjd, ek`tnfr pfrs`k, `r ehebkst eh ebkst e hrùp `r a`llukbty, tnet fbtnfr rfsujts bk `r nes e nbhn jbofjbn``c `d rfsujtbkh bk bkgury, cfetn, psyan`j`hbaej nerl, lejcfvfj`plfkt, `r cfprbvetb`k“ Sypfs `d Tb`jfkaf G`nek Hejtukh nes ajessbdbfc tnf vb`jfkaf bkt` tnrff typfs7 e. Qtru Qtruat atur urej ej Tb` Tb`jf jfka kaff Bt rfdfrs t` e d`rl `d vb`jfkaf wnfrfbk s`lf sàbej struaturf `r sàbej bkstbtutb`k ley nerl pf`pjf my prfvfktbkh tnfl dr`l lfftbkh tnfbr mesba kffcs. Qtruaturej vb`jfkaf fxbsts wnfk s`lf hrùps, ajessfs, hfkcfrs, ketb`kejbtbfs, fta nevf l`rf eaafss t` h``cs, rfsùrafs, ekc `pp`rtukbtbfs tnek `tnfr hrùps, ajessfs, hfkcfrs, ketb`kejbtbfs, fta,.Snbs ukfquej ecvektehf bs mubjt bkt` tnf vfry sàbej, p`jbtbaej ekc fa`k`lba systfls tnet h`vfrk sàbftbfs, stetfs ekc tnf tnf w`rjc.. A`kstbtutb`kej prbvbjfhfs `d G`m rfsfrvetb`ks ekc dbkekabej supp`rts bk tnf kelf `d tnf wfjderf `d tnf ‚trbmfs `r meaowercs“ bs ejs` fxelpjfs `d struaturej vb`jfkaf. Qtruaturej vb`jfkaf d`rls tnf vfry mesbs `d aepbtejbsl, petrberany, ekc eky c`lbket`r systfl. m. Aujturej Tb`jfkaf Aujturej vb`jfkaf" rfdfrs t` espfats `d e aujturf tnet aek mf usfc t` gustbdy `r jfhbtblbzf cbrfat `r struaturej vb`jfkaf, ekc ley mf fxflpjbdbfc my rfjbhb`k ekc bcf`j`hy, jekhuehf ekc ert, flpbrbaej sabfkaf ekc d`rlej sabfkaf. Eaa`rcbkh t` Hejtukh Aujturej vb`jfkaf leofs cbrfat ekc struaturej vb`jfkaf j`ò `r dffj "rbhnt", `r et jfest k`t wr`kh. Dffjbkhs `d supfrb`rbty/bkdfrb`rbty mesfc `k ajess, reaf, sfx, rfjbhb`k, ekc ketb`kejbty erf bkaujaetfc bk us es anbjcrfk ekc snepf ùr

essulptb`ks emùt us ekc tnf w`rjc. Snfy a`kvbkaf us tnbs bs tnf wey tnbkhs erf ekc tnfy nevf t` mf. a. Cb Cbrf rfat at Tb Tb`jfk `jfkaf af Cbrfat vb`jfkaf aek teof leky d`rls. Bk bts ajessba d`rl, bt bkv`jvfs tnf usf `d pnysbaej d`raf, jbof objjbkh `r t`rturf, repf ekc sfxuej esseujt, ekc mfetbkhs. Durtnfr, wf ukcfrstekc tnet vfrmej vb`jfkaf, jbof nulbjbetb`k `r put c`wks, bs ejs` mfa`lbkh l`rf wbcfjy rfa`hkbsfc es vb`jfkaf. G`nek Hejtukh cfsarbmfc cbrfat vb`jfkaf es tnf ‚ev`bcemjf blpebrlfkt `d dukcelfktej nulek kffcs `r jbdf wnban leofs bt blp`ssbmjf `r cbddbaujt d`r pf`pjf t` lfft tnfbr kffcs `r eanbfvf tnfbr dujj p`tfktbej. Snrfet t` usf d`raf bs ejs` rfa`hkbsfc es vb`jfkaf G`nek Hejtukh (5242), lecf e ajfer cbstbkatb`k mftwffk Qtruaturej Tb`jfkaf, Aujturej Tb`jfkaf ekc Cbrfat Tb`jfkaf. Snfsf bcfes erf a`kkfatfc t` nbs cbstbkatb`k cfpfkcbkh `k n`w bt `pfretfs mftwffk tnrff bktfr-rfjetfc d`rls `d vb`jfkaf (Qtruaturej-Aujturej-Cbrfat) (Qtruaturej-Aujturej-Cbrfat) wnfrf Qtruaturej Tb`jfkaf bs et tnf jfdt fkc ekc Aujturej Tb`jfkaf bs et tnf rbhnt fkc `d tnf mesf `d e Srbekhjf bkvbsbmjy wnbjf Cbrfat vb`jfkaf bs `k tnf vfrtfx vbsbmjy. Eaa`rcbkh t` Hejtukh‒s Tb`jfkaf Srbekhjf (5242), Aujturej ekc Qtruaturej Tb`jfkaf aeusf Cbrfat Tb`jfkaf. Cbrfat Tb`jfkaf rfbkd`rafs Qtruaturej ekc Aujturej vb`jfkaf. Snf r``ts `d tnf cbrfat vb`jfkaf erf struaturej ekc aujturej vb`jfkaf.

G`nek Hejtukh suhhfstfc t` fkc tnf vb`jfkaf my = weys7 e. Qàbejbsl m. Qàbej ekc Fa`k`lba Cflàreay

h) Bk =5st afktury, w`rjc's leg`r erlfc a`kdjbats a` kdjbats erf jerhfjy l`tbvf my hrbfvekafs. Yut yùr erhulfkt. Bk =5st afktury, w`rjc's leg`r erlfc a`kdjbats erf jerhfjy l`tbvf my hrbfvekafs. Yut yùr erhulfkt. Bt bs tnf erhulfkt tnet pf`pjf rfmfj `vfr bssufs `d bcfktbty, f.h. ftnkbabty, rfjbhb`k, sàbej ajess, fta., retnfr tnek `vfr fa`k`lbas. Hrbfvekaf bs bktfrprftfc es

‚gustbaf sffobkh“ wnfrfmy a`jjfatbvf p`jbtbaej vb`jfkaf bs l`tbvetfc my ek fkcfev`r t` rfcrfss bkgustbafs. A`kdjbats stertfc tnrùhn Hrbfvekaf erf `dtfk sffk bk stetfs wbtn tnf d`jj`wbkh anereatfrbstbas7    

ftnkba `r rfjbhbùs netrfc p`jbtbaej rfprfssb`k p`jbtbaej fxajusb`k Bkfquejbty

Yr`p`kfkts `d tnf Hrbfvekaf l`cfj mfjbfvf mf jbfvf tnet a`kdjbat flfrhf dr`l tnf `pp`sbtb`k t` pfrafbvfc `r eatuej bkgustbaf. @pprfssfc ekc lerhbkejbzfc pf`pjf nevf mfa`lf tbrfc ekc tnfy wekt t` rebsf tnfbr v`baf d`r gustbaf ekc rbhnts.

Fxelbkf Kfpej h`vfrklfkt's bkbtbetbvf t` dujdbjj sfaurbty hep, aepeabty hep,jfhbtbleay hep,jfhbtbl eay hep t` pr`vbcf sfaurbty t` bts abtbzfks. A`kstbtutb`kej Yr`vbsb`k7 Snf A`kstbtutb`k `d Kfpej (nfrfedtfr rfdfrrfc es tnf a`kstbtutb`k), wnban bs tnf dukcelfktej jew `d tnf jekc, wes pr`lujhetfc et ejl`st tnf self tblf tnet tnf QCHs wes ec`ptfc hj`mejjy bk Qfptflmfr =956. Bt huerektffs bkajusbvf sàb`-p`jbtbaej ekc fa`k`lba cfvfj`plfkt ekc e wbcf rekhf `d mesba ekc dukcelfktej rbhnts, bkajucbkh rbhnts t` fquejbty, gustbaf, pr`pfrty, drffc`l `d rfjbhb`k, e ajfek fkvbr`klfkt, fcuaetb`k ekc rbhnts ehebkst cbsarblbketb`k. Snf a`kstbtutb`k durtnfr upn`jcs tnf rbhnt t` d``c, fcuaetb`k, fquejbty, fkvbr`klfkt ekc nfejtn, flpj`ylfkt ekc sàbej sfaurbty, el`kh `tnfrs. Snf a`kstbtutb`k pr`vbcfs us wbtn ek fddfatbvf ekc str`kh dùkcetb`k d`r tnf lebk tnrust `d tnf QCHs b.f. b.f. „Jfevbkh K` @kf Mfnbkc.‒ Bt upn`jcs ekc pr`l`tfs tnf ehfkce `d sàbej gustbaf, bkajusb`k ekc e rbhnts mesfc epprèan, bkajucbkh 11 pfr afkt `d w`lfk rfprfsfktetb`k bk tnf perjbelfkts. Snf a`kstbtutb`k nes pr`vbsb`ks d`r bkstbtutb`kej lfanekbsls t` fksurf bkajusb`k ekc hfkcfr fquejbty, es tnf epp`bktlfkt t` tnf a`kstbtutb`kej a` kstbtutb`kej m`cbfs ekc ehfkabfs erf mesfc `k tnf prbkabpjf `d bkajusb`k. Snf fbhnt a`kstbtutb`kej m`cbfs–tnf Ketb`kej Nulek ]bhnts A`llbssb`k, Ketb`kej X`lfk A`llbssb`k, Ketb`kej Cejbt A`llbssb`k, Ketb`kej Bkajusb`k A`llbssb`k, Bkcbhfkùs Ketb`kejbtbfs A`llbssb`k, A`llbssb`k, Lecnfsb A`llbssb`k, Sneru A`llbssb`k, ekc Lusjbl A`llbssb`k A`llbssb`k –pr`vbcf ek blpftus t`wercs mubjcbkh ek fqubtemjf sàbfty. Snf a`kstbtutb`k leofs bt lekcet`ry d`r ejj p`jbtbaej pertbfs t` embcf my tnf prbkabpjfs `d bkajusb`k ekc ejs` pr`l`tf pr`p`rtb`kej rfprfsfktetb`k d`r epp`bktlfkt bk h`vfrklfkt sfrvbafs. Ketb`kej Yjeks ekc Y`jbabfs7 Snf 53tn pjek nes eblfc et mubjcbkh ek bk - cfpfkcfkt ekc pr`spfrùs stetf fksurbkh eaafss t` mesba sàbej sfrvbafs ekc pr`vbcbkh ecfquetf d``c, nfejtn ekc fkfrhy, ekc g`m sfaurbty, wnbjf aejjbkh d`r fdd`rts t`wercs tnf fddfatbvf blpjflfktetb`k `d tnf QCHs t` pevf tnf wey d`r tnf treksd`rletb`k `d Kfpej dr`l e j`w t` e lbccjf-bka`lf aùktry my =919. Snf 56tn pjek bkajucfs e j`kh-tfrl pfrspfatbvf wbtn e =6-yfer vbsb`k. „Yr`spfrùs Kfpej, Neppy Kfpejb‒ wbtn 59 ketb`kej hèjs nbhn ekc fqubtemjf ketb`kej bka`lf? cfvfj`plfkt ekc dujj utbjbzetb`k `d nulek aepbtej p`tfktbejs? eaafssbmjf l`cfrk bkdrestruaturf ekc bktfksbvf a`kkfatbvbty? ekc nbhn ekc sustebkemjf pr`cuatb`k ekc pr`cuatbvbty es pr`spfrbty? ekc wfjj-mfbkh ekc cfafkt jbdf? sedf, abvbjbzfc ekc gust sàbfty? nfejtny ekc mejekafc fkvbr`klfkt? h``c h`vfrkekaf? a`lprf - nfksbvf cflàreay? ekc ketb`kej ukbty, sfaurbty ekc cbhkbty es neppbkfss. Snf pjek nes e terhft t` bkarfesf pfr aepbte ketb`kej bka`lf t` VQC 5,6>6 ehebkst VQC 5,965

tnet `d tnf mesf yfer `d tnf pjek. Bt ebls t` eanbfvf ek evfrehf fa`k`lba hr`wtn `d 2.4 pfr afkt pfr ekkul, rfcuaf p`vfrty retf t` 2.6 pfr afkt dr`l tnf aurrfkt 5>.8 pfr afkt, ekc bkarfesf tnf jbtfreay retf `d tnf p`pujetb`k ehfc 56-=3 t` 22 pfr afkt dr`l tnf aurrfkt 89 pfr afkt. Epert dr`l tnbs, bt nes ejs` sft terhfts t` eanbfvf ek evfrehf hr`wtn `d 6.3 pfr afkt bk tnf ehrbaujturej sfat`r, 53.4 pfr afkt bk tnf bkcustrbej sfat`r ekc 2.2 pfr afkt bk tnf sfrvbaf sfat`r d`r tnf pjek pfrb`c. Qfat`rej Yjeks7 Snf Ehrbaujturf Cfvfj`plfkt Qtret - fhy (=956-=916) wes cfvfj`pfc bk `rcfr t` leof tnf Ehr`-d`rfstry ehrbaujturf sfat`r a`lpftbtbvf ekc (L@EC, =956). Qblbjerjy, tnf Ketb`kej Y`j -sustebkemjf, bay =952 wes bktr`cuafc t` bkajusbvf fknekaf jekc pr`cuatbvbty ekc pr`l`tf lujtbpjf usf `d jekc d`r bkarfesbkh ehrbaujturf pr`cuatbvbty. Bk tnf nfejtn sfat`r, tnf Ketb`kej Nfejtn Qfa - t`r Qtretfhy Blpjflfktetb`k Yjek (KNQQBY) (=954-=9=5) bs mfbkh blpjflfktfc mesfc `k tnf hèj t`wercs tnf rfejbzetb`k `d tnf QCHs, es wfjj es tnf h`vfrklfkt‒s vbsb`k t` hrecuetf dr`l „Jfest Cfvfj`pfc Aùk - try‒ t` „Lbccjf Bka`lf Cfvfj`pbkh Aùk - try.‒ Snf stretfhy bkajucfs e lujtb-sfat`rej epprèan t` eccrfss sàbej cftfrlbkekts `d nfejtn. Snf h`vfrklfkt nes mffk bl - pjflfktbkh tnf Kbr`hb Kfpej aelpebhk ekc Lujtb-steofn`jcfr Kutrbtb`k Yjek (LQKY). Bk tnf fcuaetb`k sfat`r, tnf Qan``j Qfat`r Cf - vfj`plfkt Yjek (QQCY=954-=9=1) bs mfbkh put bkt` fddfat. Snbs pjek nes hbvfk prb`rbty t` eanbfvbkh hfkcfr fquejbty bk fcuaetb`k, ekc bs ejs` fxpfatfc t` bkarfesf tnf fkr`jlfkt `d hbrjs bk ferjy anbjcn``c fcuaetb`k es wfjj es rftfktb`k retfs. Snf Yrblf Lbkbstfr‒s Flpj`ylfkt Yr`hrellf ekc tnf Y`vfrty Ejjfvbetb`k Dukc wfrf bkbtbetfc bk `rcfr t` eccrfss tnf bssuf `d p`vfrty ekc flpj`ylfkt. Qblbjerjy, tnf Yrfsbcfkt‒s X`lfk Flp`wfrlfkt Yr`hrel ekc a`ktbkuetb`k `d tnf preatbaf `d hfkcfr-rfsp`ksbvf muchftbkh nevf a`ktrbmutfc t`wercs tnf upjbdtlfkt `d tnf stetus `d w`lfk. Snf Qàbej Qfaurbty sanflf, wnban wes stertfc wbtn e sbkhjf pr`hrel bk 5223/26, nes k`w mffk sumstektbejjy wbcfkfc ekc cffpfkfc a`vfrbkh tnf l`st vujkfremjf hrùps, sfkb`r abtbzfks, sbkhjf w`lfk, pfrs`ks wbtn cbsembjbtbfs, terhftfc lerhbkej a`llukbtbfs ekc s` d`rtn. Jews ekc Eats7 tnf Eat ]fjetbkh t` ]bhnts `d Yfr s`ks wbtn Cbsembjbtbfs, =958, tnf ]bhnt t` D``c ekc D``c Q`vfrfbhkty Eat =95>, tnf ]bhnt t` Nùsbkh Eat =95>, tnf ]bhnt t` Fl - pj`ylfkt Eat =95>, tnf ]bhnt t` Qedf L`tn - frn``c ekc ]fpr`cuatbvf Nfejtn Eat, =95>, tnf Qàbej Qfaurbty Eat =95>, tnf Eat ]fjet - bkh t` Anbjcrfk =95>, ekc tnf Eat ]fjetbkh t` A`lpujs`ry ekc Drff Fcuaetb`k =95>. Qfvfrej eats wfrf elfkcfc bk tnf pest, suan es tnf Aestf-mesfc Cbsarblbketb`k ekc Vk - tùanembjbty (@ddfksf ekc Yukbsnlfkt) Eat t` leof tnf h`vfrklfkt e mebjbdd ehebkst cbsarblbketb`k aesfs, ekc tnf A`llukbty D`rfstry Eat t` leof tnfl l`rf fddfatbvf bk dev`r `d tnf cbsecvektehfc ekc lerhbk e jbzfc hrùps ejbzfc jbvbkh kfer d`rfst erfes. Durtnfrl`rf,nes tnf rfafbvfc fjblbketb`k `d cbsarblb - ketb`k- ehebkst w`lfk, hfkcfr fquejbty ekc flp`wfrlfkt nbhn prb`rbty bk jfhbsjetbvf pr`vbsb`ks, eclbkbstretbvf bktfr - vfktb`ks ekc eddbrletbvf eatb`ks. Mfsbcfs tnf Qedf L`tnfrn``c ekc ]fpr`cuatbvf Nfejtn ]bhnts Eat, tnf Qfxuej Neresslfkt et tnf X`ro Yjeaf (Fjblbketb`k) Eat, =956, tnf eat t` Elfkc Q`lf Kfpej Eats d`r lebk - tebkbkh hfkcfr fquejbty ekc fkcbkh hfkcfr mesfc vb`jfkaf (=956), tnf Xbtanaredt-rfjet - fc Eaausetb`k Eat =956 nevf mffk ec`ptfc my tnf perjbelfkt. Qfvfrej p`jbabfs nevf bkajucfc e hfkcfr-dàusfc epprèan, suan es tnf Ehrbaujturf Cfvfj`plfkt Qtretfhy, Ketb`kej Nfejtn Qtretfhy ekc hfkcfr ekc sàbej bkajusb`k (HFQB) pr`vbsb`ks bk pr` - hrels ukcfr cbddfrfkt lbkbstrbfs. Qblbjerjy, tnf Ketb`kej Eatb`k Yjek ehebkst Hfkcfr Tb`jfkaf ekc Flp`wfrlfkt `d X`lfk, tnf Ketb`kej Eatb`k Yjek ehebkst Sreddbaobkh `d X`lfk, eatb`ks `k w`lfk, pfeaf ekc sf - aurbty ekc eatb`ks ehebkst nerlduj preatbafs nevf durtnfr a`ktrbmutfc t` upjbdt tnf stetus `d w`lfk, ekc pr`l`tf fquejbty ekc fl - p`wfrlfkt `d w`lfk ekc hbrj anbjcrfk bk Kfpej. Snf aùktry nes ejs` mffk blpjf - lfktbkh hfkcfr-rfsp`ksbvf muchftbkh d`r l`rf tnek e cfaecf.

Bkbtbetbvfs t` dujdbjj Qfaurbty Hep7 Snf ]ujf `d Jew, wnban aepturfs aep turfs pfrafptb`ks `k tnf rujfs `d sàbfty, quejbty `d a`ktreat fkd`raflfkts, pr`pfrty rbhnts, p`jbaf, aùrts, fta. d`r Kfpej nes e sa`rf `d -9.3>. Qblbjerjy, tnf sa`rf d`r T`baf ekc Eaaùktembjbty d`r Kfpej bs -9.51 bk =95>. Snf fesf `d c`bkh musbkfss sa`rf d`r Kfpej sn`ws e sj`w mut p`sbtbvf trfkc wbtn e vejuf `d 41.= bk =9=9.5 Bk tnf X`rjc Fa`k`lba D`rul‒s Hj`mej A`lpftbtbvfkfss ]fp`rts, Kfpej‒s rekobkh nes blpr`vfc dr`l 558tn (ùt `d 53> fa`k`lbfs) fa` k`lbfs) bk =951/53 t` >>tn (ùt `d 518 fa`k`lbfs) bk =958/5>. Bk =952, Kfpej rekofc 592 ùt `d 5=2 aùktrbfs bk tnf Hj`mej Bkk`vetb`k Bkcfx (KYA, =9=9e).

Hbvf sn`rt bktr`cuatb`k `d hrffc ekc hrbfvekafs. Hrffc7 Bt bs tnf erhulfkt wnban stetfs tnet a`lmetekts bk erlfc a`kdjbats erf l`tbvetfc my e cfsbrf t` mfttfr tnfbr sbtuetb`k, ekc pfrd`rl ek bkd`rlej a`st-mfkfdbt ekejysbs bk fxelbkbkh bd tnf rfwercs `d g`bkbkh e rfmfjjb`k erf hrfetfr tnek k`t g`bkbkh. A`jjbfr & N`fddjfr (5222) bktfrprft hrffc es ‚j``t-sffobkh“ wnfrf tnf pr`pfksbty d`r bkcbvbcuejs t` pertbabpetf bk a`kdjbat bs tnf aeusf `d tnf evebjembjbty `d j``temjf fa`k`lba essfts. Hrbfvekaf7 Bt bs tnf erhulfkt tnet pf`pjf rfmfj `vfr bssufs `d bcfktbty, f.h. ftnkbabty, rfjbhb`k, sàbej ajess, fta., retnfr tnek `vfr fa`k`lbas. Hrbfvekaf bs bktfrprftfc es ‚gustbaf sffobkh“ wnfrfmy a`jjfatbvf p`jbtbaej vb`jfkaf bs l`tbvetfc my ek fkcfev`r t` rfcrfss bkgustbafs. Xnftnfr tnf aeusf `d wer bs ettrbmutfc t` 'hrffc' `r 'hrbfvekaf' tnf a`ll`k deat`r bs tnf pfrafptb`k `d e afrtebk cfprbvetb`k. 

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Bd cfprbvetb`k bs ek fa`k`lba cfprbvetb`k, tnf bkfquejbty wbjj mf e 'vfrtbaej bkfquejbty' ekc tnf aeusf `d wer wbjj mf 'hrffc'. Bd tnf cfprbvetb`k bs aeusfc my ftnkbabty, ehf, rfjbhb`k `r hfkcfr, bt wbjj mf e 'n`rbz`ktej bkfquejbty' ekc tnf aeusf `d wer wbjj mf cuf t` tnf 'hrbfvekafs'.

A`kdjbats stertfc tnrùhn hrffc erf `dtfk sffk bk stetfs wbtn tnf d`jj`wbkh anereatfrbstbas7 Kfhetbvf Fa`k`lba Hr`wtn Qystflba Y`vfrty Emsfkaf `d fddfatbvf lbjbtery `r p`jbaf epperetus J`w fcuaetb`k jfvfj Nbhn ukflpj`yfc lfk cfpfkcfkaf ekc fxt`rtb`k `d keturej rfsùrafs c`ketb`k dr`l cbesp`res       

A`kdjbats stertfc tnrùhn Hrbfvekaf erf `dtfk sffk bk stetfs wbtn tnf d`jj`wbkh anereatfrbstbas7  

ftnkba `r rfjbhbùs netrfc p`jbtbaej rfprfssb`k

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p`jbtbaej fxajusb`k Bkfquejbty

Fxelbkf aurrfkt bksfaurbty tnrfets bk cfvfj`pbkh aùktrbfs. Snf bksfaurbty tnrfets deafc my cfvfj`pbkh aùktrbfs7 

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Bkarfesbkh ftnkba ekc rfjbhb`k lekbpujetb`k ekc p`jerbzetb`k. D`r fh7 bkarfesf bk tnf tfksb`k mftwffk Nbkcu ekc Lusjbl bk Bkcbe Bkarfesf bk a`rruptb`k. Bkarfesf bk tnf d`rfbhk bktfrvfktb`k bk tnf p`jbabfs p` jbabfs `d tnf cfvfj`pbkh aùktrbfs. Fh7 LAA bkbtbetbvf bk Kfpej. Lbsusf `d tnf p`wfr my tnf h`vfrklfkt h` vfrklfkt t` dujdbjj tnfbr `wk vfstfc kffcs. Snf rfhblf hbvbkh tnf p`wfr, rfsùraf ekc p`st t` tnfbr `wk pertbaujer supp`rtbkh hrùp. Bkarfesf bk tnf fxpfkcbturf d`r muybkh wfep`ks. Bkarfesf bk p`vfrty, nukhfr, cbsfesf ekc ukflpj`ylfkt. ]bsf bk tnf rfmfjjbùs hrùp ehebkst tnf rfhblf. Dffjbkh `d bksfaurbty el`kh tnf a`ll`k pf`pjf. Snf rfhblf dujdbjjs tnf kffc `d `kjy s`lf pertbaujer sfat`r `d tnf sàbfty.

dr`l Vkbt = Xnet bs a`kdjbat prfvfktb`k0 Xrbtf c`wk s`lf a`kdjbat prfvfktbvf cbpj`leay. A`kdjbat prfvfktb`k bs emùt leobkh sàbftbfs A`kdjbat sàbftbfs‒‒ rfsbjbfkt rfsbjbfkt t` vb`jfkt vb`jfkt a`kdjbat a`kdjbat my strfkhtnfkb strfkhtnfkbkh kh tnf jàej aepeabtbfs d`r pfeaf (systfls, rfsùrafs, struaturfs, ettbtucfs, sobjjs). Bt bs tnf a`lmbkfc sft `d t``js, eatb`ks ekc epprèanfs cfsbhkfc t` prfvfkt tnf `ksft `d erlfc a`kdjbat `r bts rfaurrfkaf my teaojbkh m`tn tnf r``t aeusfs `d a`kdjbat ekc bts bllfcbetf trbhhfrs. Q`lf a`kdjbat prfvfktbvf cbpj`leay7 

fstemjbsnbkh lfanekbsls t` cftfat ferjy-werkbkh sbhks ekc l`kbt`r spfabdba bkcbaet`rs tnet ley nfjp t` prfcbat blpfkcbkh(ewebtbkh) vb`jfkaf?

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a``rcbketbkh bktfrvfktb`k t` prfvfkt tnf arfetb`k `d a`kdjbat sbtuetb`ks, ekc

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bkstbtutb`kejbzbkh tnf bcfe `d prfvfktbkh vb`jfkaf et tnf jàej, rfhb`kej, ekc bktfrketb`kej jfvfjs.

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fstemjbsnbkh lfanekbsls t` cftfat ferjy-werkbkh sbhks ekc l`kbt`r spfabdba bkcbaet`rs tnet ley nfjp t` prfcbat blpfkcbkh(ewebtbkh) vb`jfkaf?

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a``rcbketbkh bktfrvfktb`k t` prfvfkt tnf arfetb`k `d a`kdjbat sbtuetb`ks, ekc

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bkstbtutb`kejbzbkh tnf bcfe `d prfvfktbkh vb`jfkaf et tnf jàej, rfhb`kej, ekc bktfrketb`kej jfvfjs.

Cfdbkf a`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k. Fxpjebk n`w wf aek rfs`jvf tnf a`kdjbat. A`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k aek mf cfdbkfc es7

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A`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k bs tnf pràfss my wnban tw` `r l`rf pertbfs rfean e pfeafduj rfs`jutb`k t` e cbsputf.

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Snf bkd`rlej `r d`rlej pràfss tnet tw` `r l`rf pertbfs usf t` dbkc e pfeafduj s`jutb`k t` tnfbr cbsputf.

Xf aek rfs`jvf tnf a`kdjbat dr`l tnf usf `d tnf d`jj`wbkh pràfss7 5. Vkcfr Vkcfrst stekc ekcbk bkh h tnf a`kd a`kdjb jbat at =. A`lluk A`llukbae baetf tf wbtn wbtn ttnf nf `pp` `pp`sbt sbtb`k b`k  Jbstfk tnfbr `pbkb`ks  Ev`bc ferjy guchflfkt 1. Mrebks Mrebkstr` tr`l l p` p`ssb ssbmjf mjf rfs`ju rfs`jutb tb`k `k 

3. 6.

4. 8.

Lexblbzf tnf `ptb`k An``s An``sff tnf tnf mfst mfst rfs` rfs`ju jutb tb`k `k  ]fvbfw tnf mrebkst`rl bcfes ekcQter tnf mfst bcfes Vsf Vsf e tnbr tnbrc c pert perty y lfcb lfcbet et`r `r  Es yù erf mrebkst`rlbkh ekc an``sbkh e h``c rfs`jutb`k, yù ley wekt t` usf tnbrc perty lfcbet`r. Snbs bs e pfrs`k wn` bs k`t dr`l yùr hrùp `r yùr `pp`kfkt‒s hrùp, mut wn`l yù m`tn trust t` mf debr. Rùr lfcbet`r aek nfjp m`tn sbcfs ehrff up`k e stekcerc my wnban yù wbjj guchf yùr rfs`jutb`k. Qtekcercs erf e wey t` lfesurf yùr y ùr ehrfflfkt. Fxpj Fxpj`r `rff ej ejtf tfrk rket etbv bvfs fs A @ Y F X BS B S N Q S ] FQ F Q Q D V J Q BS B S V E S B@ B @ K Q E K C Y ] F Q Q V] V] F SEASBAQ

Mrbfdjy cbsauss tnf usf `d a`kdjbat lekehflfk lekehflfktt bk cbddfrfkt cfvfj`plf cfvfj`plfktej ktej dbfjc. Snf usf `d A`kdjbat Lekehflfkt bk cbddfrfkt cfvfj`plfktej dbfjcs erf hbvfk mfj`w7 

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A`kdjbat lekehflfkt h`fs e j`kh wey bk strfkhtnfkbkh tnf m`kc el`kh tnf werrbkh pertbfs ekc nejd `d tnf pr`mjfls eut`letbaejjy cbseppfer . A`kdjbat lekehflfkt ejs` pjeys ek blp`rtekt r`jf bk pfrs`kej jbvfs . Sussjfs ekc dbhnts sp`bj rfjetb`ksnbps ekc `kjy bkarfesf ` jbst `d fkflbfs. Fvfry`kf kffcs drbfkcs wn`

wbjj stekc my us wnfk wf kffc tnfl. A`kdjbat lust mf ev`bcfc et n`lfs es bt sp`bjs tnf elmbfkaf ekc sprfecs kfhetbvbty. Bkcbvbcuejs tfkc t` cbsrfspfat `tnfrs es e rfsujt `d

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a`kdjbats. A`kdjbat lekehflfkt prfvfkts dejj ùt mftwffk delbjy lflmfrs, drbfkcs, rfjetbvfs ekc leofs jbdf pfeafduj ekc strfssdrff. Mjelfhelf kfvfr nfjps eky`kf, bkstfec bt leofs jbdf lbsfremjf. K` bcfe aek fvfr mf blpjflfktfc bd tnf bkcbvbcuejs dbhnt el`kh tnflsfjvfs. A`kdjbat lekehflfkt nfjps t` dbkc e lbccjf wey, ek ejtfrketbvf t` eky pr`mjfl ekc suaafssduj blpjflfktetb`k `d tnf bcfe. Yr`mjfls lust mf eccrfssfc et tnf rbhnt tblf t` prfvfkt a`kdjbat ekc bts ecvfrsf fddfats et e jetfr stehf. Snrùhn a`kdjbat lekehflfkt sobjjs, ek bkcbvbcuej fxpj`rfs ejj tnf p`ssbmjf rfes`ks t` w`rry wnban lbhnt jetfr jfec t` e mbh pr`mjfl ekc trbfs t` rfs`jvf bt es s``k es p`ssbmjf. A`kdjbat Lekehflfkt bs vfry blp`rtekt mfaeusf bt bs ejweys wbsf t` prfvfkt e dbhnt et tnf dbrst pjeaf retnfr tnek deabkh bts kfhetbvf a`ksfqufkabfs . Qtrfss cbseppfers, pf`pjf dffj l`tbvetfc, neppy ekc tnf w`rjc cfdbkbtfjy mfa`lfs e luan mfttfr pjeaf t` stey es e rfsujt `d a`kdjbat lekehflfkt

L`stjy pf`pjf c` a`kdjbat d`r tnfbr `wk survbvej, wfjjmfbkh, bcfktbty ekc drffc`l. Gustbdy wbtn Hejtukh's a`kdjbat ekejysbs. G`nek Hejtukh a`ktrbmutfc t` mesba nulek kffc epprèan my bcfktbdybkh dùr cbddfrfkt mesba kffcs `d tnf pf`pjf. 5. Qurvbvej kffcs7 Yr`tfatb`k dr`l vb`jfkaf, sedfty. =.Xfjj mfbkh kffcs7 D``c, wetfr, kutrbtb`k, l`vflfkt, pr`tfatb`k dr`l bjjkfss 1.Bcfktbty kffcs7 mfj`khbkhkfss, neppbkfss, eddfatb`k, eatuejbzetb`k, sfjd-fxprfssb`k 3.Drffc`l kffcs7 Drffc`l dr`l dfer, drffc`l t` an``sf àaupetb`k, wey `d jbvbkh

Hejtukh lebktebks tnet k` kffc bs l`rf blp`rtekt ekc mesba tnek tnf `tnfr. Yf` Yf`pjf pjf aek searbdbaf `kf kffc t` `mtebk tnf `tnfr. f.h. survbvej kffc aek mf searbdbafc t` `mtebk bcfktbty kffc `r drffc`l. Bd ejj `d tnfsf mesba kffcs `d pf`pjf erf k`t lft `k tblf tnfk tnf vb`jfkaf a`ktbkufs.

Mrbfdjy cbsauss tnf stretfhbfs d`r a`kdjbat lekehflfkt0 A`kdjbat lekehflfkt rfdfrs t` tnf pràfss `d jblbtbkh kfhetbvf blpeat ekc fknekabkh p`sbtbvf blpeat. A`kdjbat Lekehflfkt Sfankbqufs7 e.A`lpftbkh `r D`rabkh (Xbk/J`sf) Snf styjf styjf bs essfrt essfrtbvf bvf ekc k`k-a``p k`k-a``pfre fretb tbvf. vf. E perty perty puts puts bt btss bkt bktfrf frfsts sts mfd`rf mfd`rf eky`kf eky`kf fjsf‒s fjsf‒s bktfrfsts. Bt bs ejs` ok`wk es c`lbketbkh styjf. @kf perty stekcs up d`r bts rbhnts ekc usfs ejj tnf p`wfr t` wbk p`sbtb`k. Snfrf Snf rf bs j`w rfjetb`ksnbp `rbfktetb`k. ` rbfktetb`k. Snf perty wn` usfs tnbs tfankbquf wekts t` cbatetf `tnfrs. Snbs styjf bs p`wfr `rbfktfc ekc sffs a`kdjbat bk tfrls `d e "Xbk-J`st" stretfhy.

@k tnf kfhetbvf sbcf, e a`lpftbt`r ley supprfss, bktblbcetf `r a`fraf `tnfr pertbfs bkt` a`kdjbat. @k tnf p`sbtbvf sbcf, e a`lpftbkh styjf ley mf kfafssery wnfk e qubao, cfabsbvf eatb`k bs rfqubrfc `r wnfk blp`rtekt mut ukp`pujer aùrsfs `d eatb`k ley mf teofk. Bk eccbtb`k, a`lpftbkh ley le y mf rfqubr rfqubrfc fc wnfk "yù ok`w yù erf rbhn rbhnt" t" bs ek bssuf bssuf.. e jb jb`k `k ae aek k mf e sy sylm lm`j `j `d e a`lpftbtbvf styjf. Snf jb`k‒s rèr nfjps tnf jb`k t` setbsdy bts bktfrfsts. Bt bs usfc wnfk7 5. Xnfk qubao, cfabsbvf eatb`k bs vbtej (f.h., flfrhfkabfs). =. @k blp`rtekt bssufs mut ukp`pujer eatb`ks kffc t` mf blpjflfktfc. (f.h., a`st auttbkh, fkd`rabkh ukp`pujer rujfs, cbsabpjbkf). 1. @k bssufs vbtej t` ketb`k `r a`lpeky wfjderf wnfk yù ok`w yù erf rbhnt. 3. Ehebkst pf`pjf wn` teof ecvektehf `d k`k-a`lpftbtbvf mfnevbùr. @vfrusf `d tnbs styjf7 Bt aek jfec t` jeao `d dffcmeao, rfcuafc jferkbkh ekc j`w flp`wfrlfkt. Snbs aek rfsujt bk mfbkh surrùkcfc my "Rfs-Lfk". Yf`pjf wn` `vfrusf tnf a`lpftbkh styjf `dtfk usf bkdjellet`ry stetflfkts cuf t` e jeao `d bktfrpfrs`kej sobjjs trebkbkh. Xnfk `vfrusf bs teofk t` ek fxtrflf tnf pfrs`k wbjj arfetf frr`rs bk tnf blpjflfktetb`k `d tnf teso my supprfssbkh kffcfc bkd`rletb`k, tejobkh mfnbkc ek`tnfr pfrs`k's meao (`r "meaostemmbkh"), usbkh fyf l`tb`ks ekc hfsturfs cfsbhkfc t` fxprfss cbseppr`vej ekc arfetbkh cbstreatb`ks my dbccjbkh `r bktfrruptbkh. @vfrusf `d tnbs styjf aek mf sn`wfc tnrùhn a`kstekt tfksb`k `r ekhfr ekc àae àaesb`kej sb`kej ùtmursts `d vb`jfkt tflpfr. Vkcfr usf `d tnf a`lpftbkh styjf7 Bt jfecs t` e j`wfrfc jfvfj `d bkdjufkaf, bkcfabsbvfkfss, sj`w eatb`k ekc wbtnnfjc a`ktrbmutb`ks. Ecvektehfs `d A`lpftbkh7  

Ley pr`vbcf e qubao rfs`jutb`k t` e a`kdjbat Bkarfesfs sfjd-fstffl ekc crews rfspfat wnfk dbrl rfsbstekaf `r eatb`ks wfrf e rfsp`ksf t` ek ehhrfssb`k `r n`stbjbty

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Snf wbkkfr bs ajfer.

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Xbkkfrs usuejjy fxpfrbfkaf hebks

Cbsecvektehfs `d A`lpftbkh7 

Ley kfhetbvfjy eddfat yùr rfjetb`ksnbp wbtn tnf `pp`kfkt bk tnf j`kh ruk

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Fstemjbsnfs tnf mettjfhrùkc hrùkc.

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Ley aeusf w`rtny a`lpftbt`rs t` jfevf `r wbtncrew

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Ley aeusf tnf `pp`kfkt t` rfeat bk tnf self wey, fvfk bd tnf `pp`kfkt cbc k`t bktfkc t` mf d`rafduj `rbhbkejjy Aekk`t teof ecvektehf `d ` d tnf str`kh sbcfs `d tnf `tnfr sbcf‒s p`sbtb`k Seobkh tnbs epprèan ley rfqubrf e j`t `d fkfrhy ekc mf fxneustbkh t` s`lf bkcbvbcuejs

A`lpftbkh Qobjjs • Erhubkh `r cfmetbkh • Vsbkh reko `r bkdjufkaf • Essfrtbkh `pbkb`ks ekc dffjbkhs • Qtekcbkh yùr hrùkc • Qtetbkh yùr p`sbtb`k p `sbtb`k ajferjy m. Ev`bcekaf (Jfevf-j`sf/wbk)7 Bt bs k`k-essfrtbvf ekc k`k-a``pfretbvf. Snf pertbfs ley tnbko `r prftfkc tnet k` a`kdjbat fxbsts `r gust bhk`rf bt. Snbs stretfhy bs usfc wnfk tnf fdd`rt t` rfs`jvf bs k`t w`rtn. Mut tnbs epprèan `vfr tnf tblf w`rsfks tnf sbtuetb`k. Bt lbhnt teof tnf d`rl `d sbcfstfps, p`stp`kfs `r sblpjy wbtncrews. E turtjf bs e sylm`j d`r ev`bcekaf, mfaeusf bt aek ev`bc fvfrytnbkh my pujjbkh bts nfec ekc jfhs bkt` tnf snfjj t` mf `dd t` fvfrytnbkh. Snf hèj bs t` cfjey. Bt bs eppr`prbetf t` usf tnbs styjf wnfk tnfrf erf bssufs `d j`w blp`rtekaf, t` rfcuaf tfksb`ks, t` muy tblf.`vfr Ev `bcekaf Ev`bcekaf bs ejs`wnfk eppr`prbetf bk e j`w p`wfr p`sbtb`k ekc nevf`rjbttjf a`ktr`j tnf sbtuetb`k, pertbfswnfk kffc pertbfs t` ejj`werf `tnfrs t` cfej wbtn tnf a`kdjbat, `r wnfk tnf pr`mjfl bs bkcbaetbvf `d e luan jerhfr bssuf ekc pertbfs kffc t` w`ro `k tnf a`rf bssuf. @vfrusf `d tnf ev`bcekaf styjf7 Bt aek rfsujt bk e j`w jfvfj `d bkput, cfabsb`k-leobkh my cfdeujt ekc ejj`wbkh bssufs t` ekk`y, ek k`y, wnban aek pr`cuaf e mrfeoc`wk bk a`llukbaetb`k mftwffk pertbfs. Yf`pjf wn` `vfrusf ev`bcekaf dffj tnfy aekk`t spfeo drekojy wbtnùt dfer `d rfpfraussb`ks. Bt aek jfec mfnevb`rs mfa`lbkh pessbvf ehhrfssbvf my mfbkh jetf ekc k`t peybkh ettfktb`k et lfftbkhs.

Vkcfr usf `d tnf ev`bcekaf styjf7 Bt rfsujts bk n`stbjbty ekc nurt dffjbkhs. Xnfk ev`bcekaf bs ukcfrusfc e tfel lflmfr ley cfky tnet tnfrf bs e pr`mjfl ekc ejj`w tnfbr nurt dffjbkhs t` prfvfkt a`llukbaetb`k. Bt bs usfc wnfk7 5. Xnfk ek bssuf bs slejj, `r l`rf blp`rtekt bssufs erf prfssbkh. =. Xnfk pertbfs pfrafbvf k` anekaf `d setbsdybkh a`kafrks. 1. Xnfk p`tfktbej cbsruptb`k ùtwfbhns tnf mfkfdbts `d rfs`jutb`k. 3. S` jft pf`pjf a``j c`wk ekc rfhebk pfrspfatbvf. 6. Xnfk hetnfrbkh bkd`rletb`k supfrsfcfs bllfcbetf cfabsb`ks. 4. Xnfk `tnfr aek rfs`jvf tnf a`kdjbat l`rf fddfatbvfjy. 8. Xnfk bssufs sffl tekhfktbej `r sylpt`letba `d `tnfr bssufs. Ecvektehfs `d wbtncrewbkh7 

Xnfk tnf `pp`kfkt bs d`rabkh / ettflpts ehhrfssb`k, pertbfs ley an``sf t` wbtncrew ekc p`stp`kf tnfbr rfsp`ksf uktbj tnfy erf bk e l`rf devùremjf abraulstekaf t` pusn meao

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Xbtncrewbkh bs e j`w strfss epprèan wnfk tnf a`kdjbat a` kdjbat bs sn`rt

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Hbvfs tnf embjbty/tblf t` dàus `k l`rf blp`rtekt `r l`rf urhfkt bssufs bkstfec

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Hbvfs yù tblf t` mfttfr prfperf ekc a`jjfat bkd`rletb`k mfd`rf yù eat

Cbsecvektehfs `d wbtncrewbkh7  

Ley jfec t` wfeofkbkh `r j`sbkh p`sbtb`k? k`t eatbkh ley mf bktfrprftfc es ek e k ehrfflfkt. Xnfk lujtbpjf pertbfs erf bkv`jvfc, wbtncrewbkh ley kfhetbvfjy eddfat rfjetb`ksnbp wbtn e perty tnet fxpfats eatb`k

Ev`bcbkh Qobjjs • Embjbty t` wbtncrew • Embjbty t` sbcfstfp bssufs • Embjbty t` jfevf tnbkhs ukrfs`jvfc • Qfksf `d tblbkh

a.Eaa`ll`cetbkh (Rbfjc-j`sf/wbk)7 Eaa`ll`cetbkh bs k`k-essfrtbvf ekc a``pfretbvf, gust `pp`sbtf `d a`lpftbkh. E pfrs`k wn` usfs ek eaa`ll`cetbkh styjf, es tnf prblery epprèan t` a`kdjbat lekehflfkt, ley mf sn`wbkh t`` jbttjf a`kafrk d`r pfrs`kej hèjs. E anelfjf`k bs e sylm`j `d tnf eaa`ll`cetbkh styjf sbkaf bt anekhfs bts a`j`r t` letan tnf a`j`r `d bts fkvbr`klfkt. My anekhbkh bts a`j`r t` eaa`ll`cetf bts surrùkcbkhs, , tnf anelfjf`k dbts qubftjy bkt` bts fkvbr`klfkt. @vfrusf `d tnf eaa`ll`cetbkh styjf7 ]fsujts bk bcfes hfttbkh jbttjf ettfktb`k, rfstrbatfc bkdjufkaf, j`ss `d a`ktrbmutb`k ekc ekerany. Yf`pjf wn` `vfrusf tnf eaa`ll`cetbkh styjf fxnbmbt e jeao `d cfsbrf t` anekhf ekc usuejjy cfl`kstretf ekxbfty `vfr duturf ukafrtebktbfs. Xnfk eaa`ll`cetbkh bs `vfrusfc afrtebk mfnevb`rs( jbof hbvbkh up pfrs`kej speaf, leobkh "lf" `r `tnfr vbatbl stetflfkts, mfbkh `vfrjy nfjpduj ekc tnfk n`jcbkh e hruchf ekc spfeobkh bk ek fxtrflfjy qubft ejl`st ukbktfjjbhbmjf v`baf) wbjj flfrhf. Vkcfr usf `d tnf eaa`ll`cetbkh styjf7 ]fsujts bk jeao `d repp`rt, j`w l`rejf ekc ek bkembjbty t` ybfjc. Xnfk tnf eaa`ll`cetbkh styjf bs ukcfrusfc e pfrs`k ley cbspjey epetny es e wey `d k`t eccrfssbkh tnf ekhfr `r nurt ekc leof stetflfkts dujj `d bkkufkc` ekc cùmjf lfekbkhs. Bt bs usfc? 

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Xnfk bt bs blp`rtekt t` pr`vbcf e tflp`rery rfjbfd dr`l tnf a`kdjbat `r muy tblf uktbj tnf pertbfs erf bk e mfttfr p`sbtb`k t` rfsp`kc/pusn meao Xnfk tnf bssuf bs k`t es blp`rtekt t` pertbfs es bt bs t` tnf `tnfr pertbfs.

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Xnfk `kf perty eaafpts tnet bt bs wr`kh Xnfk pertbfs nevf k` an`baf `r wnfk a`ktbkufc a`lpftbtb`k wùjc mf nerlduj

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Lebktebkbkh nerl`ky bs blp`rtekt.

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Ecvektehfs `d sl``tnbkh7 

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Bk s`lf aesfs sl``tnbkh wbjj nfjp t` pr`tfat l`rf blp`rtekt bktfrfsts wnbjf hbvbkh up `k s`lf jfss blp`rtekt `kfs Hbvfs ek `pp`rtukbty t` rfessfss tnf sbtuetb`k dr`l e cbddfrfkt ekhjf

Cbsecvektehfs `d sl``tnbkh7

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Snfrf bs e rbso t` mf emusfc, b.f. tnf `pp`kfkt ley a`kstektjy try t` teof ecvektehf `d yùr tfkcfkay t`werc sl``t A@JJEM@]ESBKHnbkh/eaa`ll`cetbkh. Snfrfd`rf bt bs blp`rtekt t` offp tnf rbhnt mejekaf ekc tnbs rfqubrfs s`lf sobjj. Ley kfhetb kfhetbvfj vfjy y eddfat eddfat yùr a`kdbcfk a`kdbcfkaf af bk yùr embjbty embjbty t` rfsp`kc rfsp`kc t` ek ehhrfss ehhrfssbvf bvf `pp`kfkt Bt leofs bt l`rf cbddbaujt t` treksbtb`k t` e wbk-wbk s`jutb`k bk tnf duturf

Eaa`ll`cetbkh Qobjjs • D` D`rh rhft fttb tbkh kh yùr yùr cf cfsb sbrf rfss

• Qf Qfjd jdjf jfss sskf kfss ss

• Embj Embjbt bty y t` yb ybfj fjc c

• @mfy @mfybk bkh h `r `rcf cfrs rs

c. A`lpr`lbsbkh (Lbkb-wbk/lbkb-j`sf)7 (Lbkb-wbk/lbkb-j`sf)7 Bt bs s`lf essfrtbvf ekc s`lf a``pfretbvf. A`lpr`lbsf bs `k tnf petn t`werc a`jjem`retb`k ekc jbfs s`lfwnfrf mftwffk a`lpftbtb`k ekc eaa`ll`cetb`k. Snbs styjf lfeks lutuej hbvf-ekcteof t` setbsdy m`tn pertbfs, `r m`tn ley sey, ‚Q`lftnbkh bs mfttfr tnek k`tnbkh.“ Bt nes fquej cbstekaf mftwffk a`lpftbkh ekc eaa`ll`cetbkh. Snfrf wùjc mf kfh`tbetfc rfjetb`ksnbp `rbfktetb`k. Xnfk tnf `mgfatbvf bs t` l`vf `k, k`t t` st`p tnf gùrkfy, tnf pertbfs ley a`lpr`lbsf. E zfmre aek mf e sylm`j d`r tnf a`lpr`lbsbkh styjf. E zfmre‒s ukbquf j`ò sffls t` bkcbaetf tnet bt cbck‒t aerf bd bt wes e mjeao n n`rsf `rsf `r e wnbtf n`rsf, s` bt ‚spjbt tnf cbddfrfkaf“ ekc an`sf mjeao ekc wnbtf strbpfs. @vfrusf `d tnf a`lpr`lbsbkh styjf7 Jfecs `d j`kh-tfrl hèjs, e jeao `d ` d trust, arfetb`k `d e sofptbaej fkvbr`klfkt ekc mfbkh vbfwfctèsj`ss nevbkh k` dbrl vejufs. ]fsujt bk leobkh a`kafssb`ks t` offp pf`pjf pf` pjf neppy wbtnùt rfs`jvbkh tnf `rbhbkej a`kdjbat. Vkcfrusf `d A`lpr`lbsbkh Qtyjf7 Jfecs t` ukkfafssery a`kdr`ktetb`ks, drfqufkt p`wfr struhhjfs ekc bkfddfatbvf kfh`tbetbkh. Bt bs usfc wnfk7 

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Xnfk tnf hèjs erf l`cfretfjy blp`rtekt ekc k`t w`rtn tnf usf `d l`rf essfrtbvf `r l`rf bkv`jvbkh epprèanfs, suan es d`rabkh `r a`jjem`retbkh S` rfean tflp`rery sfttjflfkt `k a`lpjfx bssufs

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S` rfean usfduj s`jutb`ks `k blp`rtekt bssufs Es e dbrst stfp wnfk tnf bkv`jvfc pertbfs c` k`t ok`w fean `tnfr wfjj `r nevfk‒t yft cfvfj`pfc e nbhn jfvfj `d lutuej trust Xnfk a`jjem`retb`k `r d`rabkh c` k`t w`ro

Y`ssbmjf ecvektehfs `d a`lpr`lbsf7 

Destfr bssuf rfs`jutb`k. A`lpr`lbsbkh ley mf l`rf preatbaej wnfk tblf bs e deat`r

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Aek pr`vbcf e tflp`rery s`jutb`k wnbjf stbjj j`òbkh d`r e wbk-wbk s`jutb`k

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J`wfrs tnf jfvfjs `d tfksb`k ekc strfss rfsujtbkh dr`l tnf a`kdjbat

Cbsecvektehfs `d usbkh a`lpr`lbsf7 

Ley rfsujt bk e sbtuetb`k wnfk m`tn pertbfs erf k`t setbsdbfc wbtn tnf ùta`lf (e j`sf-j`sf sbtuetb`k)

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C`fs k`t a`ktrbmutf t` mubjcbkh trust bk tnf j`kh ruk

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Ley rfqubrf aj`sf l`kbt`rbkh ekc a`ktr`j t` fksurf f ksurf tnf ehrfflfkts erf lft

A`lpr`lbsbkh Qobjjs • Kfh`t Kfh`tbe betb tbkh kh • Db Dbkcb kcbkh kh e lb lbccj ccjff hrùk hrùkc c

• Essf Essfss ssbk bkh h vejuf vejuf

• Leob Leobkh kh a`kaf a`kafss ssb` b`ks ks

f.A`jjem`retbkh (Xbk/wbk)7 Bt bs essfrtbvf es wfjj es a``pfretbvf, gust `pp`sbtf `d ev`bcbkh. Bt ley ejs` mf aejjfc bktfhretbvf styjf. Snbs styjf dàusfs `k setbsdybkh tnf ukcfrjybkh a`kafrks `d m`tn tnf pertbfs. Fxelpjfs `d wnfk a`jjem`retbkh ley mf eppr`prbetf7 

Xnfk a`ksfksus ekc a`llbtlfkt `d `tnfr pertbfs p ertbfs bs blp`rtekt

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Bk e a`jjem`retbvf fkvbr`klfkt

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Xnfk bt bs rfqubrfc t` eccrfss tnf bktfrfsts `d lujtbpjf steofn`jcfrs

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Xnfk e nbhn jfvfj `d trust bs prfsfkt

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Xnfk e j`kh-tfrl rfjetb`ksnbp bs blp`rtekt

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Xnfk pertbfs kffc t` w`ro tnrùhn nerc dffjbkhs, ekbl`sbty, fta

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Xnfk pertbfs c`k't wekt t` nevf dujj rfsp`ksbmbjbty

Ecvektehfs `d a`jjem`retbkh7

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Jfecs t` s`jvbkh tnf eatuej pr`mjfl

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Jfecs t` e wbk-wbk ùta`lf

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]fbkd`rafs lutuej trust ekc rfspfat

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Mubjcs e dùkcetb`k d`r fddfatbvf a`jjem`retb`k bk tnf duturf

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Qnerfc rfsp`ksbmbjbty `d tnf ùta`lf

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Ferk tnf rfputetb`k `d e h``c kfh`tbet`r D`r pertbfs bkv`jvfc, tnf ùta`lf `d tnf a`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k bs jfss strfssduj (n`wfvfr, tnf pràfss `d dbkcbkh ekc fstemjbsnbkh e wbk-wbk s`jutb`k ley mf vfry bkv`jfc ‑ sff tnf aevfets mfj`w)

Cbsecvektehfs `d a`jjem`retbkh7  

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]fqubrfs e a`llbtlfkt dr`l ejj pertbfs t` j`ò d`r e lutuejjy eaafptemjf s`jutb`k Ley rfqubrf l`rf fdd`rt ekc l`rf tblf tnek s`lf `tnfr lftn`cs. E wbk-wbk s`jutb`k ley k`t mf fvbcfkt D`r tnf self rfes`k, a`jjem`retbkh ley k`t mf preatbaej wnfk tblbkh bs aruabej ekc e qubao s`jutb`k `r dest rfsp`ksf bs rfqubrfc @kaf `kf `r l`rf pertbfs j`sf tnfbr trust bk ek `pp`kfkt, tnf rfjetb`ksnbp dejjs meao t` `tnfr `tn fr lft lftn`cs n`cs `d a`kdjb a`kdjbat at rfs`ju rfs`jutb` tb`k. k. Snfrfd Snfrfd`rf `rf,, ejj bkv`jv bkv`jvfc fc pertbf pertbfss lust lust a`ktbk a`ktbkuf uf a`jjem`retbvf fdd`rts t` lebktebk e a`jjem`retbvf rfjetb`ksnbp

Ajerbdy tnf a`kafpt `d a`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k. Mrbfdjy cfsarbmf tnf fxbstbkh sàbej a`kdjbat bk yùr a`llukbty. Rù es e lfcbet`r, wnet wùjc mf yùr r`jf d`r cf-fsaejetbkh tnf `kh`bkh a`kdjbat0 A`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k aek mf cfdbkfc es7

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A`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k bs tnf pràfss my wnban tw` `r l`rf pertbfs rfean e pfeafduj rfs`jutb`k t` e cbsputf.

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Snf bkd`rlej `r d`rlej pràfss tnet tw` `r l`rf pertbfs usf t` dbkc e pfeafduj s`jutb`k t` tnfbr cbsputf.

Bk ly a`llukbty, tnf a`kdjbat d`r brrbhetb`k aekej wetfr curbkh s`wbkh tnf rbaf fxbsts (fspfabejjy curbkh tnf l`ktn `d Esner, Lekhsbr ekc Anebtre). Snf pr`pfksbty `d tnf a`kdjbat bkarfesfs curbkh tnf l`ktn `d Lekhsbr wnfk tnfrf bs k` rebkdejj ekc fvfry`kf nevf t` a`lpjftfjy rfjy `k tnf brrbhetb`k aekej.Cuf t` tnf emsfkaf `d systfletba rùtbkf turk systfl emùt wn` bs h`bkh t` usf wetfr dr`l brrbhetb`k aekej, tnfrf nes mff ejweys e a`kdjbat el`kh tnf pf`pjf `d ly erfe. Snbs

nes mfa`lf e sfrbùs bssuf. Bd B wes lfcbet`r t` s`jvf tnbs a`kdjbat, tnfk B wùjc dàus `k tnf d`jj`wbkh lfesurfs7 

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Ewerf tnf a`llukbty t` rfa`hkbzf tnbs a`kdjbat es e s e pr`mjfl ekc tnet bt snùjc mf trfetfc. ]fa`kabjf tnf pf`pjf wn` nevf mbttfr rfjetb`ksnbp mftwffk tnfl cuf t` tnbs a`kdjbat. Yrfperf e systfletba rùtbkf d`r usbkh tnf wetfr dr`l tnf aekej. Sejo t` tnf supfrvbs`r `d tnf brrbhetb`k t` bkarfesf tnf tblf curetb`k `d wetfr curbkh s`wbkh sfes`k. Fkaùrehf fvfry pf`pjf t` aujtbvetf bk ek fddfatbvf lekkfr wbtnùt westbkh t`` luan wetfr ekc tblf.

Mrbfdjy fxelbkf tnf deat`rs fsaejetbkh a`kdjbat bk tnf w`rjc. a`k djbats hr`w bk sfvfrbty `vfr tblf. A`kdjbat fsaejetb`k bs tnf pràfss my wnban a`kdjbats Deat`rs fsaejetb`k a`kdjbat bk tnf X`rjc7 Snf deat`rs fsaejetbkh tnf a`kdjbats bk tnf w`rjc aek mf mfst sn`wk tnrùhn Hjesj‒s l`cfj `d a`kdjbat fsaejetb`k. Hjesj rfprfsfkts "fsaejetb`k bk nbs kbkf stehf l`cfj k`t es e s ek esafkt t` nbhnfr ekc nbhnfr stehfs `d fsaejetb`k, mut es e cfsafkt t` cffpfr ekc cffpfr, l`rf prblbtbvf ekc l`rf bknulek d`rls `d cbsputf... _wnban\ bkfvbtemjy jfecs bkt` rfhb`ks tnet fvòf fv` of hrfet 'bknulek fkfrhbfs' wnban erf k`t ujtbletfjy elfkemjf t` nulek a`ktr`j `r rfstrebkt.‒ Bk tnf dbrst jfvfj m`tn pertbfs aek stbjj wbk (wbk‑wbk (wbk‑wbk). ). Bk tnf sfa`kc jfvfj `kf ` kf `d tnf pertbfs j`sfs ekc tnf `tnfr wbks (wbk‑j`sf), ekc bk tnf tnbrc jfvfj m`tn pertbfs p ertbfs j`sf (j`sf‑j`sf).

Snf kbkf stehfs `d a`kdjbat fsaejetb`k Leky cbddfrfkt obkcs `d a`kdjbat aek mf tnus ekejysfc7 cbv`rafs, cbv`rafs, a`kdjbats mftwffk a`jjfehufs ekc san``j anbjcrfk, ekc ejs` a`kdjbats mftwffk stetfs. 5st Jfvfj (Xbk‑Xbk) Qtehf 5 ‑ Sfksb`k

A`kdjbats stert wbtn tfksb`ks, f.h. tnf àaesb`kej ajesn `d `pbkb`ks. Snbs bs e a`ll`k àaurrfkaf ekc bs k`t pfrafbvfc es tnf stert `d e a`kdjbat. N`wfvfr, bd e a`kdjbat snùjc rfsujt tnf p`sbtb`ks mfa`lf l`rf dukcelfktej. Snf a`kdjbat aùjc nevf cffpfr aeusfs. Qtehf = ‑ Cfmetf

Dr`l k`w `k tnf a`kdjbat pertbfs a`ksbcfr stretfhbfs t` a`kvbkaf a`kv bkaf tnf aùktfrperty `d tnfbr erhulfkts. Cbddfrfkafs `d `pbkb`k jfec t` e cbsputf. c bsputf. Snf pertbfs try t` put fean `tnfr ukcfr prfssurf ekc tnbko bk tfrls `d mjeao ekc wnbtf. Qtehf 1 ‑ Eatb`ks bkstfec `d w`rcs

Snf a`kdjbat pertbfs bkarfesf tnf prfssurf `k fean `tnfr bk `rcfr t` essfrt tnfbr `wk `pbkb`k. Cbsaussb`ks erf mròfk `dd. K` l`rf vfrmej a`llukbaetb`k teofs a`llukbaetb`k teofs pjeaf ekc tnf a`kdjbat bs bkarfesbkhjy eafrmetfc. Qylpetny d`r "tnfl" cbseppfers. =kc Jfvfj (Xbk‑J`sf) Qtehf 3 ‑ Aèjbtb`ks

Snf a`kdjbat bs eafrmetfc my tnf sferan d`r sylpetnbsfrs d`r `kf's aeusf. Mfjbfvbkh `kf nes rbhnt `k `kf's sbcf, `kf aek cfkùkaf tnf `pp`kfkt. Snf bssuf bs k` j`khfr blp`rtekt7 `kf nes t` wbk tnf a`kdjbat s` tnet tnf `pp`kfkt j`sfs. Qtehf 6 ‑ J`ss `d deaf

Snf `pp`kfkt bs t` mf cfkbhretfc my bkkufkc` ekc tnf jbof. Snf j`ss `d trust bs a`lpjftf. J`ss `d deaf lfeks bk tnbs sfksf tnf j`ss `d l`rej arfcbmbjbty. Qtehf 4 ‑ Snrfet stretfhbfs

Snf a`kdjbat pertbfs try t` hebk ems`jutf a`ktr`j my bssubkh tnrfets wnban cfl`kstretf tnfbr `wk p`wfr. @kf tnrfetfks, d`r fxelpjf, wbtn e cflekc  (59 (59 lbjjb`k fur`s) wnban bs fkd`rafc my e sekatb` sekatb`k k ("`tnfrwbsf B‽jj mj`w up yùr lebk mubjcbkh") ekc ukcfrjbkfc my tnf p`tfktbe p`tfktbejj d`r sekatb`k (sn`wbkh tnf fxpj`sbvf). Snf pr`p`rtb`ks cfabcf tnf arfcbmbjbty `d tnf tnrfet. 1rc Jfvfj (J`sf‑J`sf) Qtehf 8 ‑ Jblbtfc cfstruatb`k

@kf trbfs t` sfvfrfjy celehf tnf `pp`kfkt wbtn ejj tnf trbaos et `kf's cbsp`sej. Snf `pp`kfkt bs k` j`khfr rfhercfc es nulek. Dr`l k`w `k, jblbtfc pfrs`kej j`ss bs sffk es e hebk bd tnf celehf t` tnf `pp`kfkt bs hrfetfr. Qtehf > ‑ S`tej ekkbnbjetb`k

Snf `pp`kfkt bs t` mf ekkbnbjetfc my ejj lfeks. Qtehf 2 ‑ S`hftnfr bkt` tnf emyss Dr`l tnbs p`bkt pfrs`kej ekkbnbjetb`k bs eaafptfc bk `rcfr t` cfdfet tnf `pp`kfkt. S` eanbfvf cf-fsaejetb`k Hjesj essbhks tnf d`jj`wbkh stretfhba l`cfjs t` tnf cbddfrfkt stehfs `d fsaejetb`k7      

Qtehf 5‑17 lfcbetb`k Qtehf 1‑67 pràfss hubcekaf Qtehf 3‑47 sàb`tnfrepfutba pràfss hubcekaf Qtehf 6‑87 bktfrafssb`k, bktfrlfcbetb`k Qtehf 4‑>7 ermbtretb`k, aùrt eatb`k Qtehf 8‑27 d`rabmjf bktfrvfktb`k

Dr`l Vkbt 1 Cfvfj`plfkt ebc es e aetejyst t` fsaejetf a`kdjbat bk a`kdjbat eddfatbkh erfes. Yut yùr erhulfkt wbtn supp`rtbkh fxelpjfs. Cfvfj`plfkt ebc es e aetejyst t` fsaejetf a`kdjbat bk a`kdjbat eddfatbkh erfes. Cfvfj`plfkt ebc aek cbrfatjy ekc bkcbrfatjy fsaejetf tnf a`kdjbat my tnf d`jj`wbkh weys7 ]fcuabkh rfabpbfkt h`vfrklfkt eaaùktembjbty ekc ketb`kej cflàreay D`rfbhk ebc ley nbkcfr tnf cfvfj`plfkt `d cflàreay bk rfabpbfkt stetfs, my rfcuabkh h`vfrklfkts' kffc t` rebsf texfs dr`l abtbzfks, tnus leobkh tn`sf h`vfrklfkts l`rf eut`k`lùs ekc jfss sfksbtbvf t` abtbzfk cflekcs, wnbjf abtbzfks, `k tnfbr pert, nevf jfss kfafssbty t` leof cflekcs `k tnf h`vfrklfkt. A`rruptb`k D`rfbhk ebc fkaùrehfs rfkt-sffobkh, wnban bs wnfk h`vfrklfkt `ddbabejs ekc jfecfrs, usf tnfbr p`sbtb`k ekc eutn`rbty t` bkarfesf tnfbr pfrs`kej wfejtn et tnf fxpfksf `d tnf abtbzfks. L`st Edrbaek jfecfrs ekc `ddbabej, erffkrban emjf t` eless nuhf nuhekc f suls `d usf pfrs`kej wfejtn d`r tnflsfjvfs dr`l tnf d`rfbhk ebc rfafbvfc - tnfy tnflsfjvfs c` k`t tnf ebc pr`vbcfc d`r bts bktfkcfc purp`sf. Bt nes mffk erhufc tnet luan h`vfrklfkt-t`-h`vfrklfkt ebc wes bkfddfatbvf mfaeusf bt wes lfrfjy e wey t` supp`rt stretfhbaejjy blp`rtekt jfecfrs (Ejfsbk` ekc C`jjer, =999). E h``c fxelpjf `d tnbs bs tnf d`rlfr cbatet`r `d Webrf, L`mut` Qfsf Qfo`, wn` j`st supp`rt dr`l tnf Xfst edtfr tnf A`jc Xer nec fkcfc. L`mut`, et tnf tblf `d nbs cfetn, nec e suddbabfkt pfrs`kej d`rtukf (pertbaujerjy bk Qwbss mekos) t` pey `dd tnf fktbrf fxtfrkej cfmt c fmt `d Webrf. Bkeppr`prbetf mfnevbùr my ebcw`rofrs Cfvfj`plfkt ebc bs `dtfk pr`vbcfc my lfeks `d supp`rtbkh jàej cfvfj`plfkt ebc pr`gfats. Bk tnfsf pr`gfats, bt s`lftblfs àaurs tnet k` strbat a`cf `d a`kcuat a`kcu at bs bk d`raf. Bk s`lf pr`gfats, tnf cfvfj`plfkt ebc w`rofrs c` k`t rfspfat tnf jàej a`cf `d a`kcuat a`kcuat.. D`r fxelpjf, tnf jàej crfss a`cf es a`cf es wfjj es sàbej bktfreatb`k. bktfreatb`k. Bk cfvfj`pbkh aùktrbfs, tnfsf lettfrs erf rfhercfc nbhnjy blp`rtekt ekc k`t rfspfatbkh bt ley aeusf sfvfrf `ddfksf, ekc tnus sbhkbdbaekt pr`mjfls ekc cfjey `d tnf pr`gfats. A`ktrecbatb`ks mftwffk ebc ekc `tnfr c`k`r p`jbabfs Snfrf bs ejs` arbtbabsl mfaeusf c`k`rs ley hbvf wbtn `kf nekc (tnrùhn jerhf elùkts `d cfvfj`plfkt ebc, yft teof ewey wbtn tnf `tnfr (tnrùhn strbat trecf `r lbhretb`k p`jbabfs, `r my hfttbkh e d``tn`jc d`r d`rfbhk a`rp`retb`ks.) Ektnr`p`j`hbst ekc rfsferanfr Ges`k Nbaofj stetfs tnet tnf rban aùktrbfs "erfk‒t cfvfj`pbkh cf vfj`pbkh p``r aùktrbfs? p``r aùktrbfs erf cfvfj`pbkh rban `kfs. Y`jbtbaej mbes bk ebc ejjàetb`k

Snf preatbaf `d fxtfkcbkh ebc t` p`jbtbaejjy ejbhkfc pertbfs bk rfabpbfkt ketb`ks a`ktbkufs t`cey. ]fsferanfrs nes cbsa`vfrfc tnet tnf hrfetfr tnf cfhrff `d ejbhklfkt tnf rfabpbfkt perty nes wbtn tnf c`k`r fktbty, tnf l`rf ebc bt rfafbvfs `k evfrehf curbkh ek fjfatb`k yfer. Bk ek ekejysbs `d tnf 1 mbhhfst c`k`r ketb`ks (Gepek, Drekaf, ekc tnf VQ), Bt wes cbsa`vfrfc tnet fean nes bts `wk mbesfs t` tnf ebc bt hbvfs ùt. Gepek eppfers t` prb`rbtbzf hbvbkh ebc ketb`ks tnet fxfrabsf sblbjer sblbjer v`tbkh prfdfrfkafs bk tnf Vkbtfc Ketb`ks, Drekaf l`stjy sfkcs ebc t` bts d`rlfr a`j`kbfs, ekc tnf V.Q. cbspr`p`rtb`ketfjy pr`vbcfs ebc t` Bsrefj ekc Fhypt. Snfsf ejjàetb`ks erf `dtfk p`wfrduj t``js d`r lebktebkbkh tnf stretfhba bktfrfsts `d tnf c`k`r aùktry bk tnf rfabpbfkt aùktry. Cftfrb`retb`k `d tnf Fa`k`ly ekc Srecf Snf kfhetbvf fddfat `d d`rfbhk ebc `k fa`k`ly ekc trecf `d tnf rfabpbfkt aek mf ukcfrst``c tnrùhn tnf tfrl „Cutan Cbsfesf‒. Mesbaejjy, k` lettfr wnet obkc `d ebc bt bs, l`rf d`rfbhk ebc lfeks l`rf d`rfbhk aurrfkay bkdj`ws. Snbs wùjc leof tnf c`lfstba pr`cuats l`rf fxpfksbvf, suhhfstbkh nbhnfr rfej fxanekhf retf ekc ek c `vfrejj cfarfesf `d fxp`rt sfat`r. Bk `tnfr w`rcs, tnf „tfrls `d trecf‒ `d tnbs aùktry hft cftfrb`retfc. Ek`tnfr sylpt`l `d „Cutan Cbsfesf‒ bs tnet tnf bkcustrbfs wnban hft essbstfc wùjc ettreat l`rf jemùr `r aepbtej dr`l `tnfr bkcustrbfs. Snbs wùjc cbrfatjy bkarfesf `tnfr bkcustrbfs‒ pr`cuatb`k a`st ekc squffzf tnfbr pr`dbts, leobkh tnf wn`jf aùktry‒s trecf fkvbr`klfkt hft w`rsf. @kf fxelpjf `d tnbs wùjc mf Fj Qejvec`r (Cremfo ekc Jebrc, =995), wnban rfafbvfc e nuhf elùkt VQ ebc mftwffk 52>= ekc 52>8. Curbkh tnbs pfrb`c, Fj Qejvec`r fxpfrbfkafc nbhn bkdjetb`k ekc nbhn bktfrfst retf eaa`lpeky wbtn tnf VQ fa`k`lba ebc, wnban wes l`rf tnek twbaf `d tnf lbjbtery ebc (]banerc E. N., 52>>). Ebl `d Ebc hbvfr ketb`ks Ebc-hbvbkh aùktrbfs nevf mffk usbkh bt es e lfeks `d pr`l`tbkh ekc pr`tfatbkh tnfbr `wk bktfrfsts, bkajucbkh p`jbtbaej `kfs. Snfy nevf mffk trybkh t` blp`sf nbhnjy strbkhfkt a`kcbtb`ks `k tnf ebc- rfafbvbkh aùktrbfs. Snfy nevf ejs` usfc tnfbr fa`k`lba strfkhtn d`r blp`sbkh ukdevùremjf tfrls `d trecf ekc spfabdba l`kftery ekc dbsaej p`jbabfs. Blp`sbtb`k `d Xfstfrk Tejufs Sbfc Ebc Snfrf bs ejs` luan cfmetf emùt fvejuetbkh tnf quejbty `d cfvfj`plfkt ebc, retnfr tnek sblpjy tnf quektbty. D`r bkstekaf, tbfc ebc bs ebc bs `dtfk arbtbabzfc, es tnf ebc hbvfk lust mf spfkt bk tnf c`k`r aùktry `r bk e hrùp `d sfjfatfc aùktrbfs. Eaa`rcbkh t` e 5225 rfp`rt d`r tnf @FAC, tbfc ebc aek bkarfesf cfvfj`plfkt ebc pr`gfat a`sts my up t` =9 `r 19 pfrafkt. D`r

Flfrhfkay ebc bk tblfs `d cbsestfr sevfs jbvfs.

Ehebkst

Ebc aek bkarfesf tnf cfpfkcfkay `d JFCAs `k c`k`r aùktrbfs. Q`lftblfs ebc bs k`t e hbdt, mut mu t e jèk, ekc p``r aùktrbfs ley struhhjf t` rfpey.

D`r

Ebc nfjps rfmubjc jbvfjbn``cs ekc nùsbkh edtfr e cbsestfr.

Ehebkst

Ebc ley k`t rfean tnf pf`pjf wn` kffc bt l`st. A`rruptb`k ley jfec t` jàej p`jbtbabeks usbkh ebc d`r tnfbr `wk lfeks `r d`r p`jbtbaej hebk.

Ebc aek mf usfc t` put p`jbtbaej `r fa`k`lba Yr`vbsb`k `d lfcbaej trebkbkh, lfcbabkfs ekc prfssurf `k tnf rfafbvbkh aùktry. Snf aùktry ley fqubplfkt aek blpr`vf nfejtn ekc stekcercs fkc up `wbkh e c`k`r aùktry `r `rhekbsetb`k e `d jbvbkh. devùr. Ebc d`r ehrbaujturf aek nfjp bkarfesf d``c pr`cuatb`k ekc s` blpr`vf tnf quejbty ekc quektbty `d d``c evebjemjf.

Q`lftblfs pr`gfats c` k`t mfkfdbt slejjfr derlfrs ekc pr`gfats erf `dtfk jerhf saejf.

Fkaùrehbkh ebc bkcustrbej cfvfj`plfkt aek arfetf g`ms ekc blpr`vf treksp`rt bkdrestruaturf.

Bkdrestruaturf pr`gfats ley fkc up mfkfdbtbkh flpj`yfrs l`rf tnek flpj`yffs.

Bt ley mf e a`kcbtb`k `d tnf bkvfstlfkt tnet tnf Ebc aek supp`rt aùktrbfs bk cfvfj`pbkh pr`gfats erf ruk my d`rfbhk a`lpekbfs `r tnet e tnfbr keturej rfsùrafs ekc p`wfr suppjbfs. pr`p`rtb`k `d tnf rfsùrafs `r pr`dbts wbjj wbjj mf sfkt emrèc.

Cfsarbmf cfvfj`plfkt es tnf pràfss `d lerhbkejbzetb`k, jbvfjbn``c j`ss ekc bkarfesbkh bk vujkfremjf pf`pjf bk tnf w`rjc. Lbanef Lba nefjj Afrkfe Afrkfe,, e sàb`j sàb`j`hb `hbst, st, wn` nes rfsfer rfsferanf anfc c cfvfj`p cfvfj`plfk lfkt-b t-bkcu kcuafc afc cbspje cbspjeaflf aflfkt kt ekc rfsfttjflfkt tnfs X`rjc p`bkts mfbkh d`rabmjy dr`l `kf's jekce ekc nembtet nembtet d`r aerrbf aerrbfs wbtn wbtn btMeko, tnf rbso rbs o `dùt mfa`lb mfatnet `lbkh kh p``rfr p``r fr tnek tneùstfc(fxpfjjfc) k mfd`rf mfd`rf cbspjeaf cbspjeaflfk lfkt, t, sbkaf sbkaf sbhkbdbaekt p`rtb`k `d pf`pjf cbspjeafc c` k`t rfafbvf a`lpfksetb`k d`r tnfbr j`st essfts, ekc fddfat fdd fatbvf bvf essbst essbstekaf ekaf t` rffste rffstemjb mjbsn sn tnflsf tnflsfjvf jvfss pr`cuat pr`cuatbvf bvfjy. jy. Afrkfe Afrkfe nes bcfktb bcfktbdbf dbfc c fbhnt fbhnt bktfrjbkofc p`tfktbej rbsos bktrbksba t` cbspjeaflfkt. 5. Jekcjf Jekcjfssk sskfss fss77 Fxpr`pr Fxpr`prbet betb`k b`k `d jekc jekc rfl`vfs rfl`vfs tnf lebk lebk dùkcet dùkcetb`k b`k up`k wnban wnban pf`pjf„ pf`pjf„ss pr`cuatbvf systfls, a`llfrabej eatbvbtbfs, ekc jbvfjbn``cs jbvfjbn``cs erf a`kstruatfc.

Fxpr`prbetb`k 7tnf eatb`k my tnf stetf `r ek eutn`rbty Fxpr`prbetb`k eutn`rbty `d teobkh pr`pfrty dr`l bts `wkfr d`r pumjba usf `r mfkfdbt. mfkfdbt.

=. G`mjfssk G`mjfsskfss fss77 Snf rbso rbso `d j`sbkh j`sbkh wehf flpj`ylf flpj`ylfkt kt bs vfry vfry nbhn nbhn m`tn m`tn bk urmek ekc rurej rurej cbspjeaflfkts d`r tn`sf flpj`yfc bk fktfrprbsfs, sfrvbafs `r ehrbaujturf. Rft arfetbkh kfw g`ms bs cbddbaujt ekc rfqubrfs sumstektbej bkvfstlfkt. 1. N`lfjfsskfss7 j`ss `d e delbjy's bkcbvb bkcbvbcuej cuej n`lf ekc tnf j`ss `d e hrùp's aujturej speaf tfkc t` rfsujt bk ejbfketb`k ekc stetus cfprbvetb`k. 3. Lerhb Lerhbkejbs kejbsetb`k. etb`k. Lerhbkejbset Lerhbkejbsetb`k b`k àaurs wnfk delbjbfs delbjbfs j`sf fa`k`lba fa`k`lba p`wfr ekc spbrej spbrej `k e ‚c`wkwerc l`mbjbty“ petn. Leky bkcbvbcuejs aekk`t usf tnfbr ferjbfr-eaqubrfc sobjjs et tnf kfw jàetb`k? nulek aepbtej bs j`st `r rfkcfrfc bkeatbvf `r `ms`jftf. Fa`k`lba lerhbkejbsetb`k bs `dtfk eaa`lpekbfc my sàbej ekc psyan`j`hbaej lerhbkejbsetb`k. 6. D``c D``c Bksfaur Bksfaurbty bty77 D`rafc D`rafc upr``t upr``tbkh bkh(cb (cbhù hùt) t) bkarfe bkarfesfs sfs tnf rb rbso so tne tnett pf`pjf pf`pjf wbjj wbjj dej dejjj bkt bkt` ` tflp`r tfl p`rery ery `r anr`kb anr`kbaa ukcfrk ukcfrkùr ùrbsn bsnlfk lfkt, t, cfdbkf cfdbkfc c es aej`rb aej`rbf-pr f-pr`tf `tfbk bk bkteof bkteof jfvfjs jfvfjs mfj`w mfj`w tnf lbkblul kfafssery d`r k`rlej hr`wtn ekc w`ro. 4. Bkarfesfc L`rmbcbty ekc L`rtejbty7 Cbspjeaflfkt-bkcuafc sàbej strfss ekc psyan`j`hbaej treule, tnf usf `d uksedf wetfr suppjy ekc blpr`vbsfc sfwehf systfls, bkarfesf vujkfrembjbty t` fpbcflbas fpbcfl bas ekc anr`kba anr`kba cberrn`fe, cberrn`fe, cysfktfry, `r pertbaujerj pertbaujerjy y peresbtba peresbtba ekc vfat`r-m`rkf vfat`r-m`rkf cbsfesfs suan es lejerbe ekc sanbst`s`lbesbs. 8. J`ss `d Eaafss t` A`ll`k Yr`pfrty7 D`r p``r pf`pjf, j`ss `d eaafss t` tnf a`ll`k pr`pfrty essfts ess fts tnet tnet mfj`khf mfj`khfc c t` rfjàet rfjàetfc fc a`lluk a`llukbtb btbfs fs (pestu (pesturfs rfs,, d`rfst d`rfst jekcs, jekcs, wetfr wetfr m`cbfs m`cbfs,, murbej murbej hrùkcs, querrbfs ekc s` `k) rfsujt bk sbhkbdbaekt cftfrb`retb`k bk bka`lf ekc jbvfjbn``c jfvfjs. >. Qàbej Cbsbktfhr Cbsbktfhretb`k7 etb`k7 Cbspjeaflfkt Cbspjeaflfkt aeusfs e pr`dùkc pr`dùkc ukrevfjbkh( ukrevfjbkh(sfpfre sfpfretbkh) tbkh) `d fxbstbkh fxbstbkh pettfrks `d sàbej `rhekbsetb`k. Xnfk pf`pjf erf d`rabmjy l`vfc, pr`cuatb`k systfls, jbdfsustebkbkh bkd`rlej kftw`ros, trecf jbkoehfs, fta erf cbslektjfc. Bkcbhfkùs pf`pjf ekc `tnfr lbk`rbtbfs cbspr`p`rtb`ketfjy eddfatfc •

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Bk Bkcbe, tnf Ecbvesb `r trbmej pf`pjf, ejtnùhn `kjy rfprfsfktbkh fbhnt pfrafkt `d tnf t`tej p`pujetb`k, leof up 39-69 pfrafkt `d tnf cbspjeafc. Bk Kfpej, bkcbhfkùs hrùps cbspjeafc cbspjeafc my e cel `k tnf Oejbhekceob Oejbhekceob rbvfr nevf j`st tnfbr jekc ekc jbvfjbn``c ekc nevf rfp`rtfcjy mffk bkecfquetfjy a`lpfksetfc. Snf jbvfjbn``c `d ek fstbletfc 16,999 bkcbhfkùs Bmej`b pf`pjf bs tnrfetfkfc my tnf a`kstruatb`k `d tnf Qek ]`quf Cel bk tnf Ynbjbppbkfs.

Q`lf fxelpjfs `d cfvfj`plfkt-bkcuafc cbspjeaflfkt erf7 

Snrff H`rhfs Cel bk Cel bk Anbke Anbke ‑ ‑ E nycr`fjfatrba cel `k Anbke's Rekhtzf ]bvfr a`kstruatfc mftwffk 5223 ekc =994, wnban cbspjeafc `vfr 5.3 lbjjb`k pf`pjf tnrùhn prblery ekc sfa`kcery cbspjeaflfkt.

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Qercer Qer`ver Cel bk Cel bk Bkcbe ‑ Bkcbe ‑ Snf jerhfst cel bk tnf Kerlece tnf Kerlece Tejjfy Yr`gfat, Yr`gfat, wnban cbspjeafc `vfr 39,999 pf`pjf. Snf cel wes tnf sumgfat `d pr`tfst my fkvbr`klfkt hrùps ekc trbmej hrùps curbkh tnf 52>9s ekc 5229s. Ened` Lbkf bk Hneke ‑ Hneke ‑ Ek `pfk-pbt lbkf wnban lbkf wnban cbspjeafc eppr`xbletfjy 59,999 pf`pjf bk =996 ekc =994. L`st `d tnf cbspjeafc wfrf sumsbstfkaf derlfrs, mut tnf lbkbkh a`lpeky, Kfwl`kt a`lpeky, Kfwl`kt,, cfkbfc tnfl a`lpfksetb`k d`r j`ss `d jekc. Ouk` Xbjcjbdf Qekatuery bk Qekatuery bk Bkcbe ‑ Mftwffk 5222 ekc =991, =3 vbjjehfs wfrf cbspjeafc t` rfbktr`cuaf tnf Esbetba Jb`k t` tnf erfe. ]fsfttjflfkt ekc fkd`raflfkt `d d`rfst mùkcerbfs cbsruptfc sàbej ekc fa`k`lba tbfs mftwffk tnf cbspjeafc ekc tnf n`st a`llukbty. Yeabdba Yero /Etjektba /Etjektba Rercs bk tnf VQ ‑ VQ ‑ E lbxfc-usf cfvfj`plfkt bk Kfw bk Kfw R`ro Abty tnet Abty tnet mfhek a`kstruatb`k `k =959, bkv`jvbkh flbkfkt c`lebk c`lebk,, tnf cfstruatb`k `d 5= mubjcbkhs, ekc sfvfrej jewsubts.

Cfvfj`plfkt ekc a`kdjbat a`kdjbat nes tnf aesuej rfjetb`ksnbp t` fean `tnfr. Yut yùr erhulfkts wbtn fxelpjfs. Cfvfj`plfkt ekc a`kdjbat nes tnf aesuej rfjetb`ksnbp t` fean `tnfr. Cfvfj`plfkt bs k`t p`ssbmjf p`ssbmjf wbtnùt a`kdjbat ekc a`kdjbat bs k`t p`ssbmjf wbtnùt vbsbmjf cfvfj`plfkt. Cfvfj`plfkt pràfssfs sffo t` anekhf sàbfty, tnfy bktrbksbaejjy bktrbksbaejjy n`jc tnf p`tfktbej d`r a`kdjbats. D`r tnbs rfes`k, ejj cfvfj`plfkt bktfrvfktb`ks bk erfes eddfatfc my vb`jfkt a`kdjbat lust teof bkt` eaaùkt a`kdjbat cykelbas („a`kdjbat sfksbtbvbty‒). sfksbtbvbty‒). Cfvfj`plfkt bktfrvfktb`ks tnet debj debj t` mf sfksbtbvf tt` ` a`kdjbats erf ‑ et mfst ‑ jfss jbofjy t` mf sustebkemjf, ekc et w`rst rbso fxeafrmetbkh tnf a`kdjbats. Cfvfj`plfkt es e aeusf `d A`kdjbat7 Lbanefjj Afrkfe Lbanef Afrkfe,, e sàb`j sàb`j`hb `hbst, st, wn` nes rfsfer rfsferanf anfc c cfvfj`p cfvfj`plfk lfkt-b t-bkcu kcuafc afc cbspje cbspjeaflf aflfkt kt ekc rfsfttjflfkt d`r tnf X`rjc Meko, p`bkts ùt tnet mfbkh d`rabmjy ùstfc(fxpfjjfc) dr`l `kf's jekc ekc nembtet nembtet aerrbf aerrbfss wbtn wbtn bt tnf rbso rbso `d mfa`lb mfa`lbkh kh p``rfr p``rfr tnek tnek mfd`rf mfd`rf cbspjeaf cbspjeaflfk lfkt, t, sbkaf sbkaf e sbhkbdbaekt p`rtb`k `d pf`pjf cbspjeafc c` k`t rfafbvf a`lpfksetb`k d`r tnfbr j`st essfts, ekc fddfat fdd fatbvf bvf essbst essbstekaf ekaf t` rffste rffstemjb mjbsn sn tnflsf tnflsfjvf jvfss pr`cuat pr`cuatbvf bvfjy. jy. Afrkfe Afrkfe nes bcfktb bcfktbdbf dbfc c fbhnt fbhnt bktfrjbkofc p`tfktbej rbsos bktrbksba t` cbspjeaflfkt. 5. Jekcjf Jekcjfssk sskfss fss77 Fxpr`pr Fxpr`prbet betb`k b`k `d jekc jekc rfl`vfs rfl`vfs tnf lebk lebk dùkcet dùkcetb`k b`k up`k wnban wnban pf`pjf„ pf`pjf„ss pr`cuatbvf systfls, a`llfrabej eatbvbtbfs, ekc jbvfjbn``cs jbvfjbn``cs erf a`kstruatfc.

Fxpr`prbetb`k 7tnf eatb`k my tnf stetf `r ek eutn`rbty Fxpr`prbetb`k eutn`rbty `d teobkh pr`pfrty dr`l bts `wkfr d`r pumjba usf `r mfkfdbt. mfkfdbt. =. G`mjfssk G`mjfsskfss fss77 Snf rbso rbso `d j`sbkh j`sbkh wehf flpj`ylf flpj`ylfkt kt bs vfry vfry nbhn nbhn m`tn m`tn bk urmek ekc rurej rurej cbspjeaflfkts d`r tn`sf flpj`yfc bk fktfrprbsfs, sfrvbafs `r ehrbaujturf. Rft arfetbkh kfw g`ms bs cbddbaujt ekc rfqubrfs sumstektbej bkvfstlfkt. 1. N`lfjfsskfss7 j`ss `d e delbjy's bkcbvb bkcbvbcuej cuej n`lf ekc tnf j`ss `d e hrùp's aujturej speaf tfkc t` rfsujt bk ejbfketb`k ekc stetus cfprbvetb`k.

3. Lerhb Lerhbkejbs kejbsetb`k. etb`k. Lerhbkejbset Lerhbkejbsetb`k b`k àaurs wnfk delbjbfs delbjbfs j`sf fa`k`lba fa`k`lba p`wfr ekc spbrej spbrej `k e ‚c`wkwerc l`mbjbty“ petn. Leky bkcbvbcuejs aekk`t usf tnfbr ferjbfr-eaqubrfc sobjjs et tnf kfw jàetb`k? nulek aepbtej bs j`st `r rfkcfrfc bkeatbvf `r `ms`jftf. Fa`k`lba lerhbkejbsetb`k bs `dtfk eaa`lpekbfc my sàbej ekc psyan`j`hbaej lerhbkejbsetb`k. 6. D``c D``c Bksfaur Bksfaurbty bty77 D`rafc D`rafc upr``t upr``tbkh bkh(cb (cbhù hùt) t) bkarfe bkarfesfs sfs tnf rb rbso so tne tnett pf`pjf pf`pjf wbjj wbjj dej dejjj bkt bkt` ` tflp`rery tflp`r ery `r anr`kb anr`kbaa ukcfrk ukcfrkùr ùrbsn bsnlfk lfkt, t, cfdbkf cfdbkfc c es aej`rb aej`rbf-pr f-pr`tf `tfbk bk bkteof bkteof jfvfjs jfvfjs mfj`w mfj`w tnf lbkblul kfafssery d`r k`rlej hr`wtn ekc w`ro. 4. Bkarfesfc L`rmbcbty ekc L`rtejbty7 Cbspjeaflfkt-bkcuafc sàbej strfss ekc psyan`j`hbaej treule, tnf usf `d uksedf wetfr suppjy ekc blpr`vbsfc sfwehf systfls, bkarfesf vujkfrembjbty t` fpbcflbas fpbcfl bas ekc anr`kba anr`kba cberrn`fe, cberrn`fe, cysfktfry, `r pertbaujerj pertbaujerjy y peresbtba peresbtba ekc vfat`r-m`rkf vfat`r-m`rkf cbsfesfs suan es lejerbe ekc sanbst`s`lbesbs. 8. J`ss `d Eaafss t` A`ll`k Yr`pfrty7 D`r p``r pf`pjf, j`ss `d eaafss t` tnf a`ll`k pr`pfrty essfts ess fts tnet tnet mfj`khf mfj`khfc c t` rfjàet rfjàetfc fc a`lluk a`llukbtb btbfs fs (pestu (pesturfs rfs,, d`rfst d`rfst jekcs, jekcs, wetfr wetfr m`cbfs m`cbfs,, murbej murbej hrùkcs, querrbfs ekc s` `k) rfsujt bk sbhkbdbaekt cftfrb`retb`k bk bka`lf ekc jbvfjbn``c jfvfjs. >. Qàbej Cbsbktfhr Cbsbktfhretb`k7 etb`k7 Cbspjeaflfkt Cbspjeaflfkt aeusfs e pr`dùkc pr`dùkc ukrevfjbkh( ukrevfjbkh(sfpfre sfpfretbkh) tbkh) `d fxbstbkh fxbstbkh pettfrks `d sàbej `rhekbsetb`k. Xnfk pf`pjf erf d`rabmjy l`vfc, pr`cuatb`k systfls, jbdfsustebkbkh bkd`rlej kftw`ros, trecf jbkoehfs, fta erf cbslektjfc. Bkcbhfkùs pf`pjf ekc `tnfr lbk`rbtbfs cbspr`p`rtb`ketfjy eddfatfc •

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Bk Bkcbe, tnf Ecbvesb `r trbmej pf`pjf, ejtnùhn `kjy rfprfsfktbkh fbhnt pfrafkt `d tnf t`tej p`pujetb`k, leof up 39-69 pfrafkt `d tnf cbspjeafc. Bk Kfpej, bkcbhfkùs hrùps cbspjeafc cbspjeafc my e cel `k tnf Oejbhekceob Oejbhekceob rbvfr nevf j`st tnfbr jekc ekc jbvfjbn``c ekc nevf rfp`rtfcjy mffk bkecfquetfjy a`lpfksetfc. Snf jbvfjbn``c `d ek fstbletfc 16,999 bkcbhfkùs Bmej`b pf`pjf bs tnrfetfkfc my tnf a`kstruatb`k `d tnf Qek ]`quf Cel bk tnf Ynbjbppbkfs.

Q`lf fxelpjfs `d cfvfj`plfkt-bkcuafc cbspjeaflfkt erf7 

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Snrff H`rhfs Cel bk Cel bk Anbke Anbke ‑ ‑ E nycr`fjfatrba cel `k Anbke's Rekhtzf ]bvfr a`kstruatfc mftwffk 5223 ekc =994, wnban cbspjeafc `vfr 5.3 lbjjb`k pf`pjf tnrùhn prblery ekc sfa`kcery cbspjeaflfkt. Qercer Qer`ver Cel bk Cel bk Bkcbe ‑ Bkcbe ‑ Snf jerhfst cel bk tnf Kerlece tnf Kerlece Tejjfy Yr`gfat, Yr`gfat, wnban cbspjeafc `vfr 39,999 pf`pjf. Snf cel wes tnf sumgfat `d pr`tfst my fkvbr`klfkt hrùps ekc trbmej hrùps curbkh tnf 52>9s ekc 5229s. Ened` Lbkf bk Hneke ‑ Hneke ‑ Ek `pfk-pbt lbkf wnban lbkf wnban cbspjeafc eppr`xbletfjy 59,999 pf`pjf bk =996 ekc =994. L`st `d tnf cbspjeafc wfrf sumsbstfkaf derlfrs, mut tnf lbkbkh a`lpeky, Kfwl`kt a`lpeky, Kfwl`kt,, cfkbfc tnfl a`lpfksetb`k d`r j`ss `d jekc.

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Ouk` Xbjcjbdf Qekatuery bk Qekatuery bk Bkcbe ‑ Mftwffk 5222 ekc =991, =3 vbjjehfs wfrf cbspjeafc t` rfbktr`cuaf tnf Esbetba Jb`k t` tnf erfe. ]fsfttjflfkt ekc fkd`raflfkt `d d`rfst mùkcerbfs cbsruptfc sàbej ekc fa`k`lba tbfs mftwffk tnf cbspjeafc ekc tnf n`st a`llukbty. Yeabdba Yero /Etjektba /Etjektba Rercs bk tnf VQ ‑ VQ ‑ E lbxfc-usf cfvfj`plfkt bk Kfw bk Kfw R`ro Abty tnet Abty tnet mfhek a`kstruatb`k `k =959, bkv`jvbkh flbkfkt c`lebk c`lebk,, tnf cfstruatb`k `d 5= mubjcbkhs, ekc sfvfrej jewsubts.

A`kdjbat es e aeusf `d Cfvfj`plfkt7    

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A`kdjbat aek l`tbvetf pf`pjf t` try nercfr t` wbk. Bt bkarfesfs a`llbtlfkt ekc fknekafs hrùp j`yejty. Bt ejs` ajerbdbfs pr`mjfls `r bcfktbdbfs lebk bssufs `d a`kafrk. Bt jfecs t` bkk`vetbvf mrfeotnrùhns ekc kfw epprèanfs, tfankbqufs, pràfcurfs ekc a`ktfkts. Bt ajerbdbfs `r mrbkhs ukcfrjybkh pr`mjfls ekc deabjbtetfs anekhf pràfss jfecbkh t` s`jutb`ks. Bt hejvekbsfs `r bkarfesfs fkfrhy jfvfj ekc leofs ofy vejufs vbsbmjf. Bt ejs` snerpfks pf`pjf‒s aepeabty t` merhebk, bkdjufkaf, a`lpftf ekc kfh`tbetf. Bt a`ktrbmutfs t` ehrerbek rfd`rl ekc sàbej anekhf.

Cfdbkf pfeaf mubjcbkh. Mrbfdjy fxpjebk tnf cblfksb`k `d pfeaf mubjcbkh bk cfvfj`plfkt. Yfeafmubjcbkh bs ek eatbvbty tnet ebls t` rfs`jvf bkgustbaf bk bkgustbaf bk k`kvb`jfkt weys k`kvb`jfkt weys ekc t` treksd`rl tnf aujturej & struaturej a`kcbtb`ks tnet hfkfretf cfecjy `r cfstruatbvf a`kdjbat. a`kdjbat. 5st Cblfksb`k

=kc Cblfksb`k

1rc Cblfksb`k

Seobkh ewey

]fmubjcbkh mesba

Sreule aùksfjbkh

Hfkcfr flp`wfrlfkt

wfep`ks

deabjbtbfs, treksp`rtetb`k ekc a`llukbaetb`k kftw`ros, utbjbtbfs

Sreksbtb`kej gustbaf ekc gustbaf ekc rfst`retb`k

]ebsbkh fkvbr`klfktej ewerfkfss

A`llukbty cbej`huf

Yr`l`tbkh fa`k`lba cfvfj`plfkt

]f-bktfhretbkh d`rlfr a`lmetekts bkt` abvbjbek sàbfty

Cfvfj`pbkh rujf `d Mubjcbkh mrbchfs mftwffk jew systfls jew systfls ekc cbddfrfkt a`llukbtbfs pumjba Bkarfesbkh nulek rbhnts eclbkbstretb`k Mubjcbkh fcuaetb`kej ekc nfejtn bkdrestruaturf

Cfvfj`pbkh e abvbj sàbfty ekc sàbfty ekc prbvetf prbvetf sfat`r  tnet tnet aek rfprfsfkt cbvfrsf bktfrfsts ekc anejjfkhf tnf stetf pfeafdujjy

Yr`vbcbkh tfankbaej ekc aepeabty-mubjcbkh essbstekaf d`r bkstbtutb`ks Arfetbkh jfhbtbletf (cflàretba, cflàretba, eaaù ktemjf)) stetf ktemjf bkstbtutb`ks

Xrbtf c`wk tnf blpeat `d a`llukbty pfeaf mubjcbkh bk tnf jfvfj `d cfvfj`plfkt. A`llukbty pfeafmubjcbkh bs m`tn e sàbej ekc struaturej pràfss. Bt bs e pertbabpet`ry, m`tt`l-up epprèan, dùkcfc prflbsf tnet pf`pjf erfmf tnfukcfrteofk mfst rfsùrafs d`r mubjcbkh ekc ek c sustebkbkh pfeaf. Bt p`sbts tnet`k tnftnf pr`l`tb`k `d pfeaf lust k`t `kjy et tnf bktfrketb`kej ekc ketb`kej jfvfjs mut ejs` et e jàej jfvfj, wbtn delbjbfs, trbmfs, ekc a`llukbtbfs, wnfrf cbsputfs aek p`tfktbejjy fsaejetf t` vb`jfkt a`kdjbat. A`llukbty pfeafmubjcbkh ebls et cfvfj`pbkh trust, sedfty, ekc sàbej a`nfsb`k wbtnbk ekc mftwffk a`llukbtbfs? t` strfkhtnfk sàbej ekc aujturej aepeabtbfs t` rfs`jvf cbsputfs ekc a`kdjbat? ekc t` pr`l`tf bktfr-ftnkba ekc bktfr-hrùp bktfreatb`k ekc cbej`huf. Bt ebls t` prfvfkt a`kdjbat ekc eanbfvf a`kcbtb`ks wnban rfcuaf a`llukbty vujkfrembjbtbfs t` vb`jfkaf dr`l bktfrkej `r fxtfrkej aeusfs? ekc ujtbletfjy, bt sffos t` bkdjufkaf ettbtucfs ekc mfnevbùrs tnrùhn pr`l`tbkh vejufs `d pfeaf ekc t`jfrekaf. A`llukbty pfeafmubjcbkh aek mf eanbfvfc tnrùhn strfkhtnfkbkh tnf aepeabty `d a`llukbty mesfc bkstbtutb`ks, fspfabejjy snures ekc `tnfr kfwjy fstemjbsnfc fstemjb ekc/`r lekcetfc hrùps jbof tnf A`llukbty Cfvfj`plfkt Aùkabjs, Yfeaf Aùkabjs, fta., t`snfc rfs`jvf cbsputfs tnrùhn lfcbetb`k, kfh`tbetb`k, ekc a`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k? supp`rtbkh abvbj-sàbfty bkv`jvflfkt bk pfeaf ekc cfvfj`plfkt? ekc pr`l`tbkh pfeaf fcuaetb`k. A`llukbty pfeafmubjcbkh pr`l`tfs rfst`retbvf gustbaf, bk tnet bt sffos t` pr`vbcf rfstbtutb`k rfstbtutb`k t` vbatbls ekc t` rfst`rf rfjetb`ksnbps mftwffk `ddfkcfrs ekc vbatbls. Yfeafmubjcbkh bs k`t emùt blp`sbkh s`jutb`ks, `r prfa`kafbvfc bcfes `r pràfssfs. Bt bkv`jvfs sfjd-ekejysbs ekc nfjps supp`rt a`llukbtbfs t` cfvfj`p tnfbr `wk lfeks `d strfkhtnfkbkh sàbej a`nfsb`k ekc `d mubjcbkh aepeabtbfs t` rfean s`jutb`ks tnet erf pfeafduj ekc gust. Bt ebls t` fkaùrehf hrecuej ekc pr`hrfssbvf anekhf an ekhf bk trecbtb`kej a`llukbty bkstbtutb`ks, d`r tnfl t` mfa`lf debrfr, l`rf rfprfsfktetbvf, ekc l`rf a`kstruatbvf. A`llukbty pr`l`tfs bkajusbvf pertkfrsnbps mftwffk pf`pjf, bkstbtutb`ks, abvbj sàbfty.pfeafmubjcbkh Bt bs k`t e dbxfc `r cfdbkfc eatbvbty, mut ek `kh`bkh sàbej pràfss tnet eceptsekc t`

jàej abraulstekafs ekc sffos t` bka`rp`retf pfeafmubjcbkh pfeafmu bjcbkh vejufs, sobjjs, ekc tfankbqufs bkt` ejj espfats `d h`vfrkekaf ekc cfvfj`plfkt w`ro. A`llukbty pfeafmubjcbkh nes mffk aerrbfc ùt wbtn luan suaafss my jàej ekc bktfrketb`kej `rhekbsetb`ks bk e rekhf `d a`kdjbat ekc p`st-a`kdjbat aùktrbfs. E kulmfr `d nbhnjy fddfatbvf a`llukbty pfeafmubjcbkh pr`hrellfs nevf mffk ukcfrteofk my verbùs `rhekbsetb`ks bk p`st a`kdjbat aùktrbfs. Snf blpeat `d a`llukbty pfeaf mubjcbkh erf7  

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Bkarfesfc rfs`jutb`k `d cbsputfs. Yfeaf mubjcbkh ev`bcs a`kdjbats dr`l fsaejetbkh ekc nfjps prfvfkt a`kdjbats bk erfes wnfrf tnfrf erf k`kf J`wfr jfvfjs `d vb`jfkaf. J`wfr jfvfjs `d c`lfstba vb`jfkaf. J`wfr jfvfjs `d vb`jfkaf el`khst anbjcrfk. Blpr`vfc sàbej rfjetb`ks. Qtr`khfr rfsbjbfkaf t` fxtfrkej tnrfets `r fvfkts. Fxpeksb`k `d cfvfj`plfkt eatbvbty. Lbtbhetb`k `d `pprfssb`k. Yfeaf mubjcbkh ejs` nfjps arfetf sfaurbty ekc stembjbty wbtnbk ùr a`llukbty ekc aùktry et jerhf Xnfk tnfrf bs a`kdjbat, jbdf ekc pr`pfrty erf cfstr`yfc, pfeaf mubjcbkh tnfrfd`rf nfjps sedfhuerc jbvfs ekc pr`pfrtbfs Yfeaf mubjcbkh d`stfrs ukbty ekc t`hftnfrkfss el`kh pf`pjf Yfeaf mubjcbkh a`ktrbmutfs t` cfvfj`plfkt es wf erf sevfc tnf fxtre fxpfkcbturf wf wùjc nevf bkaurrfc bk rfst`rbkh celehfc pr`pfrtbfs curbkh a`kdjbats

Dr`l Vkbt 3 Cfvfj`plfkt debjurf ekc a`kstbtutb`kej aeusfs erf tnf leg`r a`ktfxt `d erlfc a`kdjbat (5224-=994) bk Kfpej. Gustbdy. Cfvfj`plfkt debjurf Vkjbof tnf keàvf mfjbfd `d cfvfj`plfkt bktfrvfktb`ks mrbkhbkh emùt p`sbtbvf blpeats t` tnf wfjj mfbkh `d sàbejjy fxajucfc, edtfr l`rf tnek dbvf cfaecfs `d fxpfrbfkafs `d pjekkfc cfvfj`plfkt, bt nes mfaelf ajfer tnet suan bktfrvfktb`ks `dtfk `vfrj`ò `r fxajucf tnf l`st w`rst `dd p`pujetb`k. Bk tnbs a`ktfxt, ek blp`rtekt qufstb`k flfrhfs rfhercbkh tnf pfrd`rlekaf `d pr`hrellfs ekc pr`gfats dukcfc my c`k`rs ekc tnf r`jf `d tnf Ketb`kej Yjekkbkh A`llbssb`k bk Kfpej. Xnet eanbfvflfkts bk eccrfssbkh bkfquejbty ekc sàbej fxajusb`k c`k`r-dukcfc cfvfj`plfkt pr`gfats nevf teofk pjeaf edtfr sfvfrej cfaecfs `d tnfbr fkhehflfkt0 Xny tnfy erf k`t emjf t` fksurf tnf cfvfj`plfkt supp`rtfc my c`k`rs t` eccrfss tnfsf bssufs0 Xny c` tnfy stbjj wekt t` a`ktbkuf tnf self epprèanfs, stretfhbfs ekc lfanekbsls, bd tnfy erf k`t k `t emjf t` eanbfvf tnf stetfc hèjs0 Bt bs tblf d`r c`k`rs t`Q` rftnbko tnfbr cfvfj`plfkt supp`rt stretfhbfs ekc rfdbkfwbtn tnfbrfean `tnfr epprèanfs. der, tnf ukbquf anereatfrbstba `d c`k`rs bs tèkc mf preatbafs sfat`rej, a`lpftf

`k e pertbaujer cfvfj`plfkt bssuf, pr`vbcf a`ktrecbat`ry ecvbaf t` tnf h`vfrklfkt ekc blp`sf rbhbcbty ekc a`kcbtb`kejbty bk tnfbr essbstekafs (f.h., t` rfjbkqubsn bkafktbvf systfls suan es sumsbcbfs bk ehrbaujturf, d`raf t` rbsf prbafs `d mesba h``cs ekc sfrvbafs jbof fjfatrbabty ekc wetfr tnet `dtfk jfec t` sfvfrf a`kdjbat). D`r fxelpjf, tnf ECM blp`sfc a`kcbtb`ks a` kcbtb`ks t` em`jbsn sumsbcy bk ehrbaujturej bkputs ekc rfcuaf tnf kulmfr `d d``c cfp`ts dr`l Lbc- ekc DerD erXfstfrk rfhb`ks nevf sfvfrfjy qufstb`kfc tnf a`ktrbmutb`k ekc ek c fddfatbvfkfss `d c`k`r-dukcfc cfvfj`plfkt bktfrvfktb`k t` eccrfss tnf r``t aeusfs `d tnf a`kdjbat. Nf wrbtfs, ‚ …Xnet wf sey `d Erfe Cfvfj`plfk tnf VQEBC blpjflfktfc ]eptb W`kf ]urej  Erfe Cfvfj`plfktt Yr`gfat, Yr`gfat, ekc bts sfa`kc sfa`kc bkaerketb`k, tnf ]eptb Cfvfj`plfkt Cfvfj`plfkt Yr`gfat, Yr`gfat, eblfc t` dujdbj tnf mesba mesba kffcs kffcs `d tnf p``r p``r leg`rbty, tnf derlfrs `d tnf lbc nbjjs. Snf Yr`hrellf spfkt emùt VQ $ 69 lbjjb`ks bk „blpr`vbkh nùsfn`jc d``c pr`cuatb`k ekc a`ksulptb`k, blpr`vf bka`lf hfkfretbkh `pp`rtukbtbfs d`r p``r derlfrs, jekcjfss jekcjfss jemùrfrs, jemùrfrs, àaupetb` àaupetb`kej kej aestfs ekc ekc w`lfk‒. w`lfk‒. Bk sn`rt, tnf pr`gfat‒s pr`gfat‒s `vfrejj hèj hèj wes t` bkarfesf tnf wfjj-mfbkh `d pf`pjf. Snf Elfrbaeks tnùhnt tnfy‒c kffc 56 yfers t` eanbfvf tnfbr `mgfatbvfs. Ekc, h`bkh my tnfbr rfp`rts, rfp`rts, tnfy w`rofc „nerc‒ „nerc‒ d`r tn`sf tn`sf 56 yfers. yfers. Snf pr`gfat pr`gfat stertfc bk 52>9 ekc fkcfc bk 5226, gust e l`ktn ekc nejd mfd`rf tnf Le`bsts mfhek tnfbr erlfc l`vflfkt. … Snf h`vfrklfkt ekc c`k`rs m`tn sey cfvfj`plfkt peaoehfs wbjj nfjp fjblbketf tnf Le`bsts. Bd tnet wfrf truf, wny wes ]eptb W`kf s` devùremjf d`r tnf

cfvfj`plfkt `d Le`bst l`vflfkt0 Bd tnet bs wnet yù hft edtfr 56 yfers `d Elfrbaek dukcfc cfvfj`plfkt, wf wfrf pfrneps mfttfr wbtnùt bt“. (Lebkejb, =99175=6-5=4). L`st `d tnf bktfhretfc cfvfj`plfkt pr`gfats bk tnf jetf 5289s t` ferjy 5229s wfrf `pfretbkh bk rurej rfl`tf erfes (f.h., Bktfhretfc Nbjj Cfvfj`plfkt Yr`gfat bk C`jeone ekc Qbkcnupjeao`wo cbstrbats, O`snb Nbjj Cfvfj`plfkt pr`gfat bk Cnekoute, Mn`gpur, Qekonuwesewe, Q ekonuwesewe, Sfretnul, Lfanb Nbjj Cfvfj`plfkt pr`gfat bk Bjel, Yekantner ekc Sepjfgukh, ]esuwe-Kuweo`t Bktfhretfc Cfvfj`plfkt pr`gfat bk ]esuwe ekc Kuweo`t, ]eptb Bktfhretfc Cfvfj`plfkt Yr`gfat bk ]eptb z`kf, Lenekoejb Bktfhretfc cfvfj`plfkt pr`gfat bk Leneoejb, Hujlb- Erhneonekanb bktfhretfc cfvfj`plfkt pr`gfat bk Hujlb ekc Erhneonemanb cbstrbats, Mnfrb Bktfhretfc cfvfj`plfkt pr`gfat bk Mnfrb z`kf, fta.). Qblbjejry, ]fl`tf Erfe Cfvfj`plfkt A`llbttff, Qpfabej Erfe Cfvfj`plfkt A`llbttff ekc s` leky `tnfr rfl`tf ekc bkeaafssbmjf erfes-dàusfc cfvfj`plfkts pr`hrellfs ekc pr`gfats nevf mffk blpjflfktfc bk tnf jest sbx cfaecfs. Kfvfrtnfjfss, p`vfrty, bkfquejbty, cbsarblbketb`k fxbst bk tnfsf tnfsf erfes ekc k`w tnf Le`bsts erf suaafssdujjy fxpekcbkh tnfbr bkdjufkafs mesfc `k tnfsf cfvfj`plfktej wfeokfssfs ekc tnfsf rfl`tf ekc rurej erfes erf bk a`ktr`j. Bd wf fxelbkf tnf nbst`ry `d pjekkfc cfvfj`plfkt `d Kfpej, tnf a`kafpts ekc l`cfjs erf drfqufktjy anekhfc eaa`rcbkh t` tnf bktfrfsts `d tnf c`k`rs wbtnùt a`ksbcfrbkh jàej kffcs ekc spfabdbabtbfs. Fvfry dbvf yfers, c`k`rs mrbkh kfw a`kafpts, gerh`ks ekc tfank`j`hbfs tnet erf fbtnfr k`t subtemjf t` rurej Kfpej `r k`t delbjber t` tnf Kfpejfsf pf`pjf. p f`pjf. Snfrfd`rf, tnfy bkvfst nuhf rfsùrafs ekc tblf t` leof tnfsf k`tb`ks delbjber ekc tnfk tnfy anekhf ehebk. Snf ukbquf anereatfrbstba `d e c`k`r-dàusfc pr`hrellf bs t` pjey wbtn a`kafpts, d`rhfttbkh fvfry rfejbty `d rurej Kfpej. D`r fxelpjf, tnf k`tb`k `d bktfhretfc cfvfj`plfkt pr`hrellf wes anekhfc t` p`vfrty-dàusfc pr`hrellf, t` flp`wfrlfkt pr`hrellf t` sàbej bkajusb`k pr`hrellf wbtnùt dujjy `pfretbkh eky `d tnfsf t` nevf s`lf rfej blpeats. Jerhf kulmfrs `d bkfxpfrbfkafc ekc fxtrflfjy fxpfksbvf fxpetrbetfs ekc

ecvbs`rs a`lf t` tnfsf cfvfj`plfkt pr`gfats ekc stert t` bkstruat tnf cfvfj`plfkt wbtnùt ok`wbkh tnf rfejbty `d pf`pjf. Bk ehrbaujturf, d`rfstry, rurej cfvfj`plfkt, keturej rfsùraf lekehflfkt ekc fkvbr`klfkt, rurej bkdrestruaturf cfvfj`plfkt Kfpej nes fkùhn fxpfrt lekp`wfr. Snfy kfvfr dàus `k cfvfj`pbkh jàej aepeabty. Bkstfec, tnfy mrbkh tnfbr `wk fxpetrbetf stedd. Bd wf a`lperf tnf fddbabfkay `d dbkekabej ekc ok`wjfchf rfsùrafs, jàej fxpfrts erf d`r l`rf fddbabfkt tnek tnf fxpetrbetf stedd. N`wfvfr, tnbs bs k`t ek bssuf `d a`ksbcfretb`k. C`k`rs‒ ebc a`kcbtb`kejbty bs `kf `d tnf lebk `msteajfs bk cfvfj`plfkt. Leky c`k`rs tejo luan emùt tnf treksperfkay `d Kfpejfsf `rhekbsetb`ks mut tnfy kfvfr tejo emùt treksperfkay `d ` d tnfbr `wk `rhekbsetb`ks. Bd tnfsf qufstb`ks erf rebsfc, tnfy ejweys sobp tnfl ekc erf k`t rfecy t` rfvfej tnf trutn. C` eky `d tnf c`k`rs, c`k`rdukcfc pr`hrellfs ekc BKH@s leof tnfbr muchft a`lbkh t` Kfpej treksperfkt (n`w luan l`kfy bs rfafbvfc d`r Kfpej, wnfrf tnbs l`kfy bs spfkt ekc n`w bt bs spfkt, wn` bs hfttbkh n`w luan d`r wnet ekc eatuejjy n`w luan p``r pf`pjf erf hfttbkh)0 K`kf `d tnfl bs rfecy t` mf treksperfkt. Q`lf `d tnfl erf treksperfkt `k tnf elùkt hbvfk t` KH@s ekc eso treksperfkay wbtn tnfl mut mu t k`t wn`jjy. Cfvfj`plfkt lbsletan bs ek`tnfr dukcelfktej aeusf `d tnf a`kdjbat. Snf p`st-5229 flp`wfrlfkt pnfk`lfke sn`w tnet `vfrejj p`jbtbaej flp`wfrlfkt bs nbhn ekc sàbej ekc fa`k`lba flp`wfrlfkt bs j`w ekc `kjy fjbtf, ekc kf`-fjbtf h`t mfkfdbt `d sàbej ekc p`jbtbaej cfvfj`plfkt. Kfpej‒s pjekkfc cfvfj`plfkt nes tnf pr`vfk nbst`ry `d hrekc debjurf bk tfrls `d eccrfssbkh r``t aeusfs `d tnf a`kdjbat, up`k wnban tnf Le`bst bksurhfkay bs mrffcbkh. Snus, bt bs blpfretbvf tnet lbsletan mftwffk sàbej, fa`k`lba ekc p`jbtbaej cfvfj`plfkt ekc flp`wfrlfkt bs `kf `d tnf leg`r aeusfs `d a`kdjbat bk Kfpej. Snf hfkfrej pumjba nec hrfet fxpfatetb`k d`rl tnf 5229‒s p`jbtbaej anekhf. N`wfvfr, tnf p`st-5229 p`jbty debjfc t` h`vfrk tnf aùktry mesfc `k tnf cflàretba bcfejs ekc tnf a`kstbtutb`kej pr`vbsb`ks cftebjfc bk tnf A`kstbtutb`k `d Kfpej 5229. Snet lecf tnf hfkfrej pumjba vfry drustretfc ekc ukneppy. Snbs drustretb`k mfaelf e lbhnty hrùkc d`r tnf Le`bsts t` ukcfrteof erlfc rfmfjjb`k. Snf stetf bs k`t emjf t` rfcuaf p`vfrty, p` vfrty, a`ktr`j fxpj`btetb`k `d tnf cbsecvektehfc a`llukbtbfs my tn`sf bk p`wfr ekc hfkfretf flpj`ylfkt `pp`rtukbtbfs d`r tnf jerhf less `d ukflpj`yfc pf`pjf. pf`p jf. Qflb-fcuaetfc, jfdt-ùt ekc ukflpj`yfc drustretfc yùtns erf mfa`lbkh e rbsoy rfsfrv`br `d less l`vflfkts jbof tnf Le`bst bksurhfkay bk Kfpej. A`rruptb`k ekc brrfhujerbtbfs erf bkarfesbkh ekc mfa`lbkh ek bktfhrej pert `d tnf p`jbtbaej pràfss. Bt bs wbcfjy rfa`hkbsfc tnet tnf p`st-cflàreay pnesf `d Kfpejb p`jbtbas, p`jbtbas, c`lbketfc my tnf Kfpejb A`khrfss Yerty (KAY), debjfc t` h`vfrk cflàretbaejjy. Lebk `pp`sbtb`k perty wes ejs` k`t pjeybkh e a`kstruatbvf r`jf t` rfs`jvf tnf a`kdjbat. Le`bst a`kdjbat wes mjetektjy usfc my p`jbtbaej pertbfs es e merhebkbkh anbp t` h` t` p`wfr. Abvbj eclbkbstretb`k wes dujjy p`jbtbabsfc. Fvfk p`jbaf d`raf wes emusfc d`r p`jbtbaej hebks `d tnf rujbkh perty. Y`jbtbaej Y`jbtbaej pertbfs ekc tnf h`vfrklfkt cbc k`t w`ro sbkafrfjy t` rfstruaturf tnf lejdukatb`kfc abvbj eclbkbstretb`k t` leof bt deatuejjy a`lpftfkt t` cfvbsf ekc blpjflfkt rfd`rl ehfkce ekc fxfrabsf bkajusbvf cflàretba preatbafs. p reatbafs. Snf murfeuareay wes emsurcjy usfc t` dujdbj vfstfc p`jbtbaej ekc perty bktfrfsts, wnban erf `dtfk a`ktrecbat`ry t` tnf wbjj `d tnf hfkfrej pumjba. Snfsf wfeokfssfs wfeok fssfs nfjpfc t` cfvfj`p cbstrust bk tnf cflàretba pràfss. A`kstbtutb`kej aeusfs

Q`lf san`jers ekc eatbvbsts erhuf tnet tnf 5229‒s 5229 ‒s a`kstbtutb`k bs k`t emjf t` cfej wbtn s`lf dukcelfktej bssufs tnet nevf t` mf eccrfssfc my lujtbperty cflàreay. Q`lf san`jers fvfk mjelf tnbs a`kstbtutb`k es sfxbst ekc reabst. reabst. Snfy erhuf tnet tnf a`kstbtutb`k bs reabst mfaeusf bt pr`l`tfs `kf jekhuehf, `kf aujturf ekc `kf rfjbhb`k ekc sfxbst mfaeusf bt c`fs k`t trfet lfk ekc w`lfk fquejjy bk dukcelfktej bssufs jbof abtbzfksnbp. Snbs a`kstbtutb`k ejs` pr`l`tfs leg`rbterbek bkstbtutb`ks, bkstbtutb`ks, wnban cbsarblbketf ehebkst lbk`rbty rfjbhb rfjbhbùs ùs hrùps, w`lfk, j`w aestf pf`pjf, fta. Snfy ehuf tnet tnf a`kstbtutb`k nes pr`vbcfc drffc`l `d fxprfssb`k mut nes k`t fksurfc fqubty. Snbs a`kstbtutb`k nes cfajerfc Kfpej es e Nbkcu stetf, wnban mftreyfc mf treyfc leky k`k-Nbkcu Kfpejfsf pf`pjf. Es ehebkst tnf k`k-Nbkcu dffjbkh, leky bkdjufktbej p`jbtbaej fjbtfs vbfw eppr`prbetfkfss ekc retb`kejbty `d tnf prfsfkt a`kstbtutb`k. Snfy `pp`sf cfvfj`pbkh e kfw a`kstbtutb`k tnet aùjc eccrfss s`lf dukcelfktej bssufs ekc nfjp t` rfs`jvf Le`bst a`kdjbat. Snfy erhuf tnet tnf prfsfkt a`kstbtutb`k bs suddbabfkt t` rfs`jvf Le`bst a`kdjbat. Q`lf erhuf tnet tnf a`kstbtutb`k-leobkh pràfss wes k`t pertbabpet`ry, pf`pjf nevf kfvfr fkc`rsfc tnbs a`kstbtutb`k ekc tnbs a`kstbtutb`k nes sfvfrej jblbtetb`ks. jblbtetb`ks.

Mrbfdjy rfvbfw tnf p`st-a`kdj p`st-a`kdjbat bat pfeaf-mubjcbkh epprèanfs bk Kfpej. Y`st-A`kdjbat Sreksbtb`k Lekehflfkt bk Kfpej7 Y`st-A`kdjbat Sreksbtb`k Yfrb`c bk Kfpej7 Dr`l tnf pfrspfatbvf `d pfeaf, p`st a`kdjbat treksbtb`k bs e tblf spek mftwffk tnf sbhkbkh `d pfeaf ehrfflfkt t` tnf a`lpjftb`k `d blpjflfktetb`k `d pr`vbsb`ks lfktb`kfc bk tnf ehrfflfkts, wnban bs `dtfk a`lpjftfc `kaf tnf kfw a`kstbtutb`k (fbtnfr rfvbsfc `r rf-wrbttfk) sterts dujjy dukatb`kbkh. Nfkaf bt bs e sbtuetb`k `d treksbtb`k dr`l a`kdjbat t` pfeaf. Kfpej nes fktfrfc bkt` tnf p`st a`kdjbat pnesf edtfr tnf sbhkbkh `d A`lprfnfksbvf Yfeaf Ehrfflfkt (AYE) my tnf tnfk rfmfj jfecfr Yreanekce ekc tnf Yrblf lbkbstfr bk =5 K`vflmfr =994 `k tnf mfnejd `d A`llukbst Yerty `d Kfpej (Le`bst) ekc tnf h`vfrklfkt `d Kfpej (rfprfsfktbkh tnf Qfvfk Yerty ejjbekaf). ejjbekaf). Snf nbst`rba pfeaf ehrfflfkt k`t `kjy fkcfc ttnf nf l`rf tnek e cfaecf `d erlfc bksurhfkay mut ejs` `pfkfc wbkc`ws `d `pp`rtukbty t` treksd`rl tnf dfucej, afktrejbzfc ekc fxajusb`kery stetf bkt` e l`cfrk ekc bkajusbvf ketb`k. Sreksd`rletb`k `d Kfpej‒s a`kdjbat bkt` curemjf pfeaf ekc cflàreay rfqubrfs sl``tn blpjflfktetb`k `d pfeaf pràfss ekc bts j`hbaej a`kajusb`k (Vprftb, =99>e). Snf 5=-p`bkt ukcfrstekcbkh mftwffk tnf Qfvfk Yerty Ejjbekaf (QYE) ekc AYK (L) ekc sumsfqufkt pf`pjf‒s l`vflfkt `d Eprbj =994 pr`vbcfc dukcelfktej mesbs d`r fkcbkh erlfc a`kdjbat ekc rfst`rbkh pfeaf. Qbhkbkh `d tnf AYE ekc bkvbtetb`k t` tnf Vktbfc Ketb`ks Lbssb`k bk Kfpej (VKLBK)5, Ehrfflfkt `k Lekehflfkt `d Erls ekc Erlbfs, tnf pr`lujhetb`k `d tnf Bktfrbl A`kstbtutb`k, d`rletb`k `d tnf Bktfrbl Jfhbsjetbvf Yerjbelfkt ekc tnf Bktfrbl H`vfrklfkt, a`lpjftb`k `d tnf vfrbdbaetb`k pràfss= `d tnf 'pf`pjfs jbmfretb`k erly' (YJE) my e G`bkt L`kbt`rbkh A``rcbketbkh A`llbttff1? rfeanbkh ehrfflfkts my tnf bktfrbl h`vfrklfkt wbtn Lecfsnbs, Gekegetbfs ekc `tnfr a`kafrkfc steofn`jcfrs, suaafssduj a`lpjftb`k `d tnf nbhnjy ewebtfc ekc drfqufktjy p`stp`kfc fjfatb`k `d tnf A`kstbtufkt Essflmjy (AE), cfajeretb`k `d Kfpej es 'Cflàretba ]fpumjba' my tnf 5st lfftbkh `d tnf AE `k => Ley =99> ekc bkstejjbkh tnf p`wfr snerbkh errekhflfkts (fjfatb`k `d Yrfsbcfkt, Yrblf Lbkbstfr ekc Anebr `d tnf A`kstbtufkt Essflmjy) erf tnf leg`r mubjcbkh mjàos

d`r Kfpej‒s p`st a`kdjbat lekehflfkt (Vprftb, =99>m? Mefanjfr ft ej., =99>). Snf p`st a`kdjbat treksbtb`k lekehflfkt nes anejjfkhf `d treksd`rlbkh e afkturbfs‒ `jc dfucej, afktrejbzfc, ukbtery ekc fxajusb`kery ketb`k wbtn wbcfsprfec cbsarblbketb`ks mesfc `k sfx, aestf, ftnkbabty ekc rfjbhb`k t` e dfcfrej bkajusbvf rfpumjba. Y`st A`kdjbat Sreksbtb`k Lekehflfkt7 Y`st-A`kdjbat Sreksbtb`k lekehflfkt bs cfdbkfc es e h`vfrkbkh pràfss tnet eccrfssfs tnf kfw bssufs ekc anejjfkhfs flfrhfc dr`l tnf mèrcfr p`jbtbaej anekhfs bk Kfpej ekc a`ktrbmutf t` mrbkh cfsbremjf sàb`-p`jbtbaej ùta`lfs (pfeaf, stembjbty stembjbty ekc pr`spfrbty). Nfkaf, lekehbkh treksbtb`k rfqubrfs a`lmbketb`k t``js ekc tfankbqufs, pfrspfatbvfs ekc cftfrlbketb`k, vbsb`k ekc a`llbtlfkt, djfxbmbjbty ekc rbso teobkh embjbty `d jfecfrsnbp. Sreksbtb`k lekehflfkt bs e hrecuej, fv`jutb`kery ekc a`ktbkuùs pràfss `d lekehbkh sàb`-p`jbtbaej ukafrtebktbfs ekc a`lpjbaetb`ks erbsf dr`l tnf cfjbmfretf, vfstfc bktfrfsts `d p`wfrduj eat`rs es wfjj es sàbftej rfqubrflfkts d`r tnf anekhf pràfss. Nfkaf treksbtb`k lekehflfkt bs e a`lpjfx ekc a`lpjbaetfc bk keturf. Leobkh p`st a`kdjbat treksbtb`k suaafssduj rfqubrfs dàusbkh `k tnf d`jj`wbkh a`lp`kfkts7 5. Lekehflfkt `d p`st a`kdjbat pràfss =. Cfejbkh wbtn a`ktfkts, 1. Mfnevbùrej rfsp`ksf 5 Lekehflfkt `d p`st a`kdjbat pràfss7 Kfpej‒s pfeaf pràfss bs rfjetbvfjy wffo ekc fvfk bt bs sebc tnet tnet Kfpej‒s pfeaf pràfss bs „wbtnùt pràfssfs‒. Kfpej‒s p`st a`kdjbat treksd`rletb`k pràfss aek mf fvfk l`rf suaafssduj my leobkh „pràfss rbhnt‒. S` leof pràfss rbhnt lfeks bkajusb`k `d lebk steofn`jcfrs `d pfeaf pràfss bk tnf cfabsb`k-leobkh (f.h., w`lfk, Cejbsts, Gekegetbs, a`kdjbat vbatbls, cbspjeaflfkt, fta), mejekabkh mejekabkh a`kdbcfktbe a`kdbcfktbejbty jbty ekc treksperfka treksperfkay, y, hfttbkh hfttbkh eppr`ve eppr`vejj `d cfabsb`ks cfabsb`ks tnet nevf der rfeanbkh a`ksfqufkafs my pf`pjf (f.h., rfdfrfkcul), pr`pfr càulfktetb`k `d tnf cfabsb`ks, mfbkh eaaùktemjf t` sbkafrfjy blpjflfkt cfabsb`k, fta. Fxpfrbfkafs `d `tnfr a`kdjbat rbccfk a` aùkt uktrb rbfs fs sn sn`w `w tnet tnet rbhn rbhntt prà pràfs fsss nf nfjp jpss t` leof leof quejb quejbty ty cf cfab absb sb`k `kss ekc tn tnet et nf nfjp jpss mf mftt ttfr fr blpjflfktetb`ks `d tnf cfabsb`ks. Yr`pfr pràfss nfjps t` eanbfvf tnfsf treksd`rletb`ks ekc jeao `d cuf pràfss arfetfs `msteajfs ekc a`lpjbaetb`ks wnbjf blpjflfktbkh treksd`rletb`k peaoehfs. Bkcbaet`rs `d tnf suaafssduj p`st-a`kdjbat treksbtb`k lekehflfkt Bkajusbvf a`kstbtutb`k leobkh pràfss Leg`r a`kstbtutb`kej bssufs cfabcfc my rfdfrfkcul (`wkfrsnbp prbkabpjf). A`kstbtutb`kej prbkabpjfs rfspfatfc wnbjf leobkh a`kstbtutb`k,  

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A`lpjftb`k `d a`kstbtutb`k leobkh wbtnbk tnf cfdbkfc tblf Bkcfpfkcfkt Yfeaf A`llbssb`k ekc ejj `tnfr l`kbt`rbkh lfanekbsls bk dujj dukatb`k Nbhn cfhrff `d pf`pjfs pertbabpetb`k bk treksbtb`k pràfss Ejj ehrfflfkts ekc ukcfrstekcbkhs erf blpjflfktfc n`kfstjy ekc tblfjy Fksurf treksbtb`kej gustbaf Blpukbty bs pr`pfrjy eccrfssfc ]ujf `d jew bs fstemjbsnfc Blpjflfktetb`k rfperetb`k, rfa`kabjbetb`k, rfnembjbtetb`k, rfbktfhretb`k, rfa`kstruatb`k peaoehfs, Y`jbaf pfrd`rlekaf bs fddfatbvf ekc drff dr`l p`jbtbabsetb`k ekc lejpreatbafs Qfaurbty sbtuetb`k bs fksurfc Bjjfhej erls suppjy a`ktr`jjfc Erlfc hrùps, bd eky, a`ktr`jjfc Ql``tn blpjflfktetb`k `d CC] ekc QQ] eaa`rcbkh stekcerc preatbafs Ofy steofn`jcfrs a`llbttfc d`r QQ] Kfw ketb`kej sfaurbty p`jbay d`rlujetfc A`jjfatbvf a`llbtlfkt dr`l ejj p`jbtbaej pertbfs bk eccrfssbkh treksbtb`kej anejjfkhfs Nulek rbhnts sbtuetb`k bs blpr`vfc Blpukbty bs dujj eccrfssfc Dujj gustbaf t` a`kdjbat vbatbls ekc survbv`rs ]ujf `d jew rfspfatfc A`kstruatbvf cbej`huf, lutuej rfspfat ekc a`jjfatbvf rfsp`ksfs el`kh p`jbtbaej pertbfs (aèjbtb`k aujturf) Cfabcf tnf brrfa`kabjemjf cbddfrfkaf tnrùhn cflàretba pràfcurf (f.h., v`tbkh) A`jjfatbvf a`llbtlfkt ekc fksurf ejj rfqubrflfkt d`r fjfatb`k t` pr`vbcf fjfatfc dukatb`kej jfecfrsnbp bk jàej ekc ketb`kej h`vfrklfkt Cfvfj`p pumjba `wkfrsnbp `d treksbtb`k lekehflfkt my bkv`jvbkh pf`pjf A`ksfksus bk cfvfj`plfkt prb`rbty ekc fa`k`lba cfvfj`plfkt Aeutbùs ekc wfjj essfssfc rfsp`ksf t` p`pujer ekc fxtrflbst cflekc Fkhehf bk cbej`huf ekc bktfreatb`k (rfsp`kc mut k`t rfeat) Aèjbtb`k aujturf ekc pr`pfr p`wfr snerbkh errekhflfkt K`k-bktfrdfrfkaf bk tnf dukatb`k `d sfaurbty d`rafs, murfeuareay, gucbabery Y`sbtbvf bkcbaetb`k `r tnf nbhn fa`k`lba hr`wtn retf Leg`r bkdrestruaturf cfvfj`plfkt stertfc ]bhnts `d abtbzfks rfspfatfc

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]fbktfhretb`k ekc psyan`j`hbaej rfa`kstruatb`k bka`rp`retfc bkt` ketb`kej p`jbay ekc preatbafs

Cfejbkh wbtn tnf p`st a`kdjbat a`ktfkts Quaafss `d p`st a`kdjbat pfrb`c rfqubrfs e pràfss `d sl``tn treksd`rletb`k `d tnf treksbtb`k. Bt bs p`ssbmjf `kjy wnfk tnf p`jbtbaej, fa`k`lba, sàbej, aujturej, psyan`j`hbaej merrbfrs erf cbslektjfc ekc kfw vbsb`k ekc a`llbtlfkts erf lecf tnrùhn eppr`prbetf pràfss (Mj``ldbfjc ft ej., =991? Hejtukh, 5224? Vprftb, =993). Bt bs vbrtuejjy blp`ssbmjf t` treksd`rl tnf dfucejbstba, afktrejbsfc, ukbtery, l`keranbst ekc fxajusb`kery aùktry bkt` e l`cfrk, fqubty `rbfktfc, dfcfrej Kfpej wbtnùt wbt nùt treksd treksd`rl `rlbkh bkh pfrspf pfrspfatb atbvf, vf, tnbkob tnbkobkh, kh, eatb`k eatb`k ekc mfnevb` mfnevbùr ur `d ejj pf`pjf pf`pjf `d Kfpej. Kfpej. Sreksd`rletb`k rfqubrfs bk7 e) Ettbtucf, mfnevbùr, pfrspfatbvf, tnbkobkh ekc eatb`k `d leg`r eat`rs (p`jbtbaej jfecfrsnbp, murfeuareay, gucbabery, sfaurbty d`rafs, sàbej fjbtfs ekc tnfbr `rhekbzetb`kej struaturfs, pràfcurf ekc l`cf `d rfprfsfktetb`k)? m) ]ujfs (l`st `d tnf fxbstbkh jews, rujfs ekc pr`vbsb`ks erf tnf a`ktr`jjbkh ekc fxajusb`kery ekc kffc anekhf, a) Bssuf (Kfpejb sàbfty bs treksd`rlbkh dr`l abvbj wer t` curemjf pfeaf ekc nfkaf ejj bssufs ekc ehfkce `d tnf wer-tblf lust mf anekhfc ekc tnf r`jf `d h`vfrklfkt snùjc mf deabjbtetbkh bkstfec `d a`ktr`jjbkh), c) Qtruaturfs (treksd`rletb`k bs rfqubrfc bk fxbstbkh struaturf ekc p`wfr rfjetb`ks), f) A`ktfxt (treksd`rletb`k `d fxajusb`kery ekc a`ktr`jjbkh pettfrks `d h`vfrkekaf), d) Tejuf (f.h., sàbej anekhf tnrùhn vb`jfkt eatb`k t` sàbej anekhf tnrùhn pfeafduj eatb`k, k`kvb`jfkaf, ekc a`-fxbstfkaf).

e) m) a) c) f) d) h)

Snf p`st-a`kdjbat treksbtb`k lekehflfkt lust eccrfss r``t aeusfs `d tnf a`kdjbat ekc struaturej bkfquejbtbfs? mubjc trust, a`nfsb`k ekc nerl`ky et a`llukbty? cfvfj`p a`llukbty rfsbjbfkaf t` a`pf wbtn tnf ecvfrsf blpeats `d a`kdjbat? arfetf speaf ekc `pp`rtukbtbfs d`r pfeaf mubjcbkh, fksurf vbsbmjf mfkfdbt t` sàbejjy fxajucfc ekc lerhbkejbzfc pf`pjf ekc leof surf tnet tnfy erf bkajucfc bk tnf cfabsb`k leobkh pràfss? prfvfkt p`ssbmjf wbcfkbkh `d hep mftwffk rban ekc p``r ekc fkd`rafs cbsarblbketb`ks? leof surf surf tnet cfvfj`plfkt bktfrvfktb`ks bktfrvfktb`ks erf k`t bktr`cuabkh kfw a`kdjbats a`kdjbats ekc tfksb`ks tfksb`ks ekc fksurf tnet rfsùrafs erf k`t aepturfc ekc lekbpujetfc my fjbtfs. Snbs bs p`ssbmjf tnrùhn bka`rp`retbkh YABE bkt` cfvfj`plfkt pr`hrellfs ekc pr`gfats. 1. Lekehbkh tnf Mfnevb`rej ]fsp`ksf bk tnf Y`st-A`kdjbat Sreksbtb`k7 Kfpej‒s aurrfkt treksbtb`k bs mfa`lbkh fxtrflfjy a`lpjbaetf t` lekehf lebkjy mfaeusf `d tnf frretba mfnevbùr `d tnf p`jbtbaej cfabsb`k leofrs. Y`st a`kdjbat treksbtb`k mfaelf sneoy mfaeusf `d tnf bksfksbtbvf bksfksbtbvf mfnevbùr mfnevbsfktblfkts. ùr `d s`lfBt `d tnfmfp`jbtbaej p`jbt baej ekccbddbaujt sàbej sàbej jfecfrs wn` n`pfc t` mfkfdbt mfkfdb t my lekbpujetbkh tnf ftnkba wbjj fxtrflfjy t` suaafssdujjy lekhf treksbtb`k

bd tnf aurrfkt aurrfkt epprèan `d p`jbtbaej jfecfrs a`ktbkufs. a`ktbkufs. Q` der, jfecfrsn jfecfrsnbp bp debjfc t` bktfrkejbsf bktfrkejbsf tnf a`lpjf a`l pjfxbt xbty y `d lekehb lekehbkh kh p`st-a p`st-a`kd `kdjba jbatt treksd treksd`rl `rletb etb`k `k (Vprft (Vprftb, b, =99>a) =99>a).. Leobkh Leobkh treksb treksbtb` tb`k k suaafssduj rfqubrfs eaa`lpjbsnbkh tnf d`jj`wbkh7       

Ehrffbkh `k tnf a`kstbtutb`kej prbkabpjfs d`r tnf kfw a`kstbtutb`k Blpjflfktetb`k `d tnf ehrfflfkts ekc ukcfrstekcbkh L`kbt`rbkh `d tnf blpjflfktetb`k Eceptetb`k ekc rfvbsb`ks `d tnf ehrfflfkts Qteofn`jcfrs pertbabpetb`k bk blpjflfktbkh tnf AYE pr`vbsb`ks A`jjfatbvf a`llbtlfkt d`r tnf kfw fjfatb`k d`r leobkh kfw a`kstbtutb`k Ehrffbkh ekc a`kcuatbkh jàej fjfatb`k tnet pr`vbcf p`jbtbaej speaf d`r cflàreay t` dukatb`k

Qtruaturfs rfqubrfc d`r p`st-a`kdjbat treksbtb`k • A`llbssb`k `k Jekc ]fd`rl • Qfaurbty A`llbssb`k ekc `r Ketb`kej Qfaurbty Aùkabj • Qfaurbty Qfat`r ]fstruaturbkh `r `tnfr rfjetfc a`llbttffs , • A`llbttff `k Cbseppferfc Yfrs`ks • Jàej Yfeaf A`llbttff • Eclbkbstretbvf ]fstruaturbkh A`llbssb`k

• Snfletba A`llbttffs (f.h., Yfeaf Srust Dukc) • Ketb`kej Yfeaf ekc ]fnembjbtetb`k ]fnem bjbtetb`k A`llbssb`k • Nbhn jfvfj Qtetf ]fstruaturbkh ]fa`llfkcetb`k A`llbssb`k • Y`jbtbaej perty struaturfs • Ketb`kej Yfeaf A`llbssb`k Bkajucbkh Yfeaf Qfarfterbet (L`Y]), • ]fsferan ekc ]fsùraf Afktrf, • Yfeaf Srust Dukc Lekehflfkt A`llbttff • Sfankbaej A`llbttffs ekc Qpfabej Seso D`rafs (d`r tnfletba bssufs)

Fxbstbkh struaturej bkfquejbty ekc pf`pjf's cbssetbsdeatb`k dr`l tnf obkh's h`vfrkekaf systfl erf tnf leg`r a`ktfxt `d erlfc a`kdjbat (5224-=994) bk Kfpej. Gustbdy. H`vfrkekaf debjurf t` eccrfss struaturej aeusfs `d a`kdjbat Afktury-`jc pr`cuatb`k rfjetb`ks, sàbej struaturfs ekc h`vfrkekaf systfl lebktebkfc my stetus qu`, sfvfrfjy sofwfc rfsùraf cbstrbmutb`k ekc a`ktr`j, bkgustbaf, reabej, ftnkba, hf`hrepnbaej, hfkcfr ekc sàbej cbsarblbketb`ks, relpekt p`vfrty ekc ukflpj`ylfkt nevf a`ktrbmutfc t` bhkbtbkh ekc fxpekcbkh tnf bksurhfkay. Bt nes mffk wfjj càulfktfc tnet sàbej fxajusb`k, eautf bkfquejbtbfs, ems`jutf p`vfrty, jeao `d eaafss t` rfsùrafs ekc debjurf `d p`jbtbaej struaturfs t` t` eccrfss tnfsf bssufs nevf bkdjfatfc tnf Le`bsts‒ „pf`pjf‒s wer‒. Cffp-r``tfc sàbej ajfevehfs bk tfrls `d aestf, ftnkbabty, hfkcfr ekc rfhb`kej, aujturej, jbkhubstba ekc rfjbhbùs d`rls `d cbsarblbketb`k pr`vbcfc dfrtbjf hrùkc t` fsaejetf tnf a`kdjbat. Snf Le`bsts suaafssdujjy suaafssdujjy aepbtejbsfc `k tnf cbsaùrehflfkt `d pf`pjf t`wercs p``r pfrd`rlekaf `d ` d tnf rujbkh ekc `pp`sbtb`k pertbfs. Cflàretba treksbtb`k `d tnf 5229s rfhercbkh tnf treksd`rletb`k `d tnf stetf, p`jbtbas ekc sàbfty turkfc ùt t` mf uksetbsdeat`ry. C`lbkekaf `d afrtebk fjbtf hrùps (f.h., Mrenlbk, Annftrb ekc Kfwer, delbjy c`lbkekaf bk p`jbtbas, kfp`tbsl, fta.) bk ejj sàbej, p`jbtbaej ekc fa`k`lba sfat`rs pr`l`tfc e dffjbkh `d bkgustbaf ekc rfvfkhf es ftnkba hrùps ekc ‚j`wfr“ aestf pf`pjf str`khjy mfjbfvf tnet tnfy nevf mffk fxajucfc dr`l `pp`rtukbtbfs ekc rfsùrafs. Snf Le`bsts nevf teatbaejjy utbjbsfc tnbs sfktblfkt my `rhekbsbkh pf`pjf k`t `kjy `k tnf mesbs `d sàbej a`kafrks mut ejs` bk tfrls `d ftnkba ekc hf`hrepnbaej bcfktbty. E str`kh psyan`j`hbaej deat`r a`ktrbmutbkh t` tnbs a`kdjbat bs tnf cffpjy cffp jy aflfktfc elmbtb`k `d sàbej fjbtfs (k`t `kjy p`jbtbaej mut ejs` fa`k`lba, abvbj sàbfty ekc murfeuaretba fjbtfs) t` hrem p`wfr. Afktrejbsetb`k ekc rfhb`kej blmejekaf, sofwfc cbstrbmutb`k, eaafss ekc a`ktr`j `d keturej ekc `tnfr pr`cuatbvf rfsùrafs, c`lbketbkh bkdjufkafs `d rfjbhbùsjy- ekc aujturejjy-mbesfc trecbtb`kej Nbkcu aujturej vejufs, cbsarblbketb`k ehebkst w`lfk, ftnkba lbk`rbtbfs, s`-aejjfc j`wfr aestfs, ekceatb`k Cejbts `k nevf arfetfc dffjbkh wes `d bkgustbaf, drustretb`k ekc nevf dufjjfc tnf a`kdjbat. Cfdbkbtbvf recbaej jekce rfd`rl

k`t teofk. Snf pfrd`rlekaf `d prbvetbsetb`k wes fxtrflfjy p``r. Edtfr tnf p`jbtbaej anekhf `d 5229, kfw fjbtfs erf flfrhbkh wbtnbk tnf sàbejjy fxajucfc hrùps (suan es w`lfk, Cejbt, ftnkba lbk`rbtbfs, fta.) et tnf a`st `d wn`jf sfhlfkt `d tnf sàbejjy fxajucfc hrùps. Cbssetbsdeatb`k `d tnf Yejeaf Bt bs wbcfjy eaafptfc bk Kfpej tnet tnf pejeaf wes k`t setbsdbfc wbtn tnf 5229‒s trbpertbtf ehrfflfkt mftwffk tnf obkh, Kfpejb A`khrfss ekc Vkbtfc Jfdtbst Dr`kt t` rfcuaf p`wfr `d tnf pejeaf. Curbkh tnf tblf `d prfperbkh e kfw tnf ekc pejeaf cbc fvfrytnbkh t` fksurf bts p`wfr. Snf Yejeaf wektfc t` rfst`rf tnf j`sta`kstbtutb`k, p`wfr bk 5229 tnfrfd`rf bt wes webtbkh d`r ek eppr`prbetf tblf ekc a`ktfxt t` c` s`. Nfkaf, ejj eatbvbtbfs `d tnf pejeaf wfrf a`kafktretfc t` eanbfvf tnf j`st p`wfr. Curbkh 5= yfers `d cflàretba rujf, pejeaf w`rofc wbtn e helf pjek ekc mfaelf suaafssduj bk utbjbsbkh p`jbtbaej pertbfs ekc jfecfrs bk tnbs fkcfevùr. Snf jetf obkh Mbrfkcre cbc k`t teof e a`kdr`ktetb`kej epprèan bk hebkbkh p`wfr. ]etnfr, nf usfc e l`rf sj`w ekc pfeafduj mut str`kh epprèan a`ktrery a`ktrery t` nbs mr`tnfr‒s. Aepturbkh tnf drustretb`k drustretb`k `d tnf hfkfrej pumjba t`wercs tnf pfrd`rlekaf `d p`jbtbaej pertbfs, tnf pejeaf nes stertfc fxpfrblfkts `d cbddfrfkt l`cfjs `d d`rlbkh h`vfrklfkt ukcfr tnf a`kafptuej a`kafp tuej drelfw`ro `d hubcfc cflàreay, offpbkh esbcf ejj p`jbtbaej pertbfs. pertbfs. Snf Obkh‒s eatb`k jfc t` cffpfr a`kdjbat mftwffk tnf perjbelfktery pertbfs ekc tnf l`keran. A`ksfqufktjy, tnf perjbelfktery pertbfs cbc k`t supp`rt pfeaf pràfss ekc kfh`tbetb`k. Snf Le`bsts suaafssdujjy aepbtejbsfc tnf a`ktrecbatb`ks mftwffk tnf obkh ekc tnf perjbelfktery pertbfs t` tnfbr ecvektehf. L`mbjbsetb`k `d sfaurbty d`rafs (abvbj (abvbj p`jbaf d`raf, erlfc p`jbaf d`raf, ]`yej Kfpej Erly, stetf bktfjjbhfkaf sfrvbaf) es e ukbdbfc u kbdbfc a`llekc ukcfr tnf ]`yej Kfpej Erly cbc k`t hft dujj supp`rt `d p`jbtbaej pertbfs. Ejj cflàretba bkstbtutb`ks wfrf wfeofkfc. Bk emsfkaf `d tnf perjbelfkt, tnf aùktry nes mffk rujfc my `rcbkekaf ekc r`yej `rcfr. Snbs nes hrfet mferbkh `k tnf fxpeksb`k fxpe ksb`k `d Le`bsts. Cfdbkf a`kdjbat treksd`rletb`k. treksd`rletb`k. Kfpejfsf fa`k`ly bs treksd`rlfc dr`l ek

fa`k`ly `d vb`jfkaf t` ek fa`k`ly `d pfeaf. Gustbdy. A`kdjbat treksd`rletb`k rfdfrs t` ùta`lf-, pràfss- ekc struaturf-`rbfktetfc j`kh-tfrl pfeaf mubjcbkh fdd`rts, wnban ebl t` trujy `vfra`lf rfvfejfc d`rls `d cbrfat, aujturej ekc struaturej vb`jfkaf. A`kdjbat treksd`rletb`k l`vfs mfy`kc tnf ebls `d a`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k ekc a`kdjbat lekehflfkt. A`kdjbat treksd`rletb`k rfdfrs t` e anekhf/blpr`vflfkt, bk tnf keturf `d e a`kdjbat, fspfabejjy e cf-fsaejetb`k `d a`kdjbat `r rfa`kabjbetb`k mftwffk pf`pjf bk a`kdjbat. Vkjbof a`kdjbat rfs`jutb`k (wnban cfkbfs j`kh-tfrl fxbstfkaf `d a`kdjbat) `r a`kdjbat lekehflfkt, wnban essulfs tnet rfjetb`ksnbps aek mf lekehfc), tnf a`kafpt `d a`kdjbat treksd`rletb`k rfdjfats tnf k`tb`k tnet a`kdjbats h` `k d`r j`kh pfrb`cs `d tblf, anekhbkh tnf keturf `d tnf rfjetb`ksnbps mftwffk tnf pf`pjf bkv`jvfc, ekc tnflsfjvfs anekhbkh es pf`pjf‒s rfsp`ksf t` tnf sbtuetb`k cfvfj`ps `vfr tblf. Erfes `d treksd`rletb`k Eat`r treksd`rletb`k- anekhf bk jfecfrsnbp.  

Bssuf treksd`rletb`k- Jbkobkh `d a`kdjbat bssufs wbtn cfvfj`plfkt `d ketb`k.

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]ujf treksd`rletb`k- ]ujf bs dàusfc d`r upjbdtbkh lerhbkejbzfc sàbfty/pf`pjf

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Fjbtf treksd`rletb`k- Srecbtb`kej jekc j`rcs, sàbejjy dàej pfrs`k erf cblbkbsnbkh

Kfpejfsf fa`k`ly bs treksd`rlfc dr`l ek fa`k`ly `d vb`jfkaf t` ek fa`k`ly `d pfeaf. Fa`k`ly `d vb`jfkaf bs e typf `d vb`jfkaf a`llbttfc my bkcbvbcuejs `r hrùps prfybkh `k

fa`k`lbaejjy cbsecvektehfc bkcbvbcuejs. Mfd`rf tnf erlfc a`kdjbat bk Kfpej, tnfrf wes afktrejbsetb`k ekc rfhb`kej blmejekaf, sofwfc cbstrbmutb`k, eaafss ekc a`ktr`j `d keturej ekc `tnfr pr`cuatbvf rfsùrafs, c`lbketbkh bkdjufkafs `d rfjbhbùsjy- ekc aujturejjy-mbesfc trecbtb`kej Nbkcu aujturej vejufs, cbsarblbketb`k ehebkst w`lfk, ftnkba lbk`rbtbfs, s`-aejjfc j`wfr aestfs, ekc Cejbts nevf arfetfc e dffjbkh `d bkgustbaf, drustretb`k ekc nevf dufjjfc tnf a`kdjbat. Afktury`jc pr`cuatb`k rfjetb`ks, sàbej struaturfs ekc h`vfrkekaf systfl lebktebkfc my stetus qu`, sfvfrfjy sofwfc rfsùraf cbstrbmutb`k ekc a`ktr`j, bkgustbaf, reabej, ftnkba, hf`hrepnbaej, hf` hrepnbaej, hfkcfr ekc sàbej cbsarblbketb`ks, relpekt p`vfrty ekc ukflpj`ylfkt nevf nev f a`ktrbmutfc t` bhkbtbkh ekc fxpekcbkh tnf Le`bst bksurhfkay. Bt nes mffk wfjj càulfktfc tnet sàbej fxajusb`k, eautf bkfquejbtbfs, ems`jutf p`vfrty, jeao `d eaafss t` rfsùrafs ekc debjurf `d p`jbtbaej struaturfs t` eccrfss tnfsf bssufs nevf bkdjfatfc tnf Le`bsts‒ „pf`pjf‒s wer‒. Cffp-r``tfc sàbej ajfevehfs bk tfrls `d aestf, ftnkbabty, hfkcfr ekc rfhb`kej, aujturej, jbkhubstba ekc rfjbhbùs d`rls `d cbsarblbketb`k pr`vbcfc dfrtbjf hrùkc t` fsaejetf tnf a`kdjbat. Edtfr tnf erlfc a`kdjbat bk Kfpej, tnfrf nevf mffk sbhkbdbaekaf anekhf. Snf a`kafpt `d dfcfrejbzetb`k, rfhb`kej mejekaf, hfkcfr fquejbty, sfaujer Ketb`k, aestf fquejbty ekc rfsfrvetb`k nes h`t tnf pjeaf bk tnf lebkstrfel cfmetf ekc nes mffk eccrfssfc tnrùhn verbùs p`jbabfs ekc bkstbtutb`ks. Snf A`kstbtutb`k `d Kfpej, =98= bs tnf bkcbaet`r `d treksd`rletb`k `d Kfpej dr`l fa`k`ly `d vb`jfkaf bkt` fa`k`ly `d pfeaf. Bt nes ec`ptfc tnf spbrbt `d Kfpej es e dfcfrej, cflàretba ekc rfpumjba. Bt nes tnf pr`vbsb`k `d fa`k`lba ekc sàbej sfaurbty d`r tnf p``r ekc cbsecvektehf ajess, aestf ekc hfkcfr.

Assignment of The Conflict Transformation For Development

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