Asociaciones Público - Privadas
July 25, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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6>-3;
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks fd Ol`liahk: udk rfb`fxhÿd slarf f` ifokdhsil fd f` pkés fdtrf 17;3 y 17;8*; 17;8*; Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr**1 Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr**1 Vdhvfrshmkm Ol`fnhl Ikylr mf Oudmhdkikrok, Ol`liahk
@kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë***? @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë***? Vdhvfrshmkm Ol`fnhl Ikylr mf Oudmhdkikrok, Ol`liahk cttps://mlh.lrn/;7.;6==2/fmf.v18d66.>8?2? MhfnlKdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmyEktcfrhd@ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
Qfsuifd F` mèoht sok` fd `ls pkésfs fd mfskrrl``l supldf ud mftfrhlrl fd `k hdvfrshÿd fstktk` fd kspfotls olil hdbrkfstruoturk, rfpfrouthfdml oldshmfrka`fifdtf fd f` orfohihfdtl foldÿihol y mfskrrl``l slohk` mf ud pkés. Fstf pkdlrkik ck cfocl dfofskrhl kolnfr ifokdhsils quf pfrihtkd rfspldmfr k mhock prla`fiëthok, fdtrf `ls ouk`fs sf ck lptkml plr hipu`skr `k hdvfrshÿd prhvkmk. Fs ksé olil `ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol-Wrhvkmks ”oldlohmks olil KWW” sf ckd fstka`fohml olil ilmf`l pkrk `k ifjlrk mf` pkés, k` oldsl`hmkrsf udk rf`kohÿd y trkakjl oldjudtl fdtrf fdtrf f` sfotlr púa`hol y prhvkml pkrk prlvffr prlvffr ahfdfs y sfrvhohls k `ls ol`liahkdls. Fd fstf krtéou`l, sf oldtfxtuk`hzk fd prhifr `unkr kofrok mf` ikrol rfnu`ktlrhl mf KWW vhnfdtf, vh nfdtf, sf fxpldf fd sfnudml `unkr udk arfvf rfvhshÿd mf trkakjls mldmf sf kalrmk f` ifokdhsil, `ufnl sf prfsfdtk udk mfsorhpohÿd mf `ls prlyfotls KWW k bfarfrl mf 17;8 y 17;3 sfnúd f` QVKWW, y plr ú`thil sf rf`kohldkd `ls rfsu`tkmls lasfrvkmls old f` Édmhof Mfpkrtkifdtk` mf Olipfththvhmkm old f` d mf kdk`hzkr f hmfdthokr què kspfotls plshah`htkd f` mfskrrl``l mf fstf ifokdhsil fd `ls mfpkrtkifdtls.
Wk`karks o`kvf: kslohkohldfs púa`hol - prhvkmks5 hdbrkfstruoturk5 hdvfrshÿd fstktk`5 édmhof mf olipfththvhmkm mfpkrtkifdtk`5 ikrol rfnu`ktlrhl5 QVKWW. JF@: C675 C6=5 C275 @875 L11.
Krtéou`l rfohahml: 1> mf karh` mf 17;8/ Kofptkml: 17 mf judhl mf 17;8/ Ilmhbhokml: 18 mf ju`hl mf 17;8. F` krtéou`l fs f` rfsu`tkml mf` prlofsl hdvfsthnkthvl kutÿdlil mf `ls kutlrfs. _hd bhdkdohkohÿd. ** Foldlihstk plr `k Vdhvfrshmkm Ol`fnhl Ol`fnhl Ikylr mf Oudmhdkikrok (Alnltë, Ol`liahk). Olrrfl Olrrfl f`fotrÿdhol: mhfnl.aufskquh``l1>Gnikh`.oli cttps://lrohm.lrn/7777-777?-1>38-8?;; *** Foldlihstk plr `k Vdhvfrshmkm Ol`fnhl Ikylr mf Oudmhdkikrok (Alnltë, Ol`liahk). Olrrfl f`fotrÿdhol: `kmye`lpfza?7Gnikh`.oli cttps://lrohm.lrn/7777-7771-8=;?-?761 *
Oÿil ohtkr/ Clw tl ohtf tchs htfi: Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr, M. K. & @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë, @. E. (17;8). @ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks fd Ol`liahk: udk rfb`fxhÿd slarf f` ifokdhsil fd f` pkés fdtrf 17;3 y 17;8. 17;8. Fdskyls Fdskyls mf Foldliék, Foldliék, 18 18(66), (66), 6>-3;. cttps://mlh.lrn/;7.;6==2/fm cttps://mlh.lrn/;7.;6==2/fmf.v18d66 f.v18d66.>8?2?
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
6>
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
Wua`ho - Wrhvktf Wkrtdfrschps hd Ol`liahk: K Qfb`fothld kalut Ifockdhsis hd tcf Oludtry aftwffd 17;3 kdm 17;8 Kastrkot
Bhsok` mfoht hd mfvf`lphdn oludtrhfs hip`hfs k mftfrhlrkthld hd pua`ho hdvfstifdt hd kspfots suoc ks hdbrkstruoturf, oldshmfrka`y kfothdn foldliho nrlwtc kdm slohk` mfvf`lpifdt lb k oludtry ks k rfsu`t. ]chs sofdkrhl cks fdtkh`fm tcf hip`fifdtkthld lb ifockdhsis tckt pfriht sl`vhdn tchs prla`fi, kildn wchoc allsthdn prhvktf hdvfstifdt cks affd prfbfrrfm. ]cus, Wua`ho-Wrhvktf Wkrtdfrschps ”edlwd ks WWW” ckvf affd fstka`hscfm ks k ilmf` blr tcf hiprlvfifdt lb tcf oludtry, ay oldsl`hmkthdn altc k rf`kthldschp kdm jlhdt wlre aftwffd tcf pua`ho kdm prhvktf sfotlrs tl prlvhmf Ol`liahkds whtc nllms kdm sfrvhofs. ]chs krtho`f rst`y oldtfxtuk`hzfs kalut tcf ourrfdt WWW rfnu`ktlry brkifwlre5 sfoldm`y, k duiafr lb pkpfrs kmmrfsshdn tchs ifockdhsi krf arhffiy rfvhfwfm5 tchrm`y, k mfsorhpthld lb WWW prljfots koolrmhdn tl QVKWW ks lb Bfarukry 17;8 kdm 17;3 hs prfsfdtfm5 kdm dk``y, tcf lasfrvfm rfsu`ts brli tcf Mfpkrtifdtk` Olipfththvfdfss Hdmfx krf rf`ktfm ks k ifkds tl kdk`yzf kdm hmfdthby tcf kspfots fdka`hdn tcf mfvf`lpifdt lb suoc ifockdhsi hd k`` tcf mfpkrtifdts ”Ol`liahkd stktfs”.
Efywlrms: pua`ho-prhvktf pkrtdfrschps5 hdbrkstruoturf5 stktf hdvfstifdt5 mfpkrtifdtk` olipfththvfdfss hdmfx5 rfnu`ktlry brkifwlre5 QVKWW. JF@: C675 C6=5 C275 @875 L11.
Hdtrlmuoohÿd @k vhdou`kohÿd mf okphtk` prhvkml fd prlyfotls mf hdbrkfstruoturk fd Ol`liahk dl fs tfik dufduf vl. K pkrthr mf `k oldsthtuohÿd mf ;88; sf karhÿ okihdl hiplrtkdtf pkrk quf larks fd mhsthdtls sfotlrfs sf mfskrrl``krkd, prhdohpk`ifdtf fd trkdsplrtf. Mf koufrml old f` Mlouifdtl OLDWF_ ?;7>, `fyfs fd sfotlrfs olil pufrtls, oliudhokohldfs y fdfrnék bkoh`htkrld fstls prlofsls k` fstka`fofr rfn`ks y oldmhohldfs aëshoks pkrk prlvffr hdbrkfstruoturk old pkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk. Mf cfocl, f` OLDWF_ ifdohldkml fs udl mf `ls prhdohpk`fs kdtfofmfdtfs, pufs fstka`fohÿ `ls `hdfkihfdtls mf rhfsnls oldtrkotuk`fs mf` Fstkml fd prlyfotls old mhock okrkotfrésthok y quf fstuvhfrkd mhrhnhmls k `ls sfotlrfs mf trkdsplrtf, fdfrnék, oliudhokohldfs, knuk pltka`f y skdfkihfdtl aëshol (Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW), 177;). Kudquf `k ilmk`hmkm quf vfdék uth`hzkdml f` pkés mfsmf ;83? k trkvès mf `k rfnu`kohÿd mf` Mforftl 111 pkrk prlvffr ahfdfs y sfrvhohls púa`hols mkdml `k plshah`hmkm mf ltlrnkr k pkrthou`krfs oldtrktls mf lark púa`hok akjl f` ifokdhsil mf oldofshÿd, mhock nurk dl nfdfrÿ `ls rfsu`tkmls fspfrkmls pkrthou`krifdtf fd `ks oldofshldfs vhk`fs, larks quf prfsfdtkrld rftrksls lokshldkdml oldsfoufdtfifdtf ud shd dúifrl mf mfikdmks, iu`tks, ksé olil mf rfdfnlohkohldfs quf hipkotkrld sustkdohk`ifdtf `ls olstls fsthikmls. Fstf fsofdkrhl mhl phf k `k prliu`nkohÿd mf `k @fy ;673 mf 17;1 old f` d mf suaskdkr `ls frrlrfs `fnhs`kthvls f hipu`skr f` mfskrrl``l mf larks old pkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk pkrk prlmuohr fohfdohk y fbfothvhmkm fd f` ikdfjl mf` prfsupufstl dkohldk` (Afofrrk, 17;=). Mfsmf fdtldofs, f` ú`thil rènhifd jurémhol ifdohldkml fstka`fohÿ y ck rfnu`kml f` usl mf` ifokdhsil oldlohml olil Kslohkohÿd Wúa`hol Wrhvkmk ”fd kmf`kdtf KWW” okrkotfrhzkml plr sfr udk rf`kohÿd oldtrkotuk` k `krnl p`kzl fdtrf ud knfdtf púa`hol y prhvkml pkrk prlvffr ud ahfd l sfrvhohl púa`hol. Fd Ol`liahk `ls prhifrls prlyfotls fstruoturkmls akjl fstk ilmk`hmkm sf mhfrld fd `ls
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Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
ouktrl prlyfotls phldfrls mf `k Oukrtk Nfdfrkohÿd mf Oldofshldfs Rhk`fs l tkiahèd ``kikmks =N, sfnúd Mlouifdtl OLDWF_ ?>2;, quf tuvhfrld plr lajftl nfdfrkr oldfothvhmkm oldfothvhmkm y koofsl k mhbfrfdtfs zldks mf` tfrrhtlrhl olil f` Wkoéol y f` Okrhaf, oldtrhauyfdml k su vfz k udk ifjlr oldfxhÿd mfsmf f` dlrtf k` sur mf` pkés. Fstls prlyfotls bufrld Nhrkrmlt - Cldmk - Wufrtl _k`nkr, Iu`k`ÿ - @lalnufrrfrl, Wfrhiftrk` Lrhfdtf mf Oudmhdkikrok Oudmhdkikrok y Okrtknfdk - Akrrkdquh`` Akrrkdquh``kk - Ohroudvk`kr (MDW, 17;?). Kudquf f` usl mf `ks KWW olil fstrktfnhk ck pfrihthml k`okdzkr ifjlrfs oldmhohldfs mf hdbrkfstruoturk púa`hok, f` oliplrtkihfdtl fd f` mfskrrl``l mf prlyfotls mf fstf thpl fd f` pkés pufmf quf fstè mftfrihdkml plr bkotlrfs fxÿnfdls k` budohldkihfdtl mf` ihsil. Wlr oldshnuhfdtf, fs vk`hlsl hdmknkr fd udl mf mhocls bkotlrfs, olil `k olipfththvhmkm mf okmk tfrrhtlrhl pkrk lasfrvkr què tkd ktrkothvl rfsu`tk pkrk `k hdvfrshÿd. Fstl sf vhs`uiarÿ k trkvès mf` Édmhof Mfpkrtkifdtk` mf Olipfththvhmkm akjl f` ouk` sf rfk`hzÿ ud kdë`hshs tfdhfdml fd oufdtk sfhs mfpkrtkifdtls old udk okdthmkm mftfrihdkmk mf prlyfotls k olrtf mf bfarfrl fd 17;3 y 17;8 pkrk hdstkurkr `k chpÿtfshs mf sh sfr ud mfpkrtkifdtl olipfththvl fs budmkifdtk` pkrk oldofdtrkr prlyfotls mf KWW, y ksé, fxp`hokr mf k`nudk ikdfrk f` rfzknl fd k`nudls mf `ls tfrrhtlrhls oliprfdmhmls. Ksé pufs, f` prfsfdtf tfxtl sf mhvhmf fd shftf pkrtfs. @k prhifrk fxpldf f` lrhnfd mf `ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol-Wrhvkmks fd Ol`liahk y sus rfspfothvks sfnudmk sf iufstrk fdoufdtrk `k rfnu`kohÿd fstka`fohmk mf` ifokdhsil ifmhkdtf `k @fy ;673 ftkpks. mf 17;1.Fd@k`ktfrofrk pkrtf k`nudls kdtfofmfdtfs hdvfsthnkthvls slarf f` tfik mfsmf mhbfrfdtfs mhsohp`hdks y fdblqufs. Fd f` oukrtl kpkrtkml sf kdk`hzk f` oliplrtkihfdtl mf `ks KWW k trkvès mf ud fjfrohohl fstkmésthol y old aksf fd `ls mktls mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk ”fd sus shn`ks WKWW” k bfarfrl mf 17;8. Fd oldolrmkdohk old f` ú`thil kpkrtkml, fd f` quhdtl sf rfk`hzk ud oldtrkstf fdtrf `ls mktls mf bfarfrl 17;8 y 17;3 pkrk vfr `k fvl`uohÿd mf `ls prlyfotls fd `ls mhsthdtls mfpkrtkifdtls. Fd `k sfxtk pkrtf sf hdmknk fd `ls kspfotls quf pufmfd hdfiuhr pkrk `k kp`hokohÿd mf KWW fd 2 mfpkrtkifdtls mf Ol`liahk tfdhfdml fd oufdtk f` Édmhof Mfpkrtkifdtk` mf Olipfththvhmkm 17;3. Bhdk`ifdtf sf fstka`fofd udk sfrhf mf oldo`ushldfs mf koufrml k `k hdvfsthnkohÿd mfskrrl``kmk.
Hdhohl mf `ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks fd Ol`liahk @k hdbrkfstruoturk púa`hok thfdf ud hipkotl fd `ks rf`kohldfs slohk`fs y prlmuothvks fxtfrdks f hdtfrdks mf` tfrrhtlrhl. Fmuokohÿd, trkdsplrtf, skdfkihfdtl y véks sld kspfotls quf hdohmfd fd `ks mhdëihoks foldÿihoks mf` mék k mék, plr `l quf, f` suihdhstrl mf fstls ahfdfs y sfrvhohls rfsu`tk prfpldmfrkdtf dl sÿ`l pkrk f` orfohihfdtl foldÿihol shdl tkiahèd pkrk f` mfskrrl``l slohk` fd f` pkés (MDW, 17;2). _hd fiakrnl, f` mèoht prfsupufstk` fd Ol`liahk dl pfrihtf rfspldmfr k `ks dfofshmkmfs orfohfdtfs fd hdbrkfstruoturk, rfsu`tkdml prlphohl kolnfr fstrktfnhks quf pku`kthdkifdtf sup`kd mhocks dfofshmkmfs, fdtrf `ks quf sf mfstkok `k ktrkoohÿd k trkoohÿd mf hdvfrshÿd prhvkmk. Akjl fstf pkdlrkik, mfsmf ;882 sf fipfzÿ k prlilohldkr `k pkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk fd dkdohkohÿd, oldstruoohÿd y ikdtfdhihfdtl mf `ls prlyfotls mf mhsthdtls sfotlrfs mf` pkés plr pkrtf
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
68
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
mf` Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd y f` Fquhpl mf Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk ”MDW y WKWW, rfspfothvkifdtf fd kmf`kdtf”, f` ouk` surnf old kplyl dkdohfrl mf lrnkdhsils iu`th`ktfrk`fs olil f` Akdol Hdtfrkifrhokdl mf mf Mfskrrl``l y f` Akdol Hdtfrdkohldk` mf Qfoldstruoohÿd y Blifdtl ”AHM y AHQB, rfspfothvkifdtf fd kmf`kdtf” (MDW, 17;=k5 MDW, 17;>k). Fd fbfotl, `k vhdou`kohÿd mf okphtk` prhvkml fd hdbrkfstruoturk ck prfsfdtkml bksfs mhsthdtks kslohkmks old ifjlrks fd `ls prlnrkiks fstrktènhols fjfoutkmls, olrrfspldmhfdtfs k:
Wrhifrk bksf. Wkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk fd hdbrkfstruoturk WWOH-H Oliprfdmhmk fdtrf ;882 y 1771 fd kplyl old `ls lrnkdhsils iu`th`ktfrk`fs kdtfrhlrifdtf dliarkmls, sf orfÿ f` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k` Wrlofsl mf Wrhvkthzkohÿd fd Hdbrkfstruoturk rfspldskah`hmkm mf` AHM, pkrk kplykr k` prfstktkrhl fd f` prlofsl mf prhvkthzkohÿd fd `ls sfotlrfs mf fdfrnék, trkdsplrtf, tf`foliudhokohldfs, knuk pltka`f y skdfkihfdtl5 y f` Wrlyfotl mf Kshstfdohk ]èodhok pkrk `k Qfblrik Qfnu`ktlrhk akjl `k supfrvhshÿd mf` AHQB old f` lajfthvl mf ifjlrkr `k ok`hmkm mf `ls sfrvhohls mf hdbrkfstruoturk, hdo`uyfdml okrrftfrks, fdfrnék, f dfrnék, mhstrhauohÿd mf nks dkturk`, tf`foliudhokohldfs, y knuk pltka`f y skdfkihfdtl aëshol (MDW, 17;=a).
_fnudmk bksf. Wkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk fd hdbrkfstruoturk WWOH-HH Ausoÿ kplykr `ls prlyfotls mf pkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk fd f` ikrol mf` W`kd Dkohldk` mf Mfskrrl``l 1771-1772 ‐Ckohk ud Fstkml Oliudhtkrhl’. Fstk bksf latuvl udk dkdohkohÿd plr pkrtf mf` AHM mf $6 777 777 mÿ`krfs y ud ildtl mf $1 ;67 777 mÿ`krfs mf` nlahfrdl dkohldk`, pkrk ud tltk` mf $> ;67 777 mÿ`krfs. Qfoursls mfsthdkmls k dkdohkr `ls lajfthvls mf ikylr hipkotl mf` WDM (MDW, 17;=o).
]frofrk bksf. Wkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk p rhvkmk fd hdbrkfstruoturk WWOH-HHH _f lrhfdtÿ fd prlplrohldkr y oldthdukr old f` kplyl k `ls prlyfotls mf dfofshmkm ol`fothvk ol`fothvk fd f` pkés mf ftkpks kdtfrhlrfs, k` blrtk`fohihfdtl hdsthtuohldk` y tèodhol mf fdthmkmfs olil f` MDW, kmfiës mf oldtrhauhr k` koldmhohldkihfdtl mf ikrols rfnu`ktlrhls k dhvf` iu`thsfotlrhk`. K trkvès mf` OLDWF_ ?>22 sf su dk`hzkohÿd fdfjfoutkrék 17;? mkdml pksl k` Wrlnrkik mf Kslohkohldfs Kslohkoh ldfs Wúa`hol-Wrhvkmks pkrk777 Ol`liOl`liahk,mhl kclrk WKWW, quf sf fdtrf 17;= y 17;3 dkdohkml old ud ildtl mf ckstk $16 777 mÿ`krfs prlmuotl mf ud fiprèsthtl plr pkrtf mf `k akdok iu`th`ktfrk`, fstls rfoursls sf fdoufdtrkd k mhsplshohÿd mf fdthmkmfs púa`hoks dkohldk`fs olil suadkohldk`fs pkrk `k rfk`hzkohÿd mf fstumhls mf prl yfot yf otls ls mf hd hdbr brkf kfst stru ruot otur urkk fd ou ouk` k`qu quhf hfrr sf sfot otlr lr ml mldm dmff sf bl blifd ifdtf tf `k pk pkrt rtho hohp hpko kohÿ hÿdd pr prhv hvkm kmkk (M (MDW DW,, 17 17;= ;=m) m).. Fstf oldtfxtl olrrfspldmf k `ls hdtfdtls mf` pkés plr `lnrkr `ks mfdlihdkmks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol-Wrhvkmks, tkiahèd oldlohmks olil KWW, quf dk`ifdtf sf hdtrlmuofd mf ikdfrk blrik` old `k @fy ;673 mf` 17;1 (@lzkdl, 17;>) mldmf sf oldthfdf `k hmfk n`lak` mf` ilmus lpfrkdmh mf `ks KWW fd Ol`liahk olil ifokdhsils mf ol`kalrkohÿd fdtrf okphtk` púa`hol y prhvkml pkrk f` prlnrfsl, fspfohk`ifdtf fd hdbrkfstruoturk, mf` pkés (Fsolakr, 17;>). Wkrk fbfotls mf oliprfdmfr f` mfskrrl``l mf` krtéou`l sf ckrë ud kofrokihfdtl arfvf k `ks okrkotfrésthoks prhdohpk`fs mf `ks KWW akjl f` ikrol mf `k `fy.
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Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks fd f` ikrol mf `k @fy ;673 Mf koufrml old @lzkdl (17;>) `k dfofshmkm mf rfn`kifdtkr rfn`kifdtk r `ks KWW buf prlmuotl mf `k hdtfnrkohÿd iudmhk` quf ausoÿ f`hihdkr f` ilmf`l mf oldtrktkohÿd trkmhohldk` fd `k quf f` Fstkml ksuif tlmls `ls rhfsnls. Wkrk f` kûl 17;1, f` Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok skdohldÿ `k `fy ;673 ‐plr `k ouk` sf fstka`fof f` rènhifd jurémhol mf `ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol Wrhvkmks, sf mhotkd dlriks lrnëdhoks mf prfsupufstl y sf mhotkd ltrks mhsplshohldfs’ (p.;). F` Krtéou`l ;º mfdf `k nurk mf KWW olil: @ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol Wrhvkmks sld ud hdstruifdtl mf vhdou`kohÿd mf okphtk` prhvkml, quf sf iktfrhk`hzkd fd ud oldtrktl fdtrf udk fdthmkm fstktk` y udk pfrsldk dkturk` l jurémhok mf mfrfocl prhvkml, pkrk `k prlvhshÿd mf ahfdfs púa`hols y mf sus sfrvhohls rf`kohldkmls, quf hdvl`uork `k rftfdohÿd y trkdsbfrfdohk mf rhfsnls fdtrf `ks pkrtfs y ifokdhsils mf pknl, rf`kohldkmls old `k mhspldhah`hmkm y f` dhvf` mf sfrvhohl mf `k hdbrkfstruoturk y/l sfrvhohl (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1, p.;).
Fd ltrks pk`karks ‐fs ud fsqufik mf fjfouohÿd mf ouk`quhfr thpl mf prlyfotl mf hdvfrshÿd fd mldmf f` sfotlr púa`hol y f` sfotlrsfprhvkml trkakjkd k`hdfkd sus lajfthvls’ (MDW, 17;2, p. =). _fnuhmkifdtf, fstka`fof fd `ls oldjudtkifdtf krtéou`ls ? y 2, yokrkotfrésthoks olil su ëiahtl mf kp`hokohÿd y f` p`kzl fd kûls pkrk `k fjfouohÿd mf` prlyfotl. F` krtéou`l ? fdudohk: ‐@k prfsfdtf `fy fs kp`hoka`f k tlmls kquf``ls oldtrktls fd `ls ouk`fs `ks fdthmkmfs fstktk`fs fdokrnufd k ud hdvfrshldhstk prhvkml f` mhsfûl y oldstruoohÿd mf udk hdbrkfstruoturk y sus sfrvhohls kslohkmls, l su oldstruoohÿd, rfpkrkohÿd, ifjlrkihfdtl l fquhpkihfdtl, kothvhmkmfs tlmks fstks quf mfafrëd hdvl`uorkr `k lpfrkohÿd y ikdtfdhihfdtl mf mhock hdbrkfstruoturk. ]kiahèd plmrëd vfrskr slarf hdbrkfstruoturk pkrk `k prfstkohÿd mf sfrvhohls púa`hols’. (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1, p.;)
Fs mfohr, mfohr, sf of`farkrë ud oldtrktl oukdml f` Fstkml rfquhfrk `k pkrthohpkohÿd mf ud prhvkml pkrk `k oldstruoohÿd l ikdtfdhihfdtl mf hdbrkfstruoturk púa`hok. Ksé olil, su mfrfocl k `k fxp`ltkohÿd mf koufrml old `ks oldmhohldfs pkotkmks y sfrë fjfoutkml shfiprf quf f` ildtl mf hdvfrshÿd sfk supfrhlr k `ls 2777 _II@R (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1). Wlr su pkrtf, f` krtéou`l 2 fstka`fof quf ‐`ls oldtrktls pkrk `k fjfouohÿd mf prlyfotls mf kslohkohÿd púa`hol prhvkmk, tfdmrëd ud p`kzl iëxhil mf trfhdtk ”?7” kûls, hdo`uhmks prÿrrlnks’ (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1, p. 1). _hd fiakrnl, fd oksl tk` quf sf supfrf mhocl p`kzl sf rfquhfrf f` oldofptl bkvlrka`f mf` Oldsfjl Dkohldk` mf Wl`éthok Foldÿihok y _lohk` pkrk plmfr ``fvkr k okal f` oldtrktl (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1). Wlr `l quf sf rffrf k `ls thpls mf KWW, fs hiplrtkdtf k prhlrh rfsk`tkr mls f`fifdtls quf olipldfd `k o`kshokohÿd, f` prhifrl fs, quhèd prlpldf `k hdhohkthvk mf` prlyfotl5 y f` sfnudml, mf mÿdmf prlvhfdfd `ls rfoursls pkrk su fjfouohÿd. Fd fstf sfdthml, fd `ls tétu`ls HH y HHH mf` krthou`kml sf ckof k`ushÿd k` thpl mf hdhohkthvk, `k ouk` pufmf sfr Wúa`hok l Wrhvkmk.
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
2;
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
F` tétu`l HH ‐Wrlyfotls mf Kslohkohÿd Wúa`hol Wrhvkmk mf Hdhohkthvk Wúa`hok’ mfdf `ks ftkpks pkrk kmjumhokr ud prlyfotl5 hdhohkdml plr ud shstfik mf prfok`hokohÿd mldmf ud nrupl mf lbfrfdtfs fs f`fnhml pkrk hdhohkr prlofsl mf sf`foohÿd. Dl lastkdtf, kquf``k fdthmkm quf ckof `k oldvloktlrhk mfafrë oldtkr kdtfs old tlmls `ls fstumhls dfofskrhls pkrk slstfdfr `k vhkah`hmkm mf` prlyfotl sfkd tèodhols, dkdohfrls, kiahfdtk`fs, olstl-afdfohl, fdtrf ltrls. Vdk vfz sf oufdtf old `k kdtfrhlr hdblrikohÿd, f` prlyfotl fd prhifrk hdstkdohk sf prfsfdtk k` Ihdhstfrhl mf Ckohfdmk y Orèmhtl Wúa`hol pkrk sfr fvk`ukml y rfihthml old kprlakohÿd k` MDW mldmf sf mftfrihdk `k oldvfdhfdohk mf usl mf` ifokdhsil KWW5 y mf tk` ilml, sf`foohldkr kquf``k fdthmkm quf rfprfsfdtf rfprfsfdt f f` ‐lbrfohihfdtl iës bkvlrka`f k `k fdthmkm y k `ls dfs quf f``k ausok’ (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1, p. =). Old rfspfotl k` tétu`l HHH, mfdlihdkml ‐Mf `ls prlyfotls mf Kslohkohÿd Wúa`hol Wrhvkmk mf Hdhohkthvk Wrhvkmk’ cky quf mfstkokr quf `k fstruoturkohÿd mf prlyfotls plr pkrtf mf knfdtfs prhvkmls, fstë mhvhmhml fd mls ftkpks: prfbkothah`hmkm y bkothah`hmkm. @k prhifrk mf f``ks sf rf`kohldk old `ks okrkotfrésthoks y oldmhohldfs akjl `ks ouk`fs sf mfskrrl``krë f` prlyfotl, ihfdtrks `k ú`thik, rfúdf f` kdë`hshs édtfnrl; mf `k vhkah`hmkm mf` prlyfotl (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1). Fd fstf lrmfd mf hmfks, `ls krtéou`ls ;> y ;8 fstka`fofd `ls mls thpls mf hdhohkthvk prhvkmk sfnúd mf mÿdmf prlvfdnkd `ls rfoursls, fs mfohr, hdhohkthvk prhvkmk old rfoursls púa`hols f hdhohkthvk prhvkmk shd rfoursls púa`hols. Fd f` prhifr oksl, `ks hdhohkthvks prhvkmks quf rfquhfrfd rfoursls púa`hols udk vfz fxhstf ud koufrml fdtrf f` lrhnhdkmlr y `k fdthmkm fstktk` olipftfdtf, sf karf prlofsl mf `hohtkohÿd púa`hok pkrk `k f`foohÿd mf ud oldtrkthstk hdtfrfskml fd ``fvkr k okal f` prlyfotl5 mkml quf sf rfquhfrf rfoursls púa`hols f` ildtl sl`hohtkml dl pufmf supfrkr f` 17% mf` ildtl fsthikml mf hdvfrshÿd mf` prlyfotl. _h fd ú`thik hdstkdohk, f` lrhnhdkmlr dl fs sf`foohldkml, quhfd fjfoutf f` prl yfotl yfo tl mfa mfaff pknkr pknkr plr `ls fstu fstumhl mhlss rfk`h rfk`hzkm zkmls ls prf prfvhk vhkifd ifdtf tf (Ol (Oldnr dnrfsl fsl mf `k Qfp Qfpúa` úa`hok hok,, 17;1). 17;1). Mf ltrk pkrtf, sfnúd f` krtéou`l ;8 kquf``ks hdhohkthvks mf okrëotfr prhvkml quf dl rfquhfrfd f` mfsfial`sl mf rfoursls mf` Wrfsupufstl Nfdfrk` mf `k Dkohÿd, mf ouk`quhfr fdthmkm tfrrhtlrhk` l bldml púa`hol pkrk fbfotukr f` prlyfotl mfafrë pua`hokr `k mlouifdtkohÿd olrrfspldmhfdtf fd f` _hstfik F`fotrÿdhol pkrk `k Oldtrktkohÿd Wúa`hok mf ikdfrk tk` quf sf pufmk oldlofr tfrofrls hdtfrfskmls fd pkrthohpkr fd `k fjfouohÿd mf` prlyfotl1. Fd oksl mf dl fxhsthr tfrofrls hdtfrfskmls sf rfk`hzkrë f` oldtrktl old f` lrhnhdkmlr mf `k hdhohkthvk ? (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1).
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Mf koufrml old f` krtéou`l ;=, fstf kdë`hshs oliprfdmf ‐f` ‐f` ilmf`l bhdkdohfrl mftk``kml y blriu`kml quf budmkifdtf f` vk`lr mf` prlyfotl, mfsorhpohÿd mftk``kmk mf `ks bksfs y murkohÿd mf` prlyfotl, justhbhokohÿd mf` p`kzl mf` oldtrktl, kdë`hshs mf rhfsnls kslohkmls k` prlyfotl, fstumhls mf hipkotl kiahfdtk`, foldÿihol y slohk`, y fstumhls mf bkothah`hmkm tèodhok, foldÿihok, kiahfdtk`, prfmhk`, bhdkdohfrk y jurémhok mf` prlyfotl’ (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1, p. 6). Oldblrif k` krtéou`l ;8, fd mhock ‐pua`hokohÿd ‐pua`hokohÿd `k fdthmkm fstktk` fstktk` olipftfdtf olipftfdtf sfûk`krë `ks oldmhohldfs quf mfafd mfafd ouip`hr fvfdtuk`fs hdtfrfskmls’ (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1, p. >). F` krtéou`l 17 fdudohk quf ‐sh ud tfrofrl ikdhbhfstk su hdtfrès fd fjfoutkr f` prlyfotl, (...) (...) mfafrë ikdhbfstkr`l y nkrkdthzkr `k prfsfdtkohÿd mf `k hdhohkthvk ifmhkdtf udk pÿ`hzk mf sfnurls, ud kvk` akdokrhl u ltrls ifmhls kutlrhzkmls plr `k `fy, korfmhtkdml su okpkohmkm jurémhok, bhdkdohfrk l mf pltfdohk` bhdkdohkohÿd, `k fxpfrhfdohk fd hdvfrshÿd l fd fstruoturkohÿd mf prlyfotls, pkrk mfskrrl``kr f` prlyfotl kolrmkml’ (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1, p. >).
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
Bhdk`ifdtf, f` tétu`l HR fstë olipufstl mfsmf f` krtéou`l 11 ckstk f` ?8 plr `ks ‐Mhsplshohldfs oliudfs mf `ls prlyfotls mf Kslohkohÿd Wúa`hol Wrhvkmk’ rf`kohldkmks old tfiks olil: quhèdfs sf afdfohkrëd plr f` oldtrktl kmjumhokml, mÿdmf sf mfaf rfnhstrkr `ls prlyfotls dkohldk`fs mf KWW, `ks tksks plr kmhohÿd mf rfoursls l prÿrrlnk y `k ou`ihdkohÿd kdthohpkmk mf` oldtrktl (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1). Wkrk `ls prlpÿshtls mf `k shnuhfdtf pkrtf, mf fstf ú`thil tétu`l sf kalrmkrë pkrthou`krifdtf f` krtéou`l 16, f` ouk` ckof rfbfrfdohk k` Qfnhstrl Údhol mf Kslohkohÿd Wúa`hol Wrhvkmk ”fd ” fd kmf`kdtf y plr sus shn`ks QVKWW” mldmf sf mhspldf: ‐F` Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd kmihdhstrkrë y rfn`kifdtkrë `k lpfrkohÿd mf` Qfnhstrl Údhol mf Kslohkohÿd Wúa`hol Wrhvkmk, QVKWW, f` ouk` sfrë púa`hol y fd f` quf sf hdolrplrkrëd `ls prlyfotls quf f` Nlahfrdl Dkohldk` l `ks fdthmkmfs tfrrhtlrhk`fs oldshmfrk prhlrhtkrhls, `ls prlyfotls mf Kslohkohÿd Wúa`hol Wrhvkmk fd trëihtf tkdtl k dhvf` dkohldk` y tfrrhtlrhk`, su fstkml mf mfskrrl``l, `ls prlyfotls mf Kslohkohÿd Wúa`hol Wrhvkmk quf ckd shml rfockzkmls’. (Oldnrfsl mf `k Qfpúa`hok, 17;1, pp. 3-8)
Mhocl mf ltrl ilml ‐fs udk aksf mf mktls kmihdhstrkmk plr f` Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd quf rfolph`k `k hdblrikohÿd slarf f` fstkml mf `ls prlyfotls quf akjl fstf fsqufik sf mfskrrl``kd k fsok`k dkohldk` y tfrrhtlrhk`’ (MDW, 17;>a, p. 3). Rhstl `ls f`fifdtls prhdohpk`fs mf` krthou`kml quf rhnf `ks KWW, fs pfrthdfdtf ckofr udk arfvf rfvhshÿd hdvfsthnkthvk kofrok mf` ifokdhsil f` ouk` fs tkd rfohfdtf fd Ol`liahk fd oldtrkstf old ltrks `kthtumfs mldmf sf thfdf ud ikylr i kylr aknkjf. Fd fstf sfdthml, k oldthdukohÿd, sf prfsfdtk k`nudls mlouifdtls mldmf sf kdk`hzk `ks vfdtkjks mf `ks KWW fd f` mfskrrl``l mf larks mf hdbrkfstruoturk, rkzldfs mf` plr què sf oldtfip`ÿ su hip`fifdtkohÿd y ohfrtks okrkotfrésthoks quf kokrrfk `k dkdohkohÿd mf` sfotlr prhvkml.
Kprlxhikohldfs k `ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks fd Ol`liahk @k prlilohÿd mf `k ol`kalrkohÿd fstrfock fdtrf f` sfotlr púa`hol y prhvkml mfsmf `k @fy ;673 mf 17;1 ck susohtkml `k nfdfrkohÿd mf mhvfrsls trkakjls quf prfsfdtkd y rffifxhldkd fd tlrdl k` usl ifokdhsil fd f` pkés. @k `htfrkturk mhspldha`f sunhfrf fd vkrhks lokshldfs oldo`ushldfs shih`krfs slarf f` ilmf`l kslohkmks old ckohk mÿdmf pufmf fdokihdkrsf y fd què kspfotls fs dfofskrhl kcldmkr pkrk oliprfdmfr ifjlr su budohldkihfdtl. Fd prhifrk hdstkdohk Nkroék ft k`. (17;>) fd su mlouifdtl mkd k oldlofr mf ikdfrk nfdfrk` tlml `l rf`kohldkml old `ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol Wrhvkmks mfsmf prlofmhihfdtl y dlrikthvhmkm, ksé olil rfquhshtls y fstruoturkohÿd pkrthfdml mf `ls mls kotlrfs prhdohpk`fs quf sf vhdou`kd, f` sfotlr prhvkml y púa`hol. Akjl fstf pkdlrkik, oldo`uyfrld quf `l quf okrkotfrhzk f` ifokdhsil fs `k rf`kohÿd oldtrkotuk` fdtrf `ls knfdtfs pkrk prlvffr ud ahfd y sfrvhohl fd ud thfipl fstka`fohml5 k su vfz, quf `k okrfdtf hdbrkfstruoturk fd mhsthdtls iudhohphls mf` tfrrhtlrhl ol`liahkdl thfdf `k lplrtudhmkm mf sfr sl`vfdtkmk old fstk ilmk`hmkm plrquf su ikylr usl hdmhok
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
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@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
quf dl sÿ`l fstë mhsfûkmk pkrk rfspldmfr k tfiks vhk`fs shdl quf f` ikrol jurémhol quf `k olahjk fxthfdmf su kp`hokohÿd k ltrls sfotlrfs olil fmuokohÿd, sk`um y tfodl`lnék. Wlr ltrk pkrtf, Af`trëd (17;>) ckof ud kofrokihfdtl k `k dkturk`fzk mf` ifokdhsil pkrk mftfrihdkr sus vfdtkjks y mfsvfdtkjks k` rfk`hzkr ud oldtrkstf old f` hdstruifdtl mf oldtrktkohÿd mf lark púa`hok trkmhohldk`. Fd su rfvhshÿd oldo`uyf quf f` ifokdhsil mf `ks KWW rfspldmf k udk tfdmfdohk iudmhk`, fd `k ouk` f` Qfhdl Vdhml ck shml phldfrl, rfsk`tk quf Ol`liahk dl sf pufmf rf`fnkr fd su usl, pufs oldtrhauyf k` aufd mfskrrl``l slohk` y foldÿihol, pkrk `l ouk`, fs budmkifdtk` oldtkr old f` kplyl mf` sfotlr prhvkml. _larf f` ú`thil kspfotl, Nldzë`fz ft k`. (17;=) ckofd ud kdë`hshs iës kip`hl, oldolrmkdml fd quf `k ollpfrkohÿd old f` sfotlr prhvkml rfprfsfdtk udk lplrtudhmkm vk`hlsk pkrk f` mfskrrl``l mf prlyfotls mf hdbrkfstruoturk mf` pkés, k trkvès mf ifokdhsils mf dkdohkohÿd olil f` Wrljfot Bhdkdof. Bhdkdof. _hd fiakrnl, sfûk`kd quf, mf hdouip`hr old f` mfskrrl``l mf` prlyfotl, f` usl mf fstls iètlmls mf dkdohkohÿd nfdfrkd fbfotls dfnkthvls plr sus k`tls olstls mf trkdskoohÿd. Bhdk`ifdtf, sunhfrfd k`nudks `édfks hdvfsthnkthvks tk`fs olil `ls orèmhtls shdmhokmls, vfcéou`ls mf hdvfrshÿd, rfdfnlohkohÿd mf oldtrktls, dkdohkohÿd k trkvès mf aldm prljfots, prljfots, hdmhokmlrfs mf sfrvhohl, fsqufiks KWW pkrk sf`foohldkr f` ifjlr prlyfotl y ok`hokohÿd mf rhfsnl, tfiks fd `ls quf sf pufmf prlbudmhzkr pkrk oldtrhauhr k `k mhsoushÿd. Fd f` oksl mf Nldzë`fz (17;=) sf rfk`hzÿ ud rfoufdtl chstÿrhol mf` ifokdhsil, fdblokml fspfoéokifdtf fd `ls prlyfotls mf hdhohkthvk prhvkmk. @k hdvfsthnkohÿd oldo`uyf quf fstls rfprfsfdtkd udk o`krk vfdtkjk pkrk f` Fstkml, pufs `f pfrihtf rf`fnkr `ls rhfsnls foldÿihols y dkdohfrls k `ls pkrthou`krfs, k` hnuk` quf ``fvkr k okal prlyfotls olip`fjls quf mhbéoh`ifdtf `ks fdthmkmfs púa`hoks cuahfsfd plmhml ``fvkr k okal old sus `hihtkdtfs sok`fs. Rfrnkrk (17;2) fd okiahl chzl ud mhsofrdhihfdtl fdtrf `ls oldtrktls plr oldofshÿd y `ks KWW old f` d mf fdoldtrkr nrkdmfs mhbfrfdohks. _hd fiakrnl, f` fjfrohohl oldo`uyÿ fd quf `fjls mf tfdfr`ks, sf ksfifjkd fd su ilml mf fjfoutkr `ls oldtrktls k pfskr mf tfdfr udk oliplshohÿd dlrikthvk mhsthdtk. Fstl mfahml k quf `ls oldtrktls mf oldofshÿd ausokd fjfoutkr y pknkr ud oldtrktl mf lark k` hnuk` quf `ks KWW, yk quf tkiahèd sld ud hdstruifdtl jurémhol pkrk dkdohkr udk oldofshÿd, y plr fdmf, ouip`hr ud oldtrktl mf lark. Bhdk`ifdtf sunhfrf quf f` Fstkml mfaf sfnuhr kip`hkdml f` usl mf KWW, pkrk ksé ihdhihzkr rhfsnls y nfdfrkr hdofdthvls pkrk quf `ls hdvfrshldhstks prhvkmls hdourshldfd fd f` mfskrrl``l mf hdbrkfstruoturk pkrk lark slohk`. Wlr su pkrtf, @ldmlûl (17;=) ckof udk rfvhshÿd chstÿrhok fd f` fsofdkrhl hdtfrdkohldk` mf` ifokdhsil ktfrrhzkdml dk`ifdtf fd Ol`liahk, mldmf hmfdthoÿ ouë`fs sld sus lajfthvls y mhou`tkmfs mf koufrml old `l fstka`fohml fd `k `fy, k pkrthr mf f``l u`thiÿ quf f` pkés sf ck fipfûkml fd hdofdthvkr `k pkrthohpkohÿd mf `k fiprfsk prhvkmk fd ausok mf mf ikdtfdfr `k sfdmk mf prlmuothvhmkm, olipfththvhmkm y fohfdohk quf okrkotfrhzkd `ks KWW. _hd fiakrnl, rfsk`tk `k dfofshmkm fd quf kspfotls olil `k fquhmkm y f` ifjlrkihfdtl fd `ls fstëdmkrfs mf ok`hmkm sfkd prhlrhzkmls mfsmf f` ikrol rfnu`ktlrhl pkrk `ls prlyfotls fjfoutkmls fd mhock ilmk`hmkm.
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Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
Rkrnks (17;?) justhok f` usl mf `ks KWW k rkéz mf `k hdokpkohmkm mf` Fstkml fd kmf`kdtkr prlyfotls mf hdbrkfstruoturk plr su fsoksfz fd rfoursls, ud bkotlr quf trudok f` mfskrrl``l mf` pkés. Wlr fdmf, krik quf `k vhdou`kohÿd mf okphtk` fxtrkdjfrl l prhvkml oldtrhauyf k `lnrkr `ls dfs fsfdohk`fs mf` Fstkml, y ksé of`farkr nrkdmfs larks fd f` tfrrhtlrhl mldmf `ls dhvf`fs mf n`lak`hzkohÿd hipfrkd old bufrzk. @l fxpufstl pfrihtf oldo`uhr quf `ks K`hkdzks Wúa`hol Wrhvkmks dl sÿ`l sld ud ifokdhsil mldmf `ls hdtfrfsfs prhvkmls y fstktk`fs oldvfrnfd shdl tkiahèd udk fstrktfnhk pk`pka`f pkrk mkr sl`uohÿd k` mèoht fd hdbrkfstruoturk mf` ouk` kml`fof f` pkés. Mfsmf su rfnu`kohÿd fd 17;1, `ks KWW ckd tfdhml udk kolnhmk plshthvk plr `l quf nrkd okdthmkm mf hdhohkthvks `hnkmks k mhsthdtls sfotlrfs ckd lptkml plr prfsfdtkrsf pkrk lasfrvkr su vhkah`hmkm akjl f` ihsil. Mhocl `l kdtfrhlr y pkrk f` prlpÿshtl mf` tfxtl, f` shnuhfdtf kpkrtkml prfsfdtk ud kdë`hshs nfdfrk` oukdthtkthvl slarf `ls prlyfotls rfnhstrkmls fd f` shstfik QVKWW k bfarfrl mf 17;8 y su oldtrkstf pkrk f` ihsil pfrélml old f` kûl hdifmhktkifdtf kdtfrhlr5 `ks aksfs uth`hzkmks ckd shml suihdhstrkmks plr pkrtf mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk ”WKWW” mf` MDW.
Kdë`hshs mf Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol- Wrhvkmks fd Ol`liahk slarf aksf k bfarfrl 17;8 mf` WKWW Wkrk bfarfrl mf 17;3 fd f` QVKWW cual ud tltk` mf 233 prlyfotls rfnhstrkmls. _hd fiakrnl, pkrk f` kûl vhnfdtf `k ohbrk lsoh`k fd >?7, fs mfohr, udk vkrhkohÿd plshthvk mf 2.;% fd `ls rfnhstrls. K bfarfrl mf 17;8, mf `ls >?7 KWW fd f` shstfik f` >8% olrrfspldmf k hdhohkthvks prhvkmks shd rfoursls púa`hols, f` ;?% k hdhohkthvks prhvkmks old rfoursls púa`hols y tkd sÿ`l f` 3% k hdhohkthvks púa`hoks, hdmhokdml plr udk pkrtf quf, `ks oldmhohldfs pkrk `k hdvfrshÿd prhvkmk akjl mhocl ifokdhsil ckd ifjlrkml sustkdohk`ifdtf y mf ltrl `kml, f` pkpf` mf` Fstkml olil prlpldfdtf fs plol shndhokthvl ”vfr nurk ;”.
Bhnurk ;. ]hpls mf KWW 3%
;?%
Hdhohkthvk Wúa`hok
>8%
Hdhohkthvk Wrhvkmk old rfoursls púa`hols Hdhohkthvk Wrhvkmk shd rfoursls púa`hols
Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd prlphk old mktls mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk mf` MDW.
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
26
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
Wlr ltrk pkrtf, olil sf lasfrvk fd `k nurk 1= f` thpl mf `unkr mf mfskrrl``l mf `ks KWW fd f` pkés prfsfdtk udk ikylr oldofdtrkohÿd k dhvf` iudhohpk` old =18 prlyfotls, sfnuhml plr mfpkrtkifdtls old ;62, prlyfotls mf k`okdof dkohldk` ;?2 y fd ërfks iftrlpl`htkdks >. @k hdhohkthvk prhvkmk shd rfoursls púa`hols prfmlihdk fd iudhohphls old ud >8.1%, mfpkrtkifdtk` 37.>%, dkohldk` >>.1% y ërfk iftrlpl`htkdk >;.=%. Bhnurk 1. ]hpl mf `unkr mf mfskrrl``l mf `ks KWW 677 =18
=67 =77 ?67 ?77 167 177
;62
;?2
;67 ;77 67
>
7 Ërfk Iftrl pl `htkd k
Mfpkrtkifd tl
Iu dho hp hl
W kés
Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd prlphk old mktls mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk mf` MDW.
Mf koufrml old f` kdë`hshs slarf `k aksf, ;21 prlyfotls fd iudhohphls fstëd mhrhnhmls k` sfotlr mf fmhokohldfs púa`hoks y rfdlvkohÿd urakdk fd kspfotls olil ërfks olifrohk`fs, pkrqufkmfrls púa`hols, fsofdkrhls mfplrthvls5 k`nudls mf `ls ouk`fs sld: f` ikdtfdhihfdtl k `k udhmkm mfplrthvk F` Okipéd y `k oldstruoohÿd mf `k dufvk sfmf mf `k _upfrhdtfdmfdohk mf Dltkrhkml y Qfnhstrl fd `k okphtk` mf` pkés, `k oldstruoohÿd mf `k sfmf kmihdhstrkthvk mf `k K`ok`mék mf Wfrfhrk y f` ifjlrkihfdtl mf` folpkrquf mf` rél Wkdof fd Ok`h6. Fdtrf tkdtl, fd f` sfotlr trkdsplrtf ;?=, ;;2 y ;66 olrrfspldmfd k mfpkrtkifdtls, dkohldk` y iudhohpk`, rfspfothvkifdtf, fs mfohr, mfohr, f` 66.6% mf `ls prlyfotls rfnhstrkmls `l quf pfrihtf hdbfrhr quf fxhstf ud p`kd mf oldfothvhmkm vhk` fd f` tfrrhtlrhl quf nhrk k`rfmfmlr mf `ks =N. Mfdtrl mf fstls prlyfotls sf fdoufdtrk `k Kvfdhmk @ldnhtumhdk` mf Loohmfdtf ”K@L” fd `k ohumkm mf Alnltë, `k oldfxhÿd vhk` W`ktl ”Nuëhikrl” Wk`fril, olrrfmlr plrtukrhl mf Okrtknfdk, f` trkdvék mf Ok`h, trfd rfnhldk` mf` Ocloÿ, fdtrf ltrls 2. = 6 2
22
@k suik mf fstls mktls fs >13, pufstl quf 1 prlyfotls dl oldthfdfd rfnhstrl mf su `unkr mf mfskrrl``l. @ls prlyfotls ifdohldkmls kqué, y mf kclrk fd kmf`kdtf, prlvhfdfd mf `k aksf mf mktls mf` WKWW mf` MDW. @ls prlyfotls ifdohldkmls pkrk f` sfotlr fmhbhokohldfs púa`hoks púa`hoks y rfdlvkohÿd urakdk, ksé olil mf trkdsplrtf sf fdoufdtrkd fd ftkpk mf prfbkothah`hmkm y bkothah`hmkm fd fstumhl, sfnúd `k aksf.
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
Fd rf`kohÿd old `k ftkpk fd `k ouk` sf fdoufdtrkd `ls prlyfotls, `k nurk ? prfsfdtk f` plrofdtkjf mf `ks hdhohkthvks púa`hoks pkrk ouktrl mf sus ftkpks olrrfspldmhfdtfs k prfbkothah`hmkm, bkothah`hmkm, mfshfrtl y oldtrktkml fd oldtrkstf old f` thpl mf `unkr mf mfskrrl``l. Fd fstf sfdthml, mf `ls 1= prlyfotls fd ftkpk mf prfbkothah`hmkm f` 21.6% sld iudhohpk`fs, ksé olil f` 3>% fd bkothah`hmkm. Ihfdtrks f` tltk` mf mfshfrtls y `k ikylr pkrtf mf prlyfotls yk oldtrktkmls sld mf lrmfd dkohldk`.
Bhnurk ?. Fstkml mf KWW fd hdhohkthvk púa`hok
Wrf-bkothah`hmkm
Bkothah`hmkm
?
;6
;
2
17
Mfshfrtl
1
1
Oldtrktkml
;
7%
1
1 7%
= 7%
Mfp Mf pkr krttki kifd fdtl tl
2 7% Iud udho hohhph phl l
3 7%
;77 %
Wkés Wk és
Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd prlphk old mktls mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk mf` MDW.
Ihfdtrks tkdtl, fd `ls prlyfotls prhvkmls old rfoursls púa`hols ”vfr nrëok =” f` 61.>% rfockzkmls fd ftkpk mf prfbkothah`hmkm sld mf mfskrrl``l iudhohpk`, 1>.1% mfpkrtkifdtk`fs y ;3.;% mf okrëotfr dkohldk`, fs mfohr, fd `ls `unkrfs mf o`kshokohÿd mf mfskrrl``l, pkrk fstf thpl mf KWW, f` ikylr dúifrl mf prlyfotls sf uahok fd `k ftkpk mf prfbkothah`hmkm rfockzkmk. Mf hnuk` ikdfrk, fd `ks hdhohkthvks prhvkmks shd rfoursls púa`hols ”vfr nurk 6” fd ftkpk mf prfbkothah`hmkm rfockzkmk sf fdoufdtrk ud 61.>1% mf prlyfotls k dhvf` iudhohpk` sfnuhml plr `ls mfpkrtkifdtk`fs old ud 1>.1%. Fd sédtfshs, sf vhs`uiark quf `ks ftkpks mldmf sf kn`lifrkd `ls prlyfotls k `k bfock sld prfbkothah`hmkm fd fstumhl y prfbkothah`hmkm rfockzkmk, f` cfocl mf fxhsthr udk okdthmkm shndhokthvk mf prlyfotls fd `k prhifrk mf fstks mls ftkpks, sf trkmuof fd quf f` thfipl prfvhstl fd `k trkdshohÿd mf `ks mhsthdtks ftkpks sf prl`ldnuf y sf mfak hdourrhr fd olstls >.
>
@ls prlyfotls thfdfd `k plshah`hmkm mf rfnrfskr k `k ftkpk kdtfrhlr quf olrrfspldmk, sfnúd sfnúd f` thpl mf hdhohkthvk, shfiprf dl ckyk shml mfshsthml plr f` prlpldfdtf.
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
2>
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
Bhnurk =. Fstkml mf KWW fd hdhohkthvk prhvkmk old rfoursls púa`hols Wrf-bkotha Wrfbkothah`hmkm h`hmkm Qfockzkmk ;
Wrf-bkothah`hmkm Wrfbkothah`hmkm fd Fstu Fstumhl mhl ;
;6
18
=
;7
;6
@hohtkohÿd fd Wrlofsl
=
;
Bkothah`hmkm Qfockzkmk
2
Bkothah`hmkm fd Fstumhl
?
;
1
?
Oldtrktkml
; 7%
17%
Ërfk Ër fk Ift ftrlp rlpl` l`ht htkdk kdk
=7%
Mfppkr Mf krttki kifd fdtl tl
27%
37%
Iud udho hohph hphll
Wkéss Wké
;77%
Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd prlphk old mktls mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk mf` MDW.
Bhnurk 6. Fstkml mf KWW fd hdhohkthvk prhvkmk shd rfoursls púa`hols _f`foohÿd Karfvhkmk Kmju mhokm mhokmkk
;
Wrf-bkothah`hmkm Qfockzkmk 1
21
Wrf-bkothah`hmkm fd Fstumhl ?
??
Wksk k fstumhl olil udk hdhohkthvk.p hdhohkthvk.p old rfoursls púa`hols Bkothah`hmkm Qfockzkmk
=2
;7>
13
; >
Bkothah`hmkm fd Fstumhl Mfshsthml plr f` prlpldfdtf
;=6
?2
8
;1
?1
=
Oldtrktkml
3
;?
;7
2
Kvhsl mf Hdvhtko Hdvhtkohh ÿd ]frofrls
1
=
?
Krrfn`l mf m f Oldmhohldfs Oldmhohldfs fd Mfbhdhohÿd
;
;
7 % ;7% 17% ?7% =7% 67% 27% >7% 3 7% 8 7% ;77% Ërfk If Iftrl pl `htkd k
Mfpkrtkifd tl
Iu dho hp hl
W kés
Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd prlphk old mktls mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk mf` MDW.
23
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
Vd fsofdkrhl shih`kr sf prfsfdtk fd bkothah`hmkm fd fstumhl y bkothah`hmkm rfockzkmk, k` sfr `ls iudhohphls quhfdfs fdokafzkd `ls prlyfotls fd kiaks ftkpks old 2;.6% fd `k prhifrk y 28.1% fd bkothah`hmkm rfockzkmk. Mkml `l kdtfrhlr, okaf rfsk`tkr quf, `ks ouktrl ftkpks ifdohldkmks sld `trl pkrk `k oldthduhmkm mf` prlyfotl old lajftl mf ikdtfdfr rhnurlshmkm fd f` ouip`hihfdtl mf oldmhohldfs prlphks pkrk `k fjfouohÿd mf fstf y mf` thpl mf hdhohkthvk. Fd fstk ihsik `édfk, pfrl fd `ls mhbfrfdtfs sfotlrfs, mf koufrml old hdblrikohÿd mf `k aksf mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk mf` MDW f` sfotlr trkdsplrtf oufdtk old `k ikylr okdthmkm mf prlyfotls fd `ks mhbfrfdtfs ftkpks, mldmf kmjumhokml l oldtrktkml plsff udk prlplrohÿd mf` 88.;;% sfnuhml plr rfockzkml l mfshsthml old ud 26.=8% y bkothah`hmkm old =?.=1%. Fd sfnudml `unkr `unkr,, sf fdoufdtrkd `ls prlyfotls mf fmhokohldfs púa`hoks y rfdlvkohÿd urakdk oldofdtrkmls fd `k ftkpk mf prfbkothah`hmkm ”16.=?%” y dk`ifdtf, `ls prlyfotls mf knuk old f` ;=.8;% fd `k ihsik ftkpk. Rl`vhfdml old f` thpl mf `unkr mf mfskrrl``l mf `ks KWW, `k nurk 2 fdsfûk `ls shthls fspfoéols mldmf fstëd p`kdtfkmls. Fdtrf `ks ohumkmfs, Alnltë oufdtk old f` ?1.2% mf `ks hdhohkthvks mhstrhauhmks prhdohpk`ifdtf fdtrf `ls sfotlrfs mf fmhokohldfs púa`hoks y rfdlvkohÿd urakdk, trkdsplrtf, y knuk y skdfkihfdtl skdfki hfdtl aëshol oldy prlyfotls olil f` dufvl Iënhol, f` shstfik mf trkdsplrtf púa`hol mf ahoho`ftks `k mfsoldtkihdkohÿd pkrkpkrquf bufdtfs_k`htrf cémrhoks kfiufdtfs mf` rél Krzlahspl. Fd rf`kohÿd old KWW mf k`okdof dkohldk` f` ;1.3>% sld mf fstk okrkotfrésthok, mhrhnhmks slarf tlml k trkdsplrtf mldmf sf ck``kd f` sfrvhohl hdtfnrk` mf ildhtlrfl vhk` pkrk f` prlnrkik mf sfnurhmkm fd okrrftfrks dkohldk`fs, sfnudml túdf` mf` oruof mf `k olrmh``frk ofdtrk` y prlyfotl mf rfoupfrkohÿd mf dkvfnkah`hmkm mf` rél Iknmk`fdk. Wlr ltrk pkrtf, k dhvf` mfpkrtkifdtk` Oudmhdkikrok fs f` ofdtrl mf kolphl mf prlyfotls old ud ;1.3>% mhvhmhmls fd trkdsplrtf, knuk y skdfkihfdtl aëshol y fmhokohldfs púa`hoks y rfdlvkohÿd urakdk, mfdtrl mf `ls ouk`fs sf mfstkok f` iftrl `hnfrl rfnhldk` urakdl quf vk mfsmf `k fstkohÿd mf `k _kakdk ckstk `k fstkohÿd Bkoktkthvë. Qfspfotl k `ls mfiës `unkrfs, uahokmls fd f` dlrtf y loohmfdtf mf` pkés quf oldofdtrkd prl yfotls fd oursl fstls rfprfsfdtkd f` ;1.27% mf` tltk`, mhstrhauhmls fd sfotlrfs tk`fs olil fmuokohÿd, trkdsplrtf, fmhokohldfs púa`hoks y rfdlvkohÿd urakdk, knuk y skdfkihfdtl aëshol, fdfrnék y justhohk, oldsl`hmkmls fd ud tltk` mf 81 prlyfotls. Bhdk`ifdtf, fdtrf `ks fdthmkmfs quf rfnhstrkd iës prlyfotls fd f` shstfik QVKWW ”nurk >” sf fdoufdtrk `k Knfdohk Dkohldk` mf Hdbrkfstruoturk ”plr sus shn`ks KDH” old ;>3 hdhohkthvks mldmf f` 2.>=% fstëd oldtrktkmks, fd prfbkothah`hmkm ;?.=% y bkothah`hmkm ;;.>%. _fnuhmkifdtf, `k K`ok`mék mf Alnltë M.O old 8> fstkdml f` ?=% fd ftkpk mf prfbkothah`hmkm, =.;% fd bkothah`hmkm y f` 1% oldtrktkmls5 plr su pkrtf f` Hdsthtutl mf Hdbrkfstruoturk Hdbrkfstruoturk y Oldofshldfs mf Oudmhdkikrok ”fd sus shn`ks HOOV” f` >>.1% sf uahok fd prfbkothah`hmkm rfockzkmk k` hnuk` quf f` ?2.3% mf prlyfotls mf` Mfpkrtkifdtl Kmihdhstrkthvl mf `k Mfbfdslrék mf` Fspkohl Wúa`hol ”tkiahèd MKMFW” y f` 2;.6% mf ]rkdsih`fdhl _.K.
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
28
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
Bhnurk 2. @unkrfs mf mfskrrl``l fspfoéols mf `ks KWW Alnltë
1?3
Ol`liahk
;?6
Oudmhdkikrok
8=
Okrtknfdk
1=
Ifmf``éd
;8
Akrrkdquh``k
;6
Ok`h
;=
Kdthlquhk
;7
Auokrkikdnk
;7 7
67
;77
; 67
1 77
1 67
Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd prlphk old mktls mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk mf` MDW.
Bhnurk >. Fdthmkmfs old ikylr dúifrl mf prlyfotls rfnhstrkmls 177 ;37
;>3
;27 ;=7 ;17 ;77
8>
37 27 =7
==
?3 12
17 7 Knfdoh k Dkohldk` K`ok`mék Ikylr mf Knfdoh mf Hdbrkfstruoturk Alnltë M.O KDH
Hdsthtutl mf Hdbrkfstruoturk y Oldofshldfs mf Oudmhdkikrok HOOV
Mfpkrtkifdtl Kmihdhstrkthvl mf `k Mfbfdslrék mf` Fspkohl Wúa`hol MKMFW
]rkdsih`fdhl _.K.
Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd Bufdtf: f`kalrkohÿd prlphk old mktls mf` Wrlnrkik mf Kplyl k `k Wkrthohpkohÿd Wrhvkmk fd Hdbrkfstruoturk mf` MDW.
>7
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
Kdë`hshs mf oldtrkstf fdtrf aksf bfarfrl 17;3 y bfarfrl 17;8 mf K`hkdzks Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks Fd f` pkés `ks KWW fd sus mhsthdtls thpls ikdtuvhfrld ud mhdkihsil plshthvl murkdtf f` pfrélml mf kdë`hshs, pkrthou`krifdtf `k hdhohkthvk púa`hok prfsfdtÿ udk vkrhkohÿd mf` 1;.1>%, `k hdhohkthvk prhvkmk old rfoursls púa`hols okiahÿ fd >.32% y prhvkmk shd rfoursls púa`hols =.61%. Kudquf `k hdhohkthvk púa`hok vkrhÿ sustkdohk`ifdtf kúd slarf f` tltk` mf prlyfotls k bfarfrl mf 17;8 shnuf shfdml akjk su pkrthohpkohÿd. Wlr ltrk pkrtf, fd f` thpl mf `unkr mf mfskrrl``l mf `ls prlyfotls sf prfsfdtkrld okiahls pfqufûls fd tèrihdls mfpkrtkifdtk`fs mf tkd sÿ`l ?.?;%, pkrk `ls iudhohphls cual ud orfohihfdtl mf oksh 2% ihfdtrks pkrk `ls prlyfotls mf olafrturk dkohldk` `k ohbrk old rfspfotl k bfarfrl mf` kûl hdifmhktkifdtf kdtfrhlr orfohÿ fd ud 8.23%. _hd fiakrnl, `ls sfotlrfs mldmf sf fdoufdtrkd fd ikylr oukdték `ls prlyfotls, fd kials pfrélmls, sld `ls ihsils, olrrfspldmhfdtfs k fmhokohldfs púa`hoks y rfdlvkohÿd urakdk, trkdsplrtf y knuk y skdfkihfdtl aëshol. K su vfz, `ls `unkrfs mf mfskrrl``l fspfoéols dl ckd okiahkml, mfsmf bfarfrl mf 17;3 `k ohumkm mf Alnltë, `ls prlyfotls mf k`okdof dkohldk` y f` mfpkrtkifdtl mf Oudmhdkikrok shnufd fdokafzkdml `k `hstk, pufs ckd vkrhkml plshthvkifdtf fd ?.=3%, 8.23% y =.?6%, rfspfothvkifdtf. Mf` ihsil ilml, `ks fdthmkmfs old iës rfnhstrls mf prlyfotls sf ikdthfdfd, olil `k Knfdohk Dkohldk` mf Hdbrkfstruoturk ”KDH” old ud okiahl mf >.11%, sfnuhml plr `k K`ok`mék mf Alnltë M.O old ;.7=%, f` Mfpkrtkifdtl Kmihdhstrkthvl mf `k Mfbfdslrék mf` Fspkohl Wúa`hol ”MKMFW” old 6.66%, f` Hdsthtutl mf Hdbrkfstruoturk y Oldofshldfs mf Oudmhdkikrok ”HOOV” old =.>2% y ]rkdsih`fdhl _.K, quf dl prfsfdtÿ vkrhkohÿd. Qfk`hzkdml f` kdë`hshs slarf `ks aksfs mf mktls sf puml lasfrvkr quf, kudquf sf kcldmkrk, sf oldthdukrék fdoldtrkdml `ls ihsils f`fifdtls y old vkrhkohldfs plol rf`fvkdtfs. Mf kcé quf f` kdë`hshs kdtfrhlr sfk prfsfdtkml mf ikdfrk arfvf, shd fiakrnl, `ls pktrldfs hmfdthokmls mfjkd fd fvhmfdohk quf k pfskr mf` thfipl `ks KWW dl okiahkd su `unkr mf mfskrrl``l, k` hnuk` quf `ls sfotlrfs k `ls ouk`fs vkd mhrhnhmks, `k prfmlihdkdohk mf` thpl mf KWW uskmk, `ks fdthmkmfs quf kplykd mhocls prlyfotls y, slarf tlml, quf mfafd fxhsthr udks oldmhohldfs prlphks fd f` tfrrhtlrhl quf fstëd oldtrhauyfdml k o`ústfrfs mf fstf ifokdhsil.
Kspfotls hdb`uyfdtfs pkrk `k kp`hokohÿd mf KWW fd 2 mfpkrtkifdtls mf Ol`liahk akjl f` Édmhof Mfpkrtkifdtk` mf Olipfththvhmkm Olil sf ck sfûk`kml, f` usl mf` ifokdhsil mf KWW fd f` pkés ck hdorfifdtkml. F` blrtk`fohihfdtl fd `ks oldmhohldfs pkrk hdvfrthr y `k fxhstfdohk mf `k @fy ;673 uahoÿ k Ol`liahk pkrk f` 17;3 fd f` prhifr `unkr mf` édmhof Hdbrksolpf f`kalrkml plr ]cf Foldlihst (MDW, 17;8) mfahml k su okpkohmkm pkrk hip`fifdtkr `ks kslohkohldfs púa`hol-prhvkmks fd `ls prhdohpk`fs sfotlrfs
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
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@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
mf hdbrkfstruoturk. F` édmhof fvk`úk ohdol oktfnlréks slarf ohfd pudtls: rfnu`kohÿd old 8;, 8 ;, hdsth3 tuohldfs >6, ikmurfz 31, hdvfrshÿd y o`hik mf dfnlohkohÿd 23, y dkdohkohÿd 2?. Fd nfdfrk`, f` pkés oldshnuhÿ su prhifr `unkr old ud prlifmhl mf >2 pudtls (]cf Foldlihst, 17;3). Kshihsil, Ol`liahk sf mfstkoÿ fd f` édmhof Wrlourhdn Hdbrkstruoturf Wua`ho-Wrhvktf Wkrtdfrschps Wkrtdfrschps mf` Akdol Iudmhk` mldmf sf plshohldÿ fd f` sfnudml pufstl mfdtrl mf ud nrupl mf iës mf ;?7 pkésfs sÿ`l plr mfakjl mf` Qfhdl Vdhml y Kustrk`hk, pfrl oldvhrthèdmlsf fd f` prhifr pkés `kthdlkifrhokdl plr fdohik mf Wkrknuky, Wfrú, Ièxhol y Och`f (MDW, 17;8). _u iftlml`lnék sf oldsthtuyf fd ouktrl ërfks, `ks ouk`fs sld: prfpkrkohÿd mf KWW, kmjumhokohÿd mf KWW, nfsthÿd oldtrkotuk` mf `ks KWW y prlpÿshtls dl sl`hohtkmls pkrk `ks KWW 8 (Akdol Iudmhk`, 17;3). Kudquf f` ikrol jurémhol jufnk ud pkpf` vhtk` fd tkdtl rfspk`mk f hipu`sk fstf ifokdhsil fd f` pkés, dl fs suohfdtf fd f` fsofdkrhl ol`liahkdl. ]fdhfdml fd oufdtk quf `ks KWW oldtfip`kd tkiahèd f` okphtk` prhvkml, rfquhfrfd mf ltrls kspfotls pkrk oldshmfrkr mhocl hdstruifdtl olil `k ifjlr lpohÿd dl sÿ`l pkrk nfdfrkr hdbrkfstruoturk shdl mf latfdfr rfdtkah`hmkm, fs mfohr, rfsu`tk dfofskrhl oldtkr old ud kiahfdtf foldÿihol, slohk`, ou`turk`, tfodl`ÿnhol, pl`éthol mldmf sf pufmk mfskrrl``kr shd olip`hokohldfs `k hdhohkthvk, `l quf sf rfsuif fd ud bkotlr trksofdmfdtk`, `k olipfththvhmkm. Mhocl `l kdtfrhlr, y vl`vhfdml k `k oldo`ushÿd slarf f` kdë`hshs mf `ks aksfs, pkrthou`krifdtf slarf `k oldofdtrkohÿd mf KWW, k oldthdukohÿd, sf kalrmkd `ls bkotlrfs quf oldtrhauyfd mfsmf `k olipfththvhmkm k quf sf mfskrrl``f fd ikylr okdthmkm fstls prlyfotls fd trfs mfpkrtkifdtls mf` pkés, ksé olil ltrls trfs mldmf `ks hdhohkthvks sld ploks. Wkrk f``l sf ckrë usl mf` hdblrif mf` Édmhof Mfpkrtkifdtk` mf Olipfththvhmkm mf` kûl 17;3 oldstruhml plr f` Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm y `k Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, tlikdml Oudmhdkikrok, Kdthlquhk y Al`évkr fd vhstk mf quf sld `ls mfpkrtkifdtls mldmf sf fdoufdtrkd iës KWW, mf koufrml old `ks aksfs kdk`hzkmks fd f` kpkrtkml kdtfrhlr y Okquftë, Ocloÿ y _uorf olil `ls mfpkrtkifdtls old ifdls KWW;7. Fs dfofskrhl ifdohldkr quf f` édmhof fvk`úk mhfz ph`krfs, knrupkmls fd trfs bkotlrfs: ;) oldmhohldfs aëshoks, 1) fohfdohk y ?) slsthokohÿd f hddlvkohÿd;; (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm & 3
Fdtrf k`nudls mf sus olipldfdtfs, olipldfdtfs, `k oktfnlrék mf rfnu`kohÿd rfnu`kohÿd oliprfdmf `ls orhtfrhls mf sf`foohÿd sf`foohÿd pkrk udk KWW5 `ks hdsthtuohldfs hdo`uyfd `k trkdspkrfdohk y rfspldskah`hmkm5 `k ikmurfz oldthfdf `k fxpfrhfdohk old oldtrktls mf KWW pkrk hdbrkfstruoturk5 `k hdvfrshÿd y f` f` o`hi o`hikk mf mf dfnl dfnlohl ohlss olds oldshmf hmfrk rk `k vl` vl`udt udtkm km pl` pl`éth éthok5 ok5 y `k `k bhdk bhdkdoh dohkoh kohÿd ÿd f` rhf rhfsnl snl mf pkn pknll mf` mf` nla nlahfr hfrdl. dl. Rè Rèksf ksf ]cf Fo Foldl ldlihs ihstt (17; (17;3). 3). 8 K` hnuk` quf f` édmhof kdtfrhlr, kdtfrhlr, `ks ërfks ërfks sf oldblrikd plr mhsthdtls f`fifdtls, f`fifdtls, plr fjfip`l, mfdtrl mf `k prfpkrkohÿd sf fdoufdtrk f` trktkihfdtl bhsok` pkrk `ks KWW5 fd latfdohÿd fstë `k pkrthohpkohÿd mf olipkûéks fxtrkdjfrks fd `k lbfrtk mf udk KWW5 plr su pkrtf, fd kmihdhstrkohÿd mf `ls oldtrktls sf fdoufdtrk `k rfpktrhkohÿd mf hdnrfsls mf olipkûéks fxtrkdjfrks y, prlpÿshtls dl sl`hohtkmls pkrk `ks KWW oldshmfrk f` pfrélml iédhil mf thfipl pkrk fdvhkr `k lbfrtk. Wkrk prlbudmhzkr vèksf Akdol Iudmhk` (17;3). ;7 @k sf`foohÿd mf `ls sfhs mfpkrtkifdtls mfpkrtkifdtls sf chzl k trkvès mf `k mfpurkohÿd mf `k aksf mf mktls k bfarfrl mf mf 17;8, mhock mfpurkohÿd oldshsthÿ fd suikr k okmk udl `k ohumkm y iudhohphls olrrfspldmhfdtfs. ;; F` bkotlr oldmhohldfs aëshoks, oldtfip`k oldtfip`k sfhs mf `ls mhfz mhfz ph`krfs, fstls sld: hdsthtuohldfs, hdbrkfstruoturk, tkikûl mf ifrokml, fmuokohÿd aëshok y ifmhk, sk`um y slstfdhah`hmkm kiahfdtk`5 plr su pkrtf, f` bkotlr mf fbhohfdohk oldthfdf, fmuokohÿd supfrhlr y okpkohtkohÿd, y fbhohfdohk mf `ls ifrokmls5 y plr ú`thil, f` bkotlr slbhsthokohÿd f hddlvkohÿd old slbhsthokohÿd y mhvfrshbhokohÿd f, hddlvkohÿd y mhdëihok fiprfskrhk`.
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Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3). K su vfz, oliprfdmf Alnltë M.O y 12 mf `ls ?1 mfpkrtkifdtls mf Ol`liahk, `ls ouk`fs fstëd o`kshokmls fd = mhbfrfdtfs ftkpks mf koufrml old `k shih`htum fd su dhvf` mf mfskrrl``l. _larf fstl ú`thil, sf fdoldtrÿ quf `ls mfpkrtkifdtls old ikylr y ifdlr dúifrl mf KWW fstëd knrupkmls fd `ks ihsiks i hsiks ftkpks, fs mfohr, `ls prhifrls uahokmls fd `k oukrtk ftkpk olil kquf``ls quf prfsfdtkd ud f`fvkml mfskrrl``l foldÿihol, y `ls sfnudmls, fd `k prhifrk ftkpk, old ud akjl dhvf` mf mfskrrl``l foldÿihol. @l fxpufstl rfsu`tk budmkifdtk`, mkml quf k` fdoldtrkrsf `ls mfpkrtkifdtls fd `ls fxtrfils mf` mfskrrl``l sf vhs`uiark mf fdtrkmk quf `k prlspfrhmkm y ahfdfstkr thfdfd hdohmfdohk fd `k prlpufstk mf prlyfotls akjl KWW. Wlr ltrk pkrtf, fs hiplrtkdtf ko`krkr quf fxhstf udk pldmfrkohÿd fd `ls bkotlrfs quf kbfotkd mf ikdfrk mhsthdtk k okmk oldjudtl mf mfpkrtkifdtls. Kquf``ls pfrtfdfohfdtfs k `k ftkpk ; sld hipkotkmls prhdohpk`ifdtf plr f` bkotlr mf oldmhohldfs aëshoks, ihfdtrks quf `ls ihfiarls mf `k ftkpk = plr f` bkotlr mf `k fohfdohk (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm & Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3). Fdtrkdml fd iktfrhk, sfnúd f` édmhof, f` ph`kr hdsthtuohldfs `l fdokafzkd mls mf `ls trfs mfpkrtkifdtls old iës KWW, Oudmhdkikrok y Kdthlquhk, fd f` sfnudml y tfrofr `unkr, rfspfothvkifdtf. F` prhifrl mf fstls mfpkrtkifdtls fs mfstkokml plr su hip`fifdtkohÿd fd f` usl mf ifokdhsils sok`fs fohfdtfs olil f` rfokuml f`fotrÿdhol mf hipufstls, f` usl mf `ks ]HO pkrk blrtk`fofr `k trkdspkrfdohk y sf uahok olil f` tfrofr mfpkrtkifdtl old iës okpkohmkm mf kclrrl. Kdthlquhk plr su pkrtf, fs sfnudml fd pkrthohpkohÿd mfdtrl mf` WHA dkohldk` old f` ;?.78%. _u k`tl fsok`kbÿd `l `lnrk plr su fokohk y okpkohmkm kmihdhstrkthvk judtl old su hdhohkthvk mf nlahfrdl kahfrtl. Mf hnuk` blrik, `k k`tk fohfdohk fd `k justhohk y sus jufofs `f ckofd ck ofd ifrfofmlr mf` sfnudml `unkr fd f` pkés. K` oldtrkrhl, Ocloÿ y Okquftë thfdfd rfsu`tkmls plol skthsbkotlrhls, fstkdml fd `k plshohÿd 1? y 16 olrrfspldmhfdtfifdtf. olrrfspldmhfdtfifdtf. Wkrk f` fsofdkrhl mf Okquftë sf mfaf k` ikdfjl mfohfdtf mf `ls rfoursls prlvfdhfdtfs mf rfnk`éks y `k akjk trkdspkrfdohk, uahoëdml`l fd f` pfdú`thil pufstl fdtrf tlmls `ls mfpkrtkifdtls5 pkrk f` oksl oclolkdl, `k okpkohmkm mf kclrrl mf k`ok`méks y nlafrdkohldfs fs oksh du`k, `l quf dl `f ck pfrihthml oldtkr old udk kofptka`f nfsthÿd sok` y plr fdmf, kutldliék slarf sus rfoursls. Fd `l quf oldohfrdf k hdbrkfstruoturk, Al`évkr sf plshohldÿ fd f` sfnudml fsokûl plr su hdhohkthvk fd oldfotkr k sus iudhohphls y f` mfpkrtkifdtl old f` rfstl mf` pkés pfrihthèdml`f k`okdzkr udk pkrthohpkohÿd slarf `k prlmuoohÿd dkohldk` mf` =.>;%. _hd fiakrnl, `k hdbrkfstruoturk dl sf ck blok`hzkml fd afdfohkr údhokifdtf f` sfotlr trkdsplrtf shdl tkiahèd f` suihdhstrl mf sfrvhohls aëshols olil koufmuotl, k`okdtkrh``kml y fdfrnék f`èotrhok pkrk `l ouk` ck shml budmkifdtk` f` kplyl mf` sfotlr prhvkml, oktk`lnëdml`f olil ud mfpkrtkifdtl prlphohl pkrk hdvfrthr. hdvfrthr. Fdtrf tkdtl, Kdthlquék mfstkok dufvkifdtf fd tfrofr `unkr, pufstl quf oufdtk old udk mf `ks oldfothvhmkmfs iës kip`hks mf hdtfrdft akdmk kdock fd f` pkés, mfilstrkdml, mfsmf `ufnl, quf `k oldfothvhmkm dl sÿ`l sf rf`kohldk old f` suihdhstrl mf véks. Fd fstf bkotlr, f` pkdlrkik pkrk Ocloÿ y Okquftë vuf`vf k sfr mfsbkvlrka`f, slarf tlml, pkrk f` prhifrl5 su olafrturk fd koufmuotl fs édik k` hnuk` quf `k rfm vhk` plr okmk ohfd ih` ckahtkdtfs. Kmhohldk`ifdtf, `ls olstls fd trkdsplrtf tfrrfstrf sld f`fvkmls mkmk `k ik`k ok`hmkm mf sus véks `l quf pufmf fstkr
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
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@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
hdohmhfdml fd su okpkohmkm pkrk olifrohkr old ltrks rfnhldfs. Mf` `kml okquftfûl, dl sld suohfdtfs `ks véks prhikrhks old `ks ouk`fs oufdtk, mf kcé quf, sus ckahtkdtfs mfakd rfourrhr k `k orfkohÿd mf okrrftfrks ifmhkdtf `k mfblrfstkohÿd (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm & Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3). Wlr ltrk pkrtf, `ls mls prhifrls `unkrfs sld loupkmls plr Kdthlquhk y Oudmhdkikrok fd tkikûl mf ifrokml, k` sfr su ifrokml hdtfrdl mf `ls iës nrkdmfs mf` pkés `l quf plshah`htk `k kip`hkohÿd mf` sfotlr prlmuothvl fd kials mfpkrtkifdtls. Fd oukdtl k _uorf, k pfskr mf `lnrkr ud kvkdof old rfspfotl k` kûl kdtfrhlr oldthdúk fd `ls ú`thils `unkrfs pufstl quf kúd okrfof mf oldmhohldfs fd su foldliék `lok` quf `f ltlrnufd olipfththvhmkm y pfrihtkd prl yfotkr su prlmuoohÿd ckohk f` fxtrkd fxtrkdjfrl jfrl (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvh Olipfththvhmkm mkm & Vdhvfrs Vdhvfrshmkm hmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3). _hd fiakrnl, f` fsofdkrhl fd fmuokohÿd aëshok y ifmhk pkrk _uorf `l ikdthfdf fd udk plshohÿd supfrhlr fd olipkrkohÿd old Al`évkr y Kdthlquhk fd vhstk mf quf oufdtk old suohfdtfs rfoursls mf okphtk` cuikdl pkrk plmfr prfstkr ud aufd sfrvhohl k `ls dhûls y kml`fsofdtfs mf` mfpkrtkifdtl. Fdtrf `ls bkotlrfs k rfsk`tkr fstë su k`tk olafrturk fd fmuokohÿd prhikrhk olil tkiahèd udk k`tk ok`hmkm fd `ls mlofdtfs mf hdsthtuohldfs fmuokthvks púa`hoks. Kshihsil, Oudmhdkikrok sf uahok mfdtrl mf `ls prhifrls ohdol mfpkrtkifdtls fd `k oktfnlrék plr su mfstkoka`f pkrthohpkohÿd fd `ks prufaks _kafr ;; tkdtl fd hdsthtuohldfs mf fmuokohÿd prhvkmk olil púa`hok, y plr su f`fvkmk hdvfrshÿd fd fmuokohÿd aëshok y ifmhk. Wlr `l quf shnuf, fd Ocloÿ y Okquftë, kudquf iufstrkd udk aufdk rf`kohÿd mf fstumhkdtf plr ku`k, `k olafrturk fd `ls mhbfrfdtfs dhvf`fs fmuokthvls fs pèshik, pfrihthfdml hdtuhr quf `ks fsouf`ks sf `lok`hzkd fd zldks mldmf vhvfd ifdls fstumhkdtfs, l, plr f` oldtrkrhl, fd `unkrfs rurk`fs mfsmf mldmf fs olip`hokml koofmfr k `ks hdsthtuohldfs plr `ks okrfdtfs véks y ifmhls i fmhls mf trkdsplrtf k`tfrdkthvls (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm & Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3). 17 ;3). Fd fstf sfdthml, f` ph`kr mf fmuokohÿd supfrhlr y okpkohtkohÿd iufstrk rfsu`tkmls quf dl slrprfdmfd. Wrfohskifdtf Oudmhdkikrok y Kdthlquhk oufdtkd old `ks ifjlrfs udhvfrshmkmfs mf` pkés plr `l quf sus rfsu`tkmls fd `ks prufaks _kafr Wrl fstëd mfdtrl mf `ls ohdol ifjlrfs suikml f` mlihdhl mf udk sfnudmk `fdnuk, ok`hmkm mf `k p`kdtk mlofdtf y `k okdthmkm mf nrkmukmls fd plsnrkmls. Fd fstk ifmhmk, sld iës prlpfdsls k `k hdvfrshÿd tkdtl prhvkmk olil púa`hok plr `ls oldthduls kplrtfs quf rfk`hzkd fd iktfrhk mf hdvfsthnkohÿd, sl`uohldfs k prla`fiëthoks, pktfdtfs, mfskrrl``l mf dufvks ckah`hmkmfs, fdtrf ltrls. Wlr iës quf, tkdtl Ocloÿ olil _uorf mfsfkrkd oldtkr old fstf pkdlrkik, `ks akrrfrks fd iktfrhk fmuokthvk dl prlplrohldkd fsk plshah`hmkm5 plr ud `kml, plrquf `ks udhvfrshmkmfs sld `hihtkmks y plr ltrl, k` dl oldtkr old ud fquhpl mlofdtf okpkohtkml, sus rfsu`tkmls fd prufaks fstktk`fs dl mfstkokd, lokshldkdml rfstrhoohldfs pkrk hdvfrthr fd fstf sfotlr (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm & Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3).
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Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
Wkskdml k `k fohfdohk mf `ls ifrokmls, i frokmls, fstf oldshmfrk `k blrik`hmkm `kalrk`, `k tksk mf mfsfip`fl, `k okrnk trhautkrhk pkrk `ks fiprfsks y bkoh`hmkm pkrk latfdfr pfrihsls mf oldstruoohÿd, shfdml `ls mfpkrtkifdtls `émfrfs Oudmhdkikrok y Kdthlquhk shtuëdmlsf fd `ls mls prhifrls `unkrfs, olrrfspldmhfdtfifdtf. Ihfdtrks `ls ú`thils `unkrfs `ls loupkd Okquftë fd f` 16 y _uorf fd 1>. Fd fstf pudtl, okaf sfûk`kr quf, k pfskr mf ck``krsf `k tksk mf mfsfip`fl fd `ls mls prhifrls mfpkrtkifdtls ofrokdk k mls ménhtls, ltrls bkotlrfs kplrtkd sustkdohk`ifdtf olil `k fohfdohk mf` ifrokml mf ahfdfs y f` mfskrrl``l mf` ifrokml dkdohfrl (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm & Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3). Wlr `l quf sf rffrf k sk`um, `k fspfrkdzk mf vhmk k` dkofr, `k akjk ilrtk`hmkm hdbkdth` f hdvfrshÿd púa`hok pkrk `k prltfoohÿd mf `k prhifrk hdbkdohk ckrékd ifrfofmlr k Oudmhdkikrok mf` prhifr `unkr5 dl lastkdtf, bkotlrfs olil f` shstfik mf kshndkohÿd mf ohtks y olafrturk sld pkupèrrhils `l quf uahok k ltrks pkrtfs mf` pkés plr fdohik, olil Kt`ëdthol y Kdthlquhk5 f` ú`thil okrkotfrhzëdmlsf plr su olafrturk fd sk`um y vkoudkohÿd trhp`f vhrk`, olil plr su hdvfrshÿd púa`hok fd `k prhifrk hdbkdohk fd f` sfotlr sfotlr.. Kmfiës, sfnúd f` hdblrif, oufdtk old udk rfm mf kplyl mf `ks bkou`tkmfs mf ifmhohdk mf mhsthdtks udhvfrshmkmfs mf `k rfnhÿd pkrk nfdfrkr lpohldfs mf suihdhstrl mf` sfrvhohl, olil tf`fsk`um. Kud oukdml _uorf, udl mf `ls mfpkrtkifdtls old ifdls KWW fstë fd ifjlr plshohÿd quf ltrls olil Al`évkr quf sé oldofdtrk KWW, Ocloÿ y Okquftë shnufd shfdml `ls ú`thils fd f` `hstkml. Fstk shtukohÿd sf mfsfdokmfdk plr k`tks tksks mf ilrtk`hmkm hdbkdth` y iktfrdk, akjk fspfrkdzk mf vhmk, plok olafrturk fd ksfnurkihfdtl fd sk`um y mfahml k quf dl sf nfdfrk hdvfrshÿd fd ktfdohÿd k prhifrk hdbkdohk (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm & Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3). @`kik `k ktfdohÿd quf pkrk f` oksl okquftfûl, f` ph`kr slstfdhah`hmkm kiahfdtk` `f shtúf fd tfrofr pufstl iuy plr fdohik mf `ls mfpkrtkifdtls old iës ië s KWW y mf sus olipkûfrls mf ftkpk. Fstf `lnrl sf mfaf k `k aufdk kmihdhstrkohÿd mf sus rfoursls f hdhohkthvks olil f` turhsil kiahfdtk`ifdtf rfspldska`f, ckohèdml`l ifrfofmlr mf sfr f` údhol mfpkrtkifdtl fd pfrtfdfofr k` nrupl mf trkakjkmlrfs slarf o`hik y alsqufs judtl old pkésfs olil Arksh`, Hdmldfshk y Olstk mf Ikr`. Mfdtrl mf fstf ikrol, i krol, sf thfdf quf fd Al`évkr su mfblrfstkohÿd fs f`fvkmk plrquf `ks ërfks old prltfoohÿd sld rfmuohmks, mf k``é quf `ls ol`ldhzkmlrfs tfdnkd bkoh`hmkm mf kprlphkohÿd slarf fstks thfrrks (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm & Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3). Fd oukdtl k slsthokohÿd y mhvfrshokohÿd, mf koufrml old f` hdblrif, sf fdoufdtrk fd prhifr `unkr Oudmhdkikrok, Kdthlquhk fd tfrofrk plshohÿd y Al`évkr fd sfxtl. Wrfohskdml, `k olip`fjhmkm fd su kpkrktl prlmuothvl y `k mhvfrshokohÿd mf ifrokmls mfsthdl mf sus fxplrtkohldfs sld okrkotfrésthoks fd `ks ouk`fs oldvfrnfd fstls mfpkrtkifdtls. Mf` ihsil ilml, Ocloÿ, Okquftë y _uorf prfsfdtkd sfifjkdzks, pfrl kslohkmks k` ik` mfsfipfûl mf sus kothvhmkmfs kothvhmkmfs foldÿihoks y su akjk hdsfrohÿd fd f` ifrokml hdtfrdkohldk`, `l quf sf vf rfprfsfdtkml fd `k suik mf sus pkrthohpkohldfs mfdtrl mf` WHA dkohldk` `k ouk` dl supfrk f` ;.>?%.
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
>6
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
Wkrk hddlvkohÿd y mhdëihok fiprfskrhk`, fdtrf `ls mhfz ifjlrfs sf ck``k Oudmhdkikrok old udk mhbfrfdohk oldshmfrka`f fd oldtrkstf old Kdthlquhk y Al`évkr quhfdfs tkiahèd ckofd pkrtf mf mhocl nrupl. F` ph`kr rfoldlof `ks koohldfs mf fstls mfpkrtkifdtls fd hdorfifdtkr `ks hdvfsthnkohldfs mf k`tk ok`hmkm y `k fsthiu`kohÿd pkrk f` dkohihfdtl mf fiprfsks. Kudquf `ks plshohldfs mf _uorf, Okquftë y Ocloÿ fd fstf kspfotl sld akstkdtf hdbfrhlrfs tkiahèd fs ohfrtl quf, sf ckd fsblrzkml plr hipu`skr`l y blrtk`fofr`l (Oldsfjl Wrhvkml mf Olipfththvhmkm & Vdhvfrshmkm mf` Qlskrhl, 17;3). @k `foturk kdtfrhlr iufstrk old o`krhmkm quf mhvfrsls f`fifdtls quf olipldfd `k olipfththvhmkm thfdfd udk rf`kohÿd mhrfotk y sustkdohk` old `k orfkohÿd y fjfouohÿd mf prlyfotls akjl usl mf KWW, pufstl quf oldtkr old oldmhohldfs bkvlrka`fs bkoh`htk fd `ls mfpkrtkifdtls `k ktrkoohÿd fd hdvfrshÿd mf okrëotfr prhvkml. Mf ikdfrk quf, fvhmfdtfifdtf `ks zldks mf` pkés l rfnhldfs mldmf sf `lok`hzkd `ls ofdtrls prhdohpk`fs mf kothvhmkm foldÿihok l ërfks iftrlpl`htkdks mkml su dhvf` mf mfskrrl``l thfdmfd k okpturkr `ks hdhohkthvks fd hdbrkfstruoturk, fdtrf ltrks olsks dl sÿ`l plr oldtkr old okphtk` cuikdl ok`hokml, shdl tkiahèd plr tfdfr f`fifdtls hdbrkfstruoturk`fs quf plshah`htkd `k oldstruoohÿd mf nrkdmfs larks, plr fjfip`l, véks prhikrhks y ifjlrfs koofsl k rfmfs mf tf`foliudhokohÿd, pfrihthèdml`fs sfr olipfththvls, fs mfohr, kquf``ls tfrrhtlrhls mldmf f` ifrokml ck hipu`skml oldthdukifdtf udk ifjlrk la`hnktlrhk fd koofsl k `k fmuokohÿd, ikdfjl mf `ls rfoursls púa`hols, oldmhohldfs pkrk `k orfkohÿd mf fiprfsk, kpfrturk k ifrokmls hdtfrdkohldk`fs, rfoldstruoohÿd mf` kpkrktl prlmuothvl, kmkptkah`hmkm y mfiës, sf oldsthtuyfd fd hikdfs pkrk prlpufstk akjl mhocl ilmf`l. @l kdtfrhlr fxp`hok, plr què fd mfpkrtkifdtls olil Ocloÿ, _uorf y Okquftë `k oukdték mf fstk fstrktfnhk fs iédhik, sus fxhnfdohks sld akjks, mf cfocl `ls ifrokmls hdtfrdls sld plol mhvfrshokmls `l quf ck fstkdokml sfnurkifdtf f` lptkr plr hdvfrthr fd hdbrkfstruoturk prlmuothvk l slohk` k pfskr mf lbrfofr sk`hmk k` prla`fik y ud hipkotl plshthvl, k `l ouk` sf suik f` ik` oliplrtkihfdtl mf sus foldliéks quf dl nkrkdthzkd udk tksk mf rftlrdl slarf `k hdvfrshÿd y `k ik`k nfsthÿd mf sus nlafrdkdtfs slarf `ls rfoursls dl pfrihtf rfspldmfr k `ks dfofshmkmfs mf okrëotfr urnfdtf fd sfotlrfs olil trkdsplrtf, y knuk pltka`f y skdfkihfdtl aëshol. Mf fstk ikdfrk sf fdoufdtrk quf `ls prlyfotls fd hdbrkfstruoturk ifmhkdtf Kslohkohÿd Wúa`hol Wrhvkmk fstëd sujftls k shtukohldfs quf trksohfdmfd iës k``ë mf `k olrrupohÿd y `k vl`udtkm pl`éthok, lafmfohfdml k okrkotfrésthoks foldÿihoks prlphks quf `fs oldtrhauyfd fd tèrihdls olipfththvls fd `unkrfs, mldmf plr fdmf, mhock oldmhohÿd, ckof prfohsl `k fstruoturkohÿd mf p`kdfs pkrk ifjlrks fd hdbrkfstruoturk. Wkrk oldo`uhr, sh ahfd fs ohfrtl quf `ls sfhs mfpkrtkifdtls kdk`hzkmls akjl f` édmhof sld kquf``ls quf thfdfd ud ikylr y ifdlr dúifrl mf prlyfotls KWW y, plr tkdtl, sld ktrkothvls l dl pkrk `k hdvfrshÿd, okaf rfsk`tkr quf dl plr f``l, `ks mfiës zldks mf` pkés sld fxo`uhmks plr su mfsfipfûl fd tèrihdls mf olipfththvhmkm. @k rfvhshÿd slarf f` édmhof iufstrk quf `unkrfs olil Qhskrk`mk, _kdtkdmfr,, Alykoë, @k Nukjhrk y Okskdkrf _kdtkdmfr Okskdk rf thfdfd pltfdohk`hmkm fd ph`krfs olil fmuokohÿd aëshok y supfrhlr,, fd `k fohfdohk mf sus ifrokmls, slsthokohÿd y mhvfrshokohÿd, y tkikûl mf ifrokml, `l supfrhlr ouk` pufmf oldvfrthr`ls fd okptkmlrfs mf KWW, ksé olil, fd foldliéks `lok`fs old okpkohmkm pkrk oldtrhauhr sustkdohk`ifdtf k` orfohihfdtl foldÿihol y mfskrrl``l slohk` fd f` tfrrhtlrhl.
>2
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
Oldo`ushldfs K `l `krnl mf fstf krtéou`l, dl sÿ`l sf puml oldlofr ouë` fs f` ikrol jurémhol slarf f` quf trkakjkd `ks kslohkohldfs púa`hol prhvkmks fd Ol`liahk, shdl tkiahèd, sf hmfdthoÿ `k fxhstfdohk mf ud pktrÿd mf oldofdtrkohÿd fd ohfrtls mfpkrtkifdtls mf` pkés olil Oudmhdkikrok, Kdthlquhk y Al`évkr, ksé olil sfotlrfs mf hdbrkfstruoturk prlpfdsls k ckofr usl mf` ifokdhsil, fdtrf `ls quf prhifrkifdtf sf fdoufdtrk trkdsplrtf, fmhokohldfs púa`hoks y rfdlvkohÿd urakdk, y knuk y skdfkihfdtl aëshol. K fstl sf suik, `k fvhmfdohk k trkvès mf` bkotlr thfipl mf bfarfrl mf 17;3 k` mf 17;8, `ls ihsils rfsu`tkmls fd kn`lifrkohÿd mf fstls prlyfotls, fs f s mfohr, mfohr, dl cual okiahls mrësthols fd `ls `unkrfs `unk rfs mf mfskrrl``l dh fd `ls sfotlrfs mf fjfouohÿd plr `l quf sf hdtuyÿ quf ltrls bkotlrfs mf mhbfrfdtf édml`f hdfiuyfd pkrk kolnfr udk KWW olil fstrktfnhk pkrk `k nfdfrkohÿd mf hdbrkfstruoturk. Fstl sf olrrlalrÿ k` rfk`hzkr f` oruof mf `ls mfpkrtkifdtls old ifdlr y ikylr oukdték mf prlyfotls - latfdhmls mf `k aksf k bfarfrl mf 17;8 - old `ls mktls mf` Édmhof Mfpkrtkifdtk` mf Olipfththvhmkm pufstl quf sf lasfrvÿ quf fxhsték udk rf`kohÿd fdtrf `k oldofdtrkohÿd mf prlyfotls KWW y f` dhvf` mf mfskrrl``l mf `ls `unkrfs mldmf sf p`kdtfk su kp`hokohÿd. Fd vhstk mf `l kdtfrhlr kdtfrhlr,, sf tliÿ olil aksf f` édmhof pkrk oldlofr `ls ph`krfs quf hdohmfd fd `ls o`ústfrfs mf KWW pfrshstfdtfs fd `ls mfpkrtkifdtls. Mf tk` ikdfrk, sf mfdltÿ quf fbfothvkifdtf fstls `unkrfs sf oldblrikd plr oldmhohldfs foldÿihoks quf bkvlrfofd `k kp`hokohÿd mf `ks kslohkohldfs, fs mfohr, f` ikrol jurémhol, kudquf rfspk`mk f` ifokdhsil dl sf oldsthtuyf fd f` údhol f`fifdtl pkrk lptkr plr su kp`hokohÿd. Fdtrf mhocks oldmhohldfs, k`nudks mf `ks ouk`fs hdfiuyfd ”fdtrf `ks iú`thp`fs iú`thp`fs fxhstfdtfs” fstëd: `k pkrthohpkohÿd fd f` WHA dkohldk`, `k trkdspkrfdohk y justhohk hdsthtuohldk`, f` tkikûl mf ifrokml, `k bkoh`hmkm pkrk latfdfr pfrihsls mf oldstruoohÿd, `k nfsthÿd sok`, ikdl mf lark ok`hokmk, mhdëihok fiprfskrhk` y `k okrnk trhautkrhk pkrk `ks fiprfsks. Fd fbfotl, ud mfpkrtkifdtl mldmf sus hdsthtuohldfs nfsthldkd old trkdspkrfdohk `ls rfoursls sfrë iës ktrkothvk pkrk `k hdvfrshÿd fd hdbrkfstruoturk plr pkrtf mf prhvkmls. Wkrk fstf oksl, udk hdhohkthvk prhvkmk old rfoursls púa`hols pufmf tfdfr ofrtfzk mf oldtkr old f` mfsfial`sl plr pkrtf mf `k fdthmkm `lok` olrrfspldmhfdtf l rfohahr udk kmhohÿd quf dl sfrë prlmuotl mf kotls mf olrrupohÿd, shdl mf ud hiprfvhstl justhokml. Fd oldjudtl, sh ud fdtf nuafrdkifdtk` ouhmk mf su nfsthÿd sok` fstë trkdsihthfdml udk hiknfd prÿspfrk mf sus dkdzks. _larf `k pkrthohpkohÿd fd f` WHA dkohldk`, sf pldf fd ikdhfstl `k olip`fjhmkm mf` kpkrktl prlmuothvl, `l quf sf trkmuof fd mhdkihsil y lplrtudhmkm pkrk quhfdfs hdourshldfd fd hdvfrthr mfdtrl mf` mfpkrtkifdtl. Dl fs hnuk` mf ``kikthvk `k foldliék oclolkdk mkmk su okrfdtf mhvfrshokohÿd fd kothvhmkm foldÿihok, fd olipkrkohÿd old Oudmhdkikrok mldmf sf fdoufdtrk f` ofdtrl prlmuothvl mf` pkés y nrkd vkrhfmkm mf zldks brkdoks y olifrohk`fs. @l kdtfrhlr, thfdf udk fstrfock rf`kohÿd old f` tkikûl mf ifrokml, sujftl prhdohpk`ifdtf k `k mfikdmk slarf f` ahfd l sfrvhohl quf vkyk k prlplrohldkr `k KWW, rfolrmkdml quf f` prlyfotl fspfrk ud rftlrdl slarf `k hdvfrshÿd plr `l ouk` `ks okrkotfrésthoks slohlfoldÿihoks pufmfd sfr mftfrihdkdtfs.
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
>>
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
_hd mumk k`nudk, ud `unkr mldmf `ls trëihtfs pkrk latfdfr pfrihsls mf oldstruoohÿd sfkd ënh`fs shd pfrmfr `k rhnurlshmkm, hdofdthvk k `k pkrthohpkohÿd mf oldtrkthstks pkrk mfskrrl``kr prlyfotls akjl fstf ilmf`l. Oldtkr old mhock ouk`hmkm, rfmuof `ls olstls plr thfipl y pfrihtf hdvfrthr`l fd ifjlrks pkrk `k lark, latfdhfdml olil prlmuotl `k fohfdohk. Fd `k ifmhmk quf ud prlyfotl pkrk su oldstruoohÿd rfquhfrf mf ikdl mf lark, hdifmhktkifdtf rfpfroutf fd `k vkrhka`f fip`fl fs plr f``l quf tkiahèd `ks `k s KWW sl`hohtkd mf pfrsldk` old okrkotfrésthoks prlphks pkrk sfr fjfoutkmks, fjfip`hokdml, kquf` mfpkrtkifdtl mldmf ud plrofdtkjf oldshmfrka`f mf su pla`kohÿd fstë okpkohtkml, pufmf kplrtkr fd nrkd ifmhmk k` prlyfotl, tfdhfdml fd oufdtk f` sfotlr ckohk f` ouk` vk mhrhnhml. Fvhmfdtfifdtf mldmf `k okrnk trhautkrhk fs kustfrk pkrk old `ks fiprfsks f` mhdkihsil fiprfskrhk` sf vf trudokml, yk sfk plr `k mhsihduohÿd fd `k tksk mf dktk`hmkm fiprfskrhk` l f` mfsp`kzkihfdtl k ltrls `unkrfs mldmf `k prlmuoohÿd y nfdfrkohÿd mf fip`fl sfk rfolipfdskmk, mf ikdfrk tk`, quf `ks fxfdohldfs pfrihtkd pltfdohkr `k hddlvkohÿd ifmhkdtf f` rfnhstrl mf prlphfmkm hdtf`fotuk`, blrtk`fohihfdtl f hdvfrshÿd fd hdvfsthnkohÿd y mfskrrl``l. Mf tk` blrik quf, fs hiplrtkdtf mkr k oldlofr `ks KWW olil iës quf ud ifokdhsil l fstrktfnhk pkrk prlplrohldkr hdbrkfstruoturk fd sfotlrfs trkmhohldk`fs, olil trkdsplrtf pufstl quf su k`okdof mk pkrk sup`hr mhvfrsks dfofshmkmfs mfsmf `k nfdfrkohÿd mf fdfrnéks k`tfrdkthvks ckstk f` mèoht fd tfodl`lnéks mf `k hdblrikohÿd y oliudhokohÿd. ]fdhfdml fd oufdtk quf dl tlmls `ls mfpkrtkifdtls thfdfd `k okpkohmkm mf dkdohkr sus larks l prlyfotls shd ollpfrkohÿd, prlilvfr f` usl mf `ks KWW pufmf sfr f` údhol okihdl pkrk quf `fs sfk plsha`f suihdhstrkr ahfdfs y sfrvhohls k sus ckahtkdtfs. Akjl tlml f` pkdlrkik p`kdtfkml kofrok mf `ks KWW fd Ol`liahk, f` ifokdhsil fs shd mumk k`nudk udk k`tfrdkthvk plshthvk k` pfrihthr olipkrthr y mhstrhauhr ifjlr `ls rhfsnls slarf f` prlyfotl, pfrl tkiahèd plrquf tfdfr ud mèoht mf rfoursls púa`hols dl hiplshah`htk nfdfrkr larks old rfoursls prhvkmls, rfprfsfdtkdml ksé ud ifokdhsil dl fxo`uyfdtf y plr f``l, ktrkothvl. Kmfiës, tkiplol orfk `hihtkohldfs fd `ls sfotlrfs mf kp`hokohÿd plr `l quf pufmf rfspldmfr k dfofshmkmfs mf édml`f prlmuothvk y slohk`, `l quf sf olddltk old f` hdorfifdtl quf ck tfdhml `k ohbrk fdtrf `ls kûls fvk`ukmls mf prlyfotls prfsfdtkmls pkrk sfr mfskrrl``kmls old fstk ilmk`hmkm. @ls édmhofs hdtfrdkohldk`fs quf fvk`úkd `ks oldmhohldfs pkrk mfskrrl``kr `ls prlyfotls iufstrkd quf f` kiahfdtf pkrk `k hdvfrshÿd prhvkmk fs okmk vfz ifjlr. ifjlr. _hd fiakrnl, f` Édmhof Mfpkrtkifdtk` mf Olipfththvhmkm fdsfûk quf fd k`nudks pkrtfs mf Ol`liahk iës quf fd ltrks fsf kiahfdtf bkvlrka`f sf prfsfdtk, plr `l quf sf sunhfrf trkakjkr fd f` blrtk`fohihfdtl mf `ls f`fifdtls quf mfsmf `k olipfththvhmkm ilthvkd `k oldofdtrkohÿd mf KWW, mf ilml tk` quf, tlml f` tfrrhtlrhl sfk afdfohkrhl mf fstk k`tfrdkthvk mf hdbrkfstruoturk púa`hok. Bhdk`ifdtf, sfrék hdtfrfskdtf udk krthou`kohÿd fdtrf `ks kslohkohldfs púa`hol-prhvkmks y `ls lajfthvls mf mfskrrl``l slstfdha`f, `ls ouk`fs sld tfik trksofdmfdtk` kotuk`ifdtf fd f` fsofdkrhl hdtfrdkohldk`. Fd fstf sfdthml, `ks KWW sf pufmfd fdokihdkr pkrk mkr ouip`hihfdtl k lajfthvls olil knuk
>3
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
`hiphk y skdfkihfdtl, fdfrnék ksfquha`f y dl oldtkihdkdtf, trkakjl mfofdtf y orfohihfdtl foldÿihol f hdmustrhk, hddlvkohÿd f hdbrkfstruoturk (Wrlnrkik mf `k Dkohldfs Vdhmks pkrk f` Mfskrrl``l (WDVM), 17;8) ifjlrkdml ksé, oldshmfrka`fifdtf, `k ok`hmkm mf vhmk mf `ls ol`liahkdls.
Qfbfrfdohks U;Y U1Y
U?Y
U=Y U6Y
U2Y
U>Y
Akdol Iudmhk`. (17;3). Wrlourhdn Hdbrkstruoturf Wua`ho-Wrhvktf Wkrtdfrschps Qfplrt. Qfoupfrkml Qfplrt. Qfoupfrkml mf cttp://puamlos.wlr`makde.lrn/fd/162=6 cttp://puamlos.wlr`makde .lrn/fd/162=6;6112812 ;6112812=682>/WHW? =682>/WHW?-17;3.pmb -17;3.pmb Afofrrk, @. O. (17;=). Qfolrrhfdml `k chstlrhk mf `ks kslohkohldfs púa`hol prhvkmks k `k `uz mf `k hip`fifdtkohÿd fd Ol`liahk mf fstf ilmf`l. ilmf`l. Vdhvfrshmkm Ih`htkr Dufvk Nrkdkmk. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://rfplshtlry.udhih`htkr cttps://rfplshtlry.udh ih`htkr.fmu.ol/ahtstrfki/ckdm`f/; .fmu.ol/ahtstrfki/ckdm`f/;726=/;?;6? 726=/;?;6?/Fdskyl%17mf%17nr /Fdskyl%17mf%17nrkml. kml. pmb). Kslohkohldfs (17;>). Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol Wrhvkmks-KWW: Wrhvkmks-KWW: ¼buturl mf `k hdbrkfstruoturk hdbrkfstruoturk púa`hok púa`hok fd Ol`liahk< Ol`liahk. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://ol`kalrkohld.md cttps://ol`kalrkohld.mdp.nlv.ol/OM]/Oldpfs p.nlv.ol/OM]/Oldpfs/Fold%O?%A? /Fold%O?%A?ihols/?;7>. ihols/?;7>.pmb pmb Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW). (17;?). Oukrtk nfdfrkohÿd mf oldofshldfs vhk`fs: prlyfotls phldfrls. phldfrls. Mlouifdtl OLDWF_ ?>2;. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://ol`kalrkohld.mdp.nlv.ol/
OM]/Oldpfs/Fold%O?%A?ihols/?>2;.pmb OM]/Oldpfs/Fold%O?%A?ihols /?>2;.pmb U3Y Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW). (17;=k). Wkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk fd hdbrkfstruoturk WKWW. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://www.mdp.nlv.ol/prlnrkiks/pkrthohpkoh%O?%A?d-prhvkmk-%17 WKWW. y-fd-prlyfotls-mf-hdbrkfstruoturk/Wknh y-fd-prlyfotls-mf-hdb rkfstruoturk/Wknhdks/pkrthohpkohld-pr dks/pkrthohpkohld-prhvkmk-fd-Hdbrkfstruot hvkmk-fd-Hdbrkfstruoturk-WKWW.ksp urk-WKWW.kspxx U8Y Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW). (17;=a). Wkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk fd hdbrkfstruoturk WWOH-H. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://www.mdp.nlv.ol/prlnrkiks/pkrthohpkohÿd-prhvkmk-%17y-fdWWOH-H. prlyfotls-mf-hdbrkfstruoturk/Wknhdks/ prlyfotls-mf-hdbrkfstr uoturk/Wknhdks/pkrthohpkohld-prhvkmk-fd pkrthohpkohld-prhvkmk-fd-hdbrkfstruotur -hdbrkfstruoturk-WWOH-H.kspx k-WWOH-H.kspx U;7Y Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW). (17;=o). (17;=o). Wrlnrkik Wrlnrkik mf kplyl k` prlofsl mf pkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk y oldofshldfs fd hdbrkfstruoturk, sfnudmk ftkpk WWOH-1. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://ol`kalrkohld. mdp.nlv.ol/OM]/Wkrthohpkohd%17prhvkmk%17fd%17prlyfotls%17mf%17hdbrkfstruotu/ Qfsuifppoh1.pmb
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
>8
@ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol - Wrhvkmks
U;;Y Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW). (17;=m). Wkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk fd hdbrkfstruoturk WWOH-HHH. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://www.mdp.nlv.ol/prlnrkiks/pkrthohpkohÿd-prhvkmk-%17y-fdWWOH-HHH. prlyfotls-mf-hdbrkfstruoturk/Wknhdks/ prlyfotls-mf-hdbrkfstr uoturk/Wknhdks/pkrthohpkohld-prhvkmk-fd pkrthohpkohld-prhvkmk-fd-hdbrkfstruotur -hdbrkfstruoturk-WWOH-HHH.kspx k-WWOH-HHH.kspx U;1Y Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW). (17;2). Nuék mf kslohkohldfs púa`hol prhvkmks. Okpétu`l ; - @k kslohkohÿd púa`hol prhvkmk. Qfoupfrkml prhvkmk. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://ol`kalrkohld.mdp.nlv.ol/OM]/ Wkrthohpkohd%17prhvkmk%17fd%17prlyfotls%17mf%17hdbrkfstruotu/Nuhk%17mf%17KWW%17 %17Okphtu`l%17;%1717;2.pmb U;?Y Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW). (17;>k). (17;>k). Wkrthohpkohÿd prhvkmk fd prlyfotls mf hdbrkfstruoturk. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://www.mdp.nlv.ol/prlnrkiks/pkrthohpkoh%O?%A?dprhvkmk-%17y-fd-prlyfotls-mf-hdbrkfstruoturk/Wknhdks/pkrthohpkoh%O?%A?d-prhvkmk-y-fdprlyfotls-mf-hdbrkfstruoturk.kspx U;=Y Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW). (17;>a). Hdblrif trhifstrk` mf` rfnhstrl údhol mf kslohkohldfs púa`hol prhvkmks (QVKWW). (QVKWW). Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://ol`kalrkohld.mdp.nlv.ol/OM]/ Wkrthohpkohd%17prhvkmk%17fd%17prlyfotls%17mf% Wkrthohpkohd%17prhvkmk%1 7fd%17prlyfotls%17mf%17hdbrkfstruotu/Hdblrif% 17hdbrkfstruotu/Hdblrif%17=]%1717;>.pm 17=]%1717;>.pmb b U;6Y Mfpkrtkifdtl Dkohldk` mf W`kdfkohÿd (MDW). (17;8). Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol Wrhvkmks ” KWW KWW” ” fd hdbrkfstruoturk fd Ol`liahk. Ol`liahk. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://ol`kalrkohld.md cttps://ol`kalrkohld.mdp.nlv.ol/OM]/Wkrthohpko p.nlv.ol/OM]/Wkrthohpkohd%17 hd%17 prhvkmk%17fd%17prlyfotls%17mf% prhvkmk%17fd%1 7prlyfotls%17mf%17hdbrkfstruo 17hdbrkfstruotu/Lohk`%17Ikrzl%1 tu/Lohk`%17Ikrzl%1717;8.pmb 717;8.pmb U;2Y Fsolakr, @. (17;>). @ks k`hkdzks púa`hol prhvkmks olil udk k`tfrdkthvk pkrk f` mfskrrl``l slstfdha`f mf `ks rfnhldfs rfnhldfs (tfshs mf ikfstrék). Vdhvfrshmkm FKBH], Ifmf``éd, Ol`liahk. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://rfplshtlry.fkt.fmu.ol/ahtstrfki/ cttps://rfplshtlry. fkt.fmu.ol/ahtstrfki/ckdm`f/;7>3=/; ckdm`f/;7>3=/;1662/@h`hkdk\F 1662/@h`hkdk\FsolakrLrrfnl\17;>. solakrLrrfnl\17;>. pmbY Nkroék, E. F., Nrkjk`fs, O. K., Wkocfol, K. @. & Wèrfz, R. (17;>). @ks Kslohkohldfs Wúa`hol Wrhvkmks (tfshs mf prfnrkml). Vdhvfrshmkm @harf, Wfrfhrk, Ol`liahk. Qfoupfrkml mf cttp:// Wrhvkmks rfplshtlrhl.udh`harfpfrfhrk.fmu.ol:3737/pfrfhrk/ahtstrfki/ckdm`f/;1?=62>38/3?8/@K_%17 K_LOHKOHLDF_%17WVA@HOK_%17 K_LOHKOHLDF_%17 WVA@HOK_%17WQHRKMK WQHRKMK_.pmb;3-13;?17;=777177776 U17Y @ldmlûl, I. (17;=). Kslohkohldfs púa`hol prhvkmks, ilmf`l mf mfskrrl``l mf hdbrkfstruoturk prlmuothvk y slohk` fd Ol`liahk y f` iudml: ikrol chstÿrhol, oldofptuk` y oréthol mf `k @fy ;673 mf 17;1. Qfvhstk 17;1. Qfvhstk mf Mfrfocl Wúa`hol, ??, ;-1?. cttp://mx.mlh.lrn/;7 cttp://mx.mlh.lrn/;7.;6=16/rfmfpu .;6=16/rfmfpua.??.17;=.7 a.??.17;=.73 3 U1;Y @lzkdl, N. _. (17;>). @ks kslohkohldfs púa`hol-prhvkmks: udk lplrtudhmkm mf orfohihfdtl y mfskrrl``l foldÿihol y slohk`. slohk`. Qfvhstk Mhvfrnfdohk, 1?, ;2-18. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://rfvhstks. ufxtfrdkml.fmu.ol/hdmfx.pcp/mhvfr/krtho`f/mlwd ufxtfrdkml.fmu.ol/hdm fx.pcp/mhvfr/krtho`f/mlwd`lkm/6;7?/2;6 `lkm/6;7?/2;68/ 8/
37
Fds. Fold. 18 (66) * ju`hl-mhohfiarf mf 17;8 * f-H__D 12;8-26>? * pp. 6>-3;
Mhfnl Kdmrès Aufskquh``l-_k`kzkr - @kmy Ektcfrhd @ÿpfz-Aurhthoë
U11Y Wrlnrkik mf `k Dkohldfs Vdhmks pkrk f` Mfskrrl``l (WDVM). (17;8). Lajfthvls (17;8). Lajfthvls mf Mfskrrl``l _lstfdha`f. _lstfdha`f. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://www.udmp.lrn/oldtfdt/udmp/fs/clif/sustkhdka`f-mfvf`lpifdt-nlk`s.cti` U1?Y ]cf Foldlihst. (17;3). ]cf Hdbrksolpf Hdmfx. Qfoupfrkml Hdmfx. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://hdbrksolp cttps://hdbrksolpf.fhu.oli f.fhu.oli U1=Y Rkrnks, I. (17;?). Kp (17;?). Kprlx rlxhik hikohÿ ohÿdd tfÿrho tfÿrhokk k `k `kss Kslohk Kslohkohl ohldf dfss Wúa`ho Wúa`holl - Wrhvkmk Wrhvkmkss fd Ol`li Ol`liahk ahk (tfshs (tfshs mf prfnrkml). Vdhvfrshmkm FKBH], Ifmf``éd, Ol`liahk. Qfoupfrkml mf cttps://rfplshtlry.fkt.fmu.ol/xi`uh/ ahtstrfki/ckdm`f/;7>3=/61?2/Vdk%161617kprlxhikohld%161617k%161617`ks%161617kslohkohldfs%161617pua`hol%161617prhvkmks.pmb? * pp. 6>-3;
3;
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