ASSET Technical Reference Guide

 

 G]]JX Xjmb`kmgd \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Ujrska` 7>.>.<

 

 

Ma`ekhj`tkgdkty, Mapyrkcbt @atkmj & Hksmdgkijr  

Huj ta g padkmy ae ma`tk`uaus prahumt hjvjdapij`t g`h rjek`jij`t, XJAMA Marpargtka` ar g XJAMA geekdkgtj maipg`y ("XJAMA") rjsjrvjs tbj rkcbt ta gdtjr tbj spjmkekmgtka`s, rjprjsj`tgtka`, hjsmrkptka`s g`h gdd atbjr igttjrs autdk`jh k` tbks puldkmgtka` wktbaut prkar `atkmj. @a pgrt ae tbks hamuij`t, tgfj` gs g wbadj ar sjpgrgtjdy, sbgdd lj hjjijh ta lj pgrt ae g`y ma`trgmt ear g prahumt ar maiiktij`t ae g`y fk`h. Eurtbjriarj, tbks hamuij`t ks pravkhjh —Gs Ks’ g`h wktbaut g`y wgrrg`ty. Xbks hamuij`t ks tbj prapjrty ae XJAMA, wbkmb aw`s tbj sadj g`h eudd rkcbts k`mduhk`c mapyrkcbt. map yrkcbt. XJAMA rjtgk`s tbj sadj prapjrty rkcbts ta t a gdd k`earigtka` ma`tgk`jh k` tbks hamuij`t, g`h wktbaut tbj wrkttj` ma`sj`t ae XJAMA ckvj` ly l y ma`trgmt ar atbjrwksj k` wrktk`c, tbj hamu hamuij`t ij`t iust `at lj mapkjh, rjprk`tjh ar rjprahumjh k` g`y ig``jr ar eari, `ar trg`sikttjh k` g`y eari ar ly g`y ijg`s? jdjmtra`km, ijmbg`kmgd, igc`jtkm ar atbjrwksj, jktbjr wbaddy ar k` pgrt. Xbj k`earigtka` bjrjk` ks hjskc`gtjh bkcbdy ma`ekhj`tkgd g`h g `h ks sulojmt ta gdd rjstrkmtka`s k` g`y g `y dgw rjcgrhk`c sumb igttjrs g`h tbj rjdjvg`t ma`ekhj`tkgdkty g`h `a`-hksmdasurj mdgusjs ar gcrjjij`ts kssujh wktb XJAMA prkar ta ar getjr tbj hksmdasurj. Gdd tbj k`earigtka` k` tbks hamu hamuij`t ij`t ks ta lj sgejcugrhjh g`h gdd stjps iust lj tgfj` ta prjvj`t kt erai ljk`c hksmdasjh ta g`y pjrsa` ar j`tkty atbjr tbg` tbj hkrjmt j`tkty tbgt rjmjkvjh kt hkrjmtdy erai XJAMA. XJAMA g`h Bjdkx grj trghjigrfs ae XJAMA.  Gdd atbjr maipg`y, lrg`h ar prahumt `gijs grj trghjigrfs ar sjrvkmj igrfs ae tbjkr rjspjmtkvj badhjrs. Xbks ks g djcgd `atkmj g`h igy `at lj rjiavjh ar gdtjrjh k` g`y wgy. MA^[\KCBX © 7; XJAMA Marpargtka` ar g XJAMA geekdkgtj maipg`y.   Gdd rkcbts rjsjrvjh. 

 [aur ejjhlgmf ks kipartg`t ta us u s? Xbj XJAMA Hamuij`tgtka` tjgi tgfjs ig`y ijgsurjs k` arhjr ta j`surj tbgt aur warf ks ae tbj bkcbjst qugdkty.

Ke yau ek`h jrrars ar ejjd tbgt k`earigtka` ks ikssk`c, pdjgsj sj`h yaur Hamuij`tgtka`-rjdgtjh ejjhlgmf ta Hamuij`tgtka`Ntjama.mai Xbg`f yau, Xbj XJAMA Hamuij`tgtka` tjgi

 

 

Mbg`cj Bkstary Xbks tgldj sbaws tbj mbg`cj bkstary ae tbks cukhj?

 

Jhktka`

Hgtj

\jgsa`

7

Mavjrgcj g`h Hgtg \gtj Grrgys (C]I ]ki)............................................................. ]ki)............................................................. 7>    Gdd ]jrvjrs Grrgy (C]I ]ki) ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 77 

ZIX], MHIG>> g`h JU-HA Grrgys ............................................................ 7> ]jmtar Ldamfk`c \jparts ........................................................................ 5:  JU-HA Haw`dk`f ^jrearig`mj \jparts .................................................................... 5:  JU-HA ^gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj \jparts ................................................................ 5:  Xbraucbput \jparts ............................................................... ................................................................................................... .................................... 55   Zpdk`f ^jrearig`mj \jparts ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 55  DXJ \jparts ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... 53   DXJ Mjdd Egkdurj \jpart ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. 3>  :C \jparts ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ 37  Sk-Ek \jparts ......................................................................... ............................................................................................................. .................................... 3=  

>%. B]H^G B]H ^G - Jeejmtk vj Mjdd ]jrvkm j \g \gtj tj (Z`daghjh)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj Xbks ks tbj tatgd giau`t ae hgtg k` g sjrvkmj sjsska` (lkts) hkvkhjh l ly y tbj ijg` sjrvkmj tkij pjr usjr a` tbj mjdd (sjma`hs), gssuik`c tbjrj ks `a qujuk`c hjdgy. B]H^G B]H ^G - Jeejmtk vj Mjdd ]jrvkm j \g \gtj tj (Daghjh)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj Xbks ks skikdgr ta tbj B]H^G - Jeejmtkvj Mjdd ]jrvkmj \gtj (Z`daghjh) (Z`daghj h) grrgy, jxmjpt tbgt tbj ijg` sjrvkmj tkij pjr usjr a` tbj mjdd ks k`mrjgsjh ljmgusj ae qujuk`c hjdgy. Gs tbj aeejrjh B]H^G dagh a` tbj mjdd gppragmbjs 7>>%, tbj qujuk`c hjdgy gppragmb k`ek`kty g`h tbj Jeejmtkvj Mjdd ]jrvkmj \gtj (Daghjh) hraps ta zjra.

% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks `at sgtksekjh6 :>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks sgtksekjh jxgmtdy6 g`h 7>>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks jxmjjhjh. B]Z^G - ZD Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]jrvkmj, B]Z^G Ljgrjr, ]pjjh Xbks ks g tbrjsbadhjh vjrska` ae tbj B]Z^G-ZD Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty g`h bgs oust twa vgdujs ([js/@a). Kt bgs tbj ghvg`tgcj ae ljk`c qukmfjr ta mgdmudgtj tbg` tbj B]H^G - ZD Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty grrgy. G vgduj ae "[js" ijg`s tbgt tbj updk`f mavjrgcj pralglkdkty sgtksekjs tbj ma mavjrgcj vjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. B]Z^G B]Z ^G - Gmbk jvgldj ZD Ljgrjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]jrvkmj, ]pjjh Xbj purpasj ae tbks grrgy ks ta pravkhj g maipasktj mavjrgcj pdat eear ar tbj B]Z^G ljgrjrs ae g Xjrik`gd/ Mgrrkjr/ K`haar/ ]jrvkmj/ ]pjjh. Xbj grrgy sbaws tbj bkcbjst prkarkty B]Z^G ljgrjr wktb gmmjptgldj updk`f mavjrgcj, tbgt ks, wktb ZD Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty sgtkseyk`c tbj mavjrgcj rj rjdkglkdkty dkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.

B]Z^G - Mjdd ear Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr

Xbks grrgy pravkhjs ghhktka`gd k`earigtka` glaut tbj 'B]Z^G Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr' grrgy (wbkmb sbaws tbj gmbkjvgldj ljgrjr gt jgmb damgtka`), ly sbawk`c tbj mjdd tbgt pravkhjs tbgt ma``jmtka`.  

.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

B]Z^G B]Z ^G - Gmb kjvgld j Hgtg \ \gtj gtj

Xbks ks tbj usjr lktrgtj ae tbj 'B]Z^G - Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr'. Kt ks skikdgr ta tbj tb j 'B]Z^G  Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr' grrgy lut k`stjgh ae ckvk`c tbj ljgrjr `gij gt jgmb damgtka`, kt ckvjs tbj ljgrjr's usjr rgtj.

 Gddd ]jrv jr  Gd jrs s Grr Gr r gy (ZIX], MHIG, JU-HA) Xbks ejgturj ks `at g truj grrgy, sk`mj kt ks sj`sktkvj ta tbj damgtka` ae yaur iausj mursar. Kt ks g iarj lgskm vjrska` ae tbj ^kxjd G`gdysjr taad (ear (e ar iarj k`earigtka` a` tbj ^kxjd G`gdysjr, sjj tbj  G]]JX  Zsjr \jejrj`mj Cukhj). Kt hkspdgys k`earigtka` glaut wbkmb mjdds grj "mavjrk`c" jgmb pkxjd. G sjt ae dk`js ks hrgw` ljtwjj` gdd passkldj sjrvk`c mjdds ta tbj skiudgtka` pkxjd wbjrj tbj iausj mursar ks damgtjh. Ear pkxjds wktb iarj tbg` a`j mavjrk`c mjdd, tbj dk`j tbkmf`jss k`mrjgsjs prapartka`gddy. Xbks grrgy j`gldjs yau ta khj`tkey hkstg`t sjrvjrs sjr vjrs sa tbgt yau mg` aptkiksj yaur `jtwarf hjskc` ly dawjrk`c, iavk`c ar rjhumk`c tbj pkdat pawjr ae praldjigtkm sktjs. Xbj mavjrk`c mjdds grj sbaw` k` arhjr ae jktbjr? 



  Ljst ]jrvjrs ly ^kdat ]trj`ctb (gmmarhk`c ta tbj tbrjsbadh tbrjsbadh sjt k` tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax). Xbks wkdd warf jvj` ke yau bgvj `at yjt ru` g`y s`gpsbats ljmgusj kt rjdgtjs ta tbj pawjr k` tbj mjdd g`h pgtb dass, `at ta g`y skiudgtka` rjsudts.   Ljst ]jrvjrs ly Jm/Ka. Xbks rjqukrjs s`gpsbats ta bgvj ljj` ru` ljmgusj kt rjdgtjs ta gttjiptjh ma``jmtka`s. Dk`js grj a`dy hrgw` ke g tjrik`gd bgs ljj` sjrvjh a` tbgt pkxjd.

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar. Xbks pkmturj sbaws g` jxgipdj ae tbj Gdd ]jrvjrs grrgy?

 Gdd ]jrvjrs grrgy

s ae s`gpsbats k` iast mgsjs). Xbks ks ljmgusj a`dy a`d y g sigdd `uiljr ae s`gpsbats grj `jjhjh tta a cjt g` khjg ae tbj "Ijg` ZD K`tjrejrj`mj Djvjd (hL)" g`h "Haw`dk`f Dagh (%)" a` jgmb mjdd. Bjrj ks g` jxgipdj ae tbj DXJ D XJ grrgys yau mg` cj`jrgtj a` tbj Igp Ukjw wbj` usk`c tbj ]kiudgtar?

Jxgipdj ae tbj ]kiudgtar DXJ grrgys gppjgrk`c k` tbj Igp Ukjw Hgtg Xypjs  

.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Xbj eaddawk`c DXJ grrgy hjsmrkptka`s hjsmrklj tbj typjs t ypjs ae grrgy tbgt grj gvgkdgldj erai tbj ]kiudgtar, g`h sbaw tbjkr hjpj`hj`mkjs. Iast tjris (sumb gs 'K`haar') grj sjde-jxpdg`gtary, lut bjrj grj mdgrkekmgtka`s ear saij ae tbj tjris usjh? Xjri

Hjsmrkptka`s

Eghk`c

Xbj grrgy hjpj`hs a` tbj stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sbghaw eghk`c ear tbj mduttjr typj.

\jdkglkdkty

Xbj grrgy hjpj`hs a` tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty tbrjsbadh spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. Xkp?? [au mg` try mbg`ck`c tbks pgrgijtjr g`h tbj` rjhrgw tbj grrgy wktbaut ru``k`c Xkp g`y iarj s`gpsbats.

]`gpsbats/Dagh Djvjds

Xbj jxkstj`mj, gmmurgmy, g`h rjsudts ae tbj grrgy grj hjpj`hj`t a` tbj `uiljr ae s`gpsbats ha`j ar tbj dagh djvjds hjek`jh k` tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj.

^gtbdass Grrgys (DXJ) HD Dass g`h @tb HD HD Dass

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbjsj grj tbj haw`dk`f dassjs ae tbj Ljst HD Mjdd ly \]\^ g`h tbj @tb Ljst HD Mjdd ly \]\^, rjspjmtkvjdy. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. Dk`j ae ]kcbt

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbj Dk`j ae ]kcbt grrgy ks gvgkdgldj ear prjhkmtka`s cj`jrgtjh ly tbj J`bg`mjh Igmramjdd iahjd, tbj I[\KGH iahjd, ar tbj Uadmg`a iahjd. Xbks ks g twa-vgdujh grrgy (DA], `a`-DA]) `a`- DA]) ear tbj Ljst ]jrvjr l ly y \]\^. Xbj k`haar k`stg`mj ks `a`-DA] jvjrywbjrj. Bjrj ks g` jxgipdj?

Jxgipdj ae Dk`j Ae ]kcbt grrgy

hL. Xbjsj grrgys kc`arj tbj mjdd-spjmkekm Mjdd \g`cj Jxtj`ska` pgrgijtjr (\]\^ Aeesjt). @tb Ljst \]\^ ghou ghou stjh l y M\J

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbjsj grj tbj @tb bkcbjst \]\^ djvjds getjr tgfk`c k`ta gmmau`t tbj mjdd mjdd-spjmkekm -spjmkekm Mjdd \g`cj Jxtj`ska` pgrgijtjr (\]\^ Aeesjt), wbkmb mg` lj sjt a` tbj Xbrjsbadhs sultgl ae tbj DXJ ^grgis tgl ear g mjdd k` tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. M\J Hjdtg

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj hkeejrj`mj k` grjg mavjrgcj huj ta tbj mjdd-spjmkekm Mjdd \g`cj Jxtj`ska` pgrgijtjr (\]\^ Aeesjt). \]\^ Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c Xbks ks tbj pralglkdkty tbgt tbj Ljst ]jrvjr (ly ( ly \]\^) sgtksekjs tbj \]\^ rjqukrjij`t spjmkekjh a` tbj tjrik`gd typj. Xbks pralglkdkty hjpj`hs a` tbj stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sbghaw eghk`c ear tbj mduttjr typj gt tbj pkxjd. Ke tbks stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` bgs ljj` sjt ta zjra, tbj` tbjrj grj a`dy tbrjj passkldj mavjrgcj pralglkdktkjs? >% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks ks `at sgtksekjh6 :>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks sgtksekjh jxgmtdy6 g`h 7>>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks jxmjjhjh.

 

.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

\]\^ \]\ ^ Mavjrgcj AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty Xbks ks g tbrjsbadhjh vjrska` ae tbj \]\^ Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty grrgy g`h bgs oust twa vgdujs ([js/@a). Kt bgs tbj ghvg`tgcj ae ljk`c qukmfjr ta mgdmudgtj tbg` tbj \]\^ Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty grrgy. G vgduj ae "[js" ijg`s tbgt tbj \]M^ mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.

@uiljr ae \]\^ AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty Xbks ks tbj `uiljr ae mavjrk`c mjdds wktb g sgtksegmtary \]\^. G mjdd ks mau`tjh gs bgvk`c g sgtksegmtary \]\^ ke kts \]\^ mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj mavjrgc j rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. \]\W \]\ W & @tb Ljst \]\W \]\W

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbjsj grj tbj bkcbjst (g`h @tb bkcbjst) \]\W vgdujs. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL. \]\W Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj pralglkdkty tbgt tbj Ljst ]jrvjr (ly ( ly \]\^) sgtksekjs tbj \]\W rjqukr rjqukrjij`t jij`t spjmkekjh a` tbj tjrik`gd typj. Xbks pralglkdkty hjpj`hs a` tbj stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sbghaw eghk`c ear tbj mduttjr typj gt tbj pkxjd. Ke tbks stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` bgs ljj` sjt ta zjra, tbj` tbjrj grj a`dy tbrjj passkldj mavjrgcj pralglkdktkjs? >% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks `at `at sgtksekjh6 :>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t kks s sgtksekjh jxgmtdy6 g`h 7>>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks jxmjjhjh. \]\W \]\ W Mavjrgcj AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks g tbrjsbadhjh vjrska` aeae tbj \]\W Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty g`h bgs oust twa^ralglkdkty vgdujs ([js/@a). Kt bgs tbj ghvg`tgcj ljk`c qukmfjr ta mgdmudgtj tbg` grrgy tbj \]\W Mavjrgcj grrgy. G vgduj ae "[js" ijg`s tbgt tbj \]\W mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. @uiljr a e \]\W A AF F

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj `uiljr ae mavjrk`c mjdds wktb g sgtksegmtary \]\W. G mjdd ks mau`tjh gs bgvk`c g sgtksegmtary \]\W ke kts \]\W mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. HD\] ]@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj bkcbjst HD\] ]@\ djvjd. Xbks hajs `at k`mduhj tbj K`tjr-mjdd k`tjre k`tjrejrj`mj jrj`mj (tbgt ks, Ljst \]\^ djvjds hkvkhjh ly tbj tbjrigd `aksj). Kt rjprjsj`ts rjpr jsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL. hL.

Haw`dk`f @aksj Grrgys (DXJ (DXJ)) \]]K (Haw`dk`f \jmjkvjh ^awjr)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj tatgd rjmjkvjh `aksj ma`trklutjh ly gdd saurmjs, k`mduhk`c ma-mbg``jd sjrvk`c g`h `a`sjrvk`c mjdds, ghogmj`t mbg``jd k`tjrejrj`mj, g`h tbjrigd `aksj). Kt rjprjsj`ts gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL.

Zpdk`f Zpdk` f Mavjrgcj Grrgys (DXJ) Mjdd Mj dd ea r Gm bkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr Ljgrjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, Xbks ks rjqukrjh ear tbj Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr grrgy. Kt ks skikdgr ta tbj Ljst ]jrvjr (ly \]\^) grrgy lut k`mduhjs gdd ljgrjrs' hjpj`hj`mkjs g`h sbaws tbj sjrvjr wbkmb pravkhjs tbj ma``jmtka` ear g` ZD ljgrjr gt g ckvj` damgtka`/pkxjd.  Gm bk jvgl dj ZD Ljgr jr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbj purpasj ae tbks grrgy ks ta pravkhj g mailk`jh mavjrgcj pdat ear tbj ZD ljgrjrs ae tbj sjrvkmj. Xbj grrgy sbaws tbj bkcbjst prkarkty ljgrjr wktb gmmjptgldj ZD mavjrgcj, tbgt ks, wktb ZD mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjtk`c tbj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. ZD XXK XXK Lu`hdk `c Cgk`

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdk \jdkglkdkty, ty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj ZD XXK Lu`hdk`c cgk` ear tbj sjrvk`c sjr vk`c Mjdd ear Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr. ZD Xrgeekm/Mtrd ]K@\ Igrck` Igrck` (^awjr (^awjr Ma`tr addjh)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglk dkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj ljst ZD ]K@\ djvjd gssuik`c tbgt tbj tjrik`gd trg`sikts gt tbj pawjr ma`traddjh p pawjr awjr djvjd, tbgt ks, tbj pawjr rjqukrjh rjq ukrjh ta sgtksey tbj ZD Ljgrjr ]K@\ rjqukrjij`t. Xbks ks k` jssj`mj g mailk`jh rjqukrjh ]K@\ djvjd (hjek`jh a` tbj ljgrjrs g`h iahkekjh gmmarhk`cd gmmarhk`cdy y ke GG] grmbktjmturj ks jipdayjh) pdat ae ZD Ljgrjrs.

 

.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

ZD \jq XR pawjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj rjqukrjh ZD XR pawjr ae tbj tjrik`gd ta sjrvj tbj gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr gt g ckvj` pkxjd/damgtka`. ZD Xrg`sikss Xrg`sikss ka` Iahj

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj gmbkjvgldj ZD GG] iahj gt g ckvj` pkxjd damgtka`. Xbj suppartj suppartjh h ZD trg`siksska` iahjs grj ]k`cdj G`tj``g, ]Z-IKIA Hkvjrskty, ]Z-IKIA Iudtkpdjxk`c g`h IZ-IKIA. Xbks grrgy sbaudh lj usjh k` ma`ou`mtka` wktb tbj Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr grrgy ta hjtjrik`j tbj gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h trg`siksska` iahj gt g ckvj` pkxjd/damgtka`. ZD IKIA Arhjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj `uiljr ae XR \R g`tj``gs ear tbj ZD Xrg`siksska` Iahj wktb tbj mgtjcar mgtjcary y —IÓ@’ k`hkmgtk`c tbgt tbjrj grjg`h I trg`sikt jdjij`ts g`h @ rjmjkvj jdjij`ts. A`dy tbj iast maiia` vgdujs ae I g`h @ grj rjpartjh (7,

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

HD XXK XXK Lu`hdk `c Cgk`

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \ \jdkglkdkty, jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj HD XXK Lu`hdk`c cgk` ear tbj sjrvk`c Mjdd ear Gmbkjvgldj HD Ljgrjr Ljgrjr..

HD Xrgeek m/Mtrd ]K@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj bkcbjst ^H]MB g`h ^HMMB ]K@\ djvjd. Xbks rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL. HD Xrgeek m ]K@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj bkcbjst ^H]MB ]K@\ djvjd. Xbks rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj gvjrg cj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL. HD Mtrd ]K@\ ]K@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj bkcbjst ^HMMB ]K@\ djvjd. Xbks rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL. HD LMB/]MB ]K@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Xbks ks tbj bkcbjst ^-]MB+]-]MB/^LMB ]K@\ djvjd. Xbks rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL. HD IMB ]K@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Xbks ks tbj bkcbjst ^IMMB ]K@\ djvjd. Xbks rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj tbjrjea rj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL. HD Xrg`sikss Xrg`sikss ka` Iahj

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj gmbkjvgldj HD GG] iahj gt g ckvj` pkxjd damgtka`. Xbj suppartjh HD trg`siksska` iahjs grj ]k`cdj G`tj``g, ]Z-IKIA Hkvjrskty, ]Z-IKIA Iudtkpdjxk`c g`h IZ-IKIA. Xbks grrgy sbaudh lj usjh k` ma`ou`mtka` wktb tbj Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr grrgy ta hjtjrik`j tbj gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h trg`siksska` iahj gt g ckvj` pkxjd/damgtka`.

 

=7

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

HD IKIA Arhjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj `uiljr ae XR g`h \R g`tj``gs ear tbj HD Xrg`siksska` Iahj wktb tbj mgtjcar mgtjcary y —IÓ@’ k`hkmgtk`c tbgt tbjrj grj I trg`sikt jdjij`ts g`h @ rjmjkvj jd jij`ts. A`dy tbj iast maiia` vgdujs ae I g`h @ grj rjpartjh (7,.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

HD Mjdd Mjdd Xbrau cbput (Jeejmtkvj) (Jeejmtkvj) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks tbj jeejmtkvj HD mjdd tbraucbput hkspdgyjh avjr tbj Ljst ]jrvjr (ly \]\^) grjg. Xbj prjsj`mj ae tbks grrgy rjqukrjs tbj ]kiudgtar ta ru` k` tbj s`gpsbat iahj gs kt rjqukrjs tbj mjdd tbraucbput rjsudts cgtbjrjh gt tbj j`h ae tbj s`gpsbats. Xbj jeejmts ae ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs g`h ]K@\ ta Jrrar rgtj igppk`c (lut `at sjrvkmj avjrbjghs) grj tgfj` k`ta ma`skhjrgtka`.

HD Mjdd Mjdd Xbra ucbpu t (^jgf) (^jgf) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks tbj pjgf HD mjdd tbraucbput hkspdgyjh avjr tbj Ljst ]jrvjr (ly \]\^) grjg. Xbj prjsj`mj ae tbks grrgy rjqukrjs tbj ]kiudgtar ta ru` k` tbj s`gpsbat iahj gs kt rjqukrjs tbj mjdd tbraucbput rjsudts cgtbjrjh gt tbj j`h ae tbj s`gpsbats. Xbj jeejmts ae ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs g`h ]K@\ ta Jrrar rgtj igppk`c (lut `at sjrvkmj avjrbjghs) grj tgfj` k`ta ma`skhjrgtka`. HD Iudtk -Zsjr \gtj \gtj Cgk`

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks HD Iudtk Zsjr Cgk` ear mjdds gsskc`jh wktb tbj ^rapartka`gd Egkr smbjhudjr.

Zpdk`f Zpdk` f Xbrau Xbraucbp cbp ut g`h Hgtg \gtj \gtj Grrgys (DXJ (DXJ)) ZD Hgtg \gtj \gtj (Gppdkm gtka`) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj gppdkmgtka` dgyjr hgtg rgtj tbgt g usjr mg` gmbkjvj gt g damgtka`/pkxjd usk`c tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h tbj jipdayjh ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs. Xbks gdsa tgfjs k`ta gmmau`t tbj ]K@\ ta Jrrar rgtj igppk`c hjek`jh a` tbj HD ljgrjrs gs wjdd tbj rjhumtka` k` hgtg rgtj huj ta sjrvkmj avjrbjghs (gmmau`tk`c ear bkcbjr dgyjr bjghjrs, g`h sa a`).

ZD Hgtg \gtj \gtj (J (Jeejmt eejmt kvj) (flp s)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj jeejmtkvj hgtg rgtj tbgt g usjr mg` gmbkjvj gt g damgtka`/pkxjd usk`c tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h tbj t bj jipdayjh ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs. Xbks gdsa tgfjs k`ta gmmau`t tbj ]K@\ ta jrrar rgtj igppk`c hjek`jh a` tbj ZD ljgrjrs lut `at tbj sjrvkmj avjrbjghs.

ZD Hgtg \gtj (^jgf) (^jgf) (flp s)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkd kty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj pjgf hgtg rgtj tbgt g usjr mg` gmbkjvj gt g damgtka`/pkxjd usk`c tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h tbj jipdayjh jipda yjh ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs wktbaut tgfk`c k`ta gmmau`t tbj ]K@\ ta jrrar rgtj igppk`c hjek`jh a` tbj ZD ljgrjrs g`h sjrvkmj avjrbjghs.

=8

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucbp ut (Gppdkmgtka` ) ((flps) flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj gppdkmgtka` tbraucbput tbgt g usjr mg` gmbkjvj gt g damgtka` usk`c tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h tbj jipdayjh ]Z/IZ-IKIA g`h KMKM sjttk`cs. Xbks gdsa tgfjs k`ta gmmau`t tbj ]K@\ ta jrrar rgtj igppk`c hjek`jh a` tbj ZD ljgrjrs g`h sjrvkmj avjrbjghs. Xbj rjpartjh vgduj ks `at dkiktjh ly tbj sjrvkmj IL\. Xbj ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucbput (Gppdkmgtka`) ks gmbkjvgldj avjr tbj \Ls tbgt bgvj ljj` mgdmudgtjh ly tbj ZD \Ls \jqukrjh ear Mavjrgcj grrgy. ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucbput (Jeejmtkvj) (Jeejmtkvj) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj jeejmtkvj tbraucbput tbgt g usjr mg` gmbkjvj gt g damgtka` usk`c tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h tbj jipdayjh ]Z/IZ-IKIA g`h KMKM sjttk`cs. Xbks gdsa tgfjs k`ta gmmau`t tbj ]K@\ ta jrrar rgtj igppk`c hjek`jh a` tbj ZD ljgrjrs lut `at tbj sjrvkmj avjrbjghs. Xbj rjpartjh vgduj ks `at dkiktjh ly tbj sjrvkmj IL\. Xbj ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucbput (Jeejmtkvj) ks gmbkjvgldj avjr tbj \Ls tbgt bgvj ljj` mgdmudgtjh ly tbj ZD \Ls \jqukrjh ear Mavjrgcj grrgy.

ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucb put (^jg (^jgf) f) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj pjgf tbraucbput tbgt g usjr mg` gmbkjvj gt g damgtka` usk`c tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h tbj jipdayjh ]Z/IZ-IKIA g`h KMKM sjttk`cs. Xbj Xb j pjgf tbraucbput ks rjpartjh wktbaut tgfk`c k`ta gmmau`t tbj ]K@\ ta jrrar rgtj igppk`c hjek`jh a` tbj ZD ljgrjrs g`h sjrvkmj avjrbjghs. Xbj rjpartjh vgduj ks `at dkiktjh ly tbj sjrvkmj IL\. Xbj ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucbput (^jgf) ks gmbkjvgldj avjr tbj \Ls tbgt bgvj ljj` mgdmudgtjh ly tbj ZD \Ls \jqukrjh ear Mavjrgcj grrgy. ZD Mjdd Mjdd Xbraucbpu t (Gppdkmgtka` ) (flps) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks tbj gppdkmgtka` dgyjr ZD mjdd tbraucbput tbrauc bput hkspdgyjh avjr tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ((ly ly \]\^) grjg. Xbj prjsj`mj ae tbks grrgy rjqukrjs tbj ]kiudgtar ta ru` k` tbj s`gpsbat iahj gs kt rjqukrjs tbj mjdd tbraucbput rjsudts cgtbjrjh gt tbj j`h ae tbj s`gpsbats. Xbj jeejmts ae ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs gs wjdd gs ]K@\ ta Jrrar rgtj igppk`c g`h sjrvkmj avjrbjghs grj tgfj` k`ta ma`skhjrgtka`. ZD Mjdd Mjdd Xbrau cbput (Jeejmtkvj) (Jeejmtkvj) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks tbj jeejmtkvj ZD mjdd tbraucbput hkspdgyjh avjr tbj Ljst ]jrvjr (ly \]\^) grjg. Xbj prjsj`mj ae tbks grrgy rjqukrjs tbj ]kiudgtar ta ru` k` tbj s`gpsbat iahj gs kt rjqukrjs tbj mjdd tbraucbput rjsudts cgtbjrjh gt tbj j`h ae tbj s`gpsbats. Xbj jeejmts ae ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs g`h ]K@\ ta Jrrar rgtj igppk`c (lut `at sjrvkmj avjrbjghs) grj tgfj` k`ta ma`skhjrgtka`.

 

=:

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

ZD Mjdd Mjdd Xbra ucbpu t (^jgf) (^jgf) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks tbj pjgf ZD mjdd tbraucbput hkspdgyjh avjr tbj Ljst ]jrvjr (l (ly y \]\^) grjg. Xbj prjsj`mj ae tbks grrgy rjqukrjs tbj ]kiudgtar ta ru` k` tbj s`gpsbat iahj gs kt rjqukrjs tbj mjdd tbraucbput rjsudts cgtbjrjh gt tbj j`h ae tbj s`gpsbats. Xbj jeejmts jeej mts ae ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs g`h ]K@\ ta Jrrar rgtj igppk`c (lut `at sjrvkmj avjrbjghs) grj tgfj` k`ta ma`skhjrgtka`.

ZD Iudtk -Zsjr \gtj \gtj Cgk`

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks ZD Iudtk Zsjr Cgk` ear mjdds gsskc`jh wktb tbj ^rapartka`gd Egkr smbjhudjr. ZD \Ls Zsjh (Xkij-Gvjrgcj)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \ \jdkglkdkty, jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj tkij-gvjrgcj `uiljr ae ZD \jsaurmj Ldamfs rjqukrjh ly tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr k` arhjr ta gmbkjvj tbj sjrvkmj CL\. K` mgsj ae ]Z-IKIA ]pgtkgd Iudtkpdjxk`c tbj vgduj ks rjhumjh ly tbj ZD ]I \gtj Cgk`. Xbj X bj ZD \Ls Zsjh (Xkij-Gvjrgcj) gt g damgtka` ks gdwgys djss tbg` ar jqugd ta tbj ZD \Ls \jqukrjh ear Mavjrgcj.

Cj`jrgd Cj `jrgd Grrgys (DXJ) (DXJ) Mavjrgcj Lgdg`mj

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbj purpasj ae tbks grrgy ks ta pravkhj g maipasktj updk`f/haw`dk`f mavjrgcj pdat ear g sjrvkmj. Xbj updk`f ks hjjijh ta bgvj mavjrgcj ke g`y ae tbj updk`f ljgrjrs a` tbj sjrvkmj bgvj ZD Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty ijjtk`c tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj tb j ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj  Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. ]kikdgrdy, tbj haw`dk`f ks hjjijh ta bgvj mavjrgcj ke g`y ae tbj haw`dk`f ljgrjrs a` tbj sjrvkmj bgvj HD Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty ijjtk`c tbj spjmkekjh mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd.  Gd d ]jr vjr s

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks `at g truj grrgy, grrg y, sk`mj kt ks sj`sktkvj ta tbj damgtka` ae iausj mursar. Kt h hkspdgys kspdgys k`earigtka` glaut wbkmb mjdds grj "mavjrk`c" jgmb pkxjd lgsjh l gsjh a` tbj "Gdd ]jrvjrs" hkspdgy prapjrtkjs (j (jktbjr ktbjr \]\^ ar \]\W). G sjt ae dk`js ks hrgw` ljtwjj` gdd passkldj sjrvk`c mjdds ta tbj skiudgtka` pkxjd wbjrj tbj iausj mursar ks damgtjh. Ear pkxjds wktb iarj tbg` a`j ma mavjrk`c vjrk`c mjdd, tbj dk`j tbkmf`jss k`mrjgsjs prapartka`gddy.

=5

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

Mjdd Mj`trj/Mjdd Mj`trj/Mjdd Jhc j

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks grrgys sbaws tbj hkvkska` ae tbj Ljst ]jrvjr (ly \]\^) grjg k`ta 'Mjdd Mj`trj' g`h 'Mjdd Jhcj' lgsjh a` tbj sjdjmtjh Mjdd Mj`trj - Mjdd Jhcj tbrjsbadh a` tbj Xbrjsbadhs sultgl ae tbj DXJ ^grgis tgl. Xbj grrgy gs a`dy twa vgdujs, Mjdd Mj`trj g`h Mjdd Jhcj, hjpkmtk`c tb tbj j mdgsskekmgtka` ae sjrvkmj grjg. Xbj gvgkdgldj Mjdd Mj`trj - Mjdd Jhcj tbrjsbadh sjttk`cs grj \]\^ (hLi) g`h \jdgtkvj \]\^ (hL). Xbj dgttjr rjprjsj`ts tbj hkeejrj`mj ljtwjj` tbj \]\^ djvjds ae tbj ljst g`h .>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

:C Grrgys Xbks ks g` avjrvkjw ae saij ae tbj :C grrgys cj`jrgtjh ly tbj ]kiudgtar k` G]]JX.  Gdiast gdd tbjsj grrgys grj prahumjh a` g pjr mgrrkjr lgsks. Iast ae tbji bgvj g hjpj`hj`my a` tjrik`gd typj ljmgusj lahy dass g`h tjrik`gd g`tj``g cgk` grj gdwgys k`mduhjh k` tbj dk`f luhcjt. Ig`y ae tbji hjpj`h a` wbjtbjr tbj tjrik`gd ks ma`skhjrjh ta lj k`haar ar authaar. K`haar grrgys usj tbj k`-lukdhk`c pgrgijtjrs ear tbj mduttjr typj gt jgmb pkxjd (tbgt ks, k`haar dass g`h k`haar sbghaw eghk`c stg`hgrh hjvkgtka`). K`haar tjrik`gds grj gdwgys tgfj` ta lj sdaw iavk`c. Mavjrgcj grrgys mg` lj hkspdgyjh jvj` ke `a s`gpsbats bgvj ljj` ru`, lut yau sbaudh `atj tbgt k` tbjsj mkrmuistg`mjs tbj grrgys rjprjsj`t mavjrgcj k` g` u`daghjh `jtwarf. Xa altgk` mavjrgcj grrgys ear g daghjh `jtwarf, yau iust ru` saij s`gpsbats ar hjek`j tbj daghs ig`ugddy. Xbj fjy purpasj ae ru``k`c s`gpsbats ks ta pravkhj ijgsurjs ae systji dagh.  Grrgys ear mavjrgcj tj`h ta bgvj g wjgf hjpj`hj`mj a` tbj `uiljr ae s`gpsbats ru`, g`h tbj grrgys mbg`cj dkttdj getjr g rjdgtkvjdy sigdd `uiljr ae s`gpsbats bgvj ljj` pjrearijh (7>s ae s`gpsbats k` iast mgsjs). Xbks ks ljmgusj a`dy a`d y g sigdd `uiljr ae s`gpsbats grj `jjhjh tta a cjt g` khjg ae tbj "Ijg` ZD K`tjrejrj`mj Djvjd (hL)" g`h "Haw`dk`f Dagh (%)" a` jgmb mjdd. Bjrj ks g` jxgipdj ae tbj :C grrgys yau mg` cj`jrgtj a` tbj Igp Ukjw wbj` usk`c tbj ]kiudgtar?

Jxgipdj ae tbj ]kiudgtar :C grrgys gppjgrk`c k` tbj Igp Ukjw Hgtg Xypjs =2

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

Xbj eaddawk`c grrgy hjsmrkptka`s hjsmrklj tbj typjs ae grrgy tbgt grj gvgkdgldj erai tbj ]kiudgtar, g`h sbaw tbjkr hjpj`hj`mkjs. Iast tjris (sumb gs 'K`haar') grj sjde-jxpdg`gtary, lut bjrj grj mdgrkekmgtka`s ear saij ae tbj tjris usjh? Xjri

Hjsmrkptka`s

Eghk`c

Xbj grrgy hjpj`hs a` tbj stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sbghaw eghk`c ear tbj mduttjr typj.

\jdkglkdkty

Xbj grrgy hjpj`hs a` tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty tbrjsbadh spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. Xkp?? [au mg` try mbg`ck`c tbks pgrgijtjr g`h tbj` rjhrgw tbj grrgy wktbaut ru``k`c Xkp g`y iarj s`gpsbats.

]`gpsbats/Dagh Djvjds

Xbj jxkstj`mj, gmmurgmy, g`h rjsudts ae tbj grrgy grj hjpj`hj`t a` tbj `uiljr ae s`gpsbats ha`j ar tbj dagh djvjds hjek`jh k` tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj.

^gtbd ^g tbd ass Grrgys (:C) HD Dass (Mtrd) & @tb HD Das s (Mtrd)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbjsj grj tbj haw`dk`f dassjs ear tbj ljst ma`trad ljgi ae tbj Ljst ]jrvjr g`h tbj @tb Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]]-\]\^ Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. HD Dass (Xrgeekm) & @tb HD Das s (Xrgeekm)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbjsj grj tbj haw`dk`f dassjs ear tbj ljst trgeekm ljgi ae tbj Ljst ]jrvjr g`h tbj @tb Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]]-\]\^. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb wktb eghjs ae > hL. Dk`j ae ]kcbt

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks g twa-vgdujh grrgy (DA], `a`-DA]) `a`- DA]) ear tbj Ljst ]jrvjr l ly y ]]-\]\^. Xbj k`haar k`stg`mj ks `a`-DA] jvjrywbjrj. Xbj grrgy ks gvgkdgldj wktb J`bg`mjh Igmramjdd, I[\KGH g`h Uadmg`a prapgcgtka` iahjd prjhkmtka`s.

Haw`d k`f \j \jejrj`mj ejrj`mj ]kc`gd Mavjrgcj Grrgys (:C (:C)) Xbjsj grrgys pravkhj k`earigtka` a` ]]] djvjds g`h mavjrgcj pralglkdktk pralglkdktkjs. js. Xbjrj grj twa typjs ae qug`tkty rjdgtk`c ta tbj ]]]? a`j ks ]]-\]\^ g`h tbj atbjr ks ]]-\]\W. Ljst ]jrvjr & @tb Ljst ]jrv jr ly ]]-\]\^ ]]-\]\^

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks grrgy rjparts tbj mjdd tbgt pravkhjs tbj bkcbjst (g`h @tb bkcbjst) ]]-\]\^ ear tbj tjrik`gd, lgsjh a` tbj Ljst ]]-\]\^ & @tb Ljst ]]-\]\^ grrgys. grrg ys. Ke Mjdd \g`cj Jxtj`ska` mjdd-spjmkekm ]]\]\^ aeesjts bgvj ljj` sjt k` tbj ]ktj HL, tbj` tbj hjtjrik`gtka` ae tbj sjrvjr ks lgsjh a` tbj @tb Ljst ]]-\]\^ ghoustjh ly M\J grrgys.

 

=;

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Ljst ]]-\]\^ ]]-\]\^ & @tb Ljst ]]-\]\^ ]]-\]\^

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbjsj grj tbj bkcbjst (g`h @tb bkcbjst) ]]-\]\^ djvjds. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL.

@tb Ljst ]]-\ ]]-\]\^ ]\^ ghou ghou stjh l y M\J

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbjsj grj @tb bkcbjst ]]-\]\^ djvjds getjr gmmau`tk`c ear e ar tbj Mjdd \g`cj Jxtj`ska` mjdd-spjmkekm mjdd-sp jmkekm ]]-\]\^ aeesjt. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. M\J Hjdtg

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj hkeejrj`mj k` grjg mavjrgcj huj ta tbj Mjdd \g`cj Jxtj`ska` mjdd-spjmkekm ]]-\]\^ aeesjt. Xbks hkeejrj`mj ks tbj rjsudt rjs udt ae tbj maipgrksa` ae tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]]-\]\^ wktb g`h wktbaut tbj jeejmt ae tbj Mjdd \g`cj Jxtj`ska` mjdd-spjmkekm ]]-\]\^ aeesjt.

]]-\]\^ Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c Xbks ks tbj pralglkdkty tbgt tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ]jr vjr ly ]]-\]\^ sgtksekjs tbj ]]-\]\^ rjqukrjij`t spjmkekjh a` tbj tjrik`gd typj. Xbks pralglkdkty hjpj`hs hjpj`h s a` tbj stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sbghaw eghk`c ear tbj mduttjr typj gt tbj damgtka`. Ke tbks stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` bgs ljj` sjt ta zjra, tbj` tbjrj grj a`dy tbrjj passkldj mavjrgcj pralglkdktkjs? pralgl kdktkjs? >% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks `at sgtksekjh6 :>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks sgtksekjh jxgmtdy6 g`h 7>>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks jxmjjhjh. ]]-\]\^ Mavjrgcj AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty Xbks ks g tbrjsbadhjh vjrska` ae tbj ]]-\]\^ Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty grrgy g`h bgs oust twa vgdujs ([js/@a). Kt bgs tbj ghvg`tgcj ae ljk`c qukmfjr ta mgdmudgtj tbg` tbj ]]-\]\^ Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty grrgy. G vgduj ae ‒[js‛ ijg`s tbgt tbj ]] -\]\^ mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.

@uiljr a e ]]-\]\ ]]-\]\^ ^ AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty Xbks ks tbj `uiljr ae mavjrk`c mjdds wktb g sgtksegmtary ]]-\]\^. G mjdd ks mau`tjh gs bgvk`c g sgtksegmtary ]]-\]\^ ke kts ]]-\]\^ mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. Mjdd Mj dd K`tjrejrjrs

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj `uiljr ae Mjdd K`tjrejrjrs. Xbgt ks tbj `uiljr ae mjdds, jxmduhk`c tbj sjrvk`c mjdd, pravkhk`c g` ]]-\]\^ vgduj wktbk` x hL ae tbj ]]-\]\^ vgduj ae tbj sjrvk`c mjdd ar bkcbjr tbg` tbj ]]-\]\^ vgduj ae tbj sjrvk`c mjdd. Xbj x hL tbrjsbadh ks rjdgtkvj g g`h `h spjmkekjh gt tbj ]kiudgtar Skzgrh.

8>

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

]]-\]\W

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj ]]-\]\W vgduj ear tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly l y ]]-\]\^. Kt rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL.

@tb L jst ]]-\]\ ]]-\]\W W

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj ]]-\]\W vgduj ear tbj @tb Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]]-\]\^. Kt rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. ]]-\]\W Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj pralglkdkty tbgt tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]]-\]\^ sgtksekjs tbj ]]-\]\W rjqukrjij`t spjmkekjh a` tbj tjrik`gd typj. Xbks pralglkdkty hjpj`hs a` tbj stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sbghaw eghk`c ear tbj mduttjr typj gt tbj damgtka`. Ke tbks stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` bgs ljj` sjt ta zjra, tbj` tbjrj grj a`dy tbrjj passkldj mavjrgcj pralglkdktkjs? pralgl kdktkjs? >% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks `at sgtksekjh6 :>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks sgtksekjh jxgmtdy6 g`h 7>>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks jxmjjhjh. ]]-\]\W Mavjrgcj AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks g tbrjsbadhjh vjrska` ae tbj ]]-\]\W Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty grrgy g`h bgs oust twa vgdujs ([js/@a). Kt bgs tbj ghvg`tgcj ae ljk`c qukmfjr ta mgdmudgtj tbg` tbj ]]-\]\W Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty grrgy. G vgduj ae ‒[js‛ ijg`s tbgt tbj ]] -\]\W mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. @uiljr a e ]]-\]\ ]]-\]\W W AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj `uiljr ae mavjrk`c mjdds wktb g sgtksegmtary ]]-\]\W. G mjdd ks mau`tjh gs bgvk`c g sgtksegmtary ]]-\]\W ke kts ]]-\]\W mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.

]]-]@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj ]]-]@\ djvjd gs mgdmudgtjh ly (;8) ear tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]] ]]-\]\^. -\]\^. Xbks hajs `at k`mduhj tbj k`tjrejrj`mj (k.j. Ljst ]]-\]\^ djvjds hkvkhjh ly tbj tbjrigd `aksj). Kt rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. ]]-]K@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj ]]-]K@\ djvjd gs mgdmudgtjh ly (;5) ear tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]]]]-\]\^. \]\^. Xbks k`mduhjs tbj K`tjr-mjdd k`tjrejrj`mj (k.j. Ljst ]]-\]\^ djvjds hkvkhjh ly tbj tbjrigd `aksj pdus K`tjr-mjdd K`tjrejrj`mj). Kt rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL.

 

87

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

M]K-\]\^

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj M]K-\]\^ djvjd ear tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly l y ]]-\]\^. Kt rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL.

@tb ^H]MB \jmjkvjh ^^\J

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj rjmjkvjh skc`gd strj`ctb ae tbj ^H]MB ear tbj @tb Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]] ]]-\]\^. -\]\^. HD Ljgi K`hjx (Mtrd)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj ljgi k`hjx ae tbj ljst ]]L ljgi ae tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]]]]-\]\^. \]\^. HD Ljgi K`hjx (Xrgeekm)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj ljgi k`hjx ae tbj ljst trgeekm ljgi ae tbj Ljst ]jrvjr l ly y ]]-\]\^.

Haw`dk`f @aksj Grrgys (:C) \]]K (Haw`dk`f \jmjkvjh ^awjr)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks rjprjsj`ts gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL.

ZD Mavjrgcj Grrgys Gr rgys (: (:C) C) Mjdd Mj dd ea r Gm bkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr Ljgrjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks rjqukrjh ear tbj Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr grrgy. Kt ks skikdgr ta Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]]-\]\^ grrgy lut k`mduhjs gdd ljgrjrs‛ hjpj`hj`mkjs g`h sbaws tbj sjrvjr wbkmb pravkhjs tbj ma``jmtka` ear tbj ZD ljgrjr gt g ckvj` damgtka`.  Gm bk jvgl dj ZD Ljgr jr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbj purpasj ae tbks grrgy ks ta pravkhj g mailk`jh mavjrgcj pdat ear tbj ZD ljgrjrs ae tbj sjrvkmj. Xbj grrgytbj sbaws tbj ljst wktbk`gmmjptgldj ZD mavjrgcj, k.j. wktb ZD mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjtk`c rjdkglkdkty djvjdljgrjr spjmkekjh tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.

8<

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

^Z]MB ^Z]M B ]K@\ ]K@\ (^awjr Ma` tra ddjh)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj gmbkjvjh ZD ]K@\ djvjd gssuik`c tbgt tbj t bj tjrik`gd trg`sikts gt tbj pawjr ma`traddjh pawjr djvjd, k.j. wbj` tbj tjrik`gd tjr ik`gd ks usk`c tbj Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr. Zpdk`f ks pawjrjh ma`traddjh g`h tbj tjrik`gd trg`sikts oust gt tbj djvjd rjqukrjh ta ijjt tbj ]K@\ ae tbj ljgrjr. Xbj gmbkjvjh ]K@\ ks jqugd ta tbj ljgrjr ]K@\ rjqukrjij`t getjr gdd IKIA ghoustij`ts. ^Z]MB ]K@\ Igrck`

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws baw iumb tbj igxkiui ZD XR pawjr ae tbj t bj tjrik`gd jxmjjhs tbj ZD \jq XR pa pawjr wjr gt g ckvj` damgtka`. ZD \jq XR ^awjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj rjqukrjh ZD XR pawjr ae tbj tjrik`gd ta sjrvj tbj gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr gt g ckvj` damgtka`. ZD Xrg`sikss Xrg`sikss ka` Iahj

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj gmbkjvgldj ZD Ghvg`mjh G`tj``g ]ystjis (GG]) iahj gt g ckvj` damgtka`. Xbj suppartjh ZD trg`siksska` iahjs grj ‒]k`cdj G`tj``g‛, ‒]Z -IKIA Hkvjrskty‛, ‒]Z -IKIA Iudtkpdjxk`c‛ g`h ‒IZ-IKIA‛. Xbks grrgy mg` lj usjh k` ma`ou`mtka` wktb tbj Gmbkjvgldj ZD Ljgrjr grrgy ta hjtjrik`j tbj gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h trg`siksska` iahj gt g ckvj` damgtka`. ZD IKIA Arhjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj `uiljr ae XR g`h \R g`tj``gs ear tbj ZD Xrg`siksska` Iahj wktb tbj mgtjcar mgtjcary y —Ix@’ k`hkmgtk`c tbjrj grj I trg`sikt jdjij`ts g`h @ rjmjkvj jdjij`ts. A`dy tbj iast maiia` vgdujs ae I g`h @ grj rjpartjh (k.j. 7,.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

HD Mavjrgcj Grrgys Gr rgys (: (:C) C) Mjdd Mj dd ea r Gm bkjvgldj HD Ljgrjr Ljgrjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks rjqukrjh ear tbj Gmbkjvgldj HD Ljgrjr grrgy. Kt ks skikdgr ta Ljst ]jrvjr ly ]]-\]\^ grrgy g`h sbaws tbj sjrvjr wbkmb pravkhjs tbj ma``jmtka` ear tbj HD ljgrjr gt g ckvj` damgtka`.  Gm bk jvgl dj HD Ljgr jr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbj purpasj ae tbks grrgy ks ta pravkhj g mailk`jh mavjrgcj pdat ear tbj HD ljgrjrs ae tbj sjrvkmj. Xbj grrgy sbaws tbj ljst ljgrjr wktb gmmjptgldj HD mavjrgcj, k.j. wktb HD mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjtk`c tbj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrg Grrgy y ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. ^H]MB ]K@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj bkcbjst ^H]MB ]K@\ djvjd. Xbks rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj gvjrg cj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. ^HMMB ]K@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj bkcbjst ^HMMB ]K@\ djvjd. Xbks rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h ks tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. HD Xrg`sikss Xrg`sikss ka` Iahj

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, ]pjj h, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj gmbkjvgldj HD Ghvg`mjh G`tj``g ]ystjis (GG]) iahj gt g ckvj` damgtka`. Xbj suppartjh HD trg`siksska` iahjs grj ‒]k`cdj G`tj``g‛, ‒]Z -IKIA Hkvjrskty‛, ‒]Z -IKIA Iudtkpdjxk`c‛ g`h ‒IZ-IKIA‛. Xbks gr rgy rgy mg` lj usjh k` ma`ou`mtka` wktb tbj Gmbkjvgldj HD Ljgrjr grrgy ta hjtjrik`j tbj gmbkjvgldj HD ljgrjr g`h trg`siksska` iahj gt g ckvj` damgtka`. HD IKIA Arhjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj `uiljr ae XR g`h \R g`tj``gs ear tbj HD Xrg`siksska` Iahj wktb tbj mgtjcar mgtjcary y —Ix@’ k`hkmgtk`c tbjrj grj I trg`sikt jdjij`ts g`h @ rjmjkvj jdjij`ts. A`dy tbj iast maiia` vgdujs ae I g`h @ grj rjpartjh (k.j. 7,.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Zpdk`f Zpdk` f Xbrau Xbraucbp cbp ut g`h Hgtg \g \gtj tj Grrgys (:C) Xbks mgtjcary ae grrgys ks tkjrjh gt ^jgf, Jeejmtkvj g`h Gppdkmgtka` djvjd, g`h tbj cj`jrkm rjdgtka` ljtwjj` tbj djvjds ks ckvj` ly?

ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucbp ut (Gppdkmgtka` ) ((flps) flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj gppdkmgtka` tbraucbput tbgt g usjr mg` gmbkjvj gt g damgtka` usk`c tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h tbj jipdayjh jipda yjh ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs. Xbks gdsa tgfjs k`ta gmmau`t tbj ]K@\ ta Jrrar \gtj igppk`c hjek`jh a` tbj ZD ljgrjrs g`h sjrvkmj avjrbjghs. Xbj rjpartjh vgduj ks `at dkiktjh ly tbj sjrvkmj IL\. Xbj ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucbput (Gppdkmgtka`) ( Gppdkmgtka`) ks gmbkjvgldj avjr tbj \Ls tbgt bgvj ljj` mgdmudgtjh ly tbj ZD \Ls \jqukrjh ear Mavjrgcj grrgy. ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucbput (Jeejmtkvj) (Jeejmtkvj) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj jeejmtkvj tbraucbput tbgt g usjr mg` gmbkjvj gt g damgtka` usk`c tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr g`h tbj jipdayjh jipda yjh ]Z/IZ-IKIA sjttk`cs. Xbks gdsa tgfjs k`ta gmmau`t tbj ]K@\ ta Jrrar Jrra r \gtj igppk`c hjek`jh a` tbj ZD ljgrjrs lut `at tbj sjrvkmj avjrbjghs. Xbj rjpartjh vgduj ks `at dkiktjh ly tbj sjrvkmj IL\. Xbj ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucbput (Jeejmtkvj) ( Jeejmtkvj) ks gmbkjvgldj avjr tbj \Ls tbgt bgvj ljj` mgdmudgtjh ly tbj ZD \Ls \jqukrjh ear Mavjrgcj grrgy. ZD Gmbkjvgldj Xbraucb put (^jg (^jgf) f) (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks ks tbj pjgf tbraucbput, gt pbyskmgd dgyjr, tbgt g usjr mg` gmbkjvj gt g damgtka` usk`c tbj bkcbjst ZD ljgrjr g`h tbj jipdayjh sjttk`cs. Xbj pjgf ks g`h rjpartjhgmbkjvgldj wktbaut tgfk`c k`ta gmmau`t tbj ]K@\ ta ]Z/IZ-IKIA Jrrar \gtj igppk`c hjek`jh a` tbjtbraucbput ZD ljgrjrs sjrvkmj avjrbjghs. Xbj rjpartjh vgduj ks `at dkiktjh ly tbj sjrvkmj IL\. Xbj ZD Gm Gmbkjvgldj bkjvgldj Xbraucbput (^jgf) ks gmbkjvgldj avjr tbj \Ls tbgt bgvj ljj` mgdmudgtjh l ly y tbj ZD \Ls \jqukrjh ear Mavjrgcj grrgy. ZD Iudtk -Zsjr \gtj \gtj Cgk`

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks ZD Iudtk Zsjr Cgk` ear mjdds wktb ^rapartka`gd Egkr smbjhudjr. ZD \Ls Zsjh (Xkij-Gvjrgcj)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbks sbaws tbj tkij-gvjrgcj `uiljr ae ZD \jsaurmj Ldamfs rjqukrjh ly tbj bkcbjst gmbkjvgldj ZD ljgrjr k` arhjr ta gmbkjvj tbj sjrvkmj CL\. K` mgsj ae ]Z-IKIA ]pgtkgd Iudtkpdjxk`c tbj vgduj ks rjhumjh ly tbj ZD ]I \gtj Cgk`. Xbj X bj ZD \Ls Zsjh (Xkij-Gvjrgcj) gt g damgtka` ks gdwgys djss tbg` ar jqugd ta tbj ZD \Ls \jqukrjh ear Mavjrgcj.

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 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

Cj`jrgd Grrgys (:C) Mavjrgcj Lgdg`mj

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, ]pjjh, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, \jdkglkdkt y, ]`gpsbats/Dagh djvjds Xbj purpasj ae tbks grrgy ks ta pravkhj g maipasktj updk`f/haw`dk`f mavjrgcj pdat ear g sjrvkmj. Xbj updk`f ks hjjijh ta bgvj mavjrgcj ke g`y ae tbj updk`f ljgrjrs a` tbj sjrvkmj bgvj ZD Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty ijjtk`c tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh spjm kekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. ]kikdgrdy, tbj haw`dk`f ks hjjijh ta bgvj mavjrgcj ke g`y ae tbj haw`dk`f ljgrjrs a` tbj sjrvkmj bgvj HD Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty ijjtk`c tbj m mavjrgcj avjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.  Gd d ]jr vjr s

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks `at g truj grrgy, grrg y, sk`mj kt ks sj`sktkvj ta tbj damgtka` ae iausj mursar. Kt hkspdgys k`earigtka` glaut wbkmb mjdds grj ‒mavjrk`c‛ jgmb pkxjd lgsjh a` tbj ‒Gdd ]jrvjrs‛ hkspdgy prapjrtkjs (jktbjr \]\^ ar \]\W). G sjt ae dk`js ks hrgw` ljtwjj` gdd passkldj sjrvk`c mjdds tta a tbj skiudgtka` pkxjd wbjrj tbj iausj mursar ks damgtjh. Ear pkxjds wktb iarj tbg` a`j mavjrk`c mj mjdd, dd, tbj dk`j tbkmf`jss k`mrjgsjs prapartka`gddy.

Sk-Ek SkEk Grrgys Grr gys Xbks ks g` avjrvkjw ae saij ae tbj Sk-Ek S k-Ek grrgys cj`jrgtjh ly tbj ]kiudgtar k` G]]JX.  Gdd tbjsj grrgys grj prahumjh a` g pjr mgrrkjr lgsks. Iast ae tbji bgvj g hjpj`hj`my a` tjrik`gd typj ljmgusj lahy dass g`h tjrik`gd g`tj``g cgk` grj gdwgys k`mduhjh k` tbj dk`f luhcjt. Ig`y ae tbji hjpj`h a` wbjtbjr tbj tjrik`gd ks ma`skhjrjh ta lj k`haar ar authaar. K`haar grrgys usj tbj k`-lukdhk`c pgrgijtjrs ear tbj mduttjr typj gt jgmb pkxjd (tbgt ks, k`haar dass g`h k`haar sbghaw eghk`c stg`hgrh hjvkgtka`). K`haar tjrik`gds grj gdwgys tgfj` ta lj sdaw iavk`c. Mavjrgcj grrgys mg` lj hkspdgyjh jvj` ke `a s`gpsbats bgvj ljj` ru`, lut yau sbaudh `atj tbgt k` tbjsj mkrmuistg`mjs tbj grrgys rjprjsj`t mavjrgcj k` g` u`daghjh `jtwarf. Xa altgk` mavjrgcj grrgys ear g daghjh `jtwarf, yau iust ru` saij s`gpsbats ar hjek`j ttbj bj daghs ig`ugddy. Xbj fjy purpasj ae ru``k`c s`gpsbats ks ta pravkhj ijgsurjs ae systji dagh.  Grrgys ear mavjrgcj tj`h ta bgvj g wjgf hjpj`hj`mj a` tbj `uiljr ae s`gpsbats ru`, g`h tbj grrgys mbg`cj dkttdj getjr g rjdgtkvjdy sigdd `uiljr ae s`gpsbats bgvj ljj` pjrearijh (7>s ae s`gpsbats k` iast mgsjs). Xbks ks ljmgusj a`dy a`d y g sigdd `uiljr ae s`gpsbats grj `jjhjh tta a cjt g` khjg ae tbj "Ijg` ZD K`tjrejrj`mj Djvjd (hL)" g`h "Haw`dk`f Dagh (%)" a` jgmb mjdd.

 

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 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Bjrj ks g` jxgipdj ae tbj Sk-Ek grrgys yau mg` cj`jrgtj a` tbj Igp Ukjw wbj` usk`c tbj ]kiudgtar?

Jxgipdj ae tbj ]kiudgtar Sk-Ek grrgys gppjgrk`c k` tbj Igp Ukjw Hgtg Xypjs

Xbj eaddawk`c grrgy hjsmrkptka`s hjsmrklj tbj typjs t ypjs ae grrgy tbgt grj gvgkdgldj erai tbj ]kiudgtar, g`h sbaw tbjkr hjpj`hj`mkjs. Iast tjris (sumb gs K`haar) grj sjde-jxpdg`gtary. Bjrj grj saij mdgrkekmgtka`s ear saij ae tbj tjris? Xjri

Hjsmrkptka`s

Eghk`c

Xbj grrgy hjpj`hs a` tbj stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sbghaw eghk`c ear tbj mduttjr typj.

\jdkglkdkty

Xbj grrgy hjpj`hs a` tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty tbrjsbadh spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy ]jttk`cs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. Kipartg`t? [au mg` try mbg`ck`c tbks pgrgijtjr g`h tbj` rjhrgw tbj grrgy Kipartg`t? wktbaut ru``k`c g`y iarj s`gpsbats.

]`gpsbats/Dagh Djvjds

Xbj jxkstj`mj, gmmurgmy, g`h rjsudts ae tbj grrgy grj hjpj`hj`t a` tbj `uiljr ae s`gpsbats ha`j ar tbj dagh djvjds hjek`jh k` tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj.

^gtbdass Grrgys (Sk-Ek) Sk-Ek? Sk-E k? HD HD Dass & Sk-E Sk-Ek? k? @tb @tb HD HD Dass

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbjsj grj tbj haw`dk`f dassjs ae tbj Ljst ]jrvjr g`h tbj @tb Ljst ]jrvjr. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. Sk-Ek? Sk-E k? Dk`j ae ]kcbt

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks g twa-vgdujh grrgy (DA], `a`-DA]). Xbj k`haar k`stg`mj ks `a`-DA] jvjrywbjrj. Xbj grrgy ks gvgkdgldj ear prjhkmtka`s erai tbj J`bg`mjh Igmramjdd, I[\KGH g`h Uadmg`a prapgcgtka` iahjds.

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 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

Haw`dk`f Mavjrgcj Grrgys (Sk-Ek) Xbjsj grrgys pravkhj k`earigtka` a` HD \]] djvjds g`h mavjrgcj pralglkdktkjs. Sk-Ek? Sk-E k? Ljst ]jrvjr ]jrvjr & Sk-E Sk-Ek? k? @tb Ljst Ljst ]j ]jrvjr rvjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj mjdd tbgt pravkhjs tbj (bkcbjst g`h @tb bkcbjst) HD \]] ear tbj tjrik`gd. Sk-Ek? HD \]] & Sk-Ek? @tb Ljst H HD D \]]

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbjsj grj tbj bkcbjst (g`h @tb bkcbjst) HD \]] djvjds. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL. Sk-Ek? HD \]] Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c Xbks ks tbj pralglkdkty tbgt tbj Ljst ]jrvjr (ly HD \]]) sgtksekjs tbj \]] rjqukrjij`t spjmkekjh a` tbj tjrik`gd typj. Xbks pralglkdkty hjpj`hs a` tbj stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sbghaw eghk`c ear tbj mduttjr typj gt tbj damgtka`. Ke tbks stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` bgs ljj` sjt ta zjra, tbj` tbjrj grj a`dy tbrjj passkldj mavjrgcj pralglkdktkjs? >% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks `at sgtksekjh, :>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks sgtksekjh jxgmtdy, g`h 7>>% ke tbj rjqukrjij`t ks jxmjjhjh. Sk-Ek? HD \]] AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty Xbks ks g tbrjsbadhjh vjrska` ae tbj HD \]] Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty grrgy g`h bgs oust twa vgdujs ([js/@a). Kt bgs tbj ghvg`tgcj ae ljk`c qukmfjr ta mgdmudgtj tbg` tbj HD \]] Mavjrgcj ^ralglkdkty grrgy. G vgduj ae —[js’ ijg`s tbgt tbj HD \]] mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj r jdkglkdkty jdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. Sk-Ek? @uiljr ae HD \]] AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty Xbks ks tbj `uiljr ae mavjrk`c mjdds wktb g sgtksegmtary HD \]]. G mjdd ks mau`tjh gs bgvk`c g sgtksegmtary \]] ke kts HD \]] mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj mavjrgcj ma vjrgcj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.

Xbraucbput Grrgys (Sk(Sk-Ek) Ek) Sk-Ek? Sk-E k? HD Mjdd Xbraucbput (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks tbj gppdkmgtka` dgyjr HD mjdd tbraucbput, tbrauc bput, hkspdgyjh avjr tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ((ly ly HD \]]) grjg. Xbj prjsj`mj ae tbks grrgy rjqukrjs r jqukrjs tbj ]kiudgtar ta ru` k` tbj s`gpsbat iahj, gs kt rjqukrjs tbj mjdd tbraucbput rjsudts cgtbjrjh gt tbj j`h ae s`gpsbats.

 

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 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Sk-Ek? Sk-E k? ZD Mjdd Xbraucbput (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr, ]`gpsbats Xbks ks tbj gppdkmgtka` dgyjr ZD mjdd tbraucbput, tbrauc bput, hkspdgyjh avjr tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ((ly ly HD \]]) grjg. Xbj prjsj`mj ae tbks grrgy rjqukrjs tbj ]kiudgtar ta ru` k` tbj s`gpsbat iahj, gs kt rjqukrjs tbj mjdd tbraucbput rjsudts cgtbjrjh gt tbj j`h ae s`gpsbats.

Cj`jrgd Cj `jrgd Grrgys (Sk-Ek) (Sk-Ek)  Gd d ]jr vjr s

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks `at g truj grrgy, grrg y, sk`mj kt ks sj`sktkvj ta tbj damgtka` ae iausj mursar. Kt hkspdg hkspdgys ys k`earigtka` glaut wbkmb mjdds grj "mavjrk`c" jgmb pkxjd lgsjh l gsjh a` tbj "Gdd ]jrvjrs" hkspdgy prapjrtkjs). G sjt ae dk`js ks hrgw` ljtwjj` gdd passkldj sjrvk`c mjdds mj dds ta tbj skiudgtka` pkxjd wbjrj tbj i iausj ausj mursar ks damgtjh. Ear pkxjds wktb iarj tbg` a`j mavjrk`c mjdd, tbj dk`j tbkmf`jss k`mrjgsjs prapartka`gddy.

Maipas Maip askt kt j Xjmb Xjmb Grrgys Gr rgys (C]I, (C]I, ZIX], ZIX], DXJ, DXJ, :C, :C, Sk-Ek) Maipasktj Xjmb Grrgys mg` gmmau`t ear C]I, ZIX], DXJ, :C g`h Sk-Ek mjdds maddjmtkvjdy. Maipasktj? Ljst ]jrvjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, K`haar, ]jrvkmj, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, Atbjr Xjmb Xbks ks tbj sjrvk`c mjdd khj`tkty. ^rkigrkdy, mjdd rg`fk`c ks lgsjh a` tbj mgrrkjr/mjdd dgyjr prkarktkjs wbkmb grj spjmkekjh a` tbj ]jrvkmj. ]jma`hgrkdy, mjdds ae g spjmkekm tjmb`adacy typj grj arhjrjh ly ]kc`gd ]trj`ctb (C]I? \]]6 ZIX]? \]M^6 DXJ? \]\^6 :C? ]]-\]\^6 Sk-Ek? HD \]]). Xbj tjrik`gd‛s rjqukrjij`ts iust lj ijt ear tbj rjspjmtkvj tjmb`adacy (C]I? \jmjkvjr \]] ]j`sktkvkty 6 ZIX]? \jqukrjh \]M^, Jm/Ka g`h ^kdat ]K\6 DXJ? \jqukrjh \]\^, \]\W g`h LMB/]MB ]K@\6 :C? \jqukrjh ]]-\]\^, ]]-\]\W g`h ]]-]K@\6 Sk-Ek? \jqukrjh ]kc`gd ]trj`ctb). Xbj grrgy grr gy bgs g hjpj`hj`my a` Mjdd Dagh Djvjds, huj ta tbj k`tjrejrj`mj-rjdgtjh tjrik`gd rjqukrjij`ts. Xbj hkspdgy tbrjsbadhs mg` lj spjmkekjh ear e ar jgmb tjmb`adacy typj k`hkvkhugddy k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. Maipasktj? Xjmb Xypj

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, K`haar, ]jrvkmj, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, Atbjr Xjmb Xbks ks tbj tjmb`adacy typj ae tbj sjrvk`c mjdd gs hjtjrik`jh k` tbj Maipasktj? Xjmb Xypj grrgy. Xbj hkspdgy tbrjsbadhs mg` lj spjmkekjh ear e ar jgmb tjmb`adacy typj k`hkvkhugddy k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. Maipasktj? Gdd Xjmb Xypj Xypjs s

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, K`haar, ]jrvkmj, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty, Atbjr Xjmb Xbks ks tbj mailk`gtka` (`at arhjrjh dkst) ae gmbkjvjh tjmb`adacy typjs. Kt ks g supjrsjt ae tbj Maipasktj? Xjmb Xypj grrgy. Maipasktj? Ljst Mgrrkjr / Mjdd-Dgyjr Mjdd-Dgyjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, K`haar, ]jrvkmj, Eghk`c, \jdkglkdkty Xbks ks tbj mgrrkjr (ZIX], DXJ, :C ar Sk-Ek), S k-Ek), ar tbj mjdd dgyjr (C]I) ae tbj sjrvk`c mjdd, gs hjtjrik`jh k` tbj Maipasktj? Ljst ]jrvjr grrgy.

:>

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

Ekxjh SkIGR Grrgys Xbks ks g` avjrvkjw ae saij ae tbj Ekxjh SkIGR grrgys cj`jrgtjh ly tbj ]kiudgtar k` G]]JX.  Gdd grrgys grj prahumjh a` g pjr mgrrkjr lgsks. Iast grrgys bgvj g hjpj`hj`my a` tbj t bj tjrik`gd typj ljmgusj tjrik`gd g`tj``g c cgk` gk` ks gdwgys k`mduhjh k` tbj dk`fdass. Ig`y grrgys hjpj`h a` wbjtbjr tbj tjrik`gd ks tgfj` ta lj k`haar ar authaar. K`haar grrgys usj k`lukdhk`c pgrgijtjrs ear tbj mduttjr typj gt tbj ckvj` pkxjd. Mavjrgcj grrgys mg` lj hrgw` jvj` ke `a s`gpsbats bgvj ljj` ru`. Bjrj ks g` jxgipdj ae tbj Ekxjh SkIGR grrgys yau mg` cj`jrgtj a` tbj Igp Ukjw wbj` usk`c tbj ]kiudgtar?

Jxgipdj ae tbj Ekxjh SkIGR grrgys gppjgrk`c k` tbj Igp Ukjw Hgtg Xypjs

Cj`jrgd Cj `jrgd Gr rgys (Ekx (Ekx jh SkIGR)  Gm bk jvgl dj ZD Ljgr jr

Xbks grrgy sbaws tbj bkcbjst prkarkty ZD ljgrjr wktb gmmjptgldj ZD mavjrgcj. Xbj grrgy ks lgsjh a` tbj ZD MK@\ vgduj.  Gm bk jvgl dj HD Ljgr jr

Xbks grrgy sbaws tbj bkcbjst prkarkty HD ljgrjr wktb gmmjptgldj HD mavjrgcj (lgsjh a` tbj MK@\). HD \]]

Xbks grrgy rjprjsj`ts tbj HD \]] gt g ckvj` pak`t. Mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL gs kt rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj.

 

:7

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Ljst ]jrvjr ly HD \]]

Xbks grrgy rjprjsj`ts tbj sjrvkmj grjg ae jgmb SkIGR sjmtar lgsjh a` HD \]]. M^J M^ J Gzkiutb

Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj M^J gzkiutb rjqukrjh k` arhjr ta ma``jmt ta tbj ljst sjrvjr sjr vjr (sjrvjr wktb tbj bkcbjst skc`gd strj`ctb). HD Dass

Xbks grrgy rjprjsj`ts tbj dawjst HD dassjs. Mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL gs kt rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj.

HD MK@\

Xbks ks tbj ljst M/(K+@) k` tbj HD. Xbj M/(K+@) ks mgdmudgtjh ly tgfk`c k`ta gmmau`t tbj skc`gd strj`ctb erai tbj rjejrj`mj lgsj stgtka` g`h skc`gd strj`ctb erai gdd k`tjrejrk`c lgsj stgtka`s. ZD \jqukrjh XR ^awjr

Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj ZD rjqukrjh XR pawjr ear g ckvj` rjmjkvjr sj`sktkvkty (spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj). ZD MK@\

Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj MK@\ k` tbj ZD.

Xbrjsbadhjh Grrgys (Ekxjh SkIGR) HD MK@\ MK@\ AF, HD \]] AF, ZD MK MK@\ @\ AF, ZD \]] AF

Xbjsj grj tbrjsbadhjh vjrska`s ae tbjkr tb jkr marrjspa`hk`c grrgys. Xbjy bgvj oust ttwa wa vgdujs ([js/@a), g`h bgvj tbj ghvg`tgcj ae ljk`c qukmfjr ta mgdmudgtj tbg` tbjkr marrjspa`hk`c grrgys.  G vgduj ae —[js’ ijg`s tbgt tbj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.

Ialkdj SkIGR Grr Grrgys gys Xbks ks g` avjrvkjw ae saij ae tbj Ialkdj SkIGR grrgys cj`jrgtjh ly tbj ]kiudgtar k` G]]JX.  Gdd grrgys grj prahumjh a` g pjr mgrrkjr lgsks. Iast grrgys bgvj g hjpj`hj`my a` tjrik`gd-typj ljmgusj lahy dass g`h tjrik`gd g`tj``g cgk` grj gdwgys k`mduhjh k` tbj dk`fdass. Ig`y grrgys hjpj`h a` wbjtbjr tbj tjrik`gd ks ma`skhjrjh ta lj k`haar ar authaar. K`haar grrgys usj tbj k`-lukdhk`c pgrgijtjrs ear tbj mduttjr typj gt jgmb pkxjd (tbgt ks, k`haar dass g`h k`haar sbghaw-eghk`c stg`hgrh hjvkgtka`). K`haar tjrik`gds grj gdwgys gssuijh ta lj sdaw iavk`c. Mavjrgcj grrgys mg` lj hrgw` jvj` ke `a s`gpsbats bgvj ljj` ru`, lut tbj usjr sbaudh `atj tbgt tbj grrgys tbj` rjejr ta mavjrgcj k` g` u`daghjh systji. Xa altgk` mavjrgcj grrgys ear g daghjh systji tbj usjr iust ru` saij s`gpsbats. \jijiljr tbgt tbj fjy purpasj ae ru``k`c s`gpsbats ks ta pravkhj ijgsurjs ae systji dagh.

:<

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

 Grrgys ear mavjrgcj tj`h ta bgvj g wjgf hjpj`hj`mj a` tbj `uiljr ae s`gpsbats ru`, g`h tbj grrgys mbg`cj dkttdj getjr g rjdgtkvjdy sigdd `uiljr ae s`gpsbats bgvj ljj` pjrearijh (7>s ae s`gpsbats k` iast mgsjs). Xbks ks ljmgusj a`dy a`d y g sigdd `uiljr ae s`gpsbats grj `jjhjh tta a cjt g` khjg ae tbj gvjrgcj `aksj rksj g`h gvjrgcj HD trgeekm pawjr a` jgmb mjdd. Bjrj ks g` jxgipdj ae tbj Ialkdj SkIGR grrgys yau mg` cj`jrgtj a` tbj Igp Ukjw wbj` usk`c tbj ]kiudgtar?

Jxgipdj ae tbj Ialkdj SkIGR grrgys gppjgrk`c k` tbj Igp Ukjw Hgtg Xypjs

^gtbdass Grrgys (Ialkdj SkIGR) HD Dass

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbj haw`dk`f dassjs ae tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly ^rjgildj \]]. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g` g`h h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae > hL.

^rjgild ^rjg ild j Grrgys (Ialkdj SkIGR) Ljst ]jrvjr ly ^rjgildj \]]

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj mjdd tbgt pravkhjs tbj bkcbjst ^rjgildj \]] ear tbj tjrik`gd. ^rjgildj MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks ks tbj ljst prjgildj MK@\. Kt rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj g`h bj`mj ks mgdmudgtjh usk`c eghjs ae >hL. ]jmtars a` tbj sgij sktj grj `at ma`skhjrjh gs k`tjrejrjrs ljmgusj sumb sjmtars wkdd lj gddamgtjh hkeejrj`t sjcij`ts.

 

:=

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

^rjgildj \]] g`h g`h @tb Ljst ^rjgildj \]]

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbjsj grrgys hkspdgy tbj bkcbjst (g`h @tb bkcbjst) ^rjgildj \]] djvjds. Xbjy rjprjsj`t gvjrgcj vgdujs g`h grj tbjrjearj mgdmudgtjh wktb eghjs ae >hL.

@atj? Xbj prjgildj pawjr ks tbj XR pawjr ear tbj mjdd laastjh ly tbj prjgildj laastk`c egmtar. Latb tbjsj pgrgijtjrs grj spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj.

^rjgildj \]] AF

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks grrgy bgs twa vgdujs ([js/@a). G vgduj ae —[js’ ijg`s tbgt tbj \]M^ mavjrgcj pralglkdkty (tbj pralglkdkty tbgt tbj ^rjgildj \]] sgtksekjs tbj \]] rjqukrjij`t k` tbj Xjrik`gd typj hkgdac lax) ijjts tbj mavjrgcj rjdkglkdkty mrktjrkg spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax. Xbj mavjrgcj pralglkdkty hjpj`hs a` tbj stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sbghaw eghk`c ear tbj mduttjr typj gt tbj pkxjd.

Zpdk`f Zpdk` f Mavjrgcj Grrgys (Ialk (Ialkdj dj SkIGR) SkIGR) Ljst ]jrv jr ly ZD GIM MK@\ MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, Ljgrjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj mjdd wktb tbj bkcbjst ZD GIM MK@\. Ljst ]jrvjr l y ZD A^Z]M MK@\ MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, Ljgrjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj mjdd wktb tbj bkcbjst ZD A^Z]M MK@\. Ljst ]jrvjr ly ZD ^Z]M MK@\ MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbks ks tbj mjdd tbgt pravkhjs tbj bkcbjst MK@\ gt g ckvj` pkxjd. ZD Gmbkjvgldj Ljgrjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]jrvkmj, ]pjjh Xbks grrgy sbaws tbj mailk`jh mavjrgcj pdat ear tbj ZD ljgrjrs ae tbj sjrvkmj. Xbj grrgy sbaws tbj bkcbjst prkarkty ljgrjr wktb gmmjptgldj ZD mavjrgcj, tbgt ks, wbjrj tbj ZD mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy Grrg y ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.

:8

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

ZD GIM MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, Ljgrjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj ZD MK@\ k` tbj GIM za`j. Ear tbj updk`f MK@\ g`gdysks, tbj skc`gd erai e rai tbj ma``jmtjh tjrik`gd ks tbj sjrvjr skc`gd g`h tbj skc`gd erai gdd atbjr tjrik`gds grj tbj k`tjrejrjrs. Xbj pawjr trg`sikttjh ly tbj tjrik`gd mg` lj l j gssuijh ta lj tbj pa pawjr wjr spjmkekjh k` tbj tjrik`gd typj hkgdac. Xbj ZD MK@\ rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj (wktb eghjs sjt ta >hL).

ZD A^Z]M MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, Ljgrjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj ZD MK@\ k` tbj A^Z]M za`j. Ear tbj updk`f MK@\ g`gdysks, tbj skc`gd erai er ai tbj ma``jmtjh tjrik`gd ks tbj sjrvjr skc`gd skc`g d g`h tbj skc`gd erai gdd atbjr tjrik`gds grj tbj k`tjrejrjrs. Xbj pawjr trg`sikttjh ly tbj tjrik`gd mg` lj gssuijh ta lj tbj pawjr spjmkekjh k` tbj tjrik`gd typj hkgdac. Xbj ZD MK@\ rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj (wktb eghjs sjt ta >hL). ZD ^Z]M MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, spjjh Xbj mgdmudgtka` ae tbj ZD ^Z]M MK@\ gssuijs tbgt tbj tjrik`gd ks trg`sikttk`c avjr gdd gvgkdgldj hgtg sulmgrrkjrs.

Haw`dk`f Mavjrgcj Grrgys (Ialkdj SkIGR) Ljst ]jrv jr ly HD GIM MK@\ MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbks ks tbj mjdd tbgt pravkhjs tbj bkcbjst MK@\ gt g ckvj` pkxjd, ear tbj GIM za`j. Ljst ]jrvjr ly HD EZ]M MK@\ MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbks ks tbj mjdd tbgt pravkhjs tbj bkcbjst MK@\ gt g ckvj` pkxjd, ear tbj EZ]M za`j.

Ljst ]jrvjr l y HD A^Z]M MK@\ MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbks ks tbj mjdd tbgt pravkhjs tbj bkcbjst MK@\ gt g ckvj` pkxjd, ear tbj A^Z]M za`j. Ljst ]jrvjr ly HD ^Z]M MK@\ MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbks ks tbj mjdd tbgt pravkhjs tbj bkcbjst MK@\ gt g ckvj` pkxjd, ear tbj ^Z]M za`j.

 

::

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

HD Gmbkjvgldj Ljgrjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, ]jrvkmj, ]pjjh Xbks grrgy sbaws tbj mailk`jh mavjrgcj pdat ear tbj HD ljgrjrs ae tbj sjrvkmj. Xbj grrgy sbaws tbj bkcbjst prkarkty ljgrjr wktb gmmjptgldj HD mavjrgcj, tbgt ks, wbjrj tbj HD mavjrgcj pralglkdkty ijjts tbj rjdkglkdkty djvjd spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ki Hkspdgy Xbrjsbadhs tgl ae tbj Grrgy ]jttk`cs hkgdac lax.

HD GIM MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, Ljgrjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj HD MK@\ k` tbj GIM za`j. Ear tbj haw`dk`f MK@\ g`gdysks, tbj MK@\ ks mgdmudgtjh ly tgfk`c k`ta gmmau`t tbj djvjd erai tbj ma``jmtjh L] (rjejrj`mj lgsj stgtka`) gs sjrvjr g`h tbj djvjd erai gdd atbjr sktjs gs k`tjrejrjrs. Xbj MK@\ rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj (wktb eghjs sjt ta >hL). HD EZ]M MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, spjjh Xbks ks tbj HD MK@\ vgduj ear tbj EZ]M za`j. HD A^Z]M MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, ]jrvkmj, K`haar, Ljgrjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj HD MK@\ k` tbj A^Z]M za`j. Ear tbj haw`dk`f MK@\ g`gdysks, tbj MK@\ ks mgdmudgtjh ly tgfk`c k`ta gmmau`t tbj djvjd erai tbj ma``jmtjh L] (rjejrj`mj lgsj stgtka`) gs sjrvjr g`h tbj djvjd erai gdd atbjr sktjs gs k`tjrejrjrs. Xbj MK@\ rjprjsj`ts g` gvjrgcj vgduj (wktb eghjs sjt ta >hL). HD ^Z]M MK@\

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar, spjjh Xbks ks tbj HD MK@\ vgduj ear tbj ^Z]M za`j. HD GIM Sarst K`tjrejrjr Gr rgy

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj warst k`tjrejrjr gt jgmb pkxjd. Xbj pkxjd aw`jrsbkp ks hjtjr hjtjrik`jh ik`jh ly tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly HD GIM MK@\ grrgy. HD EZ]M EZ]M Sarst K`tjrejrjr Gr rgy

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj warst k`tjrejrjr gt jgmb pkxjd. Xbj pkxjd aw`jrsbkp ks hjtjrik`jh ly tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly HD EZ]M MK@\ grrgy.

:5

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

HD A^Z]M Sarst K`tjrejrjr Grrgy

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj warst k`tjrejrjr gt jgmb pkxjd. Xbj pkxjd aw`jrsbkp ks hjtjrik`jh ly tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly HD A^Z]M MK@\ grrgy.

HD ^Z]M ^Z]M Sarst K`tjrejrjr Grrgy

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj warst k`tjrejrjr gt jgmb pkxjd. Xbj pkxjd aw`jrsbkp ks hjtjr hjtjrik`jh ik`jh ly tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly HD ^Z]M MK@\ grrgy.

Cj`jrgd Cj `jrgd Gr rgys (Ialkdj SkIGR) M^J M^ J Gzkiutb Grrgy

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj gzkiutb tbgt tbj hkrjmtka`gd hkr jmtka`gd M^J sbaudh pak`t ta k` arhjr ta ma``jmt ta tbj ljst sjrvjr. ZD \jqukrjh XR ^awjr

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr, K`haar Xbks grrgy hkspdgys tbj ik`kiui ZD rjqukrjh XR pawjr ear g ckvj` rjmjkvjr sj`sktkvkty (spjmkekjh k` tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj). HD Xbraucbput Grrgy g`h ZD Xbraucbput Grrgy

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, Mgrrkjr Xbj tbraucbput grrgys hkspdgy tbj k`earigtka` hkspdgyjh k` tbj ]kiudgtar tbraucbput rjpart k` g crgpbkmgd earigt. Xbj tbraucbput ear g ckvj` sjmtar ks prjsj`tjh wktbk` tbj rjcka` spjmkekjh ly tbj Ljst ]jrvjr ly ^rjgildj \]] grrgy. Xbj tbraucbput ks suiijh ear gdd sjrvkmjs.

 

:3

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Xjrik`gd K`earigtka` K`ear igtka` Grrgys Grr gys Sbj` tbj ]kiudgtar bgs ljj` ru` k` s`gpsbat s` gpsbat iahj, tbj 'Xjrik`gd K`ea' grrgys (ke sjdjmtjh k` tbj wkzgrh) mg` sbaw tbj damgtka`s ae tjrik`gds cj`jrgtjh ly tbj s`gpsbats. Xbj Xbjy y gdsa sbaw wbjtbjr tbj tjrik`gds summjjhjh ar egkdjh ta igfj g ma``jmtka`. Xbj grrgys grj gs eaddaws? Xjrik`gd K`ea? Egkdurj Egkdurj \gtj

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, ]`gpsbats K` jgmb pkxjd, tbj egkdurj rgtj ks tbj prapartka` ae gttjiptjh tjrik`gds tbgt egkdjh ta igfj g ma``jmtka`. Kt ks mgdmudgtjh gs g pjrmj`tgcj gs eaddaws? Egkdurj \gtj (%) 9 7>> * (Egkdjh Xjrik`gds) / (Gttjiptjh Xjrik`gds) Xbj gmmurgmy ae tbj rjsudt gt g pkxjd ks dkiktjh ly tbj `uiljr ae avjrgdd gttjipts ighj gt tbj pkxjd. Ear jxgipdj, ke a`dy a`j gttjipt bgs ljj` ighj, tbj rjsudt wkdd jktbjr lj >% ar 7>>%. Xbj Egkdurj \gtj grrgy tbjrjearj pravkhjs g raucb vksugdksgtka` ae tbj praldji grjgs ae tbj `jtwarf. Xjrik`gd K`ea? Egkdurj Egkdurj \jgsa`

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, ]`gpsbats Xbks grrgy sbaws ma``jmtka` summjssjs g`h egkdurjs k` g sk`cdj pdat. Xbj vgduj sbaw` gt g pkxjd ks hjtjrik`jh ly tbj dgst tjrik`gd tbgt wgs gttjiptjh tbjrj, rjcgrhdjss ae wbkmb s`gpsbat kt rjdgtjh ta. ]a ke tbj dgst tjrik`gd tbgt wgs gttjiptjh gt g t g pkxjd summjjhjh, tbj` tbj pkxjd wkdd lj sbaw` gs g summjss, rjcgrhdjss ae baw ig`y tjrik`gds igy bgvj egkdjh tbjrj t bjrj k` prjvkaus s`gpsbats. Dkfjwksj, ke tbj dgst tjrik`gd gt g pkxjd egkdjh, tbj` tbj pkxjd wkdd lj sba sbaw` w` gs g egkdurj, rjcgrhdjss ae baw ig`y tjrik`gds summjjhjh tbjrj k` prjvkaus s`gpsbats. ]a k` tbjary, damgtka`s tbgt grj iar iarj j dkfjdy ta sjrvj tjrik`gds k` g s`gpsbat rgtbjr tbg` egkd tbji grj iarj dkfjdy ta gppjgr gs summjssjs tbg` egkdurjs, g`h vkmj vjrsg.  G tjrik`gd mg` egkd ear iudtkpdj rjgsa`s. Sbj` tbks ammurs, a`dy g sk`cdj rjgsa` ks rjpartjh wbj` wrktk`c g vgduj gt tbj pkxjd. Xbks wkdd lj tbj iast haik`g`t rjgsa` lgsjh a` g bgrh-mahjh rg`fjh dkst ae tbj egkdurj rjgsa`s ear e ar tbj tjrik`gd. Ear jxgipdj, mavjrgcj egkdurjs rg`f iarj bkcbdy tbg` mgpgmkty egkdurjs, sk`mj tbjrj ks `a purpasj k` k`hkmgtk`c g mgpgmkty egkdurj ear g tjrik`gd ke kt hajs `at bgvj mavjrgcj. Ear iarj hjtgkdjh k`earigtka`, sjj tbj spjmkgdkst hamuij`t ij`tka`jh k` Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s a` pgcj ;. pgcj ;.   Xjrik`gd K`ea? ]pjjh ]pjjh (fi/b)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Xjrik`gd, ]`gpsbats Xbks grrgy sbaws tbj spjjh ae tbj tjrik`gd k` tbj marrjspa`hk`c Egkdurj \jgsa` grrgy. Xbks grrgy mg` lj usjeud ljmgusj saij egkdurj rjgsa`s grj geejmtjh ly tbj spjjh ae tbj ialkdj (ear jxgipdj, ljgrjrs bgvj spjjh-hjpj`hj`t skc`gd ta `aksj rjqukrjij`ts). Kt ks gvgkdgldj ear gdd tjmb`adackjs jxmjpt C]I g`h Ekxjh SkIGR g`h Sk-Ek (tbjsj ha `at bgvj bg vj spjjh-hjpj`hj`t ljgrjr rjqukrjij`ts). Xbj vgduj sbaw` gt g pkxjd ks hjtjrik`jh ly tbj dgst tjrik`gd tbgt wgs gttjiptjh gtt jiptjh tbjrj, rjcgrhdjss ae tbj s`gpsbat k` wbkmb kt wgs gttjiptjh.

:2

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

]kiudgtka` \jparts Xbks sjmtka` pravkhjs hjsmrkptka`s ae saij ae tbj `jtwarf pjrearig`mj rjparts tbgt mg` lj cj`jrgtjh erai tbj ]kiudgtar (wbj` kt ks ru` k` tbj s`gpsbat iahj). @atj? K` ghhktka` ta tbks sjmtka`, tbjrj grj spjmkgdkst hamuij`ts ma`tgk`k`c iarj hjtgkdjh

hjsmrkptka`s ae tbj autputs g`h gdcarktbis usjh k` tbj ]kiudgtar. Ear k`earigtka` a` baw b aw yau mg` altgk` tbjsj hamuij`ts, pdjgsj sjj ]tgtkm ]kiudgtka` Gdcarktbis g`h Autputs a` pgcj pgcj 7>;.  7>;.  

ZIX] Maipasktj \jparts Xbj ZIX] Maipasktj \jpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Ijg` Gttjiptjh

Gttjiptjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s

Ijg` ]jrvjh

]ummjsseud sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Ijg` Egkdjh

Egkdjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Ijg` k` ]aet ar ]aetjr Bg`havjr

]ummjsseud bg`havjr. sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s tbgt wjrj k` jktbjr saet bg`havjr ar saetjr

Ijg` k` ]aetjr Bg`havjr

]ummjsseud sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s tbgt wjrj k` saetjr bg`havjr.

@a ZD \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jd

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

@a HD \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jd

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

ZD \jsaurmj Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

HD \jsaurmj Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Daw ^kdat

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Haw`dk`f Jl/@a (\g`cj)

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Haw`dk`f Jl/@a (Mgpgmkty) Zpdk`f Jl/@a

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`. Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

@aksj \ksj Dkikt

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

@a Ugdkh Ma``jmtka` ]mj`grkas

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

@a Mavjrk`c Mjdds

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`. Xbks k`hkmgtjs tbgt tbjrj wgs `a pgtbdass k`earigtka` k` tbj pkxjd gt tbj damgtka` ae tbj tjrik`gd.

Xbks k`hkmgtjs maipgtklkdkty kssujs k` tjris ae tbj `jtwarf g`h ma`ekcurgtka` pgrgijtjrs. Xbjrj igy lj g praldji wktb tbj mgrrkjrs, ljgrjrs, sjrvkmjs, tjrik`gd typjs ar ekdtjrs usjh, sa yau sbaudh mbjmf yaur ma`ekcurgtka` g`h skiudgtka` sjt-up.

@atj? ^ralglkdkty pjrmj`tgcjs mg` ghh up ta iarj tbg` 7>>%. Xbks ks ljmgusj g ma``jmtka` mg` egkd ear iudtkpdj rjgsa`s skiudtg`jausdy.

 

:;

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

ZIX] Mjdd Egkdurj \jpart Xbj ZIX] Mjdd Egkdurj rjpart sbaws tbj egkdurjs tbgt grj ijgsurjh k` tbj skiudgtka` g`h ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Mjdd Khj`tkty

Z`kquj mjdd khj`tkekjr.

Ijg` @uiljr ae Egkdurjs

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae egkdjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Ijg` @uiljr ae Gttjipts

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae gttjiptjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Egkdurj \gtj

Xbj giau`t ae egkdurjs gs g pjrmj`tgcj ae tbj gttjipts.

Egkdurjs huj ta @a ZD \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jd

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Egkdurjs huj ta @a HD \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jd

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Egkdurjs huj ta ZD \jsaurmj Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Egkdurjs huj ta HD \jsaurmj Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Egkdurjs huj ta Daw ^kdat

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Egkdurjs huj ta Haw`dk`f Jl/@a (\g`cj)

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Egkdurjs huj ta Haw`dk`f Jl/@a (Mgpgmkty)

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Egkdurjs huj ta Zpdk`f Jl/@a

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Egkdurjs huj ta @aksj \ksj

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Ear ZIX] `jtwarfs tbjrj grj patj`tkgddy =5 hkeejrj`t rjsaurmj typjs lut a`dy tbasj tbgt bgvj ljj` hjek`jh wkdd lj hkspdgyjh.

ZIX] Haw`dk`f ^jrearig`mj \jparts Xbj ZIX] Haw`dk`f ^jrearig`mj rjpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Mjdd Khj`tkty

Z`kquj mjdd khj`tkekjr.

Haw`dk`f Xrgeekm ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj ijg` trg`sikttjh haw`dk`f trgeekm pawjr pjr mjdd (mgdmudgtjh).

HD Xrgeekm ^awjr ;:% Ma`ekhj`mj K`tjrvgd (+/- hL)

Xbj ma`ekhj`mj k`tjrvgd a` tbj ijg` haw`dk`f trgeekm pawjr.

Xatgd XR ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks ks tbj sui ae tbj trgeekm mbg``jd pawjr g`h gdd ae tbj haw`dk`f mbg``jd pawjrs.

Igx XR ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj Igx XR ^awjr dkikt tbgt yau bgvj sjt pjr mjdd.

Maiia` Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks ks tbj tatgd tkij-gvjrgcjh maiia` mbg``jd pawjr. Xbj prkigry g`h sjma`hgry maiia` mbg``jd pawjrs tbgt tbj usjr spjmkekjs k` tbj sktj hkgdac grj pjgf pawjrs. Xbj tatgd tkij-gvjrgcjh maiia` mbg``jd pawjr ks ckvj` ly? Ijg`QMaiia`Q^awjr 9 >.; x ^jgfQ^rkigryQMaiia`Q^aw ^jgfQ^rkigryQMaiia`Q^awjr jr + 7.> x ^jgfQ]jma`hgryQMaiia`Q^awjr @atj?? Gdd pawjrs k` tbks eariudg grj k` Sgtts. @atj

5>

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

^kdat ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj haw`dk`f pkdat pawjr tbgt yau bgvj sjt pjr mjdd.

]y`m Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks ks tbj tatgd tkij-gvjrgcjh sy`mbra`ksgtka` mbg``jd pawjr. Xbj prkigry g`h sjma`hgry sy`mbra`ksgtka` mbg``jd pawjrs tbgt tbj usjr spjmkekjs k` tbj sktj hkgdac grj pjgf pawjrs. Xbj tatgd tkij-gvjrgcjh sy`m mbg``jd pawjr ks ckvj` ly? XatgdQ]y`mQ^awjr 9 >.7 x ^jgfQ^rkigryQ]y`mQ^awjr + >.7 x ^jgfQ]jma`hgryQ]y`mQ^awjr @atj?? Gdd pawjrs k` tbks eariudg grj k` Sgtts. @atj S gtts.

ZIX] ZIX ] Mj Mjdd dd Bg`ha Bg`ha vjr \jpart \jparts s Xbj ZIX] Mjdd Bg`havjr \jpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Mjdd Khj`tkty

Z`kquj mjdd khj`tkekjr.

ZD \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jds Zsjh

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae updk`f rjsaurmj prkigry mbg``jds usjh pjr mjdd.

ZD \jsaurmj Bg`havjr Mbg``jd Zsjh ” Zsjh ” ]aet  ]aet

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae updk`f rjsaurmj mbg``jds usjh ear saet bg`havjr pjr mjdd.

ZD \jsaurmj Bg`havjr Mbg``jd Zsjh - ]aetjr

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae updk`f rjsaurmj mbg``jds usjh ear saetjr bg`havjr pjr mjdd.

HD \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jds Zsjh

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae haw`dk`f rjsaurmj prkigry mbg``jds usjh pjr mjdd.

HD \jsaurmj Bg`havjr Mbg``jd Zsjh ” Zsjh ” ]aet  ]aet

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae haw`dk`f rjsaurmj mbg``jds usjh ear saet bg`havjr pjr mjdd.

HD \jsaurmj Bg`havjr Mbg``jd Zsjh ” Zsjh ” ]aetjr  ]aetjr

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae haw`dk`f rjsaurmj mbg``jds usjh ear saetjr bg`havjr pjr mjdd.

Ear ZIX] `jtwarfs tbjrj grj =5 hkeejrj`t rjsaurmj r jsaurmj typjs lut a`dy tbasj tbgt bgvj ljj` hjek`jh wkdd lj hkspdgyjh.

ZIX] Mjdd Ldamfk`c \jparts Xbj Mjdd Ldamfk`c \jpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Mjdd KH

Z`kquj mjdd khj`tkekjr.

Xatgd ]gipdjs

Xbks ks tbj tatgd `uiljr ae tjrik`gds usjh ta mgdmudgtj tbj ldamfk`c pralglkdkty. Xbks ekcurj wkdd k`mrjgsj gs iarj s`gpsbats grj pjrearijh.

Ldamfk`c ^ralglkdkty

Xbj ldamfk`c pralglkdkty ear tbj sjrvkmj a` tbj mjdd.

Ldamfk`c ^ralglkdkty ;:% Ma`ekhj`mj K`tjrvgd (+/-)

Xbj ma`ekhj`mj k`tjrvgd a` tbj ldamfk`c pralglkdkty. Xbj k`tjrvgd wkdd tj`h ta hjmrjgsj gs tbj tatgd `uiljr ae sgipdjs k`mrjgsjs.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta @a ZD \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jd

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta @a Zpdk`f \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jd.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta @a HD \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jd

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta @a Haw`dk`f \jsaurmj ^rkigry Mbg``jd.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta ZD \jsaurmj Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh.

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae tbj ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta Zpdk`f \jsaurmj Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh.

 

57

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta HD \jsaurmj Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh.

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae tbj ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta Haw`dk`f \jsaurmj Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta Haw`dk`f Jl/@a (Mgpgmkty)

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae tbj ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta Haw`dk`f Jl/@a Mgpgmkty.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta @aksj Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae tbj ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta @aksj \ksj. \ksj

@atjs?  





  Xbj ldamfk`c rjparts grj a`dy gvgkdgldj ke tbj marrjspa`hk`c mbjmflax mbjmflax ks sjdjmtjh sjdjmtjh k` tbj ]kiudgtar Skzgrh.   Xbj stgtkstkms ckvj` grj tbj rjgsa`s ear egkdurj ta tbj ‛ljst‛ sjrvjr.     Ear ZIX] ZIX] `jtwarfs tbjrj tbjrj grj patj`tkgddy =5 hkeejrj`t rjsaurmj typjs typjs lut a`dy tbasj tbgt bgvj ljj` hjek`jh wkdd lj hkspdgyjh.

MHIG MH IG>> >> M Maip aip ask tj \jpar \jpar ts Xbj MHIG>> Maipasktj \jpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Ijg` Gttjiptjh

Gttjiptjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Ijg` ]jrvjh

]ummjsseud sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Ijg` Egkdjh

Egkdjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Ijg` k` ]aet ar ]aetjr Bg`haee

]ummjsseud sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s tbgt grj k` jktbjr saet bg`haee ar saetjr bg`haee.

Ijg` k` ]aetjr Bg`haee

]ummjsseud sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s tbgt grj k` saetjr bg`haee.

@a HD ^rkigry Mbg``jd

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

HD Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Daw Jm/Ka

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Haw`dk`f Jl/Ka (\g`cj) Haw`dk`f Jl/Ka Mgpgmkty

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`. Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Zpdk`f Jl/@t

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

@aksj \ksj Dkikt

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

@a Ugdkh Ma``jmtka` ]mj`grkas

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

@a Mavjrk`c Mjdds

Xbks k`hkmgtjs maipgtklkdkty kssujs k` tjris ae tbj `jtwarf g`h ma`ekcurgtka` pgrgijtjrs. Xbjrj igy lj g praldji wktb tbj mgrrkjrs, ljgrjrs, sjrvkmjs, tjrik`gd typjs ar ekdtjrs usjh, sa yau sbaudh mbjmf m bjmf yaur ma`ekcurgtka` g`h skiudgtka` sjt-up. Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`. Xbks k`hkmgtjs tbgt tbjrj wgs `a pgtbdass k`earigtka` k` tbj pkxjd gt tbj damgtka` ae tbj tjrik`gd.

@atj? ^ralglkdkty pjrmj`tgcjs mg` ghh up ta iarj tbg` 7>>%. Xbks ks ljmgusj g ma``jmtka` mg` egkd ear iudtkpdj rjgsa`s skiudtg`jausdy.

5<

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

MHIG>> Egkdurj \jpart Xbj MHIG>> Egkdurj rjpart sbaws tbj egkdurjs tbgt grj ijgsurjh k` tbj skiudgtka` g`h ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

]jmtar Khj`tkty

Z`kquj sjmtar khj`tkekjr.

Ijg` @uiljr ae Egkdurjs

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae egkdjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Ijg` @uiljr ae Gttjipts

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae gttjiptjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Egkdurj \gtj

Xbj giau`t ae egkdurjs gs g pjrmj`tgcj ae tbj gttjipts.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Egkdurjs huj ta @a HD ^rkigry Mbg``jd

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Egkdurjs huj ta HD Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Egkdurjs huj ta Daw Jm/Ka

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Egkdurjs huj ta Haw`dk`f Jl/Ka (\g`cj)

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`, tbgt ks, wbjrj tbj igxkiui gvgkdgldj trgeekm mbg``jd pawjr ks jxmjjhjh.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Egkdurjs huj ta Haw`dk`f Jl/Ka (Mgpgmkty)

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`, tbgt ks, wbjrj tbj mjdd‛s igxkiui trg`siksska` pawjr ks jxmjjhjh.  jxmjjhjh.  

^jrmj`tgcj ae Egkdurjs huj ta Zpdk`f Jl/@t

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Egkdurjs huj ta @aksj \ksj

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

JU-H JU -HA AM Maip aipask ask tj \jpar \jpar ts Xbj JU-HA Maipasktj rjpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c eadda wk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Ijg` Gttjiptjh

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae gttjiptjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Ijg` ]jrvjh Ijg` Egkdjh

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae summjsseud sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s. Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae egkdjh sjrvkmj ma``jmtka`s.

Daw Kar/Kam

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Haw`dk`f Jl/Ka (\g`cj)

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Haw`dk`f Jl/Ka Mgpgmkty

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

Zpdk`f Jl/@t

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

@aksj \ksj Dkikt

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`.

@a Ugdkh Ma``jmtka` ]mj`grkas

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`. Xbks k`hkmgtjs maipgtklkdkty kssujs k` tjris ae tbj `jtwarf g`h ma`ekcurgtka` pgrgijtjrs. Xbjrj igy lj g praldji wktb tbj mgrrkjrs, ljgrjrs, sjrvkmjs, tjrik`gd typjs ar ekdtjrs usjh, sa yau sbaudh mbjmf m bjmf yaur ma`ekcurgtka` g`h skiudgtka` sjt-up.

IGM K`hjxjs

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`, tbgt ks, g` k`sueekmkj`t `uiljr ae IGMgttrklutgldj, K`hjxjs ljk`c gvgkdgldj.

@a Mavjrk`c Mjdds

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs gttrklutgldj, k` pgrt, ta tbks rjgsa`. Xbks k`hkmgtjs tbgt tbjrj wgs `a pgtbdass k`earigtka` k` tbj pkxjd gt tbj damgtka` ae tbj tjrik`gd.

 

5=

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

@atj? ^ralglkdkty pjrmj`tgcjs mg` ghh up ta iarj tbg` 7>>%. Xbks ks ljmgusj g ma``jmtka` mg` egkd ear iudtkpdj rjgsa`s skiudtg`jausdy.

MHIG MH IG>> >> Haw`d k`f ^jrear ig`mj \jpar \jpar ts Xbj MHIG>> Haw`dk`f ^jrearig`mj rjpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c e addawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

]jmtar Khj`tkty

Z`kquj sjmtar khj`tkekjr.

Haw`dk`f Xrgeekm ^awjr ^awjr (hLi) Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj ijg` trg`sikttjh haw`dk`f trgeekm pawjr pjr s sjmtar jmtar mgrrkjr (mgdmudgtjh). HD Xrgeekm ^awjr ;:% Ma`ekhj`mj K`tjrvgd (+/- hL)

Xbj ma`ekhj`mj k`tjrvgd a` tbj ijg` haw`dk`f trgeekm pawjr.

Xatgd XR ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks ks tbj sui ae tbj trgeekm mbg``jd pawjr g`h gdd ae tbj haw`dk`f mbg``jd pawjrs.

Igx ^G ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj Igx ^G ^awjr dkikt tbgt yau bgvj sjt pjr sjmtar mgrrkjr.

\gtjh ^G ^awjr

Xbks sbaws tbj rgtjh ^G pawjr tbgt yau bgvj sjt pjr sjmtar mgrrkjr.

Xatgd ^gck`c Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj sui ae pgck`c pawjrs tbgt yau bgvj sjt pjr sjmtar s jmtar mgrrkjr.

^kdat ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj haw`dk`f pkdat pawjr tbgt yau bgvj sjt pjr sjmtar mgrrkjr.

]y`m Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

]y`m mbg``jd pawjr tbgt yau bgvj sjt pjr sjmtar mgrrkjr.

Lraghmgst Ma`trad Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks sbaws tbj ijg` (tkij-gvjrgcjh) trg`sikt pawjr ae tbj lraghmgst ma`trad mbg``jd.

Wukmf ^gck`c Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks sbaws tbj ijg` (tkij-gvjrgcjh) trg`sikt pawjr ae tbj qukmf pgck`c mbg``jd.

Maiia` ^awjr Ma`trad Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks sbaws tbj ijg` (tkij-gvjrgcjh) trg`sikt pawjr ae tbj maiia` pawjr ma`trad mbg``jd.

Maiia` Gsskc`ij`t Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks sbaws tbj ijg` (tkij-gvjrgcjh) trg`sikt pawjr ae tbj maiia` gsskc`ij`t mbg``jd.

Maiia` Ma`trad Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks sbaws tbj ijg` (tkij-gvjrgcjh) trg`sikt pawjr ae tbj maiia` ma`trad mbg``jd.

Hjhkmgtjh Ma`trad Mbg``jd ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks sbaws tbj ijg` (tkij-gvjrgcjh) trg`sikt pawjr ae tbj hjhkmgtjh ma`trad mbg``jd.

MHIG MH IG>> >> ] ]jmtar jmtar Bg Bg`ha `haee ee \j \jpar par ts Xbj MHIG>> Mjdd Bg`haee \jpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

]jmtar Khj`tkty

Z`kquj sjmtar khj`tkekjr.

HD ^rkigry M Mbg``jds bg``jds Zsjh Zsjh

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae haw haw`dk`f `dk`f mbg``jds usjh ear prkigry ma``jmtka`s pjr sjmtar.

HD Bg`haee Mbg``jd Zsjh ]aet

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae haw`dk`f mbg``jds usjh ear saet bg`haee pjr sjmtar.

HD Bg`haee Mbg``jd Zsjh ]aetjr

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae haw`dk`f mbg``jds usjh ear saetjr bg`haee pjr sjmtar.

58

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

MHIG>> ]jmtar Ldamfk`c \jparts Xbj MHIG>> ]jmtar Ldamfk`c \jpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

]jmtarKH

Z`kquj sjmtar khj`tkekjr.

Xatgd ]gipdjs

Xbks ks tbj tatgd `uiljr ae tjrik`gds usjh ta mgdmudgtj tbj ldamfk`c pralglkdkty. Xbks ekcurj wkdd k`mrjgsj gs iarj s`gpsbats grj pjrearijh.

Ldamfk`c ^ralglkdkty

Xbj ldamfk`c pralglkdkty ear tbj sjrvkmj a` tbj mjdd.

Ldamfk`c ^ralglkdkty ;:% Ma`ekhj`mj K`tjrvgd (+/-)

Xbj ma`ekhj`mj k`tjrvgd a` tbj ldamfk`c pralglkdkty. Xbj k`tjrvgd wkdd tj`h ta hjmrjgsj gs tbj tatgd `uiljr ae sgipdjs k`mrjgsjs.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta @a HD ^rkigry Mbg``jd

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta @a Zpdk`f ^rkigry Mbg``jd.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta HD Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh.

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae tbj ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta Haw`dk`f Mbg``jd Dkikt \jgmbjh.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta Haw`dk`f Jl/Ka (Mgpgmkty)

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae tbj ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta Haw`dk`f Jl/Ka mgpgmkty.

^jrmj`tgcj ae Ldamfs Huj ta @aksj Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae tbj ldamfs tbgt wjrj huj, k` pgrt, ta @aksj \ksj. \ksj

@atjs?  



  Xbj ldamfk`c rjparts grj a`dy gvgkdgldj ke tbj marrjspa`hk`c mbjmflax mbjmflax ks sjdjmtjh k` tbj ]kiudgtar Skzgrh   Xbj stgtkstkms ckvj` grj tbj rjgsa`s ear egkdurj ta tbj ‛ljst‛ sjrvjr.  

JU-HA Haw`dk`f ^jrearig`mj \jparts Xbj JU-HA Haw`dk`f ^jrearig`mj rjpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

]jmtar Khj`tkty

Z`kquj sjmtar khj`tkekjr.

Xatgd XR ^awjr (hLi)

Xbks ks tbj sui ae tbj trgeekm mbg``jd pawjr g`h gdd ae tbj haw`dk`f mbg``jd pawjrs.

JU-H JU -HA A^ ^gmfjt gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj ]jrvk mj \jpar \jpar ts Zsj tbj JU-HA Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj rjparts ta g`gdysj iudtkpdj mkrmukt swktmbjh sjrvkmjs, mai mailk`jh lk`jh wktb g sk`cdj pgmfjt swktmbjh sjrvkmj, a` g sjmtar ly sjmtar lgsks. Xbj JU JU-HA -HA ^gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj rjpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

]jmtar Khj`tkty

Z`kquj sjmtar khj`tkekjr.

Ijg` K^ ^gmfjt Grrkvgd \gtj Xbj ijg` K`tjr`jt ^ratamad pgmfjts pjr sjma`h g`h ks mgdmudgtjh gs? (K^ ^gmfjts/s) Ijg` `uiljr ae usjrs pjr s`gpsbat / Gvjrgcj pgmfjt k`tjr-grrkvgd rgtj Ijg` K^ ^gmfjt Xrg`siksska` Xkij (s)

Xbj gvjrgcj tkij kt tgfjs ta trg`sikt g` K^ pgmfjt pjr sjma`h.

 

5:

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Ijg` K^ ^gmfjt Wujuk`c Hjdgy (s)

 Gvjrgcj tkij g pgmfjt wgkts (k` sjma`hs) k` g qujuj qujuj ljearj ljk`c trg`sikttjh.

Ijg` Xatgd K^ ^gmfjt Xrg`siksska` Hjdgy (s)

Xbj tatgd K^ pgmfjt trg`siksska` hjdgy k` sjma`hs ks?

Ijg` Crass Zsjr

Xbks ks hjek`jh ly tbj eaddawk`c jqugtka`?

Xbraucbput (flkt/s)

Ijg` crass usjr tbraucbput 9

Ijg` K^ pgmfjt trg`sikt tkij + Ijg` K^ pgmfjt qujuk`c hjdgy

^byskmgd dgyjr pgmfjt gvgkdgldj lkts R @a. pbyskmgd dgyjr pgmfjts / K^ pgmfjt trg`sikt tkij Ijg` Crass ]jmtar Xbraucbput (flkt/s)

Xbks ks hjek`jh ly tbj eaddawk`c jqugtka`? Ijg` crass sjmtar tbraucbput 9 ^byskmgd dgyjr pgmfjt gvgkdgldj lkts R @a. pbyskmgd dgyjr pgmfjts / (`a. sdats usjh R sdat tkij)

Ijg` @jt ]jmtar Xbraucbput (flkts/s)

Xbks ks hjek`jh ly tbj eaddawk`c jqugtka`? Ijg` `jt sjmtar tbraucbput 9 (K^ pgmfjt grrkvgd rgtj R (7 - %tkijh aut pgmfjts/7>>) R ijg` pgmfjt skzj (lkts)

Ijg` ^gmfjts Xkijh Aut

Xbks ks tbj pjrmj`tgcj ae pgmfjts tbgt grj `at trg`sikttjh huj ta qujuk`c hjdgys tbgt jxmjjhjh tbj igxkiui gddawjh vgduj.

Xbraucbput \jparts Xbj Xbraucbput \jpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Mjdd/]jmtar Khj`tkty

Z`kquj mjdd/sjmtar khj`tkekjr.

Haw`dk`f Xbraucbput (flkt/s)

Ijg` giau`t ae hgtg sjrvjh a` g mgrrkjr a` tbgt mjdd/sjmtar.

Zpdk`f Xbraucbput (flkt/s)

Ijg` giau`t ae hgtg sjrvjh a` g mgrrkjr a` tbgt mjdd/sjmtar.

Zpdk`f ^jrearig`mj \jpart \jpart s Xbj Zpdk`f ^jrearig`mj \jpart ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Xbks \jsudt

Hjsmrkljs

Mjdd/]jmtar Khj`tkty

Z`kquj mjdd/sjmtar khj`tkekjr.

@aksj \ksj Dkikt (hL)

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj `aksj rksj avjr tbjrigd `aksj pjr mjdd/sjmtar.

@aksj \ksj ;:% Ma`ekhj`mj K`tjrvgd (+/- hL)

Xbj ma`ekhj`mj k`tjrvgd a` tbj `aksj rksj. Xbj k`tjrvgd wkdd tj`h ta hjmrjgsj gs iarj s`gpsbats grj pjrearijh.

Dagh (%)

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj ergmtka`gd mjdd dagh pjr mjdd/sjmtar.

Erjquj`my \j-usj Jeekmkj`my (%)

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj erjquj`my rj-usj jeekmkj`my pjr mjdd/sjmtar.

Aut-mjdd @aksj?K`-mjdd @aksj

Xbks vgduj sbaws tbj rgtka ae `aksj erai tjrik`gds tbgt bgvj tbks mjdd k` tbj gmtkvj sjt ta `aksj erai tjrik`gds tbgt ha `at bgvj tbks mjdd k` tbj gmtkvj sjt, kt ks jxprjssjh gs g pjrmj`tgcj.

55

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

DXJ \jparts Bjrj ks tbj dkst ae DXJ rjparts yau mg` cj`jrgtj wbj` usk`c tbj ]kiudgtar?

Jxgipdj ae tbj DXJ rjpart autputs gvgkdgldj erai tbj ]kiudgtar

@atj? K` ghhktka` ta tbks sjmtka`, tbjrj grj spjmkgdkst hamuij`ts ma`tgk`k`c iarj hjtgkdjh hjsmrkptka`s ae tbj autputs g`h gdcarktbis usjh k` tbj ]kiudgtar. Ear k`earigtka` a` baw b aw yau mg` altgk` tbjsj hamuij`ts, pdjgsj sjj ]tgtkm ]kiudgtka` Gdcarktbis g`h Autputs a` pgcj pgcj 7>;.  7>;.  

Maipasktj \jpart \jpart

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbks rjpart pravkhjs g suiigry ae jgmb sjrvkmj sjrv kmj k` tjris ae 'Ijg` Gttjiptjh', 'Ijg` ]jrvjh' g`h 'Ijg` Egkdjh' tjrik`gds. Xbj 'Ma`trklutka`s ta Egkdurj' sjmtka` dksts tbj passkldj rjgsa`s wktb tbjkr pjrmj`tgcjs tbgt ma`trklutj ta tjrik`gds `at ljk`c sjrvjh. Xjrik`gds mg` egkd ta ma``jmt ear iudtkpdj rjgsa`s sa tbj egkdurj rjgsa` pjrmj`tgcjs mg` sui ta iarj tbg` 7>>%.

Mjdd Egkdurj \jpart

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbks pravkhjs g lrjgfhaw` ae tbj 'Maipasktj \jpart' g`h dksts tbj pjr mjdd eegkdurj gkdurj rjgsa`s ear 'Ijg` Egkdjh' tjrik`gds. Egkdurj rjgsa`s g`h tbjkr rjspjmtkvj pjrmj`tgcjs tbgt ma`trklutj ta tjrik`gds `at ljj` sjrvjh grj daccjh gcgk`st jgmb mjdd g`h pjr sjrvkmj. Ear iarj hjtgkdjh hjsmrkptka`s, sjj DXJ Mjdd Egkdurj \jpart a` pgcj 3>. pgcj 3>.  

 

53

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Mjdd Mj dd Haw`dk` f ^jrearig`mj \j \jpart part

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr Xbks rjpart pravkhjs tbj pjr mgrrkjr HD pawjr/rjsaurmj ma`suiptka` k`earigtka` ear jgmb mjdd. Xbj lrjgfhaw` ae jgmb mjdd 'Igx ^awjr' ks ckvj` ckvj ` k` tjris ae 'Ekxjh Mbg``jds ^awjr' g`h 'Xrgeekm & Ma`trad ^awjr'. 'Ekxjh Mbg``jds ^awjr' k`mduhjs tbj pawjr ma`suijh ly HD ]kc`gds g`h Ma`trad mbg``jds (HD\], ]MB, LMB, g`h ^IMMB). 'Xrgeekm & Ma`trad ^awjr' k`mduhjs tbj pawjr ma`suijh ma`sui jh ly tbj ^H]MB g`h ^HMMB. K` ghhktka`, tbj rjsaurmj r jsaurmj ma`suiptka` ks daccjh k`hkvkhugddy ear Mjdd Mj`trj (MM) g`h Mjdd Jhcj (MJ) lg`hwkhtb pgrtktka`s (tbgt ks, 'MM Dagh (%)' g`h 'MJ Dagh (%)'). Xwa jxtrg madui`s sbaw baw iumb ae tbj dagh ks usk`c ljgiearik`c? MM Dagh (Ljgiea (Ljgiearik`c) rik`c) (%) g`h MJ Dagh (Ljgiearik`c) (%). Xbjsj ljgiearik`c dagh vgdujs grj g sulsjt ae tbj jxkstk`c dagh vgdujs. Ear jxgipdj, ks g mjdd ks sjrvk`c gdd g dd MM usjrs usk`c ljgiearik`c, tbj` "MM Dagh" wkdd jqugd tbj "MM Dagh (Ljgiearik`c)". Xbj ljgiearik`c dagh ks suiijh avjr gdd tbj ljgiearik`c g`tj``gs a` tbj mjdd. Xbjsj daghs rjprjsj`t tbj rjspjmtkvj rjsaurmj ma`suiptka` erai tbj tatgd/gvgkdgldj MM g`h MJ rjsaurmjs g`h mg` lj gppdkjh ta tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj ta lj usjh eurtbjr k` mrjgtk`c grrgys ly ru``k`c tbj ]kiudgtar k` tbj 'Zsj djvjds spjmkekjh k` ]ktj Hgtglgsj' Hgtgl gsj' iahj. Kt ks kipartg`t ta rjijiljr tbgt MJ daghs grj a`dy gppdkmgldj ear tbj ]aet Erjquj`my \jusj g`h \jusj ^grtktka`k`c KMKM smbjijs. Sbj` '***' gppjgrs k` tbj rjpart madui`s, tbks k`hkmgtjs mjdds `at jipdayk`c tbj KMKM smbjijs ar ma`ekcurjh k` g wgy tbgt rjsudts k` jktbjr g zjra MM ar MJ lg`hwkhtb. Mjdd Mj dd Zpdk`f ^j ^jreari reari g`mj \j \jpart part

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? Mgrrkjr Xbks rjpart pravkhjs tbj pjr mgrrkjr ZD k`tjrejrj`mj djvjd g`h rjsaurmj ma`suiptka` k`earigtka` ear jgmb mjdd. ZD K`tjrejrj`mj djvjds g`h rjsaurmj ma`suiptka`s grj daccjh k`hkvkhugddy ear MM g`h MJ lg`hwkhtb pgrtktka`s, tbgt ks, 'MM K`tjrejrj`mj Djvjd (hL)', 'MJ K`tjrejrj`mj Djvjd (hL)', 'MM Dagh (%)' g`h 'MJ Dagh (%)', rjspjmtkvjdy. Xbj k`tjrejrj`mj djvjds mg` lj gppdkjh ta tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj g`h eurtbjr usjh k` mrjgtk`c grrgys ly ru``k`c tbj ]kiudgtar k` tbj 'Zsj djvjds spjmkekjh k` ]ktj Hgtglgsj' iahj. Kt ks kipartg`t ta rjijiljr tbgt MJ M J daghs g`h k`tjrejrj`mj djvjds grj a`dy gppdkmgldj ear tbj ]aet Erjquj`my \jusj g`h g` h \jusj ^grtktka`k`c KMKM smbjijs. Sbj` '***' gppjgrs k` tbj rjpart madui`s, tbks k`hkmgtjs mjdds `at jipdayk`c tbj KMKM smbjijs ar ma`ekcurjh k` g wgy tbgt rjsudts k` jktbjr g zjra MM ar MJ lg`hwkhtb. Maipasktj HD/ZD HD/ZD Xbraucb put \jpart (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbjsj twa rjparts pravkhj tbj suiigry ae pjr mjdd aeejrjh g`h sjrvjh tbraucbput ear g ckvj` sjrvkmj. Aeejrjh tbraucbput ae g mjdd ks k`hjpj`hj`t ae sjrvkmj ttypj ypj (\X/@\X) g`h gdwgys mgdmudgtjh gs tbj 'Igxkiui-IL\' rgtj ae tbj sjrvkmj iudtkpdkjh ly 'Ijg` `uiljr ae Gttjipts' wbjrjgs tbj sjrvjh tbraucbput hjpj`hs a` sjrvkmj typj (\X/@\X) gs wjdd gs tbj jipdayjh smbjhudk`c smbjijs. Ekrst tbj 'Ik`kiui-CL\' hjig`hs ae tjrik`gds grj eudekddjh, g`h ke rjsaurmjs grj stkdd gvgkdgldj ta gddamgtj, \X tjrik`gds grj upcrghjh ta sjrvj tbjkr 'Igxkiui-IL\' hjig`h. Bj`mj, tbj sjrvjh tbraucbput ear tjrik`gd ma`ekcurjh wktb g` \X sjrvkmj mg` lj g`ytbk`c ljtwjj` tbj 'Ik`kiui-CL\' g`h tbj 'Igxkiui-IL\' hjig`h.  G suiigry ae aeejrjh g`h sjrvjh tbraucbputs grj prjsj`tjh ear '^jgf' 'Gppdkmgtka`' g`h 'Jeejmtkvj' tbraucbputs. K` ghhktka`, tbjsj tbrjj aeejrjh g`h sjrvjh tbraucbputs grj rjpartjh ear tbj MM g`h MJ grjgs ae tbj mjdds wbkmb grj cavjr`jh ly tbj 'Mjdd Mj`trj - Mjdd Jhcj tbrjsbadh' sjttk`cs k` tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj.

52

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

^j ^jgf gf HD/ZD HD/ZD Xbrau cbput \jpart \jpart (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj, Ljgrjr Xbjsj twa rjparts pravkhj tbj lrjgfhaw` ae pjr mjdd sjrvjh pjgf tbraucbputs ear jgmb sjrvkmj. Xbj lrjgfhaw` ks ckvj` k` tjris ae sjrvkmj grjg (MM/MJ) gs wjdd gs tbj sjrvjh p pjgf jgf tbraucbput ly jgmb ljgrjr k` tbj rjspjmtkvj MM g`h MJ rjcka`s. Jeejmtkvj ZD/HD ZD/HD Xbraucbpu t \jpart (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbjsj twa rjparts pravkhj tbj lrjgfhaw` ae pjr mjdd sjrvjh jeejmtkvj tbraucbputs ear jgmb sjrvkmj. Xbj lrjgfhaw` ks ckvj` k` tjris ae sjrvkmj grjg (MM/MJ) gs wjdd gs tbj sjrvjh jeejmtkvj tbraucbput ly jgmb ljgrjr k` tbj rjspjmtkvj MM g`h MJ rjcka`s.

 Gp pd km gtk a` ZD/HD Xbr au cb pu t \jpa rt (fl ps )

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj, Ljgrjr Xbjsj twa rjparts pravkhj tbj lrjgfhaw` ae pjr mjdd sjrvjh gppdkmgtka` tbraucbputs ear jgmb sjrvkmj. Xbj lrjgfhaw` ks ckvj` k` tjris ae sjrvkmj grjg (MM/MJ) gs wjdd gs tbj sjrvjh gppdkmgtka` tbraucbput ly jgmb ljgrjr k` tbj rjspjmtkvj MM g`h MJ rjcka`s. ZD Ljgieari Ljgieari jr \j \jpart part

Xbks rjpart ckvjs tbj g`cudgr hkstrklutka` ae ZD ]K@\ ljgiearik`c cgk` ear gdd tbj ljgiearijrs k` tbj skiudgtka`. @atj tbgt ke g mjdd bgs iudtkpdj g`tj``gs, ar ks usk`c usk`c g` KMKM smbjij wbjrj tbj mgrrkjr lg`hwkhtb bgs ljj` spdkt k`ta mjdd-mj`trj g`h mjdd-jhcj pgrtktka`s, tbj` tbks skiudgtar wkdd bgvj g ljgiearijr ear jgmb mailk`gtka` mai lk`gtka` ae g`tj``g g`h mgrrkjr pgrtktka`. Ugdujs ear tbj ZD ]K@\ ljgiearik`c cgk` grj rjpartjh gt g prjhjtjrik`jh sjt ae gzkiutbgd g`cdjs wktb rjspjmt ta tbj sjrvk`c g`tj``g, wktb tbj g`cdjs ijgsurjh i jgsurjh mdamfwksj erai @artb g`h k`mrjij`tjh k` : hjcrjj stjps. Ly sjdjmtk`c g raw ae tbjsj vgdujs, Jxmjd mg` lj usjh ta prahumj g rghgr pdat (k.j. padgr pdat) ae tbj ZD ]K@\ ljgiearik`c cgk`. HD Ljgieari Ljgieari jr \j \jpart part

Xbks rjpart ckvjs tbj g`cudgr hkstrklutka` ae HD k`tjrejrk`c trgeekm pawjr cgk` ear gdd tbj ljgiearijrs k` tbj skiudgtka`. @atj tbgt ke g mjdd bgs iudtkpdj g`tj``gs, ar ks usk`c g` KMKM smbjij wbjrj tbj mgrrkjr lg`hwkhtb bgs ljj` spdkt k`ta mjdd-mj`trj g`h mjdd-jhcj pgrtktka`s, tbj` tbks skiudgtar wkdd bgvj g ljgiearijr ear jgmb mailk`gtka` ae g`tj``g g`h pgrtktka`. Xbj vgdujs k` tbj rjpart tgfj k`ta gmmau`t tbj prapartka` ae HD dagh dagh huj ta usjrs sjrvjh ly HD ljgiearik`c. Gs tbj prapartka` ae ljgiearijh dagh hjmrjgsjs ta zjra, tbj avjrgdd pawjr cgk` gppragmbjs u`kty. Xbj vgdujs grj rjpartjh gt g prjhjtjrik`jh sjt ae gzkiutbgd g`cdjs wktb rjspjmt ta tbj sjrvk`c g`tj``g, wktb tbj g`cdjs ijgsurjh mdamfwksj erai @artb g`h k`mrjij`tjh k` : hjcrjj stjps. Ly sjdjmtk`c g raw ae tbjsj vgdujs, Jxmjd mg` lj usjh ta prahumj g rghgr pdat (k.j. padgr pdat) ae tbj avjrgdd HD k`tjrejrk`c trgeekm pawjr cgk`.

 

5;

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

DXJ Mjdd Mjdd Egkdur Egkdurj j \jpar \jpartt Xbj DXJ Mjdd Egkdurj rjpart sbaws tbj egkdurjs tbgt grj ijgsurjh k` tbj skiudgtka` g`h ma`tgk`s tbj tb j eaddawk`c k`earigtka`? Madui` Bjghk`c

Hjsmrkljs

Mjdd Khj`tkty

Z`kquj mjdd khj`tkekjr.

Ijg` @uiljr ae Egkdurjs

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae egkdjh ma``jmtka`s.

Ijg` @uiljr ae Gttjipts

Xbj ijg` `uiljr ae gttjiptjh ma``jmtka`s.

Egkdurj \gtj

Xbj pjrmj`tgcj ae egkdurjs.

Xbks tgldj hjsmrkljs tbj egkdurj mrktjrkg? Madui` Bjghk`c

Hjsmrkljs tbj ^jrmj`tgcj ae tbj Egkdurjs pgrtdy huj ta

HD \]\^

Xbj \]\^ rjqukrjij`t spjmkekjh a` tbj tjrik`gd typj ks `at sgtksekjh.

HD \]\W

Xbj \]\W rjqukrjij`t spjmkekjh a` tbj tjrik`gd typj ks `at sgtksekjh.

HD LMB/]MB ]K@\

Xbj LMB/]MB ]K@\ rjqukrjij`t spjmkekjh a` tbj tjrik`gd typj ks `at sgtksekjh.

ZD ]K@\

Xbj tjrik`gd mg``at ijjt tbj ]K@\ rjqukrjij`t ae tbj ZD ljgrjr, jvj` ke tbj tjrik`gd trg`sikts gt igxkiui pawjr.

HD ]K@\

Xbj tjrik`gd mg``at ijjt tbj ]K@\ rjqukrjij`t ae tbj HD ljgrjr.

HD Mgpgmkty

Xbj mjdds bgvj k`sueekmkj`t HD gvgkdgldj rjsaurmjs (pawjr/\Ls) ta ijjt tbj ]K@\ rjqukrjij`t ae tbj HD ljgrjr.

ZD Mgpgmkty

Xbj mjdds bgvj k`sueekmkj`t ZD gvgkdgldj rjsaurmjs (pawjr/\Ls) ta ijjt tbj ]K@\ rjqukrjij`t ae tbj ZD ljgrjr.

Zsjr Dkikt

Xbj mjdd bgs rjgmbjh tbj dkikt spjmkekjh ly kts '# ae ]mbjhudjh Zsjrs' pgrgijtjr.

@a Ugdkh Ma``jmtka` ]mj`grkas

G` k`marrjmt ar ma`edkmtk`c `jtwarf sjt-up bgs rjsudtjh k` tjrik`gds `at ljk`c sjrvjh. Ear jxgipdj, tbks igy bgppj` ke g iahudgtka` ia hudgtka` smbjij a` tbj mjdd ks `at suppartjh ly tbj tjrik`gd, ar mgrrkjrs g`h g`tj``gs grj `at gsskc`jh ta tbj mjdds.

@a ^gtbdass Hgtg

@a pgtbdass hgtg ks gvgkdgldj ear tbj pkxjds/rjcka`.

3>

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

:C \jpar \jpar ts Bjrj ks tbj dkst ae :C rjparts yau mg` cj`jrgtj wbj` usk`c tbj ]kiudgtar?

Jxgipdj ae tbj :C rjpart autputs gvgkdgldj erai tbj ]kiudgtar

@atj? K` ghhktka` ta tbks sjmtka`, tbjrj grj spjmkgdkst hamuij`ts ma`tgk`k`c iarj h hjtgkdjh jtgkdjh hjsmrkptka`s ae tbj autputs g`h gdcarktbis usjh k` tbj ]kiudgtar. Ear k`earigtka` a` baw yau mg` altgk` tbjsj hamuij`ts, pdjgsj sjj ]tgtkm ]kiudgtka` Gdcarktbis g`h Autputs a` pgcj pgcj 7>;.  7>;.  

:C - Maipas Maipas ktj \jpart

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbks rjpart pravkhjs tbj suiigry ae jgmb sjrvkmj k` tjris ae ‒Ijg` Gttjiptjh‛, ‒Ijg` ]jrvjh‛ g`h ‒Ijg` Egkdjh‛, tjrik`gds. Xbj ‒Ma`trklutka`s ta Egkdurj‛ sjmtka` dksts tbj passkldj rjgsa`s, gs jxpdgk`jh k` sjmtka` 8.>%.

:C - Mjdd Egkdurj \jpart

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbks pravkhjs g lrjgfhaw` ae tbj ‒Maipasktj \jpart‛ g`h dksts tbj pjr mjdd egkdurj rjgsa`s ear ‒Ijg` Egkdjh‛ tjrik`gds. Egkdurj rjgsa`s g`h tbjkr rjspjmtkvj pjrmj`tgcjs tbgt ma`trklutj ta tjrik`gds `at ljk`c sjrvjh grj daccjh gcgk`st jgmb mjdd g`h pjr sjrvkmj.

:C - Mjdd Mjdd Zpdk`f ^j ^jreari reari g`mj \j \jpart part

Xbks rjpart pravkhjs tbj ZD `aksj rksj djvjd g`h ZD dagh k`earigtka` ear jgmb trgeekm ljgi a` jgmb mjdd. Xbj ZD dagh suiijh avjr gdd ljgis a` g mjdd wkdd `at jxmjjh 7>>%. Ear jgmb mjdd, tbj bkcbjst pjr-ljgi `aksj rksj mg` lj gppdkjh ta tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj (sk`mj tbjrj ks a`dy g sk`cdj `aksj rksj vgduj starjh ear jgmb mjdd k` tbj hgtglgsj).

 

37

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

:C - Mjdd Mjdd Haw`dk`f ^jrearig`mj \j \jpart part

Xbks rjpart pravkhjs tbj HD dagh djvjd g`h HD trgeekm (^HMMB g`h ^H]MB) pawjr eear ar jgmb trgeekm ljgi a` jgmb mjdd. Xbj HD dagh suiijh avjr gdd ljgis a` g mjdd wkdd `at jxmjjh 7>>%. Ear jgmb mjdd, tbj tatgd HD dagh (suiijh avjr gdd trgeekm ljgis) mg` lj gpp gppdkjh dkjh ta tbj ]ktj Hgtglgsj.

Xbraucbput \j \jparts parts

Xbj gvgkdgldj tbraucbput rjparts grj tkjrjh gt ^jgf, Jeejmtkvj g`h Gppdkmgtka` djvjd, g`h tbj cj`jrkm rjdgtka` ljtwjj` tbj djvjds ks ckvj` ly?

:C - ZD ZD / HD Zsjr Xbraucbp ut \jpart (flp s)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbjsj rjparts pravkhj tbj pjr mjdd gvjrgcj usjr tbraucbputs ear jgmb sjrvkmj. Xbj pjgf, jeejmtkvj g`h gppdkmgtka` usjr tbraucbputs grj rjpartjh. :C - ZD / H HD D Maipas ktj Xbraucbp ut \jpart (flps )

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbjsj maipasktj rjparts pravkhj tbj suiigry ae pjr mjdd aeejrjh g`h sjrvjh tbraucbput ear g ckvj` sjrvkmj. Aeejrjh tbraucbput ae g mjdd ks mgdmudgtjh gs tbj IL\ rgtj ae tbj sjrvkmj k`mrjgsjh ly tbj sjrvkmj avjrbjgh g`h iudtkpdkjh ly ‒Ijg` `uiljr ae Gttjipts‛. Ekrst tbj CL\ hjig`hs ae tjrik`gds grj gttjiptjh g`h ke rjsaurmjs grj stkdd gvgkdgldj ta gddamgtj, tjrik`gds grj upcrghjh ta sjrvj patj`tkgddy up ta tbjkr IL\ hjig`hs. ]uiigry ae tbraucbputs grj prjsj`tjh ear ‒^jgf‛ (g t pbyskmgd dgyjr), ‒Jeejmtkvj‛ g`h ‒Gppdkmgtka`‛ djvjds.   :C - ZD ZD / HD MG (K`trg) Xbraucbput \jpart \jpart (flps)

Xbjsj MG rjparts pravkhj tbj suiigry ae sjrvjh tbraucbput ear g ckvj` sjr sjrvkmj vkmj pramjssjh gt tbj dackmgd K`trg-c@ahjL MG-craup djvjd, ear mgrrkjr-gccrjcgtjh mjdds ljda`ck`c ta tbj sgij c@ahjL. Xbjsj tbraucbputs grj rjpartjh sjpgrgtjdy ear ]M (]k`cdj Mgrrkjr) ma``jmtka`s g`h MG (Mgrrkjr  Gccrjcgtka`) ma``jmtka`s. :C - ZD ZD / HD MG (K`tjr) Xbraucbput \jpart \jpart (flps)

Xbjsj MG rjparts pravkhj tbj suiigry ae sjrvjh tbraucbput ear g ckvj` sjrvkmj pramjssjh gt tbj dackmgd K`tjr-c@ahjL MG-craup djvjd, ear mgrrkjr-gccrjcgtjh mjdds ljda`ck`c ta iudtkpdj c@ahjLs. :C - ZD ZD / HD Mjdd Xbraucbp ut Xypj \jpart (flps)

Xbjsj MG rjparts pravkhj tbj suiigry ae sjrvjh tbraucbput pjr mjdd ear g ckvj` sjrvkmj. Xbj Xatgd mjdd tbraucbputs grj sjpgrgtjh ear ]M (]k`cdj Mgrrkjr) ma``jmtka`s, MG K`trg (K`trg-c@ahjL Mgrrkjr  Gccrjcgtka`) ma``jmtka`s g`h MG K`tjr (K`tjr-c@ahjL Mgrrkjr Gccrjcgtka`) ma``jmtka`s. ]uiigry pb yskmgd dgyjr), ‒Jeejmtkvj‛ g`h ‒Gppdkmgtka`‛ djvjds.   ae tbraucbputs grj prjsj`t jh ear ‒^jgf‛ (gt pbyskmgd

3<

 

 Grrgy g`h \jpart Hjsmrkptka`s  

:C - ZD/HD ZD/HD ^j ^jgf gf Xbrauc bput \jpart \jpart (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj, Ljgrjr Xbjsj rjparts pravkhj tbj lrjgfhaw` ae pjr mjdd sjrvjh pjgf, gt pbyskmgd dgyjr, tbraucbputs ear jgmb sjrvkmj. Xbj lrjgfhaw` ks ckvj` k` tjris ae sjrvjh pjgf tbraucbput ly jgmb ljgrjr.

:C - ZD/HD ZD/HD Jeejmtkvj Xbraucbpu t \jpart (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj, Ljgrjr Xbjsj rjparts pravkhj tbj lrjgfhaw` ae pjr mjdd sjrvjh jeejmtkvj tbraucbputs ear jgmb sjrvkmj. Xbj lrjgfhaw` ks ckvj` k` tjris ae sjrvjh jeejmtkvj tbraucbput ly jgmb ljgrjr. :C - ZD/HD ZD/HD Gppdkmgtka` Xbra ucbpu t \jpart \jpart (flp s)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj, Ljgrjr Xbjsj rjparts pravkhj tbj lrjgfhaw` ae pjr mjdd sjrvjh gppdkmgtka` tbraucbputs ear jgmb sjrvkmj. Xbj lrjgfhaw` ks ckvj` k` tjris ae sjrvjh gppdkmgtka` tbraucbput ly jgmb ljgrjr.

Sk-Ekk \jparts Sk-E Bjrj ks g suiigry ae tbj rjparts spjmkekm ta Sk-Ek tbgt yau mg` cj`jrgtj wbj` usk`c tbj ]kiudgtar? Sk-Ekk - Maipas ktj \jpart Sk-E

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbks rjpart pravkhjs tbj suiigry suiigr y ae jgmb sjrvkmj k` tjris ae Aeejrjh, Gttjiptjh, ]jrvjh g`h Egkdjh, tjrik`gds. Xbj Ma`trklutka` ta Egkdurj sjmtka` dksts tbj passkldj rjgsa`s, r jgsa`s, g`h tbjkr pjrmj`tgcjs tbgt ma`trklutj ta tjrik`gds `at ljk`c sjrvjh. Xjrik`gds mg` egkd ta ma``jmt ear iudtkpdj rjgsa`s sa tbj egkdurj rjgsa` pjrmj`tgcjs mg` sui ta iarj tbg` 7>>%. Sk-Ek - Mjdd Egkdurj \jpart

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbks pravkhjs g lrjgfhaw` ae tbj Sk-Ek - Maipasktj \jpart g`h dksts tbj pjr mjdd egkdurj rjgsa`s ear Egkdjh tjrik`gds. Egkdurj rjgsa`s g`h tbjkr rjspjmtkvj pjrmj`tgcjs tbgt ma`trklutj ta tjrik`gds `at ljk`c sjrvjh grj daccjh gcgk`st jgmb mjdd g`h pjr sjrvkmj.

HD/ZD HD/Z D Sk-Ek Xbraucbp ut \jpart (flps)

Hjpj`hj`mkjs? ]jrvkmj Xbjsj rjparts pravkhj tbj lrjgfhaw` ae pjr mjdd sjrvjh tbraucbputs ear jgmb sjrvkmj.

 

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

3=

38

 

^rjhkmtka` g`h Grrgy Ekdj Ig`gcjij`t ]ystji

.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

^rjhkmtka` g`h Grrgy Ekdj Ekdj Ig`gcjij Ig`gcjij`t `t Gdcarkt Gdca rkt bi Sbj`jvjr `jmjssgry, tbj ekdj ig`gcjij`t systji cgtbjrs k`earigtka` glaut tbj prjhkmtka`/grrgy ekdjs erai tbj stgtkstkms ekdj. Kt usjs tbj k`earigtka` ta cj`jrgtj g` arhjrjh dkst ae tbj ekdjs, prkarktksjh ear hjdjtka`. Erai tbj tap ae tbks dkst, tbj systji hjdjtjs tbj ekdjs u`tkd tbj rjqukrjh r jqukrjh hksf spgmj rjqukrjij`ts bgvj ljj` sgtksekjh. Xa hjtjrik`j g ekdj‛s pasktka` k` tbks prkarktksjh dkst, tbj eaddawk`c eariudg ks usjh?  

^asktka` 9 ( @aw ” Dgst Daghjh Xkij ) Ó iahkekjr  G ekdj wktb g dgrcj 'pasktka`' bgs iarj mbg`mj ae ljk`c hjdjtjh tbg` a`j wktb g sigdd 'pasktka`'. Xbj lgskm ma`mjpt ks gs eaddaws? 



  Xbj iast kipartg`t kipartg`t egmtar usjh k` k` hjtjrik`k`c tbj pasktka` pasktka` ae g ekdj k` tbj dkst ks tbj jdgpsjh tkij sk`mj tbj ekdj wgs dgst daghjh.   Xbj pasktka` mg` gdsa lj k`eduj`mjh ly g iahkekjr  wjkcbtk`c?  wjkcbtk`c?   Ekdjs tbgt wjrj 'qukmf ta mrjgtj' grj iarj dkfjdy ta lj hjdjtjh

a

  Ekdjs tbgt bgvj ljj` 'daghjh ig`y tkijs' tkijs' grj djss dkfjdy dkfjdy ta lj hjdjtjh

a

Iahkekjr Mgdmudgtka`

7. Xbj tkij tgfj` ta mrjgtj mrjgtj tbj ekdj ks rjmarhjh g`h wkdd rjsudt k` g` k`ktkgd iahkekjr gs eaddaws? Mrjgtka` Xkij

Iahkekjr

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35

 

^rjhkmtka` g`h Grrgy Ekdj Ig`gcjij`t ]ystji

@uiljr ae daghs Ghh ta iahkekjr =-58>

->.+

->..>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

33

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]kc`gd Hkeej Hkeej rj `mj (h L)

  M/K g`h M/G wjkcbts murvj

Jxgipdjs ae K`tjrejrj`mj Xgldj ekdjs Cukhj mg` lj. eau`h, e au`h, gda`c wktb g hjsmrkptka` ae tbj ekdj earigt, k` tbj J@XJ\^\K]J Xjmb`kmgd \jejrj`mj

K`tjrejrj`mj g`h g`h Ma``jmtka` Ma``jmtka ` Grrgy Mg Mgdmu dmudgtka`s dgtka`s Xbks tgldj sbaws tbj hkeejrj`t k`tjrejrj`mj g`gdysjs tbgt grj passkldj? Ekjdh @gij

Hjsmrkptka`

Sarst Ma``jmtka` M/Km

Hjtjrik`js tbj ma-mbg``jd M/K djvjds ear gdd ae tbj passkldj k`tjrejrk`c erjquj`mkjs tbgt igy lj usjh ly tbj I]-LX] ma``jmtka`. Jgmb pkxjd prjsj`ts tbj warst M/Km djvjd g`h erjquj`my.

Sarst Ma``jmtka` M/Kg

Hjtjrik`js tbj ghogmj`t mbg``jd M/K djvjds ear gdd ae tbj passkldj k`tjrejrk`c erjquj`mkjs tbgt igy lj usjh ly tbj I]-LX] ma``jmtka`. Jgmb pkxjd prjsj`ts tbj warst M/Kg djvjd g`h erjquj`my.

Sarst Ma``jmtka` M/(Km+Kg)

Hjtjrik`js tbj mailk`jh ma-mbg``jd/ghogmj`t mbg``jd M/K djvjds ear gdd ae tbj passkldj k`tjrejrk`c erjquj`mkjs tbgt igy lj usjh ly tbj I]LX] ma``jmtka`. Jgmb pkxjd prjsj`ts tbj warst M/K djvjd g`h erjquj`my.

 Gvjrgcj K`tjrejrj`mj M/Km

]uis tbj ma-mbg``jd M/K djvjds ear gdd passkldj k`tjrejrk`c erj erjquj`mkjs quj`mkjs g`h prjsj`ts tbj gvjrgcj M/Km djvjd.

 Gvjrgcj K`tjrejrj`mj M/Kg

]uis tbj ghogmj`t mbg``jd M/K djvjds ear gdd passkldj k`tjrejrk`c erjquj`mkjs g`h prjsj`ts tbj gvjrgcj M/Kg djvjd.

 Gvjrgcj K`tjrejrj`mj M/(KmQKg)

]uis tbj mailk`jh ma-mbg``jd g`h ghogmj`t M/K djvjds ear gdd gdd passkldj k`tjrejrk`c erjquj`mkjs g`h prjsj`ts tbj gvjrgcj M/(KmQKg) djvjd.

Sarst K`tjrejrj`mj M/Km

Ear `a`-erjquj`my bappk`c `jtwarfs suis gdd ae tbj ma-mbg``jd M/K djvjds ear g` k`tjrejrk`c erjquj`my. Jgmb pkxjd prjsj`ts tbj tatgd M/K djvjd, sjrvjr g`h k`tjrejrk`c sul-mjdds g`h k`tjrejrk`c erjquj`my.

2>

 

 

M  /  K S 



ik`M  /  K (  e k )  e k

 

Sbjrj? Ear jgmb `a`-bappk`c mgrrkjr e k k` tbj sjrvk`c sul-mjdd, M/K(e k) ks mgdmudgtjh. Ear tbj bappk`c erjquj`my craup k` tbj sjrvk`c sul-mjdd, g sk`cdj M/K(EB) ks mgdmudgtjh.

 Gv jrgc j Ma`` Ma` ` jmt ka ` Grrg Gr rgy y Mgdm Mgd m ud gtk a` Ijt Ijtba ba h Xbj Gvjrgcj Ma``jmtka` Grrgy mgdmudgtjs tbj M/K pjr p jr ma``jmtka`, suiik`c avjr gdd k`tjrejrjrs, g`h tbj` mgdmudgtjs tbj gvjrgcj ae tbasj. Xbj gdcarktbi ear tbks ks gs eaddaws? `      LJ\ \ (M  / K ( EB )  CEHKU  (i))   LJ  LJ\ \ (M  / K (  er k ))   i *  e  * LJ 7    k 7    GU  M  / K   LJ\  LJ \  i *  e   `         

 

27

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb` kmgd \jejrj`mj Cukhj

Sbjrj? M  /  K   ( EB ) i

`

ks tbj gvjrgcjh M/K ear tbj bappk`c mgrrkjrs.

ks tbj `uiljr ae bappk`c erjquj`mkjs.

ks tbj `uiljr ae `a`-bappk`c erjquj`mkjs.

C EHKU 

 ks erjquj`my hkvjrskty cgk`.

 e  ks tbj ergmtka`gd daghk`c, mgdmudgtjh gs eaddaws?  e 



 er k

X\R    EB  i

, wbjrj

X\R EB 

 ks tbj `uiljr ae bappk`c X\R.

grj tbj `a`-bappk`c erjquj`mkjs.

 er k

Ear jgmb `a`-bappk`c mgrrkjr

 er  k` tbj sjrvk`c sul-mjdd, M/K(   k ) ks mgdmudgtjh.

Ear tbj bappk`c erjquj`my craup k` tbj sjrvk`c sul-mjdd, g sk`cdj M/K(EB) ks mgdmudgtjh.

  e 

@atj? Xbj hj`aik`gtar k` tbj jqugtka` glavj mg` `jvjr lj zjra ( g`h `  mg``at latb lj zjra gt tbj sgij tkij). Xbks ks ljmgusj G]]JX hajs `at gddaw yau ta sjt tbj tatgd `uiljr ae X\R gddamgtjh ta g sul-mjdd ta zjra, ke gt djgst a`j mgrrkjr dgyjr ks gddamgtjh.

Sarst K`tjrejrjr Grrgy Mgdmud Mgdmud gtka` Ijtbah Xbj Sarst K`tjrejrjr Grrgy mgdmudgtjs tbj M/K pjr erjquj`my, suiik`c avjr gdd k`tjrejrjrs, g`h sjdjmts tbj erjquj`my wktb tbj dawjst M/K. Kt gdsa ek`hs tbj k`tjrejrjr tbgt mgusjs tbj iast k`tjrejrj`mj a` tbgt erjquj`my. Xbj warst k`tjrejrk`c erjquj`my g`h kts marrjspa`hk`c M/K grj mgdmudgtjh gs eaddaws?

igx ]  ( F ,  e  ).Z ( F ,  e  ) F 

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 e  Ear jgmb (`a`-bappk`c) mgrrkjr e 7 k` tbj sjrvk`c sul-mjdd, M/K(   k ) ks mgdmudgtjh.

Xatgdd K`tjrej Xatg K`tjrejrj`mj rj`mj Grrgy Mgdmudgtka` Ij Ijtbah tbah Xbj Xatgd K`tjrejrj`mj Grrgy mgdmudgtjs tbj M/K pjr erjquj`my, suiik`c avjr gdd k`tjrejrjrs, g`h tbj` suis tbj M/K ear jgmb erjquj`my gt tbj sjrvk`c mjdd. Xbj tatgd k`tjrejrj`mj ks mgdmudgtjh gs eaddaws? `

M / K  XAX 

Sbjrj?

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 M / K ( e  ) k 7  

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 e  Ear jgmb (`a`-bappk`c) mgrrkjr e k k` tbj sjrvk`c sul-mjdd, M/K(   k ) ks mgdmudgtjh. 2<

 

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 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb` kmgd \jejrj`mj Cukhj

M/K (hL)

Lkt Jrrar \gtj

.>>>>>>>>>>

Erjquj rjquj`my `my Bappk`c Gdcarktbis Xbj gdcarktbis usjh ear erjquj`my bappk`c mjdds grj gs eaddaws? M  /  K (k )



] ]M   @ 

 ] 

 KM 

( F , k ).Z ( F , k)  

F 7

i

Z ( F , k)   u (k,  o ). D( F ,  o ).U ( F ,  o ). e  (k )  o 7

 

7  u (k,  o )     >    7 ks usjh ke

 e k   e  o 



>

, η ks usjh ke

 e k   e  o

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, g`h > ks usjh atbjrwksj.

Sbjrj? M/K(k)

9

M/K rgtka ear erjquj`my k

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k,o

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@uiljr ae erjquj`mkjs k` sjrvk`c mjdd

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]kc`gd strj`ctb erai erjquj`my k ear k`tjrejrk`c mjdd F

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Dagh k` k`tjrejrk`c mjdd F a` erjquj`my o

U(F,o)

9

HXR egmtar k` k`tjrejrk`c mjdd F a` erjquj`my o

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Ergmtka`gd daghk`c ear erjquj`my k ear k`tjrejrk`c mjdd

η 

9

Ghogmj`t k`tjrejrj`mj egmtar

Jgmb M/K(k) ks ma`vjrtjh ta g Lkt Jrrar \gtj, LJ\(k)

28

 

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  LJ\ GU(sjrvk`c mjdd) ks mgdmudgtjh gs tbj gvjrgcj LJ\(k) ear gdd erjquj`mkjs k` tbj mjdd? i EB

 LJ\(k)

LJ\  LJ \ GU (sjrvk`c mjdd)   x

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Sbjrj? x

ks tbj @uiljr ae EB erjquj`mkjs pjr X\R

iEB  ks tb tbj j @uiljr @uiljr ae EB erjquj`mkjs/sjrvk`c mjdd mjdd `X\R  ks tbj @uiljr @uiljr ae X\R/sjrvk`c X\R/sjrvk`c mjdd LJ\ GU(sjrvk`c mjdd) ks tbj` ma`vjrtjh lgmf ta hL ta ckvj M/K  (EB)(sjrvk`c mjdd). @atj? Ke erjquj`my hkvjrskty cgk` CEHKU(i) ks j`gldjh, yau gdsa `jjh ta ghh g ckvj` cgk` ekcurj ta tbj bappk`c M/K. Ear iarj k`earigtka` a` tbks, sjj tbj  G]]JX Zsjr \jejrj`mj Cukhj .

 

2:

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb` kmgd \jejrj`mj Cukhj

]y`tbjsksjh Bappk`c Gdcarktbi Ear sy`tbjsksjh bappk`c mgrrkjr dgyjrs, ergmtka`gd daghk`c ks mgdmudgtjh gs eaddaws?

 e 



X\R    EB  i

 

Sbjrj? X\R EB  i

  ks tbj `uiljr ae X\R gddamgtjh gddamgtjh ta tbj bappk`c mgrrkjr dgyjrs

  ks tbj `uiljr ae bappk`c mgrrkjrs

@a`-Erjquj a`-Erjquj`my `my Bappk`c Gdcar ktbis Xbj mgdmudgtka`s ear `a`-erjquj`my bappk`c grj gs eaddaws? M  /  K (k )

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F 7

 

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Z ( F , k)   u(k,  o ). D( F ,  o ).U ( F ,  o )  o 7

 

7  u (k,  o )     >    7 ks usjh ke

 e k   e  o 

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>

, η ks usjh ke

 e k   e  o

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, g`h > ks usjh atbjrwksj.

^(k) 9 e(M/K(k)) ^(k) ks tbj ^ralglkdkty ae k`tjrejrj`mj, g`hg`h ks mgdmudgtjh tbj muiudgtkvj `arigd hkstrklutka` ae mailk`jh stg`hgrh hjvkgtka` ae sjrvk`c k`tjrejrk`cerai mjdd iahjds.  M  /  K 

 

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      M 

  

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g`h ^XAX 9 Gvjrgcj ae gdd ^(k) k` tbj mjdd mj dd

25

 

.>> ^ralglkdkty %(M/K)

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^ralglkdkty ^ralg lkdkty %(M/G)

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  Jxgipdj M/K/^ralglkdkty Murvj

 Gutt a igt k m Erjq uj` m y ^dg``  Gu ^d g`` k `c (KD]G) (KD ]G) KD]G (K`tjddkcj`t Damgd ]jgrmb Gdcarktbi) ks G]]JX's erjquj`my pdg``k`c g`h g`gdysks taad ear e ar mgrrkjr gddamgtka`s, wktb gvgkdgldj mgrrkjrs, g`h khj`tkekjs g sulsjt ae 7> bkcb mast mgrrkjr gddamgtka`s, tbj` tbj igxkiui `uiljr ae `jw stgtjs tbgt KD]G `jjhs ta ma`skhjr bgs ljj` rjhumjh erai =.2*7>7 x Zsjh J\^ ear \ghkgd (S) P >.7: Xbjrj ks `a ik`kiui hkstg`mj ear tbks ]GL

Erjquj`my Mgdmudgtka`s Xwa erjquj`my mgdmudgtka`s grj usjh wbj` yau mrjgtj g Erjquj`my ^dg` rjpart. Jeejmtkvj Erjquj`my \j\j-usj usj

Xbj jeejmtkvj erjquj`my rj-usj ks g` gppraxkigtj k`hkmgtka` ae tbj qugdkty ae tbj bappk`c `jtwarf. Kt mg` lj mgdmudgtjh ear jgmb sul-mjdd g`h gdsa tbj gvjrgcj ae tbjsj mgdmudgtjh ta ckvj g ekcurj ear tbj `jtwarf gs g wbadj.  \ JEE   

 @ E  

 @ X\RB 

 

Sbjrj? \JEE ks tbj Jeejmtkvj Erjquj`my \j-usj ear g sul-mjdd @E ks tbj tatgd `uiljr ae mgrrkjrs gvgkdgldj ta bappk`c X\R a` tbj sul sul-mjdd -mjdd (`atj? tbks ks `at ttbj bj IG dkst dj`ctb) @X\R ks tbj `uiljr ae bappk`c X\R a` tbj sul-mjdd

;<

 

.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb` kmgd \jejrj`mj Cukhj

;=

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^gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj Gdcarktbis

8  ^gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj ]jr vkmj Gdcarktbis Gdcarktbis Xbks sjmtka` hjtgkds tbj ^gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj gdcarktbis usjh k` G]]JX, g`h tbjrjearj jxpdgk`s tbj gssamkgtjh rjparts cj`jrgtjh ly tbj Wa] g`gdysks. Xbj pgmfjtKtWa] ejgturj ks g haw`dk`f hskiudgtka`, aw`dk`f mjddtbj djvjd skiudgtka`, wktb 7>hjdgys is ((sk`cdj sk`cdj rghka ergij) rjsadutka`. ks g g`gdysks trgmj-hr kvj` trgmj-hrkvj` qujuk`c pgmfjt trg`siksska` tbraucb g mjdd grj iahjddjh ly g qujuk`c systji, wbkmb bgs g tkij-sjrkjs t kij-sjrkjs ae pgmfjt trgeekm aeejrjh ta kt. Kt ks lgsjh a` tbj 'SSS Xrgeekm Iahjd' (sjj SSS Xrgeekm Iahjd a` pgcj ;2) pgcj  ;2) g`h  g`h iudtkpdj, prkarktksjh sjrvkmjs mg` lj spjmkekjh. Xbj skiudgtka` ks ru` ear g mgdmudgtjh pjrkah ae tkij, tbj` tbj rjsudts grj pr prjsj`tjh jsj`tjh a` tbj suiigry pgcj ae tbj Wa] G`gdysks wkzgrh gs g sprjgh sbjjt g`h crgpbs. Xbj rjsudts mg` lj sgvjh gs g` Jxmjd warflaaf ma`tgk`k`c crgpbs g`h sprjghsbjjts, ar tbj rgw tbj rgw hgtg sgvjh k` tjxt ar maiig sjpgrgtjh vgrkgldj (msv) earigt. Xbj crgpbs k`mduhj tbj muiudgtkvj hjdgy hkstrklutka`s ae tbj pgmfjt sjrvkmjs a` jgmb mjdd, j`gldk`c yau ta vkjw pjrmj`tkdj hjdgys. Xbj Jxmjd warflaaf ma`tgk`s tbj eaddawk`c hgtg pjr sjrvkmj, pjr mgrrkjr g`h, pjr mjdd? 

  Ijg` g`h stg`hgrh hjvkgtka`s hjvkgtka`s ae tbj qujuk`c qujuk`c hjdgys hjdgys



  ;:tb pjrmj`tkdj hjdgy



  Ma`ekhj`mj k`tjrvgd bgde wkhtb



  Ijg` trg`siksska` tkij



  Ijg` rjtrg`siksska` hjdgy





  Xatgd trg`siksska` hjdgy ( ijg` qujuk`c hjdgy+ijg` hjdgy+ijg` trg`siksska` trg`siksska` tkij+ijg` tkij+ijg` rjtrg`siksska` hjdgy   Crgpbs ear jgmb mjdd g`h mgrrkjr ckvk`c tbj muiudgtkvj qujuk`c hjdgy pralglkdkty hkstrklutka`s

 

;:

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

]kiudgtka` ]kiudg tka` K`puts ear Wa] G`g G`gdysks dysks Iast ae tbj pgmfjt Wa] g`gdysks pgrgijtjrs grj k`put wbj` yau ma`ekcurj tbj `jtwarf hjskc`, rjghy ear tbj skiudgtka`. Xbj sktj/mjdd, mgrrkjr, tjrik`gd typj g`h sjrvkmj typj pgrgijtjrs grj ma`ekcurjh gt tbks stgcj, g`h tbj Wa] g`gdysks usjs tbjsj pgrgijtjrs dgtjr ta hjhumj? 

  Xbj `uiljr ae qujujs ta iahjd



  Xbj pgrgijtjrs ae tbj trgeekm strjgis ta cj`jrgtj



  ^rkarktkjs ae tbj sjrvkmj typjs, ljearj tbj tkij tkij skiudgtka` skiudgtka`

[au tbj` `jjh ta ru` gt djgst twa s`gpsbats ae tbj skiudgtka`, gdtbaucb gt djgst 7>> s`gpsbats grj rjmaiij`hjh ta prahumj stgtkstkmgddy vgdkh k`puts ta tbj tb j Wa] g`gdysks. Xbj skiudgtka` mgdmudgtjs tbj ijg` ldamfk`c pralglkdkty ear jgmb pgmfjt sjrvkmj typj, a` jgmb mgrrkjr, a` jgmb mjdd k` tbj skiudgtka` k` tbj skiudgtka` g`h tbj ijg` `uiljr ae tjrik`gds ma``jmtjh ta jgmb mjdd, pjr mgrrkjr, pjr sjrvkmj, g`h pjr lktrgtj. Xbj ijg` ldamfk`c pralglkdkty g`h ijg` `uiljr ae tjrik`gds grj tbj` usjh gs k`puts ta tbj Wa] g`gdysks.

^rjdkik` ^rj dkik` gry Xjsts ]aij ma`mduska`s mg` lj hjhumjh erai tbj k`put k`p ut hgtg wktbaut ru``k`c tbj s skiudgtka` kiudgtka` gt gdd. Xbjsj grj? 

  7>>% ldamfk`c a` g`y sjrvkmj wkdd rjsudt k` hjdgys lukdhk`c up ta k`ek`kty



  _jra trgeekm a` gdd sjrvkmjs sjrvkmjs wkdd rjsudt k` zjra hjdgys



  _jra ldamfk`c a` gdd sjrvkmjs wkdd rjsudt k` zjra hjdgys

Xbjsj rjsudts grj kiijhkgtjdy uphgtjh a` tbj suiigry pgcj ae tbj Wa] G`gdysks hkgdac lax.

Xrgeekm Cj`jrgtar Cj`jrgtar e ar Wa] G`gdysks Xbks sjmtka` hjsmrkljs tbj trgeekm cj`jrgtka` pramjssjs? 

  Igtmbk`c Cj`jrgtjh Xrgeekm ta tbj ]kiudgtar's Ijg` @uiljr ae ]jrvjh Zsjrs



  SSS Xrgeekm Iahjd



  ^gmfjt Iahjd



  Glaut tbj Mahj ]mbjijs ear C^\]



  Wa] ^raekdjs ear C^\]

;5

 

^gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj Gdcarktbis

Igtmbk`c Cj`jrgtjh Xrgeekm ta tbj ]kiudgtar's Ijg` @uiljr ae ]jrvjh Zsjrs Xbj ]kiudgtar mgdmudgtjs tbj `uiljr ae usjrs wbkmb mg` lj sjrvjh ear jgmb sjrvkmj, ly jgmb mjdd g`h mgrrkjr k` jvjry s`gpsbat. Xbj ijg` ks tbj` mgdmudgtjh avjr tbj tatgd `uiljr ae s`gpsbats ru` k` tbj skiudgtka`. Xbks ekcurj ks tbj stgrtk`c pak`t ear tbj Wa] g`gdysks6 kt pra pravkhjs vkhjs tbj ijg` `uiljr ae usjrs eargjgmb pgmfjtae sjrvkmj jgmb mjddear g`h mgrrkjr k` tbj Xbj trgeekm cj`jrgtar cj`jrgtjs tkij sjrkjs pgmf jtk`sjsska`s pgmfjt jgmb sjrvkmj k` skiudgtka`. g mjdd mj dd g`h mgrrkjr, wbkmb igtmbjs tbj ijg` `uiljr ae usjrs avjr tkij, gs sbaw` k` tbj eaddawk`c hkgcrgi?

Xbj rjh dk`j rjprjsj`ts tbj ijg` `uiljr ae usjrs k`put erai tbj skiudgtka`. Xbj arg`cj ldamfs rjprjsj`t tbj `uiljr ae usjrs vgryk`c avjr tkij. Xbj lduj ldamfs rjprjsj`t tbj badhk`c tkijs ae tbj pgmfjt sjsska`s prahumjh ly tbj trgeekm cj`jrgtar. Dkttdj‛s tbjarji ckvjs us tbj rjdgtka` ljtwjj` tbj grrkvgd rgtj ae pgmfjt sjsska`s, tbj ijg` `uiljr ae usjrs k` tbj mjdd g`h tbjkr ijg` sjsska` badhk`c tkij. Djt?

9 ijg` sjsska` grrkvgd rgtj 9 ijg` sjsska` badhk`c tkij 9 ijg` `uiljr ae usjrs k` tbj mjdd Dkttdj‛s rjsudt sgys tbgt?  

Xbj trgeekm cj`jrgtar tbjrjearj cj`jrgtjs sjsska`s wktb ijg` grrkvgd rgtj mgdmudgtjh erai tbj ijg` `uiljr ae usjrs k` tbj mjdd, g`h tbj ijg` sjsska` badhk`c tkij, wbkmb ks hjtjrik`jh hj tjrik`jh usk`c tbj SSS trgeekm iahjd.

 

;3

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

SSS SS S Xrgeek Xrgeek m Iahjd Xbj SSS trgeekm iahjd ks usjh ta cj`jrgtj tbj gmtkvkty ae jgmb pgmfjt sjsska`. Xbj eaddawk`c hkgcrgi sbaws g typkmgd SSS lrawsk`c (pgmfjt sjrvkmj) sjsska`, wbkmb ma`sksts ae g sjquj`mj ae pgmfjt mgdds. Xbj usjr k`ktkgtjs g pgmfjt pgmf jt mgdd wbj` haw`daghk`c g SSS hamuij`t g`h hurk`c g pgmfjt mgdd, sjvjrgd pgmfjts igy lj cj`jrgtjh. Getjr tbj hamuij`t bgs maipdjtjdy grrkvjh, tbj usjr rjqukrjs rjghk`c tkij ta stuhy tbj k`earigtka`. Xbks hkgcrgi sbaws pgmfjts erai g saurmj, wbkmb igy ig y lj gt jktbjr j`h ae tbj dk`f, lut `at latb j`hs skiudtg`jausdy.

Xbj iahjd rjqukrjs tbj cj`jrgtka` ae skx rg`hai vgrkgldjs? 

  ]jsska` grrkvgd pramjss - Xbj grrkvgd ae sjsska` sjt-ups ta tbj `jtwarf ks iahjddjh gs g



^akssa` pramjss. Ear jgmb sjrvkmj tbjrj ks g sjpgrgtj pramjss.   @uiljr ae pgmfjt mgdds pjr sjsska`, @pm - G cjaijtrkmgddy hkstrklutjh rg`hai vgrkgldj* ks usjh, wktb g ijg` `uiljr ae pgmfjt mgdds ae :.









  \jghk`c tkij ljtwjj` pgmfjt mgdds, Hpm  - G cjaijtrkmgddy hkstrklutjh rg`hai vgrkgldj* ks usjh, wktb g ijg` rjghk`c tkij ae 8 ta 7< s.   @uiljr ae pgmfjts pjr pgmfjt mgdd, @h  - G cjaijtrkmgddy hkstrklutjh rg`hai vgrkgldj* ks usjh, wktb g ijg` `uiljr ae pgmfjts ae Lytjs.   K`tjr grrkvgd tkij ljtwjj` pgmfjts, Hh - G cjaijtrkmgddy hkstrklutjh rg`hai vgrkgldj* ks usjh.

* (K` atbjr warhs, g hksmrjtj rjprjsj`tgtka` ae tbj jxpa`j`tkgd hkstrklutka`.) Xbj sjsska` badhk`c tkij ks iahjddjh kipdkmktdy ly tbj `uiljr ae jvj`ts hurk`c tbj sjsska`. Zsk`c tbj SSS ttrgeekm rgeekm iahjd, tbj ijg` badhk`c tkij ae g pgmfjt sjsska`

ks ckvj` ly?

;2

 

^gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj Gdcarktbis

^gmfjt ^g mfjt Iahjd Xbj trgeekm cj`jrgtar usjs tbj sjsska` grrkvgd g`h SSS iahjds ta prahumj g dkst ae pgmfjts ear jgmb sjrvkmj typj, ear jgmb mjdd, ear jgmb mgrrkjr, dgstk`c tbj hurgtka` ae tbj skiudgtka`. Jgmb pgmfjt ks stgipjh wktb kts grrkvgd tkij gt tbj mjdd, g`h gdsa fjjps g rjmarh ae wbj` kt cjts trg`sikttjh trg`si kttjh (kts hjpgrturj tkij), g`h kts rg`haidy cj`jrgtjh skzj. Xbj pgmfjt sjrvkmj typj dksts grj tbj` ijrcjh g`h sartjh k` grrkvgd tkij arhjr, ta prahumj g sk`cdj dkst ae pgmfjts aeejrjh ta tbj mjdd mgrrkjr?

K` tbj hkgcrgi, tbj hgtg ma`tgk`jh k` tbj pgmfjt laxjs ks tbj grrkvgd tkij, tbj hjpgrturj tkij g`h tbj pgmfjt skzj. K`ktkgddy, tbj pgmfjt‛s hjpgrturj tkij ks sjt ta lj tbj sgij gs kts grrkvgd tkij. Xbj hjpgrturj tkij ks uphgtjh jgmb tkij stjp tbj pgmfjt ks qujujh, u`tkd kt ks summjsseuddy trg`sikttjh.  G bkstacrgi ae tbj cj`jrgtjh trgeekm ks hkspdgyjh ear jgmb sjrvkmj a` jgmb mjdd g`h mgrrkjr k` tbj crgpbs tgl ae tbj Wa] G`gdysks hkgdac lax.

 Gla  Gl a ut tb j Mahj Ma hj ]mb jijs e ar C^\] Xbj pjgf tbraucbput g`h ldamf skzj k` C^\] ks hjtjrik`jh ly tbj mahk`c smbjij g`h , k` JC^\], ly tbj mahk`c g`h iahudgtka` smbjij, gs sbaw` k` tbj eaddawk`c tgldj? ]ystji

]mbjij

C^\]

M] - 7

JC^\]

Dk`f Ghgptka` Egikdy

Iahudgtka`

^jgf \gtj pjr ]dat (fl/s)

Ldamfs \DM Ldamf ^jr is ]kzj (lkts)

CI]F

;.>:

7

727

M] - <

7=.8



\jdkglkdkty ks a`dy ma`skhjrjh k` tjris ae tbj rjtrg`siksska` hjdgy eariudg usjh k` G]]JX. Xbks usjs tbj ldamf jrrar rgtj (LDJ\) ta g`gdytkmgddy mgdmudgtj tbj rjtrg`siksska` hjdgy ear pgmfjt pgmf jt sjrvkmjs. G hkeejrj`t gppragmb ks prapasjh ear e ar C^\]. Xbj LDJ\ mg` lj mgdmudgtjh usk`c tbj  Gvjrgcj Hgtg Xbraucbput pjr Xkijsdat vs Gvjrgcj Ma``jmtka` M/K murvjs. Xbj eariudg ks?

 LDJ\  LD J\(M /  K )  



7

Xbraucbput (M /  K ) 

^jgfHgtg\gtj^jr]dat 

 

Sbjrj? LDJ\(M/K) 9 ldamf jrrar rgtj ear tbj M/K gmbkjvjh ly tbj dk`f. Xbraucbput(M/K) 9 tbraucbput k` fl/s rjgh aee tbj tbraucbput pjr tkijsdat crgpb ear tbj M/K gmbkjvjh ly tbj dk`f. ^jgfHgtg\gtj^jr]dat 9 pjgf rgtj pjr sdat ear tbj ckvj` mahk`c smbjij (tbj gsyiptatj ae tbj tbraucbput pjr tkijsdat crgpb).

Xbj ijg` LDJ\ avjr gdd tbj ma``jmtka`s ighj pjr sjrvkmj typj, pjr sul-mjdd ks rjqukrjh gs g` k`put erai tbj skiudgtka`, g`h ks rjpartjh k` tbj Wa] G`gdysks sprjghsbjjt. Ldamf jrrars gdsa bgvj kipdkmgtka`s ear tbj rjtrg`siksska` iahjd. Ear iarj k`earigtka`, sjj Ijg` \jtrg`siksska` Hjdgy a` pgcj 7>3. pgcj 7>3.  

Xbraucbput Mdgss  Gppdkmgtka`s mg` rjqujst hkeejrj`t ijg` g`h pjgf tbraucbputs, k` arhjr ta rjqujst tbj hjskrjh tbraucbput ear lursty K^ trgeekm. ^jgf tbraucbput gppdkjs ta sbart k`tjrvgds wbjrj tbj trg`sejr rgtj ks gt g igxkiui. Ijg` tbraucbput hjsmrkljs tbj hgtg trg`sejr rgtj avjr g` jxtj`hjh pjrkah ae tkij, wbkmb maudh k`vadvj ig`y khdj pjrkahs. ^jgf tbraucbput mdgss

^jgf tbraucbput (fl/s)

Ijg` tbraucbput mdgss

Ijg` tbraucbput (lytjs pjr baur)

7

2

7

7>>

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75

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=

:>>

8

58

8

7 >>>

:

7>>

5

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7>7

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

^jgf tbraucbput mdgss

^jgf tbraucbput (fl/s)

Ijg` tbraucbput mdgss

Ijg` tbraucbput (lytjs pjr baur)

3

:7>> >>>

;

82*

72

:> >>> >>>

=7

Ljst Jeeart

*Hgtg rgtj a`dy rjgmbgldj wktb ZIX] ar JHCJ

K` C^\], tbj pjgf tbraucbput ks hjtjrik`jh ly tbj pjgf hgtg rgtj pjr sdat gmbkjvgldj ly tbj mahk`c smbjij, g`h tbj `uiljr ae tkijsdats ear wbkmb tbj I] ks j`gldjh. Xbj pjgf tbraucbput ks mgdmudgtjh gs eaddaws?

Xbj mahk`c smbjij ks khj`tkekjh ly tbj ljgrjr gddamgtjh ta tbj ma``jmtka` hurk`c tbj skiudgtka` g`h tbj igxkiui `uiljr ae tkijsdats j`gldjh a` tbj I] wkdd lj g pgrgijtjr sjt a` tbj tjrik`gd typj. Kt ks tbjrjearj passkldj ta ha g prjdkik`gry mbjmf prkar ta ru``k`c tbj C^\] Wa] g`gdysks ta hjtjrik`j tbj pjgf tbraucbput gmbkjvgldj ear jgmb sjrvkmj typj a` jgmb sul-mjdd. Xbj pjgf tbraucbput ks rjpartjh k` tbj Wa] G`gdysks sprjghsbjjt. Xbj ijg` tbraucbput ks daccjh gs summjsseud trg`siksska`s grj ighj erai tbj qujuj k` tbj Wa] Wa ] g`gdysks, g`h grj rjpartjh k` tbj Wa] G`gdysks sprjghsbjjt.

Xkij ]kiudgtar e ar Wa] G`gdysks G`gdysks Xbks sjmtka` hjsmrkljs tbj tkij skiudgtka` pramjssjs g`h gssuiptka`s? 

  ]ystji Iahjd



  ]kiudgtka` Iahjd

]ystji Iahjd Iahjd ea r Wa] G`g G`gdysk dysk s Xbj mgdd ghiksska` ig`gcjr ia`ktars tbj systji's gvgkdgldj mgpgmkty g`h gmmaiiahgtjs `jw pgmfjt trg`siksska` rjqujsts, gt tbj sgij tkij j`surk`c tbj Wa] ae jxkstk`c ma``jmtka`s. Xbks igy lj sktugtjh gt tbj L]M k` g is   Xbj ear jgmb sjrvkmj typj ks cj`jrgtjh usk`c tbj ldamfk`c pralglkdkty k`put erai mjdd tbj mgpgmkty skiudgtka`   Xbj ldamfk`c hjmkska` ks prkarktksjh ta gmmjpt `jw ma``jmtka`s k` tbj prkarkty arhjr ae tbjkr sjrvkmjs



  Xbj hrappk`c ae ae jxkstk`c jxkstk`c ma``jmtka`s ks `at iahjddjh

7><

 

^gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj Gdcarktbis

Xbj mjdd mgpgmkty ear jgmb sjrvkmj ks hjtjrik`jh h jtjrik`jh k` jgmb ergij ly cj`jrgtk`c g u`kearidy hkstrklutjh rg`hai `uiljr ear jgmb pgmfjt bjdh k` g qujuj. Ke tbj rg`hai `uiljr ks crjgtjr tbg` tbj ldamfk`c pralglkdkty, tbj pgmfjt stgrts trg`siksska` k` tbgt ergij. Ke tbj rg`hai `uiljr ks djss tbg` ae jqugd ta tbj ldamfk`c pralglkdkty, tbj pgmfjt ks hjdgyjh k` tbj qujuj u`tkd tbj `jxt ergij. Ke tbj pgmfjt mgdd iahj ks sjdjmtjh k`stjgh ae tbj pgmfjt iahj, ma``jmtka` ghiksska` hjmkska`s grj tgfj` a` g pgmfjt mgdd, k`stjgh ae g` k`hkvkhugd pgmfjt lgsks. Xbj prkarktksgtka` ks qujujs, iahjddjha`j k` tbj sjgmb kiudgtar. Gdd typj. tbj pgmfjts gwgktk`c tbraucb g mjddsjrvkmj grj starjh k` g sjt ae ear skiudgtar. sjrvkmj G hkgcrgi ae tbjtrg`siksska` qujuk`c iahjd wbkmb waudh lj usjh ear tbrjj pgmfjt sjrvkmjs ljk`c trg`sikttjh tbraucb g mjdd ks sbaw` bjrj?

Wujuk`c Iahjd - jxgipdj

Xbj rudj ks tbj` gppdkjh tbgt ke ghiksska`s ear jgmb sjrvkmj grj ma`skhjrjh k` prkarkty arhjr, g`h tbgt ke g`y bkcbjr prkarkty pgmfjts rjigk` qujujh, `a dawjr prkarkty pgmfjts grj ghikttjh. Ly tbj j`h ae tbj skiudgtka`, tbj skiudgtar wkdd bgvj prahumjh g dkst ae trg`sikttjh pgmfjts, jgmb stgipjh wktb kts grrkvgd g`h hjpgrturj tkijs erai tbj mjdd.  G bkstacrgi ae tbj qujuj dj`ctb tbraucbaut tbj skiudgtka` ks hkspdgyjh ear jgmb sjrvkmj a` jgmb mjdd g`h mgrrkjr k` tbj crgpbs tgl ae tbj Wa] G`gdysks hkgdac lax.

^gmfjt Wa] ]jsska ]jsska ` Xkijaut Mgdmu Mgdmu dgtka ` ear MHIG MHIG>> >> Xbj igk` dkiktgtka` a` mgpgmkty a` MHIG systjis ks tbj earwgrh dk`f ^G pawjr gvgkdgldj. Xbj ]kiudgtar pravkhjs k`earigtka` a` tbj tatgd gvgkdgldj trg`sikt pawjr a` tbj sjmtar mgrrkjr (ik`us (i k`us `aksj ma`trklutka`s) g`h tbj gvjrgcj trg`sikt pawjr rjqukrjh pjr sjmtar, sjrvkmj, mgrrkjr ar ljgrjr ear jgmb usjr. Sbj` g tjrik`gd ks ma``jmtjh g`h gmtkvj, g`h g `h tbjrj ks `a hgtg tta a trg`sikt, kt usjs g eu`hgij`tgd g`h suppdjij`tgd mbg``jd. Ear jxgipdj, k` ljtwjj` pgmfjts kt usjs g 7/2tb rgtj eu`hgij`tgd mbg``jd. Xbks ijg`s tbgt g tjrik`gd ks stkdd ma`suik`c trg`sikt tr g`sikt pawjr ljtwjj` pgmfjt mgdds. Xbj sjsska` tkijaut pgrgijtjr wgs ghhjh ta prjvj`t gdd tbj gvgkdgldj pawjr ljk`c ma ma`suijh `suijh ly tjrik`gds trg`sikttk`c gt 7/2tb rgtj, wbkmb waudh ijg` tbgt `a pgmfjt hgtg ma maudh udh lj trg`sikttjh.

Xbj sjsska` tkijaut pgrgijtjr ks jipdayjh ta fkdd g`y g` y sjsska`s wbkmb bgvj ljj` gmtkvj ear da`cjr tbg` tbj sjsska` tkijaut, tbus erjjk`c up trg`sikt pawjr g`h gddawk`c pgmfjts ar pgmfjt mgdds ta lj trg`sikttjh.  

7>=

 

 G]]JX 7>.>.< Xjmb`kmgd Xjmb`kmg d \jejrj`mj Cukhj

\jsud \j sud ts ae Wa] G`gdysks Xbks sjmtka` hjsmrkljs tbj g`gdysks rjsudts? 

  Ma`ekhj`mj K`tjrvgd Bgde Skhtb



  ]kiudgtka` Hurgtka`



  Hjdgy g`h Muiudgtkvj Hjdgy ^ralglkdkty Hkstrklutka`s



  Ijg` g`h ]tg`hgrh Hjvkgtka`s ae tbj Wujuk`c Hjdgys



  ;:tb ^jrmj`tkdj Hjdgy



  Ijg` Xrg`siksska` Xkij



  Ijg` \jtrg`siksska` Hjdgy

Ma`ekhj`mj K`tjrvgd K`tjrvgd Bgde Bgde Skhtb Xbj pjrearig`mj ijgsurj ae tbj skiudgtka` ks tbj ijg` hjdgy ae tbj ekrst sjrvkmj a` tbj mjdd. G` jstkigtj ae tbj dj`ctb ae tkij ear wbkmb g qujuj skiudgtka` sbaudh lj ru` bgs ljj` altgk`jh ly sjttk`c up g skiudgtka` ear g` I/I/7 qujuj, ear wbkmb g`gdytkmgd rjsudts ear tbj ijg` hjdgy mg` lj altgk`jh, g`h jxpjrkij`tgddy hjtjrik`k`c baw da`c tbj skiudgtka` sbaudh lj ru` ta altgk` rjsudts rjsu dts ae g ckvj` gmmurgmy. Xa cjt g` gmmurgmy ae 7>% gt g ;:% ma`ekhj`mj djvjd, tbj eaddawk`c pramjhurj bgs ljj` rjmaiij`hjh? 7. ]jt tbj lgskm ru` dj`ctb dj`ctb ta j`surj gt djgst 7>>> ar >> pgmfjt ghiksska` rjqujsts grj ighj ta tbj mjdd ear jgmb sjrvkmj. % ae tbj ijg` ijg` hjdgy, tbj hjskrjh gmmurgmy bgs ljj` altgk`jh. Xbj ma`ekhj`mj k`tjrvgd bgde wkhtb B: ks mgdmudgtjh ly rjpjgtk`c ru`s, usk`c g hkeejrj`t rg`hai `uiljr strjgi ear jgmb ru`. ]uppasj wj igfj f ru`s (rjpdkmgtka`s), jgmb cj`jrgtk`c i sgipdj vgdujs ae tbj pgmfjt hjdgy, [. Djt [7, [8

 

^gmfjt Wugdkty ae ]jrvkmj Gdcarktbis

]kiudgtka` Hurgtka` Xbks ks mgdmudgtjh ear jgmb mjdd g`h mgrrkjr. Xbj vgduj hjpj`hs a` tbj pgrgijtjrs tbgt yau bgvj sjt ear tbj sjrvkmjs suppartjh ly tbgt mjdd, g`h mgrrkjr, g`h tbj ijg` `uiljr ae usjrs ae tbasj sjrvkmjs k`put erai tbj skiudgtka`. Zsk`c tbj sgij `atgtka` gs tbj www trgeekm iahjd sjmtka`, pdus tbj eaddawk`c hjek`ktka`s? 9 rjqukrjh `uiljr ae pgmfjts 9 `u `uil iljr jr ae sj sjss sska ka`s `s rj rjqu qukr krjh jh ta cj cj`j `jrg rgtj tj 9 tkij u`tkd tbj

pg pgmf mfjt jts s

sjsska` grrkvjs

9 rjmaiij`hjh skiudgtka` hurgtka` Jgmb sjsska` ma`tgk`s

pgmfjts, sa

(7) Xbj sjsska` grrkvgds grj iahjddjh gs g ^akssa` pramjss, g`h sa tbj jxpjmtjh tkij u`tkd tbj sjsska` grrkvjs ks?

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