ASNT Questions & Answers Book Ultrasonic Testing Method (UT), Th

Q&A

ASNT

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS BOOK

Third Edition

Ultrasonic Testing Method Levels I, II and III Review Questions Book C

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Catalog Number: 2028 ISBN: 978-1-57117-343-0

Q&A

ASNT

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS BOOK

Third Edition

Ultrasonic Testing Method Levels I, II and III Review Questions - Book C

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Copyright © 2014 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing. The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by means electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the expressed prior written permission of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NDT Technician and www.asnt.org are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level III Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. This book was previously published as Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method, first published in the 1980s. It is based on previous Q&A Book editions. Third Edition first printing 10/14 ebook 8/15 Errata, if available for this printing, may be obtained from ASNT’s website, www.asnt.org. Ebooks contain all corrections and updates, including the latest errata. 978-1-57117-343-0 (print) 978-1-57117-344-7 (ebook) Printed in the United States of America Published by: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1711 Arlingate Lane Columbus, OH 43228-0518 www.asnt.org Edited by: Cynthia M. Leeman, Educational Materials Supervisor Assisted by: Bob Conklin, Educational Materials Editor Joy Grimm, Production Manager Tim Jones, Senior Manager of Publications ASNT Mission Statement: ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing.

ii Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Level I: Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Level II: Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Level III: Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

iii Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. is grateful for the volunteer contributions, technical expertise, knowledge, and dedication of the following individuals who have helped make this work possible. Technical Reviewers John Chen – Schlumberger Steve Johnson – OneSubsea Karl Kraft – Kraft Technology Resources LLC Bill Neyer – Advanced Consulting Solutions Ralph Nicastro – Southern California Gas Company/EAC Chinam Dwarikanath Patra – PSL Limited Luis Payano – Port Authority of NY & NJ Gerald Reams – Siemens Energy Inc. Nathaniel Reveal – American Testing Services Krutik Shah – Shri Vallabh NDT Services, Vadodara Robert J. Woodward – URS Energy & Construction, Inc. Publications Review Committee Glenn M. Light, Chair – Southwest Research Institute Martin T. Anderson – Alaska Technical Training Joseph L. Mackin – Reel Group

v Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

introduction This book was previously published as Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method. As with other books in the ASNT Questions & Answers series, this book is intended to provide candidates studying for qualifying examinations with sample Level I, II, and III questions. The main changes between the second and third editions is that the references have been updated, many questions have been updated, and every question is multiple choice with four unique answers to more closely match the ASNT exam format. All figures are from ASNT sources unless otherwise indicated.

vii Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

References Recommended References

Reference Codes

The following references were used in formulating the questions in this book.

Each question in this book is followed by letter(s) and page number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference where the answer may be found. For example:

Reference A

Workman, G.L. and D. Kishoni, technical eds., Patrick O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 7, Ultrasonic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2007. Reference B

Marks, P. Ultrasonic Testing Classroom Training Book. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2007. Reference C

ASNT Level III Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing Method, second edition. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2014. Reference D

Spaulding, W. and G.C. Wheeler. ASNT Level II Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing Method, second edition. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002.

1.

The wave mode that has multiple or varying wave velocities is: a. b. c. d.

longitudinal waves. shear waves. transverse waves. lamb waves. B.13

In this example, the letter “B” refers to Reference B in the list above and 13 is the specific page in Reference B where the answer to the question is located.

Reference Usage Reference A Total = 174

Reference E Total = 17

Level I (75) Level II (71) Level III (28)

Level I (11) Level II (6) Level III (0)

Reference E

Reference B Total = 227

Reference F Total = 60

McGonnagle, W.J. Nondestructive Testing, second edition. New York: Gordon & Breach, Science Publishers, Inc. 1975.

Level I (111) Level II (104) Level III (12)

Level I (17) Level II (39) Level III (4)

Reference C Total = 23

Reference G Total = 20

Level I (9) Level II (8) Level III (6)

Level I (5) Level II (5) Level III (10)

Additional References

Reference F

Metals Handbook: ninth edition, Volume 17, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, ninth edition. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989. Reference G

Krautkramer, J. and H. Krautkramer. Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, fourth edition. New York: Springer-Verlag, Inc. 1990.

Reference D Total = 8

Level I (1) Level II (7) Level III (0)

ix Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Level I

Review Questions

1.

The indication on the instrument display that represents the far boundary of the material being tested is called: a. b. c. d.

Another name for a compressional wave is: a. b. c. d.

grass or hash. the initial pause. the main bang. the back-surface reflection.

lamb wave. shear wave. longitudinal wave. transverse wave. A.557; B.10

A.205; B.26

2.

5.

6.

In immersion testing, the position of the transducer is often varied by a manipulator to transmit sound into the test part at various angles to the front surface. Such a procedure is referred to as:

Another name for rayleigh waves is: a. b. c. d.

shear waves. longitudinal waves. transverse waves. surface waves. A.43; B.10

a. b. c. d.

angulation. dispersion. reflection testing. refraction.

7.

A.267, 268, 413, 414; B.196

3.

The technical name for the cable that connects the ultrasonic instrument to the transducer is: a. b. c. d.

BX cable. conduit. coaxial cable. ultrasonic conductor cable-grade 20.

8.

The process of standardizing an instrument or device by using a reference standard is called: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

a wetting agent. a couplant. an acoustic transmitter. a lubricant. A.15; B.61

A.79; B.45

4.

A material used between the face of a transducer and the test surface to permit or improve the transmission of ultrasonic vibrations from the transducer to the material being tested is called:

angulation. calibration. attenuation. correlation.

The piezoelectric material in a transducer that vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves is called a: a. b. c. d.

backing material. plastic wedge. crystal. couplant. A.60; B.46

A.557; B.37

1 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l Level i

9.

Ultrasonic testing of material where the probe is in direct contact with the material being tested may be: a. b. c. d.

12.

water jet. immersion testing. air coupled. straight beam testing.

The transducer that contains the thinnest piezoelectric crystal is a: a. b. c. d.

1 MHz transducer. 5 MHz transducer. 15 MHz transducer. 25 MHz transducer.

A.202; B.63

10.

An advantage of using lithium sulfate in transducers is that it: a. is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic energy. b. is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy. c. is insoluble. d. can withstand temperatures as high as 700 °C (1260 °F).

B.47

13. Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is normally the function of test frequency used. The greatest depth of penetration is provided by a frequency of: a. b. c. d.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

B.46

11.

The transducer shown in Figure 1 is used for: a. b. c. d.

D.47

14.

surface wave testing. angle beam testing. immersion testing. straight beam testing.

The amount of beam divergence from a crystal is primarily dependent on the: a. b. c. d.

B.55

type of test. tightness of crystal backing in the transducer. frequency and crystal size. pulse length. A.211; B.49

15.

When an ultrasonic beam passes through the interface between two dissimilar materials at an angle, a new angle of sound travel takes place in the second material due to: a. b. c. d.

attenuation. rarefaction. compression. refraction. A.38, 564; B.18-19

Figure 1.

2 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

(No sweep delay is being used) 1

2

3

4

5

152 mm (6 in.)

203 mm (8 in.)

0

0

1

2

A

3

4

B

C

5

6 D

7

8

9

10

E

Figure 2.

16.

Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on a 203 mm (8 in.) aluminum block. A discontinuity is located 152 mm (6 in.) from the front surface. The display representation for this is shown to the right. What does indication A represent? a. b. c. d.

The initial pulse or front-surface indication. The first discontinuity indication. The first back-surface reflection. Baseline.

19.

a. b. c. d.

20.

the initial pulse or front-surface indication. the first discontinuity indication. the first back-surface reflection. baseline. A.203, 204; B.26

18.

In Figure 2, indication C represents the: a. b. c. d.

In Figure 2, indication E represents the: a. b. c. d.

In Figure 2, indication B represents: a. b. c. d.

first discontinuity indication. second indication of the discontinuity. first back-surface reflection. second back-surface reflection. A.205; B.26

21.

The velocity of longitudinal waves is approximately ______ the velocity of shear waves in the same material. a. b. c. d.

second back-surface reflection. first discontinuity indication. second indication of the discontinuity. first back-surface reflection.

first discontinuity indication. second indication of the discontinuity. first back-surface reflection. second back-surface reflection. A.204; B.26

A.203, 204; B.26

17.

In Figure 2, indication D represents the:

two times four times 1/2 9/10 B.12

A.205; B.26

3 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l Level i

22.

Figure 3 illustrates an immersion test of a 76 mm (3 in.) block of aluminum with a discontinuity located 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface. The display pattern is shown also. What does indication A represent? Assume no sweep delay is used. a. b. c. d.

25 mm (1 in.) 76 mm (3 in.)

The first front-surface indication. The initial pulse. The first discontinuity indication. The first back-surface reflection.

51 mm (2 in.) Aluminum

A

Water B

C

D

B.17; F.245

23.

Figure 3.

In Figure 3, indication B represents the: a. b. c. d.

first front-surface indication. initial pulse. first back-surface reflection. first discontinuity reflection.

27.

Under most circumstances, which of the following frequencies would result in the best resolving power?

B.17; F.245

24.

a. b. c. d.

In Figure 3, indication C represents the: a. b. c. d.

first front-surface indication. first discontinuity indication. first back-surface reflection. second front-surface indication.

B.47

28. B.17; F.245

25.

1 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 25 MHz

Which of the following materials of the same alloy is most likely to produce the greatest amount of sound attenuation over a given distance?

In Figure 3, indication D represents the: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

first discontinuity indication. first back-surface reflection. second front-surface indication. second discontinuity indication.

A hand forging. A coarse-grained casting. An extrusion. The attenuation is equal in all materials. B.164; E.221; F.238

B.17; F.245

29. 26.

In Figure 3, the distance between indications A and B represents the: a. distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the discontinuity. b. distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the back surface of the aluminum block. c. water distance from the transducer to the aluminum block. d. 76 mm. B.17; F.245

In contact testing, the entry surface indication is sometimes referred to as the: a. b. c. d.

initial pulse. back reflection. skip distance. scan path. B.80

30.

An ultrasonic instrument display pattern containing a large number of low-level indications (often referred to as grass or hash) could be caused by: a. b. c. d.

a crack. a large inclusion. coarse-grained material. a gas pocket. A.211; B.47, 195; E.221

4 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

31.

A test method employing two separate transducers on opposite surfaces of the material being tested is called: a. b. c. d.

36.

The number “25 million cycles per second” can also be stated as: a. b. c. d.

contact testing. surface wave testing. through-transmission testing. lamb wave testing.

25 kHz. 2500 kHz. 25 MHz. 25 μHz. B.3

B.64-65

37. 32.

The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a given period of time (usually 1 s) is referred to as the: a. b. c. d.

38.

A term used in ultrasonics to express the rate at which sound waves pass through various substances is: a. b. c. d.

a rarefactor. a refractor. an interface. a marker.

frequency. velocity. wavelength. pulse length. A.36-37

A. 561; B.75; E.216

39.

When the motion of the particles of a medium is parallel to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a: a. b. c. d.

scanning. attenuating. angulating. resonating. A.564; E.250

The boundary between two different materials that are in contact with each other is called: a. b. c. d.

34.

a. b. c. d.

amplitude. pulse length. frequency. wavelength. B.4-5, 195

33.

Moving a transducer over a test surface either manually or automatically is referred to as:

When an indication has reached the maximum signal height which can be displayed or viewed on the display of an ultrasonic instrument, the indication is said to have reached its: a. b. c. d.

longitudinal wave. shear wave. surface wave. lamb wave.

distance amplitude height. absorption level. vertical limit. limit of resolution. A.566

B.10-11; E.210

40. 35.

When the motion of the particles of a medium is transverse to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a: a. b. c. d.

An ultrasonic testing technique in which the transducer element is not parallel to the test surface is called: a. b. c. d.

longitudinal wave. shear wave. surface wave. lamb wave.

angle beam testing. immersion testing. contact testing. through-transmission testing. B.52

B.10-11; E.210

5 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l Level i

41.

In Figure 4, angle 1 (θ1) is called the angle of: a. b. c. d.

45.

incidence. reflection. refraction. diffraction.

In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal baseline represents the: a. b. c. d.

B.18-20

amount of reflected ultrasonic sound energy. distance traveled by the transducer. elapsed time or distance. signal amplitude. A.179; B.26

42.

In Figure 4, angle 2 (θ2) is called the angle of: 46. a. b. c. d.

incidence. reflection. refraction. diffraction.

a. amount of ultrasonic sound energy returning to the transducer. b. distance traveled by the transducer. c. thickness of material being tested. d. elapsed time since the ultrasonic pulse was generated.

A.56

43.

In Figure 4, angle 3 (θ3) is called the angle of: a. b. c. d.

incidence. reflection. refraction. rarefaction.

In an A-scan presentation, the amplitude of vertical indications on the display represents the:

A.179; B.26

47. B.18-20 1

Which of the following test frequencies would generally provide the best penetration in a 305 mm (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? a. b. c. d.

2

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz B.47

Water

48. 3 Metal

Figure 4.

44.

Most commercial ultrasonic testing is accomplished using frequencies between:

In a basic ultrasonic test pattern (A-scan) for contact testing (assuming no sweep delay is used), the initial pulse is: a. the high indication on the extreme left side of the display that represents the entry surface of the inspected part. b. the first pulse that occurs near the right side of the display and represents the opposite boundary of the inspected part. c. an indication that appears and disappears during screening. d. always the second pulse from the left on the viewing display. B.26; F.242

a. b. c. d.

1 and 25 kHz. 1 and 1000 kHz. 0.2 and 25 MHz. 15 and 100 MHz. B.47

6 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

49.

An ultrasonic test using a straight beam contact transducer is being conducted through the thickness of a flat part such as a plate. This test should detect:

52.

a. laminar-type discontinuities with major dimensions parallel to the rolled surface. b. transverse-type discontinuities with major dimensions at right angles to the rolled surface. c. radial discontinuities with major dimensions along length but radially oriented to the rolled surface. d. rounded discontinuities such as porosity.

a. avoid a large number of back reflections that could interfere with a normal test pattern. b. obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is not originally oriented perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam. c. obtain the maximum number of entry surface reflections. d. obtain a discontinuity indication of the same height as the indication from the flat-bottom hole in a reference block.

B.120-121; G.380

50.

In ultrasonic testing, a liquid coupling medium between the crystal surface and the part surface is necessary because:

A.279, 289-292; B.67

53.

a. lubricant is required to minimize wear on the crystal surface. b. an air interface between the crystal surface and the part surface would almost completely reflect the ultrasonic vibrations. c. the crystal will not vibrate if placed directly in contact with the surface of the part being inspected. d. the liquid is necessary to complete the electrical circuit in the transducer.

B.56

shear wave. transverse wave. surface wave. longitudinal wave. B.11-13; G.37

54.

On the area-amplitude ultrasonic standard test blocks, the flat-bottom holes in the blocks are: a. all of the same diameter. b. different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 mm (0.016 in.) increments from the No. 1 block to the No. 8 block. c. largest in the No. 1 block and smallest in the No. 8 block. d. drilled to different depths from the front surface of the test block.

Near-surface resolution is a characteristic of an ultrasonic testing system that defines its ability to detect: a. discontinuities oriented in a direction parallel to the ultrasonic beam. b. discontinuities located in the center of a forging containing a fine metallurgic structure. c. minute surface scratches. d. discontinuities located just beneath the entry-surface in the part being tested.

All other factors being equal, the mode of vibration that has the greatest velocity is the: a. b. c. d.

A.222-223

51.

During ultrasonic testing by the immersion method, it is frequently necessary to angulate the transducer when a discontinuity is located in order to:

B.104

55.

In immersion testing, verification that the transducer is normal to a flat entry surface is indicated by: a. b. c. d.

maximum reflection from the entry surface. elimination of water multiples. proper wavelength. maximum amplitude of the initial pulse. A.279, 413

7 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l Level i

56.

A piezoelectric material can: a. b. c. d.

61.

convert a longitudinal beam to a shear wave. convert a mechanical energy to electrical energy. create ionization in a test specimen. produce sound waves in a coaxial cable.

In immersion testing, the most commonly used couplant is: a. b. c. d.

A.60; B.76

water. oil. glycerine. alcohol. B.62; E.222

57.

Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred to as ultrasonic waves or vibrations, and the term embraces all vibrational waves of frequency greater than approximately: a. b. c. d.

A.60; B.76

64.

The primary purpose of reference blocks is to:

B.37

When testing by the surface wave method, patches of oil or dirt on the surface may: a. b. c. d.

1 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 25 MHz B.4-5

a. aid the operator in obtaining maximum back reflections. b. obtain the greatest sensitivity possible from an instrument. c. obtain a common reproducible signal. d. properly tune the transducer.

60.

The shortest wavelength pulse is produced by a frequency of: a. b. c. d.

pulse length. angle of incidence. material properties and wave type. frequency. A.36-37; G.38

59.

63.

The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent on the: a. b. c. d.

The piezoelectric material in the transducer: a. converts electrical energy into sound. b. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and mechanical energy into electrical energy. c. eliminates the signal-to-noise energy. d. produces high-speed electrons in metals.

2 kHz 200 kHz 20 000 Hz 2 MHz B.3; G.1

58.

62.

block the progress of all sound. attenuate the sound. have no effect on the test. cause both an attenuation of sound and indications on the screen.

The angle of incidence is: a. b. c. d.

greater than the angle of reflection. less than the angle of reflection. equal to the angle of reflection. not related to the angle of reflection. A.38

65.

On many ultrasonic testing instruments, an operator conducting an immersion test can remove that portion of the display presentation that represents water distance by adjusting a: a. b. c. d.

pulse length control. reject control. sweep delay control. sweep length control. A.183, 194, 262, 565

G.34

8 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

66.

What is another way to express 100 000 cycles per second? a. b. c. d.

69.

Figure 7 is an illustration of a typical: a. b. c. d.

0.1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 100 MHz

A-scan presentation. B-scan presentation. C-scan presentation. D-scan presentation. B.82; C.19

A.31-32; B.3

67.

Figure 5 is an illustration of a typical: a. b. c. d.

A-scan presentation. B-scan presentation. C-scan presentation. D-scan presentation. A.264; B.26-27; C.19

Figure 7.

70.

A transducer with a frequency greater than 10 MHz will most likely be used during: a. b. c. d.

Figure 5.

a straight beam contact test of aluminum ingot. an angle beam contact test of a steel pipe. a surface wave contact test of a metallic plate. an immersion test. B.47

68.

Figure 6 is an illustration of a typical: a. b. c. d.

71.

A-scan presentation. B-scan presentation. C-scan presentation. D-scan presentation.

The reference holes in standard aluminum area-amplitude ultrasonic test blocks contain: a. b. c. d.

B.83; C.19

flat-bottom holes. concave-surface holes. convex-surface holes. conical-shaped holes. B.104

72.

The gradual loss of sonic energy as the ultrasonic vibrations travel through the material is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

reflection. refraction. reproducibility. attenuation. A.39; B.15

Figure 6.

9 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l Level i

73.

A term used to describe numerous small indications on the instrument display resulting from test part structure, numerous small discontinuities, or both is often referred to as: a. b. c. d.

78.

The presence of a discontinuity will not produce a specific discontinuity indication on the ultrasonic instrument display when using the: a. b. c. d.

multiple back reflections. multiple front reflections. grass or hash. resonance.

straight beam testing method. surface wave testing method. angle beam testing method. through-transmission testing method. A.230; B.64-65

B.195

79. 74.

When testing a plate, increasing the frequency of an ultrasonic longitudinal wave results in: a. b. c. d.

The depth of a discontinuity cannot be determined when using the: a. b. c. d.

an increase in its velocity. a decrease in its velocity. no change in its velocity. a reversal in its velocity.

straight beam testing method. through-transmission testing method. angle beam testing method. immersion testing method. A.230

E.214

80. 75.

Ultrasonic waves transmitted into and received from the test material in the form of repetitive bursts of acoustic energy is called: a. b. c. d.

When inspecting coarse-grained material, a sound wave is most easily scattered by the grain structure by a frequency of: a. b. c. d.

pulse echo testing. continuous wave testing. resonance testing. through-transmission testing.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz A.409; B.47

A.202; B.64

81. 76.

Metal blocks, which contain one or more drilled holes or notches to simulate discontinuities, are called: a. b. c. d.

scrubbers. crystal collimators. single-plane angulators. reference blocks.

a. b. c. d.

1 MHz transducer. 5 MHz transducer. 15 MHz transducer. 25 MHz transducer. B.47

82. E.273; F.263

77.

The thickest crystal is contained in a:

If the major dimensions of a discontinuity in a 152 mm (6 in.) thick aluminum plate lie parallel to the entry surface at a depth of 76 mm (3 in.), it will be best detected by:

When performing a surface wave test, indications may result from: a. b. c. d.

improper frequency. oil on the surface. a surface discontinuity. the acoustical velocity of aluminum. B.12-13

a. b. c. d.

a straight beam test. an angle beam test. a surface wave test. a lamb wave test. B.91-92

10 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

83.

Which of the following discontinuities located 152 mm (6 in.) from the entry surface results in the largest display indication if all factors except discontinuity surface condition and orientation are the same? a. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of 75° from the direction of sound beam propagation. b. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of 75° from the direction of sound beam propagation. c. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is perpendicular to the direction of sound beam propagation. d. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is parallel to the direction of sound beam propagation.

87.

A separate time baseline imposed on the viewing display of some ultrasonic testing instruments that permits measurement of distances is often referred to as: a. b. c. d.

an initial pulse. a time/distance line. an electronic gate. a sweep line. A.180, 561

88.

A term used to describe the ability of an ultrasonic testing system to distinguish between the entry-surface response and the response of discontinuities near the entry surface is: a. b. c. d.

sensitivity. penetration. segregation. resolution.

B.148-149

84.

Transducers constructed with a plastic wedge or standoff between the transducer element and the test piece are commonly used: a. b. c. d.

B.56

89.

for angle beam contact testing. for immersion testing. to eliminate the need for a couplant. to reduce the speed of electrons.

The phenomenon whereby an ultrasonic wave changes direction when the wave crosses a boundary between materials with different velocities is called: a. b. c. d.

refraction. reflection. penetration. rarefaction.

B.81-88, 92

85.

Sound can be focused by special curved adapters located in front of the transducer element. These adapters are referred to as: a. b. c. d.

E.216

90.

scrubbers. acoustic lenses. angle beam adapters. single plane adapters.

In a test where the transducer is not perpendicular to the inspection surface, the angle of incidence is equal to: a. b. c. d.

the angle of refraction. the angle of reflection. the shear wave angle. half the shear wave angle.

A.95, 296-298

86.

A test method in which the parts to be inspected are placed in a water bath or some other liquid couplant is called: a. b. c. d.

contact testing. immersion testing. surface wave testing. through-transmission testing. A.262-263; B.66-68

F.235-236

91.

The product of the acoustic velocity of sound in a material and the density of the material is the factor that determines the amount of reflection or transmission of ultrasonic energy when it reaches an interface. This is called: a. b. c. d.

acoustic impedance. velocity. wavelength. penetration. E.234

11 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l Level i

92.

In transmitting energy into the part shown in Figure 8, the ultrasonic beam will: a. b. c. d.

96.

diverge (spread out) through the part. converge (focus in to a point) through the part. transmit straight through the part. not enter the part.

The formula used to calculate the angle of refraction within a material is called: a. b. c. d.

Fresnel’s law. Fraunhofer’s law. Snell’s law. Lamb’s law.

A.222

B.21-22; C.3

97. Immersed transducer Convex surface

In a material with a given velocity, when frequency is increased, the wavelength will: a. b. c. d.

Test specimen

not be affected. increase. decrease. double. B.5

98. Figure 8.

93.

Circuits that electronically amplify return signals from the receiving transducer and often modify the signals into a form suitable for display are called: a. b. c. d.

Ultrasonic waves that travel along the surface of a material and whose particle motion is elliptical are called:

pulser circuits. marker circuits. timer circuits. receiver-amplifier circuits. F.253

a. b. c. d.

shear waves. transverse waves. longitudinal waves. rayleigh waves.

99.

a. b. c. d.

A.39-40; B.12-13

94.

The most common type of data display used for ultrasonic examination of welds is:

The interference field near the face of a transducer is often referred to as the:

an A-scan display. a B-scan display. a C-scan display. an X-Y plot display. A. 182, 225, 264, 557

a. b. c. d.

fresnel zone. acoustic impedance. exponential field. phasing zone.

100.

B.23, 47-48; C.15-16

95.

When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave mode within the part will be a: a. b. c. d.

The display that plots signal amplitude versus time is called: a. b. c. d.

an A-scan display. a B-scan display. a C-scan display. a D-scan display. A.264; C.11-12

longitudinal wave. shear wave. surface wave. lamb wave. B.12, 21

12 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

101.

A circuit that modifies the return signal from the receiving transducer into a form suitable for display on an oscilloscope or other output device is called a: a. b. c. d.

106.

What type of ultrasonic examination uses wheel-type transducers that eliminate the use of a tank? a. b. c. d.

pulser. receiver-amplifier. clock. sweep.

Through-transmission testing. Contact testing. Resonance testing. Immersion testing. A.99; B.67, 69, 70

A.69, 104; F.253

107. 102.

A circuit that generates a burst of voltage that is applied to the sending transducer is called:

In addition to other functions, a transducer manipulator in a mechanical immersion-scanning unit permits:

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

a pulser. a receiver-amplifier. damping. a clock.

use of the through-transmission technique. use of high scanning speeds. detection of obliquely oriented discontinuities. utilization of less skilled operators.

A.69; F.252

103.

A circuit that coordinates electronic operation of the entire ultrasonic instrument system is called: a. b. c. d.

A.267, 413

108.

damping. a receiver-amplifier. a clock. a power supply.

A type of data presentation most likely to be used with a high-speed automatic scanning system is: a. b. c. d.

an A-scan presentation. a velocity versus amplitude plot. a C-scan presentation. a plot of echo height versus depth.

A.244; B.30, 79

104.

A plan view display or recording of a part under examination is called: a. b. c. d.

A.264

109.

a C-scan display. an A-scan display. an X-axis plot. a strip chart recording.

The component in a conventional immersion system that spans the width of the immersion tank is called: a. b. c. d.

an articulator. a bridge. a manipulator. a search tube.

A.264; C.19

105.

Ultrasonic data, which is presented in a form representative of the cross section of the test specimen, is called: a. b. c. d.

an A-scan presentation. a B-scan presentation. a C-scan presentation. an X-Y plot.

A.193

110.

The component in an ultrasonic immersion system that is used to adjust and maintain a known transducer angle is called: a. b. c. d.

A.264; C.19

a carriage. a manipulator. a search tube. an index system. A.267, 413

13 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l Level i

111.

An amplitude type gate is necessary for all: a. b. c. d.

116.

shear wave examinations. longitudinal wave examinations. automatic examinations. manual examinations.

Which material can only transmit longitudinal waves? a. b. c. d.

Machine oil. Aluminum. Ice. Beryllium.

A.205

112.

When a C-scan recording is used to produce a permanent record of an ultrasonic test, the information displayed is typically the discontinuity’s: a. b. c. d.

B.11

117.

depth and size. depth, orientation, and size. location and depth. location and size (plan view).

If the velocity of a longitudinal mode wave in a given homogeneous material is 0.625 cm/μs at 13 mm (0.5 in.) below the surface, what is the velocity at 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface? a. b. c. d.

A.264

One-fourth the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.). One-half the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.). The same as the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.). Three-fourths the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.) A.43

113.

Rough entry surface conditions can result in: 118. a. b. c. d.

an increase in echo amplitude from discontinuities. a decrease in the width of the front-surface echo. a loss of amplitude from discontinuities. a loss of material velocity.

a. b. c. d.

A.204, 278

114.

Make it longer. Have no effect. Make it shorter. Increase it and the acousitc impedance.

As the grain size increases in a material, its principal effect in ultrasonic testing is on the:

B.48

119. a. b. c. d.

velocity of sound. attenuation. acoustic impedance. angle of refraction.

In straight beam pulse echo testing, a discontinuity with a rough reflecting surface perpendicular to the incident wave has what effect on the detected signal in comparison to a smooth flat-bottom hole of the same size? a. b. c. d.

It increases the detected signal. It decreases the detected signal. It has no effect on the detected signal. It decreases the width of the pulse of the detected signal. A.195, 208

What can cause nonrelevant indications on the A-scan display? a. b. c. d.

A.211

115.

What effect will replacing a 2.25 MHz transducer with a 5 MHz transducer have on the wavelength?

Rectangular-shaped test specimens. Setting a low pulse repetition rate. Small grain structure of test specimens. Edge effects. A.277, 278

120.

The proper interpretation and evaluation of the presented discontinuity signals are essential to any nondestructive test. A common method for the estimation of discontinuity size is the use of: a. b. c. d.

a double transducer test. a piezoelectric standard. mode conversion. a reference standard. A. 206

14 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

121.

Another name for fresnel zone is: a. b. c. d.

126.

zone. near field. far field. torrid zone.

An A-scan display, which shows a signal both above and below the sweep line, is called: a. b. c. d.

B.23, 47; C.5, 15

a video display. an RF display. an audio display. a frequency modulated display. A.87; B.81

122.

Attenuation is a: 127. a. b. c. d.

test display characteristic. test material parameter. transducer characteristic. form of testing.

a. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its through-dimension thickness. b. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its length in the direction of transducer travel. c. cross-sectional area of a discontinuity above a predetermined amplitude. d. pulse height and time of arrival to produce a plan-view image.

B.15, 164

123.

A B-scan display shows the relative:

For discontinuity geometries other than flat, the echo amplitude is usually _________ from that observed for a flat discontinuity, of similar orientation perpendicular to the sound beam.

A.180-181; B.27-28

a. b. c. d.

identical increased decreased elongated

128.

a. are not reflected from a sharp edge corner. b. are reflected from a sharp edge corner. c. travel through the sharp edge corner and are reflected from the lower edge. d. are absorbed by a sharp edge corner.

A.195, 309-310

124.

To evaluate discontinuities that are oriented at an angle to the entry surface so that the sound beam strikes the plane of the discontinuity at right angles, the operator must: a. b. c. d.

change the frequency. grind the surface. angulate the transducer. increase the gain.

B.12-13

129.

The pulser circuit in an ultrasonic instrument is used to: a. control the horizontal and vertical sweep. b. activate the transducer. c. control transducer timing between transmit and sweep. d. generate markers that appear on horizontal sweep. A.182; B.79

Surface (rayleigh) waves are more highly attenuated by a: a. b. c. d.

B.52, 96

125.

Surface (rayleigh) waves traveling on the top face of a block:

curved surface. heavy couplant. thin couplant. sharp corner. B.12-13, 63

130.

The velocity of sound in a material is dependent upon the: a. b. c. d.

frequency of the wave. wavelength. material properties. vibration cycle. A.309

15 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l Level i

131.

To vary or change the wavelength of sound being used to test a part, change the: a. b. c. d.

136.

sound wave frequency. diameter of the transducer. electrical pulse voltage. pulse repetition rate.

a. four times the test piece thickness. b. one-half the test piece thickness. c. one-fourth the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in.). d. one-half the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in.)

B.5

132.

Longitudinal wave velocity in water is approximately one-fourth the velocity in aluminum or steel. Therefore, the minimum water path should be:

Ultrasonic vibrations are commonly used to:

A.262; F.258

a. support findings after visual inspection. b. characterize grain structure. c. detect discontinuities in multilayered structures having air gaps between layers. d. perform volumetric examinations of ferrous and nonferrous materials.

137.

a. b. c. d.

B.1, 2

133.

adjust the viscosity. help eliminate the formation of air bubbles. prevent cloudiness. aid in technician comfort.

Which of the following has the longest fresnel zone? a. b. c. d.

13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 1 MHz. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 2.25 MHz. 28.5 mm (1.125 in.) diameter 1 MHz. 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter 2 MHz.

B.62

138.

When contact testing, if the ultrasonic instrument is set with an excessively high pulse repetition frequency:

F = V/T. F = V/2T. F = T/V. F = VT. A.478

139. a. b. c. d.

The formula used to determine the fundamental resonant frequency is: a. b. c. d.

A.210; B.47-48

134

In immersion testing, a wetting agent is added to the water to:

the screen trace becomes too light to see. the time-baseline becomes distorted. the initial pulse disappears. UT signals may overlap with the multiples of the backwall echoes.

If frequency is increased, wavelength: a. b. c. d.

decreases (becomes shorter). increases (becomes longer). remains the same but velocity increases. remains the same but velocity decreases.

A.187

135.

The advantages of immersion testing include: a. b. c. d.

B.5

140.

portability. reduced equipment needed. low equipment and maintenance costs. adaptability for automated scanning. F.258

The variable in distance amplitude calibration block construction is the: a. b. c. d.

drilled hole size. drilled hole point angle. metal distance above the drilled hole. angle of the drilled hole to block longitudinal axis. B.39-40, 105-106; F.264

16 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

141.

When setting up a distance amplitude correction curve using three flat-bottom holes, sometimes the hole closest to the transducer gives less of a response than one or both of the other two. This could be caused by: a. b. c. d.

a hole that is too large. near field effects. impedance mismatch. the acoustic velocity.

146.

a. b. c. d.

147.

Ferrous and nonferrous welds may be ultrasonically tested using a frequency range of: a. b. c. d.

Both longitudinal and shear waves may be simultaneously generated in a second medium when the angle of incidence is: a. b. c. d.

25-100 kHz 200-500 kHz 2-5 MHz 3-6 MHz

between normal and the first critical angle. between the first and second critical angles. past the second critical angle. only at the second critical angle. B.21

The product of the material density and the velocity of sound within that material is referred to as:

Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is normally the function of test frequency used. The greatest depth of penetration is provided by a frequency of:

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

A.226

143.

increases. decreases. stays the same. cannot be determined. B.18-20

F.239, 263

142.

For a given incident angle, as the frequency of the transducer increases, the refracted angle:

148.

acoustic impedance. near field. acoustic attenuation. ultrasonic beam distribution.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

B.15

144.

A straight beam contact transducer consists of: a. b. c. d.

B.47

149.

a case, a crystal, wear plate, and backing. a case, a crystal, backing, and a plastic wedge. a case, a crystal, backing, and acoustic lenses. a case, a crystal, a mount, backing, a plastic wedge, and acoustic lenses.

Refracted energy assumes a new direction of propagation when the _________ is changed. a. b. c. d.

principal angle reflected angle critical angle incident angle

B.45

145.

In immersion testing, to remove the second water reflection from between the entry surface signal and the first back reflection, you should: a. b. c. d.

B.19-21

150.

The loss of energy as it propagates through material is the result of beam: a. b. c. d.

increase the repetition rate. decrease the frequency. decrease the sweep length. increase the water path.

interference. attenuation. absorption. reflection. B.15

B.68

17 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l Level i

151.

In selecting a suitable couplant, which of the following characteristics would not affect the selection? a. b. c. d.

156.

A device that transforms electrical pulses into mechanical and vice versa utilizes: a. b. c. d.

Mode of propagation desired. Material surface finish and temperature. Operating frequency of the transducer. Chemical properties of the couplant.

Snell’s law. piezoelectric principles. mode conversion principles. particle motion principles. B.45

B.61

157. 152.

Excessive surface roughness of the material being tested can cause:

a. the refracted wave is mode converted. b. the refracted wave is the same mode as the incident wave. c. the refracted wave in steel has two components, one of which will be the same mode as the incident wave. d. it is impossible to determine mode(s) of a refracted wave without more information.

a. a loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities within the material. b. reduced acoustic velocity. c. increased acoustic velocity. d. increased back-surface response. B.54

153.

Reference or calibration standards are used for:

B.19

a. determining phase shift analysis. b. providing a method for standardizing the test system. c. determining tensile strength. d. measuring vibrations.

158.

The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one material to another material in which elasticity and density differ is called: a. b. c. d.

reflection. rarefaction. angulation. refraction.

F.239, 263 B.18

155.

If a discontinuity is located in the fresnel or near-field region of a sound beam: a. the larger the discontinuity, the larger the amplitude of the reflected signal. b. the closer to the surface the discontinuity is located, the larger will be the amplitude of the reflected signal. c. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the signal increases as the water path decreases. d. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the reflected signal may increase or decrease as the water path decreases.

B.37, 101

154.

Whenever an ultrasonic incident angle is set at 5° from normal in water:

If a discontinuity is oriented at an angle other than 90° to the sound beam, the results may be a: a. loss of signal linearity. b. loss or lack of signal reflected from the discontinuity. c. focusing of the sound beam. d. loss of interference phenomena. B.148-149

159.

If a transducer is vibrating at a frequency and injecting ultrasonic energy through water into a steel specimen: a. the sound wavelength is the same in both the water and the steel. b. the sound frequency in the water is less than the sound frequency in steel. c. the sound wavelength is not the same in both the water and the steel. d. the sound frequency in the water is greater than the sound frequency in steel. A.43

18 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

160.

When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a watersteel interface at an angle of incidence of 15° (see Figure 9): a. all the sound energy is reflected back into the water at an angle of 15°. b. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle of less than 15°. c. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted along the water-steel interface. d. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle greater than 15°.

15°

Figure 9.

B.19-20

Answers 1d 15d 29a 43c 57c 71a 85b 99a 113c 127b 141b 155b

2a 16a 30c 44c 58c 72d 86b 100a 114b 128b 142c 156b

3c 17b 31c 45c 59c 73c 87c 101b 115b 129b 143a 157c

4b 18d 32c 46a 60d 74c 88d 102a 116a 130c 144a 158d

5c 19b 33c 47a 61a 75a 89a 103c 117c 131a 145d 159c

6d 20d 34a 48a 62b 76d 90b 104a 118c 132d 146c 160d

7b 21a 35b 49a 63d 77a 91a 105b 119d 133d 147a

8c 22b 36c 50b 64c 78d 92a 106d 120d 134d 148a

9d 23a 37a 51d 65c 79b 93d 107c 121b 135d 149d

10b 24b 38b 52b 66c 80d 94a 108c 122b 136c 150b

11d 25b 39c 53d 67a 81a 95b 109b 123c 137b 151c

12d 26c 40a 54b 68c 82c 96c 110b 124c 138b 152a

13a 27d 41a 55a 69b 83c 97c 111c 125b 139a 153b

14c 28b 42b 56b 70d 84a 98d 112d 126b 140c 154d

19 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

LEVEL II

Review Questions 1.

The wave mode that has multiple or varying wave velocities is: a. b. c. d.

5.

longitudinal waves. shear waves. transverse waves. lamb waves.

When angle beam contact testing a test piece, increasing the incident angle until the second critical angle is reached may result in: a. b. c. d.

B.13; C.2

total reflection of a surface wave. 45° refraction of the shear wave. production of a surface wave. a 90° angle of refraction for the wave. B.21

2.

Which of the following would be considered application(s) of ultrasonic techniques?

6.

a. Determination of a material’s coefficient of expansion. b. Study of a material’s metallurgical structure. c. Determination of a material’s chemical composition. d. Evaluation of surface tension through capillary action.

Acoustic energy propagates in different modes. Which of the following represents a mode? a. b. c. d.

High-frequency ultrasonic waves. A shear wave. The dissipation factor. The wave movement in the direction from the point where the energy was introduced. B.10

A.13

7. 3.

The only significant sound wave mode that travels through a liquid is a:

The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of water appears disjointed at the water surface illustrates the phenomenon of:

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

shear wave. longitudinal wave. surface wave. rayleigh wave.

reflection. magnification. refraction. diffraction.

B.11

4.

The acoustic impedance of a material is used to determine the:

F.232

8.

a. angle of refraction at an interface. b. attenuation within the material. c. relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an interface. d. beam spread within the material.

The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are related. The thinner the crystal: a. b. c. d.

the lower the frequency. the higher the frequency. there is no appreciable effect. the lower the attenuation. B.47

B.16

21 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

9.

The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline structures is a factor in determining: a. b. c. d.

14.

the body-centered cubic crystal system. the angle of refraction. scattering of sound. material thickness.

In Figure 1, assuming a uniform beam pattern, what relationship would you expect to exist between the amplitudes of the reflected laminar signals at positions A and B? a. b. c. d.

B.164

12 dB difference. Equal amplitudes. 2 to 1. 3 to 1. A.206; B.99

10.

The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure occur is mostly affected by the: a. b. c. d.

A

frequency of the transducer. the sound beam exit point. length of transducer cable. diameter of the transducer.

B

Plate B.48

11.

Laminar reflector

The differences in signals received from identical reflectors at different material distances from a transducer may be caused by: a. b. c. d.

Figure 1.

material composition. beam divergence. acoustic impedance. the piezoelectric effect.

15.

a. minimum at b. maximum at c. maximum throughout twice the angle

A.211

12.

It is possible for a discontinuity smaller than the transducer to produce indications of fluctuating amplitude as the transducer is moved laterally if testing is being performed in the: a. b. c. d.

In the far field of a uniform ultrasonic beam, sound intensity is ____________ the beam centerline.

 C  sin γ = Df 

where C is acoustic velocity, D is crystal diameter, and f is frequency at d. not related to orientation of

fraunhofer zone. near field. snell field. shadow zone.

B.56 A.210; B.48

16. 13.

In immersion testing, the near-field effects of a transducer may be eliminated by: a. b. c. d.

increasing transducer frequency. using a larger diameter transducer. using an appropriate water path. using a focused transducer. B.68

Which of the following may result in a long, narrow rod if the beam divergence results in a reflection from a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches the back surface? a. Multiple indications before the first back reflection. b. Indications from multiple surface reflections. c. Conversion from the longitudinal mode to shear mode at the perimeter of the beam. d. Loss of front-surface indications. B.143, 161

22 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

17.

Where does beam divergence occur? a. b. c. d.

22.

Near field. Far field. At the crystal. At the interface.

Rayleigh waves are influenced most by discontinuities located: a. b. c. d.

A.211; B.49

close to or on the surface. 1 wavelength below the surface. 3 wavelengths below the surface. 6 wavelengths below the surface. A.39

18.

As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: a. b. c. d.

23.

decreases. remains unchanged. increases. varies uniformly through each wavelength.

a. b. c. d.

A.211; B.49

19.

The ultrasonic testing technique in which finger damping is most effective in locating a discontinuity is the: shear wave technique. longitudinal wave technique. surface wave technique. compressional wave technique.

As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal length of the lens:

B.143

24. a. b. c. d.

increases. decreases. remains the same. cannot be determined unless the frequency is known.

Lamb waves can be used to detect: a. laminar-type discontinuities near the surface of a thin material. b. lack of fusion in the center of a thick weldment. c. internal voids in diffusion bonds. d. thickness changes in heavy plate material.

A.96-97

A.100

20.

When examining materials for planar flaws oriented parallel to the part surface, what testing method is most often used? a. b. c. d.

25.

Angle beam. Through-transmission. Straight beam. Dual crystal.

a. b. c. d. B.149

21.

If a contact angle beam transducer produces a 45° shear wave in steel, the angle produced by the same transducer in an aluminum specimen would be: (Vsteel = 0.323 cm/μs; VAL = 0.310 cm/μs) a. b. c. d.

The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is approximately:

less than 45°. greater than 45°. 45°. unknown; more information is required. A.53; B.19

1:8. 1:4. 1:3. 1:2. A.43, 262

26.

Which of the following scanning methods could be classified as an immersion-type test? a. Contact angle beam testing. b. Surface wave technique with a plastic transducer wedge. c. Scanning with a wheel-type transducer with the transducer inside a liquid-filled tire. d. Through-transmission technique with shear waves. A.267-269; B.67

23 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

27.

In an immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum, the water distance appears on the display as a fairly wide space between the initial pulse and the front-surface reflection because of: a. reduced velocity of sound in water as compared to the test specimen. b. increased velocity of sound in water as compared to the test specimen. c. temperature of the water. d. viscosity of the water.

31.

When using focused transducers, nonsymmetry in a propagated sound beam may be caused by: a. b. c. d.

backing material variations. mode conversion. diffraction characteristics. irregular sound beam exit point. B.175

32.

Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which of the following types of examination?

B.66; F.245

28.

Using the immersion method, a distance-amplitude curve (DAC) for a 19 mm (0.75 in.) diameter, 5 MHz transducer shows the high point of the DAC at the B/51 mm (2 in.) block. One day later, the high point of the DAC for the same transducer is at the J/102 mm (4 in.) block. Assuming that calibration has not changed, this would indicate that the transducer: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

Contact testing of aluminum plates. Through-transmission testing of impeller shafts. Longitudinal wave and/or shear wave examination. Angle beam testing on beam-to-column T-joint complete penetration welds. A.269; B.69

33.

is improving in resolution. is becoming defective. has the beam of a contact testing transducer. has a better definition.

During straight beam testing, test specimens with nonparallel front and back surfaces can cause: a. b. c. d.

A.196-197; B.105

partial or total loss of back reflection. no loss in back reflection. a widened (broad) back-reflection indication. a focused (narrow) back-reflection indication. A.205

29.

What law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both longitudinal and shear waves? a. b. c. d.

Poisson’s ratio law. Snell’s law. Fresnel’s field law. Charles’ law. A.52-53; B.19-20

30.

At an interface between two different materials, an impedance difference results in: a. reflection of the entire incident energy at the interface. b. absorption of sound. c. division of sound energy into transmitted and reflected modes. d. refraction of the entire incident energy at the interface.

34.

In the immersion technique, the distance between the face of the transducer and the test surface (water path) is usually adjusted so that the time required to send the sound beam through the water is: a. equal to the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece. b. greater than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece. c. less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece. d. greater or less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece depending on water temperature and wave characteristics. A.262

A.52

24 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

35.

In a B-scan display, the length of a screen indication from a discontinuity is related to: a. a discontinuity’s thickness as measured parallel to the ultrasonic beam. b. the discontinuity’s length in the direction of the transducer travel. c. the horizontal baseline elapsed time from left to right. d. the vertical and horizontal directions representing the area over which the transducer was scanned.

40.

a. manipulate the pulser/receiver unit and the display. b. set the proper transducer angle. c. set the proper index function. d. set the proper bridge distance. A.413-414

41.

B.27

36.

Which circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in an A-scan display? a. b. c. d.

In immersion testing in a small tank, a manually operated manipulator is used to:

In straight (normal) beam contact testing, which of the following would NOT result in a reduction in the back-surface reflection amplitude? a. the usage of a high-viscosity couplant. b. a discontinuity that is normal to the beam. c. a near-surface discontinuity that cannot be resolved from the main bang (initial pulse). d. a coarse-grain material.

Receiver-amplifier. Power supply. Clock. Damping.

A.205 F.242

42. 37.

On an A-scan display, the dead zone, refers to the: a. distance contained within the near field. b. area outside the beam spread. c. distance covered by the front-surface pulse width and recovery time. d. area between the near field and the far field. F.267

A 152 mm (6 in.) diameter rod is being inspected for centerline cracks. The A-scan presentation for one complete path through the rod is as shown in Figure 2. The alarm gate should: a. b. c. d.

be used between points A and E. be used at point D only. be used between points B and D. not be used for this application. B.36-37

38.

On an A-scan display, what represents the intensity of a reflected beam? a. b. c. d.

Echo pulse width. Horizontal screen location. Signal brightness. Signal amplitude.

0

1

2

3

4

5

dB A.179

39.

Of the following scan types, which one can be used to produce a recording of discontinuitiy areas superimposed over a plan view of the test piece? a. b. c. d.

A-scan. B-scan. C-scan. D-scan.

0 A

1

2 B

3 C

4

5 D

6

7

8

9

10

E

Figure 2. C.19

25 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

43.

In an automatic scanning immersion unit, the bridge or carriage serves to:

47.

a. provide a guide for adjusting instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are considered harmful to the end use of the product. b. give the technician a tool for determining exact discontinuity size. c. provide assurance that all discontinuities smaller than a certain specified reference reflector are capable of being detected by the test. d. provide a standard reflector, which exactly simulates natural discontinuities of a critical size.

a. support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and longitudinally. b. control the angular and transverse positioning of the scanner tube. c. control the vertical and angular positioning of the scanner tube. d. raise and lower the transducer. A.413-414

44.

When adjusting the discontinuity-locating rule for a shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on the rule must coincide with the: a. b. c. d.

C.34

48.

sound beam exit point of the wedge. point directly over the discontinuity. wheel transducer. circular scanner.

A special scanning device with the transducer mounted in a tire-like container filled with couplant is commonly called: a. b. c. d.

49.

a rotating scanner. an axial scanner. a wheel transducer. a circular scanner.

Which best describes a typical display of a crack whose major surface is perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam? a. A broad indication. b. A sharp indication. c. The indication will not show due to improper orientation. d. A broad indication with high amplitude. B.136-137

transfer. attenuation. distance-amplitude correction. interpretation. F.265

Which of the following is a reference reflector that is not dependent on beam angle? a. A flat-bottom hole. b. A V-notch. c. A side-drilled hole which is parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound path. d. A disk-shaped laminar reflector.

B.69

46.

Compensation for the variation in echo height related to variations in discontinuity depth in the test material is known as: a. b. c. d.

B.98, 111

45.

A primary purpose of a reference standard is to:

B.107

50.

During a straight beam ultrasonic test, a discontinuity indication is detected that is small in amplitude compared to the loss in amplitude of back reflection. The orientation of this discontinuity is probably: a. b. c. d.

parallel to the test surface. perpendicular to the sound beam. parallel to the sound beam. at an angle to the test surface. A.204-205

26 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

51.

A discontinuity is located having an orientation such that its long axis is parallel to the sound beam. The indication from such a discontinuity will be:

55.

a. large in proportion to the length of the discontinuity. b. small in proportion to the length of the discontinuity. c. representative of the length of the discontinuity. d. such that complete loss of back reflection will result. B.157

52.

a. b. c. d.

rolling. machining. casting. welding.

56.

57.

A set of standard reference blocks with the same geometrical configuration and dimensions other than the size of the calibration reflectors, for example, flat-bottom holes, is called a set of: a. b. c. d.

Far-field zone. Near-field zone. Dead zone. Fresnel zone.

distance-amplitude standards. area-amplitude standards. variable frequency blocks. beam spread measuring blocks. B.38, 104-105

B.49

54.

decreases. remains the same. increases. becomes conical in shape. B.49

In which zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given discontinuity diminish exponentially as the distance increases? a. b. c. d.

As transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread: a. b. c. d.

B.120

53.

loss of signal linearity. loss or lack of a received discontinuity echo. focusing of the sound beam. loss of interference phenomena. B.64, 157-158

Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat disks or other shapes parallel to the surface by: a. b. c. d.

Using a pulse echo technique, if the major plane of a flat discontinuity is oriented at some angle other than perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation, the result may be:

58.

A smooth, flat discontinuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation may be indicated by: a. an echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the back-surface reflection, as well as complete loss of the back-surface reflection. b. an echo whose amplitude is steady across the discontinuity surface. c. an increase in backwall with no response from discontinuity. d. the absence of an indication. B.157

The angle at which 90° refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called the: a. b. c. d.

angle of incidence. first critical angle. angle of maximum reflection. second critical angle. B.21

59.

The control of voltage supplied to the vertical deflection plates of the instrument display in an A-scan UT setup is performed by the: a. b. c. d.

sweep generator. pulser. amplifier circuit. clock timer. E.238

27 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

60.

Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure accurately, particularly in solid materials, at the test frequencies normally used. The overall result usually observed includes other loss mechanisms, such as: a. b. c. d.

65.

Acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour correction. When scanning the inside of a pipe section by the immersion method, use a: a. b. c. d.

temperature. scan rate. fine grain structure. beam spread.

focused cup lens. convex lens. concave lens. variable pitch lens. A.277-278; B.53

B.15, 164

66. 61.

The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a flat test part when inspecting by the immersion method is by: a. transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a direction perpendicular to its front surface. b. using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies. c. angulating the search tube or manipulator to the proper angle. d. using Y-cut quartz crystal.

a. b. c. d.

verification of wedge angle. sensitivity calibration. resolution. an index point. F.266

67.

In Figure 3, transducer C is being used to check: a. b. c. d.

B.67

62.

In Figure 3, transducer A is being used to establish:

distance calibration. resolution. sensitivity calibration. verification of wedge angle.

Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result in:

F.267

68. a. scatter, which becomes less pronounced as grain size approaches wavelength. b. increased penetration. c. have no effect if a higher frequency is used. d. large grass or hash or noise indications.

In Figure 3, transducer D is being used to check: a. b. c. d.

sensitivity calibration. distance calibration. resolution. verification of wedge angle.

B.129, 164

63.

F.266

The total energy losses occurring in all materials is called: a. b. c. d.

A

attenuation. scatter. beam spread. interface.

D

A B.15

64.

Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact transducers are primarily used for: C

a. discontinuity detection. b. sound wave characterization. c. thickness measurement or discontinuity detection in thin materials. d. attenuation measurements.

Figure 3.

B.152-153; F.258

28 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

69.

When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave generated within the part will be: a. b. c. d.

72.

longitudinal. shear. surface. lamb.

In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel at an incident angle of 14°. What is the angle of the refracted shear wave within the material? VS = 3.2 × 105 cm/s VW = 1.5 × 105 cm/s

B.21

(Trigonometry Tables Required) 70.

In Figure 4, transducer B is being used to check: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

the verification of wedge angle. resolution. sensitivity calibration. distance calibration.

45° 23° 31° 13° B.21-22

F.266

73.

B

If you were requested to design a plastic shoe to generate a rayleigh wave in aluminum, what would be the incident angle of the ultrasonic energy?

D

VA = 3.1 × 105 cm/s VP = 2.6 × 105 cm/s

B

(Trigonometry Tables Required) a. b. c. d.

C

37° 57° 75° 48° B.21-22

Figure 4.

74.

71.

The angle at which 90° refraction of the shear wave mode occurs is called the:

Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in lead at 1 MHz. VL = 2.1 × 105 cm/s V=λ×F

a. b. c. d.

first critical angle. second critical angle. third critical angle. angle of reflection. B.21

a. b. c. d.

0.21 cm 21 cm 0.48 cm 4.8 × 105 cm B.5

29 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

75.

For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal velocity is approximately _____ the shear velocity. a. b. c. d.

79.

equal to twice half of four times

a. shear waves at an angle to the threads. b. longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinder and perpendicular to the direction of the thread roots. c. surface waves perpendicular to the thread roots. d. shear waves around the circumference of the cylinder.

B.22

76.

In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks extending from the root of the threads, it would be preferable to transmit:

Water travel distance for immersion inspections should be:

G.347

a. such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and back reflections. b. exactly 76 mm (3 in.). c. less than 76 mm (3 in.). d. always equal to the thickness of the material being inspected.

80.

In an immersion inspection of raw steel material, the water travel distance should be: a. b. c. d.

B.149-150

exactly 76 mm (3 in.). equal to 76 mm (3 in.) ±13 mm (±0.5 in.). greater than one-fourth the thickness of the part. equal to the thickness of a material. A.262

77.

The electronic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only those signals relating to discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a part is called: a. b. c. d.

81.

an electronic gate. an electronic attenuator. a distance amplitude correction circuit. a fixed marker.

The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different velocity than the one from which it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media is called the angle of: a. b. c. d.

B.151-152

incidence. refraction. rarefaction. reflection. B.18-19

78.

When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the grass or irregular signals that appear in the screen display of the area being inspected could be caused by: a. b. c. d.

82.

fine grains in the structure. dirt in the water couplant. coarse grains in the structure. a thick but tapered back surface.

The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a reference standard is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

angulation. scanning. correcting for distance-amplitude variations. calibration.

A.211-212

B.37

83.

A grouping of a number of crystals in one transducer, with all contact surfaces in the same plane and vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single transducer is called a: a. b. c. d.

focusing crystal. crystal mosaic. scrubber. single-plane manipulator. B.51

30 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

84.

The angle of reflection is: a. b. c. d.

89.

equal to the angle of incidence. dependent on the couplant used. dependent on the frequency used. equal to the angle of refraction.

a. b. c. d.

E.215

85.

The angular position of the reflecting surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the entry surface is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

90.

the angle of incidence. the angle of refraction. the orientation of the discontinuity. angle of reflection.

Which of the following modes of vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength at a given frequency and in a given material? a. b. c. d.

A longitudinal wave. A compression wave. A shear wave. A surface wave.

A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called: a. b. c. d.

a continuous wave. a peaked DC voltage. an ultrasonic wave. a pulse.

E.210; F.233

91.

In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as the: a. b. c. d.

In general, shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuities than longitudinal waves for a given frequency and in a given material because: a. the wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the wavelength of longitudinal waves. b. shear waves are not as easily dispersed in the material. c. the direction of particle vibration for shear waves is more sensitive to discontinuities. d. the wavelength of shear waves is longer than the wavelength of longitudinal waves.

A.182

87.

refraction. rarefaction. angulation. reflection. C.3; G.23

B.149

86.

The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one medium to another whose velocity differs from that of the first medium is called:

pulse length or pulse width. pulse amplitude. pulse shape. pulse distortion.

G.296-304 A.183; B.81, 197

92. 88.

The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its propagation within the same medium is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

In general, which of the following modes of vibration would have the greatest penetrating power in a coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves is the same? a. b. c. d.

divergence. impedance. angulation. reflection.

Longitudinal waves. Shear waves. Transverse waves. Rayleigh waves. D.3, 23

C.2; E.215

31 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

93.

A testing technique in which the crystal or transducer is parallel to the test surface and ultrasonic waves enter the material being tested in a direction perpendicular to the test surface is: a. b. c. d.

98.

Mechanical and electrical stability, insolubility in liquids, and resistance to aging are three advantages of transducers made of: a. b. c. d.

straight beam testing. angle beam testing. surface wave testing. lamb wave.

lithium sulfate. barium titanate. quartz. rochelle salts. F.254

B.91

94.

The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic wave to the next corresponding point is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

99.

frequency. wavelength. velocity. pulse length.

The

a. b. c. d.

sin θ1 sin θ2 = V1 V2

formula is referred to as:

the acoustical impedance ratio formula. the phase conversion formula. the fresnel zone formula. Snell’s law.

B.4-5

95.

The speed with which ultrasonic waves travel through a material is known as: a. b. c. d.

A.52-53; B.19-20

100.

velocity. pulse repetition rate. pulse recovery rate. ultrasonic response.

a. b. c. d.

B.5

96.

sin θ1 sin θ2 formula is used to determine: = V1 V2

angular relationships. phase velocities. amount of reflected sound energy. acoustic impedance.

A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid is referred to as:

B.15-16

101. a. b. c. d.

a couplant. an ultrasonic dampener. a wetting agent. a solvent.

The amount of energy reflected from a discontinuity is not dependent on the: a. b. c. d.

B.62

97.

The

size of the discontinuity. orientation of the discontinuity. type of discontinuity. filter setting.

The ultrasonic transducers most commonly used for discontinuity testing utilize:

B.15-16

102. a. b. c. d.

magnetostriction principles. piezoelectric principles. mode conversion principles. relative dialectric principles.

If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an interface of two materials in which the first material has a higher acoustic impedance value but the same velocity value as the second material, the angle of refraction will be:

A.60; G.117

a. b. c. d.

greater than the angle of incidence. less than the angle of incidence. the same as the angle of incidence. beyond the critical angle. A.38-39; B.21-22

32 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

103.

Which one of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest ultrasonic attenuation losses? a. b. c. d.

108.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 10 MHz 25 MHz

a. plan view of the block, showing the area and position of the hole bottom as seen from the entry surface. b. basic test pattern showing the height of an indication from the hold bottom and its location in depth from the entry surface. c. cross section of the reference block, showing the top and bottom surfaces of the block and the location of the hole bottom in the block. d. cross-sectional view presentation with a vertical signal representing the hole bottom and the horizontal position representing its depth position.

B.47

104.

The product of the sound velocity and the density of a material is known as the: a. b. c. d.

refraction value of the material. acoustic impedance of the material. elastic constant of the material. Poisson’s ratio of the material. B.15-16; F.234

105.

The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal response increases in amplitude in proportion to the discontinuity surface area is the: a. b. c. d.

A.180-181; B.27-28

109.

What kind of waves travel at a velocity slightly less than shear waves and their mode of propagation is both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the surface? a. b. c. d.

Rayleigh waves. Transverse waves. L-waves. Longitudinal waves.

B.12; F.233

110. A.43-45; B.12-13

107.

Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? a. b. c. d.

Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing include: a. particle motion normal to propagation direction, and a propagation velocity that is about one-half the longitudinal wave velocity in the same material. b. exceptionally high sensitivity due to low attenuation resulting from longer wavelengths when propagating through water. c. high coupling efficiency because shear waves are less sensitive to surface variables when traveling from a coupling liquid to the part. d. high sensitivity as a result of having a greater wave velocity than longitudinal waves in the same material.

sensitivity range. vertical linearity range. selectivity range. horizontal linearity range. A.195

106.

During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a B-scan presentation system will show a:

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

One of the most common applications of ultrasonic tests employing shear waves is for the: a. detection of discontinuities in welds, tube and pipe. b. determination of elastic properties of metallic products. c. detection of laminar discontinuities in heavy plate. d. measurement of thickness of thin plate. B.65

B.47

33 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

111.

Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:

116.

a. the test frequency is varying at a constant rate. b. the velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed constant value for a given material. c. water is employed as a couplant between the transducer and the part being measured. d. the echo-to-echo mode is used. A.496

112.

a. b. c. d.

117.

a continuous wave. an A-scan presentation. a B-scan presentation. a C-scan presentation.

118.

119.

longitudinal. shear. lamb. surface.

a. b. c. d.

120.

In a liquid medium, the only mode of vibration that can exist is: a. b. c. d.

In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the time baseline is called a: sweep circuit. receiver. pulser. synchronizer. A.187, 565

B.22

115.

an amplifier. a receiver. a pulser. a synchronizer. A.182; B.30

At a water-steel interface, the angle of incidence in water is 7°. The principal mode of vibration that exists in the steel is: a. b. c. d.

In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the voltage that activates the transducer is called: a. b. c. d.

A.179-180; B.26-27, 80-81; C.11-12

114.

display unit. receiver. marker circuit or range marker circuit. timing section. A.186-187

An ultrasonic testing instrument that displays pulses representing the magnitude of reflected ultrasound as a function of time or depth of metal is said to contain: a. b. c. d.

In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that coordinates the action and timing of other components is called a: a. b. c. d.

B.92-95

113.

pulse length of the instrument. pulse recovery time. frequency. pulse repetition frequency. A.187; F.252

Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for detecting discontinuities oriented along the fusion zone in a welded plate is: a. an angle beam contact method using surface waves. b. a contact test using a straight longitudinal wave. c. an immersion test using surface waves. d. an angle beam method using shear waves.

In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrument in a given period of time is known as the:

longitudinal. shear. lamb. surface.

In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces visible signals on the screen which are used to measure distance is called a: a. b. c. d.

sweep circuit. marker circuit. receiver circuit. synchronizer. A.180, 182, 561

B.11

34 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

121.

Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic instruments use: a. b. c. d.

126.

automatic readout equipment. an A-scan presentation. a B-scan presentation. a C-scan presentation.

a. parallel to the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic beam. b. transverse to the direction of beam propagation. c. limited to the material surface and elliptical in motion. d. polarized in a plane at 45° to the direction of beam propagation.

A.179; F.241

122.

The instrument displays a plan view of the part outline and discontinuities when using: a. b. c. d.

A.36, 39

automatic readout equipment. an A-scan presentation. a B-scan presentation. a C-scan presentation.

127.

An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum with a velocity of 635 000 cm/s and has a frequency of 1 MHz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is: a. b. c. d.

A.181; C.19

123.

The motion of particles in a shear wave is:

The incident angles at which 90° refraction of longitudinal and shear waves occurs are called the:

6.35 mm (0.25 in.). 78 mm (3.1 in.). 1.9 m (6.35 ft). 30 000 Å. A.37

a. b. c. d.

normal angles of incidence. critical angles. angles of maximum reflection. mode angles.

128.

B.21; C.4

124.

Compression waves whose particle displacement is parallel to the direction of propagation are called: a. b. c. d.

125.

longitudinal waves. shear waves. lamb waves. rayleigh waves.

a. b. c. d.

impedance ratio (r = ZWZM) of water to metal. relative velocities of sound in water and metal. frequency of the ultrasonic beam. density ratio of water to metal. A.46, 52-53

129. B.10

In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the test material by:

A.46

a. placing an X-cut crystal directly on the surface of the materials and coupling through a film of oil. b. using two transducers on opposite sides of the test specimen. c. placing a spherical acoustic lens on the face of the transducer. d. using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that sound enters the part at an angle.

The mode of vibration that is quickly damped out when testing by the immersion method is: a. b. c. d.

The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic waves passing from water into a metallic material at angles other than normal to the interface is primarily a function of the:

longitudinal waves. shear waves. transverse waves. surface waves.

A.217

35 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

130.

As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: a. b. c. d.

135.

In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in: a. b. c. d.

decreases. remains unchanged. increases. varies uniformly through each wavelength.

longitudinal waves. shear waves. surface waves. lamb waves. A.43

A.96, 211

136. 131.

Which of the following is not an advantage of contact ultrasonic transducers (probes) adapted with plastic shoes? a. b. c. d.

Most of the crystal wear is eliminated. Adaptation to curved surfaces is permitted. Sensitivity is increased. Ultrasound is allowed to enter a part’s surface at oblique angles.

a. used to calculate the angle of reflection. b. the product of the density of the material and the velocity of sound in the material. c. found by Snell’s law. d. used to determine resonance values. A.96, 98, 556

137.

A.74-75

132.

The velocity of sound is the lowest in: a. b. c. d.

air. water. aluminum. plastic.

amplitude of the front-surface reflection. multiple reflection pattern. attenuation rate. ratio of shear and longitudinal velocities. B.154-155

138.

A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of 5° from the normal. In such a case, the refracted angle of the transverse wave is: a. less than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave. b. equal to the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave. c. greater than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave. d. not present at all. A.46, 52-53

134.

Thin sheet may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave directed normal to the surface by observing the: a. b. c. d.

A.43; F.235

133.

The acoustic impedance is:

The velocity of longitudinal waves is the highest in:

A diagram in which the entire circuit stage or sections are shown by geometric figures and the path of the signal or energy by lines and/or arrows is called a: a. b. c. d.

schematic diagram. blueprint. block diagram. circuit layout. A.85, 157

139.

A void caused by gas entrapped in a casting is called: a. b. c. d.

a burst. a cold shut. flaking. a blowhole. B.128

a. b. c. d.

water. air. aluminum. plastic. A.43; F.236

36 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

140.

A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of molten metal which may be caused by the splashing, surging, interrupted pouring, or the meeting of two streams of metal coming from different directions is called: a. b. c. d.

144.

a. low enough so that transmitted waves will not interfere with reflected signals. b. immaterial as the pulse repetition rate does not affect the ability to detect indications regardless of size. c. slow enough to allow the instrument display to refresh with each pulse. d. fast enough for the operator to be able to rely on the discontinuity alarm instead of constantly watching the screen.

a burst. a cold shut. flaking. a blowhole. B.128

141.

The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in a second material is called: a. b. c. d.

the acoustic impedance of the interface. Young’s modulus. Poisson’s ratio. refractive index.

A.187

145.

The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a changing magnetic field is referred to as: piezoelectricity. refraction. magnetostriction. rarefaction.

The ratio of stress to strain in a material within the elastic limit is called: a. b. c. d.

Young’s modulus. the impedance ratio. Poisson’s ratio. refractive index.

A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axes and perpendicular to the X axis is called: a. b. c. d.

A.116

143.

the index of rarefaction. the frequency of the ultrasonic wave. Young’s modulus. the acoustic impedance. A.262, 556

146. a. b. c. d.

The factor that determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar materials is: a. b. c. d.

A.564

142.

When setting up for an ultrasonic inspection, the pulse repetition rate of the instrument must be:

a Y-cut crystal. an X-cut crystal. a Z-cut crystal. a ZY-cut crystal. A.558

147.

The equation describing wavelength in terms of velocity and frequency is: a. b. c. d.

A.319, 482

wavelength = velocity × frequency. wavelength = z (frequency × velocity). wavelength = velocity ÷ frequency. wavelength = frequency + velocity. A.37; D.2

148.

When an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two dissimilar materials, it can be: a. b. c. d.

100% reflected. 100% absorbed. partially reflected and refracted, but not absorbed. partially reflected, refracted, and transmitted. A.54, 221, 237 Fig.7

37 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

149.

When inspecting aluminum by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the following information is known: velocity of sound in water = 1.49 × 105 cm/s, velocity of longitudinal waves in aluminum = 6.32 × 105 cm/s, and angle of incidence = 5°. The angle of refraction for longitudinal waves is approximately: a. b. c. d.

153.

Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of the crystal and the wavelength of the beam transmitted through a medium, and it: a. increases if the frequency or crystal diameter decreases. b. decreases if the frequency or crystal diameter decreases. c. increases if the frequency increases and crystal diameter decreases. d. decreases if the frequency increases and crystal diameter decreases.

22° 18° 26° 16°

B.47, 49 A.46, 52-53; D.6

154. 150.

Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound transmitter is: a. b. c. d.

The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is: a. directly proportional to velocity and frequency. b. directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency. c. inversely proportional to velocity and directly proportional to frequency. d. equal to the product of velocity and frequency.

lithium sulfate. quartz. barium titanate. silver oxide. B.46; F.255

151.

Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound receiver is: a. b. c. d.

D.2

155.

lithium sulfate. quartz. barium titanate. silver oxide.

The fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal is primarily a function of the: a. length of the applied voltage pulse. b. amplifying characteristics of the pulse amplifier in the instrument. c. thickness of the crystal. d. material testing.

F.255

B.47; E.223

152.

The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when inspecting by the immersion method is by:

156.

a. transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a direction perpendicular to its front surface. b. using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies. c. using a Y-cut quartz crystal. d. angulating the search tube to the proper angle. F.258

Acoustic velocities of materials are primarily due to the material’s: a. b. c. d.

density and elasticity. material thickness. temperature. acoustic impedance. D.2; G.13

157.

Inspection of castings is often impractical because of: a. b. c. d.

extremely small grain structure. coarse grain structure. uniform flow lines. uniform velocity of sound. B.129; F.190

38 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

158.

Lamb waves may be used to inspect: a. b. c. d.

163.

forgings. bar stock. ingots. thin sheet.

a. all crystals be mounted equidistant from each other. b. the intensity of the beam pattern not vary greatly over the entire length of the transducer. c. the fundamental frequency of the crystals not vary more than 0.01%. d. the overall length not exceed 76 mm (3 in.).

B.14

159.

The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer is that:

The formula used to determine the angle of beam divergence of a quartz crystal is:

F.258

a. b. c. d.

sin θ = diameter r 1/2 × wavelength. sin θ diameter = frequency × wavelength. sin θ = frequency × wavelength. sin θ/2 = 1.22 × wavelength/diameter.

164.

Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, and scattering are four different mechanisms that lead to:

B.49

160.

a. b. c. d.

The resolving power of a transducer is directly proportional to its: a. b. c. d.

diameter. bandwidth. pulse repetition. Poisson’s ratio.

F.238

165. F.255

161.

Acoustic lens elements with which of the following permit focusing the sound energy to enter cylindrical surfaces normally or along a line focus? a. b. c. d.

attenuation. refraction. beam spreading. saturation.

Cylindrical curvatures. Spherical lens curvatures. Convex shapes. Concave shapes.

Because the velocity of sound in aluminum is approximately 245 000 in./s, for sound to travel through 25 mm (1 in.) of aluminum, it takes: a. b. c. d.

1/8 s 4 μs 4 ms 1/4 ×104 s F.233

166.

When testing a part with a rough surface, it is generally advisable to use a:

F.259

162.

In the basic pulse echo instrument, the synchronizer, clock or timer circuit determines the: a. b. c. d.

pulse length. gain. pulse repetition rate. sweep length. F.242

a. lower frequency transducer and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface. b. higher frequency transducer and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface. c. higher frequency transducer and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface. d. lower frequency transducer and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface. B.62

39 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

167.

Reflection indications from a weld area being inspected by the angle beam technique may represent: a. b. c. d.

172.

porosity. backwall. initial pulse. hot tears.

To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after scanning a part with a paintbrush transducer, it is generally necessary to use a: a. b. c. d.

transducer with a smaller crystal. scrubber. grid map. crystal collimator.

B.134-142

168.

During a test using A-scan equipment, strong indications that move at varying rates across the screen in the horizontal direction appear. It is impossible to repeat a particular screen pattern by scanning the same area. A possible cause of these indications is: a. b. c. d.

B.51

173.

porosity in the test part. an irregularly shaped crack. a blowhole. electrical interference.

a. the same as the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole. b. greater than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole. c. slightly less than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole. d. about one-half the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole.

F.246

169.

In an A-scan presentation, position along the horizontal baseline indicates: a. b. c. d.

a square wave pattern. a sweep line. a marker pattern. elapsed time.

F.262

174. B.26

170.

The greatest amount of attenuation losses take place at: a. b. c. d.

decreases. increases. is not changed. may increase or decrease. F.234

Waves that travel around gradual curves with little or no reflection from the curve are called: a. b. c. d.

As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar materials increases, the percentage of sound coupled through an interface of such materials: a. b. c. d.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz B.15

171.

An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain an 80% FSH indication from a 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-bottom hole located 76 mm (3 in.) from the front surface of an aluminum reference block. When testing an aluminum forging, an 80% FSH indication is obtained from a discontinuity located 76 mm (3 in.) from the entry surface. The reflective area of this discontinuity is probably:

transverse waves. surface waves. shear waves. longitudinal waves.

175.

Lower frequency sound waves are not generally used for pulse echo testing of thinner materials because of: a. b. c. d.

the rapid attenuation of low frequency sound. incompatible wavelengths. poor near-surface resolution. fraunhofer field effects. F.234

B.12-13

40 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

176.

In immersion testing, the accessory equipment to which the search cable and the transducer are attached is called a: a. b. c. d.

181.

Which of the following is more likely to limit the maximum scanning speed in immersion testing? a. b. c. d.

crystal collimator. scrubber. jet-stream unit. search tube or scanning tube.

The frequency of the transducer. Viscous drag problems. The pulse repetition rate of the test instrument. The persistency of the ultrasonic instrument display.

B.123

177.

In general, discontinuities in wrought products tend to be oriented: a. b. c. d.

A.403

182.

randomly. in the direction of grain flow. at right angles to the entry surface. at right angles to the grain flow.

The property of certain materials to transform electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa is called: a. b. c. d.

B.126

mode conversion. piezoelectric effect. refraction. impedance matching. A.60; B.45

178.

In immersion testing of round bars, the back surface contour may result in:

183.

a. loss of back reflection. b. additional indications following the direct back surface reflection. c. inability to distinguish the actual distance to the back-surface reflection. d. false indications of discontinuities near the back surface. A.275, 277-278

179.

a. b. c. d.

184.

the far-field effect. attenuation. the dead zone. refraction.

In cases where the diameter of tubing being inspected is smaller than the diameter of the transducer, what can be used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of angles? a. b. c. d.

A scrubber. A collimator. An angle plane angulator. A jet-stream unit. A.290-291

To prevent the appearance of the second front surface indication before the first back reflection when inspecting aluminum by the immersion method (water is used as a couplant), it is necessary to have a minimum of at least 25 mm (1 in.) of water for every _____ of aluminum. a. b. c. d.

A.204; B.58

180.

25 mm (1 in.). 102 mm (4 in.). 1 wavelength. 4 wavelengths. A.39

In contact testing, discontinuities near the entry surface cannot always be detected because of: a. b. c. d.

Surface waves energy levels are concentrated at what depth below the surface?

51 mm (2 in.) 102 mm (4 in.) 152 mm (6 in.) 203 mm (8 in.) F.258

185.

Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the transducer will: a. increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of the instrument. b. increase the resolving power of the instrument. c. have no effect on the test. d. decrease the penetration of the sound wave. B.36

41 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level ii

186.

The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface:

191.

a. may result in a screen pattern that does not contain back reflection indications. b. makes it difficult to locate discontinuities that lie parallel to the entry surface. c. usually indicates that a porous condition exists in the metal. d. decreases the penetrating power of the test.

In a plate, skip distance can be calculated from which of the following formulas where (t = plate thickness, θ = angle of sound beam refraction, and V = sound velocity): a. b. c. d.

S = (2 × t)/tan θ. S = 2 × t × sin θ. S = 2 × t × tan θ. S = 2 ×V × sin θ. F.266

B.148-151

192. 187.

A discontinuity with a concave surface will: a. diffuse the sound energy throughout the part. b. cause the reflected beam to focus at a point determined by the curvature of the discontinuity. c. cause mode reinforcement of the ultrasonic wave. d. propagate due to sound energy.

a. distinguish between different types of discontinuities. b. predict the useful service life of the test specimen. c. distinguish between discontinuity indications and spurious or false indications. d. accept an indication that appeared to be rejectable from the first test direction.

B.140

188.

The technique of examining an ultrasonic reflector from different directions might be used to enable the technician to:

Rayleigh waves:

F.247

a. b. c. d.

are generated at the first critical angle. are generated at the second critical angle. are generated at either critical angle. travel only in a liquid.

193.

Attenuation is the loss of the ultrasonic wave energy during the course of propagation in the material due to:

F.236, 257

189.

a. b. c. d.

cracks that are perpendicular to the sound wave. inclusions that are randomly oriented. laminations that are parallel to the front surface. a series of small discontinuities. F.270

190.

a. b. c. d.

Angle beam testing of plate will often miss:

Reducing the extent of the dead zone of a transducer by using a delay tip results in: a. improved distance-amplitude correction in the near field. b. reduced frequency of the primary ultrasonic beam. c. reduced ability to detect discontinuities in the near field. d. improved accuracy in thickness measurement of thin plate and sheet.

reflection and refraction. dispersion and diffraction. absorption and scattering. composition and shape. B.15

194.

In immersion shear wave testing, waves are normally generated by angulating the transducer beyond the first critical angle. What is the direction of the material’s particle motion? a. b. c. d.

The same as the wave propagation. Normal to the material surface. Parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

F.258

42 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

F.233

Review Questions

195.

Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly dampened out when testing by the immersion method? a. b. c. d.

197

Longitudinal waves. Shear waves. Transverse waves. Surface waves.

A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axes and perpendicular to the X axis is called: a. b. c. d.

a Y-cut crystal. an X-cut crystal. a Z-cut crystal. a ZY-cut crystal.

B.157

196.

A.558

Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? a. b. c. d.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz B.47

Answers 1d 15b 29b 43a 57b 71b 85c 99d 113b 127a 141d 155c 169d 183c 197b

2b 16c 30c 44a 58b 72c 86d 100a 114a 128b 142c 156a 170d 184b

3b 17b 31a 45c 59c 73b 87a 101d 115a 129d 143a 157b 171b 185a

4c 18a 32c 46b 60d 74a 88d 102c 116d 130a 144a 158d 172a 186a

5c 19a 33a 47a 61c 75b 89a 103d 117d 131c 145d 159d 173b 187b

6b 20c 34b 48c 62d 76a 90d 104b 118c 132a 146b 160b 174a 188b

7c 21a 35b 49c 63a 77a 91a 105b 119a 133a 147c 161a 175c 189c

8b 22a 36c 50d 64c 78c 92a 106a 120b 134c 148d 162c 176d 190d

9c 23c 37c 51b 65b 79b 93a 107a 121b 135a 149a 163b 177b 191c

10d 24a 38d 52a 66d 80c 94b 108c 122d 136b 150c 164a 178a 192a

11b 25b 39c 53a 67c 81b 95a 109a 123b 137b 151a 165b 179c 193c

12b 26c 40b 54a 68d 82d 96c 110a 124a 138c 152d 166a 180b 194d

13c 27a 41a 55b 69b 83b 97b 111b 125d 139d 153a 167a 181c 195d

14c 28b 42c 56c 70b 84a 98c 112d 126b 140b 154b 168d 182b 196a

43 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

LEVEL III

Review Questions

1.

In an ultrasonic test system where signal amplitudes are displayed, an advantage of a frequency-independent attenuator over a continuously variable gain control is that the:

4.

a. pulse shape distortion is less. b. signal amplitude measured using the attenuator is independent of frequency. c. dynamic range of the system is decreased. d. effect of amplification threshold is avoided.

The transmitted pulse at the output of the pulser usually has a voltage of 100 to 1000 V, whereas the voltages of the echoes at the input of the amplifier are on the order of: a. b. c. d.

0.001-1 V 1-5 V 10 V 50 V G.174-176

A.86

5. 2.

An amplifier in which received echo pulses must exceed a certain threshold voltage before they can be indicated might be used to: a. suppress amplifier noise, unimportant scatter echoes, or small discontinuity echoes that are of no consequence. b. provide a display with nearly ideal vertical linearity characteristics. c. compensate for the unavoidable effects of material attenuation losses. d. provide distance-amplitude correction automatically. G.176

3.

The output voltage from a saturated amplifier is: a. b. c. d.

180° out of phase from the input voltage. lower than the input voltage. nonlinear with respect to the input voltage. below saturation.

The intended purpose of the adjustable calibrated attenuator of an ultrasonic instrument is to: a. b. c. d.

control transducer damping. increase the dynamic range of the instrument. broaden the frequency range. attenuate the voltage applied to the transducer. A.86

6.

Which of the following might result in increased transmission of ultrasound within a coarse-grained material? a. Perform the examination with a smaller diameter transducer. b. Perform the examination after a grain-refining heat treatment. c. Change from a contact examination to an immersion examination. d. Change from a longitudinal to a transverse wave. B.129

G.176, 182

45 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level iii

7.

The term that is used to determine the relative transmittance and reflectance of ultrasonic energy at an interface is called: a. b. c. d.

11.

The sensitivity of an ultrasonic test system: a. depends on the transducer, pulser, and amplifier used. b. decreases as the frequency is increased. c. increases as the resolution increases. d. is not related to mechanical damping or the transducer.

acoustic attenuation. interface refraction. acoustic impedance ratio. acoustic frequency. B.16

8.

In a forging, discontinuities associated with nonmetallic inclusions can most accurately be described as being: a. b. c. d.

B.46-47, 56

12.

oriented parallel to the major axis. parallel to the minor axis. aligned with forging flow lines. oriented at approximately 45° to the forging direction.

a. depends primarily upon the pulse length generated from the instrument. b. is not related to the surface roughness of the part under inspection. c. is primarily related to the thickness of the part under inspection. d. is usually improved by using a larger diameter transducer.

G.340

9.

The preferred method of ultrasonically inspecting a complex-shaped forging: a. is an automated immersion test of the finished forging using an instrument containing a calibrated attenuator in conjunction with a C-scan recorder. b. combines thorough inspection of the billet prior to forging with a careful inspection of the finished part in all areas where the shape permits. c. is a manual contact test of the finished part. d. is an automated immersion test of the billet prior to forging.

The ability of a test system to separate the back surface echo and the echo from a small discontinuity just above this back surface:

A.183

13.

Transducer sensitivity is most often determined by: a. calculations based on frequency and thickness of the piezoelectric element. b. the amplitude of the response from an artificial discontinuity. c. comparing it to a similar transducer made by the same manufacturer. d. determining the ringing time of the transducer. B.102-104, 106

F.504

14. 10.

When maximum sensitivity is required from a transducer: a. a straight beam unit should be used. b. large-diameter crystals are required. c. the piezoelectric element should be driven at its fundamental resonant frequency. d. the bandwidth of the transducer should be as large as possible.

Side-drilled holes are frequently used as reference reflectors for: a. b. c. d.

distance-amplitude calibration for shear waves. area-amplitude calibration. thickness calibration of plate. determining near-surface solutions. A.194-198

A.61-62

46 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

15.

Notches provide good reference discontinuities when a UT examination is conducted to primarily detect discontinuities such as: a. b. c. d.

19.

The rate generator in B-scan equipment will invariably be directly connected to the: a. b. c. d.

porosity in rolled plate. inadequate penetration at the root of a weld. weld porosity. internal inclusions.

display intensity circuit. pulser circuit. RF amplifier circuit. horizontal sweep circuit. B.3, 79-82

A.197-198

20. 16.

The difference between a compression and shear wave is: a. b. c. d.

In A-scan equipment, the RF pulser output voltage is normally in the range of: a. b. c. d.

quantitative measure. relative particle vibration direction. qualitative measure. amplitude.

1-10 V. 10-100 V. 100-1000 V. 1000-3000 V. B.79

B.10-12; G.7

21. 17.

The particle motion for rayleigh waves is usually described as: a. b. c. d.

sinusoidal. circular. elliptical. shear.

a. b. c. d.

A.45; B.66; C.1-2

18.

When contact testing, an increase in tightness of a shrink fit to a hollow shaft will cause the ratio of the back reflection to the metal-to-metal interface reflection to: increase. decrease. remain unchanged. not be predicted as the response is material-dependent.

Based upon wave theory and ignoring attenuation losses, the echo amplitude of a finite reflector is:

G.475

22. a. directly proportional to the distance to the reflector. b. inversely proportional to the distance to the reflector. c. directly proportional to the square of the diameter of the circular reflector. d. inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the circular reflector.

The frequency that can best distinguish the difference between a large planar discontinuity and four stacked (multiple-layered) laminations in rolled plate is: a. b. c. d.

0.5 MHz 1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz B.85

G.97

47 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level iii

23.

During immersion examination, when evaluating the response from a contoured surface of a part, irrelevant indications due to the contour are most likely to appear as: a. b. c. d.

27.

The time from the start of the ultrasonic pulse until the reverberations completely decay limits the maximum usable: a. b. c. d.

sharp, spiked signal indications. irregular signal indications. broad-based signal indications. grass or hash.

pulse time-discontinuity rate. pulser/receiver rate. pulse repetition rate. modified pulse-time rate. A.71-76

A.278

28. 24.

The pulse applied to the electrodes of the ultrasonic transducer is: a. b. c. d.

electrical. mechanical. electromechanical. piezoelectrical.

Rough surfaces can cause undesirable effects, which are noticeable when parts are tested ultrasonically, including: a. annular maxima rings. b. an increase in the width of front face echo and consequent loss of resolving power. c. acoustical mismatch. d. asymmetrical modes.

A.78

A.224; C.41-42

25.

In calibrating an ultrasonic test instrument using the responses from each of the area-amplitude type reference blocks, the determination of the: a. b. c. d.

29.

vertical range is obtained. pulse range is obtained. resolving range is obtained. horizontal range is obtained.

Rough surfaces cause the echo amplitude from discontinuities within the part to: a. b. c. d.

increase. decrease. not change. change frequency.

A.195-196

26.

Test sensitivity corrections for metal distance and discontinuity area responses are accomplished by using:

A.202

30.

a. b. c. d.

a. an area-amplitude set of blocks. b. a distance-amplitude and an area-amplitude set of blocks. c. a distance-amplitude set of blocks. d. steel balls of varying diameter. A.195-196

The resonant frequency of a 2 cm (0.79 in.) thick plate of naval brass (V = 4.43 × 105 cm/s) is: 0.903 MHz. 0.443 MHz. 0.222 MHz. 0.111 MHz. G.128, 233

31.

Resonance testing equipment generally uses: a. b. c. d.

pulsed longitudinal waves. continuous longitudinal waves. pulsed shear waves. continuous shear waves. A.478, 505

48 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Review Questions

32.

To eliminate the decrease of sensitivity close to a wall that is parallel to the beam direction, the transducer used should be: a. b. c. d.

37.

as small as possible. of as low frequency as possible. large and with a frequency as small as possible. large and with a frequency as high as possible.

In angle beam shear wave testing, skip distance will __________ as the thickness of the test specimen is increased. a. b. c. d.

decrease not change increase decrease by half with double thickness

A.15

33.

Which of the following transducer materials makes the best transmitter? a. b. c. d.

G.299-303

38.

Quartz. Lithium sulfate. Barium titanate. Lead titanate.

The thickness range of UT resonance thickness gages can be increased by: a. b. c. d.

using large transducers. operating at the fundamental frequency. operating at a harmonic frequency. increasing the voltage.

B.46; F.255

34.

Of the transducer materials listed below, the most efficient receiver is: a. b. c. d.

A.185-186

39.

quartz. lithium sulfate. barium titanate. lead metaniobate.

The ability of transducers to detect echoes from small discontinuities is a definition for: a. b. c. d.

resolution. sensitivity. definition. gain.

B.46; F.255

35.

The concentration of energy in the far field of a transducer beam is:

40.

a. greatest at the outer edges of the beam. b. greatest at the center of the beam. c. the same at the outer edges as in the center of the beam. d. directly proportional to beam width. A.99, 211

36.

A.564

The length of the near field for a 2.5 cm (1 in.) diameter, 5 MHz transducer placed in oil (V = 1.4 × 105 cm/s) is approximately: a. b. c. d.

0.028 cm (0.01 in.). 6.25 cm (2.5 in.). 22.3 cm (8.8 in.). 55.8 cm (22 in.). A.210

An extensive application of shear waves in ultrasonic testing is the inspection of: a. b. c. d.

welds. plate. pipe and tubing. castings. A.219

49 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Ultrasonic Testing Method l level iii

41.

From the equation for the length of the near field, it can be determined that the near field can be minimized by: a. b. c. d.

45.

What would be the wavelength of the energy in lead (V = 2.1 × 105 cm/s) if it is tested with a 25 MHz transducer? a. b. c. d.

decreasing water travel distance. increasing transducer diameter. decreasing the size of reference targets. decreasing test frequency.

119 cm (47 in.) 0.525 cm (0.21 in.) 0.0119 cm (0.005 in.) 0.0084 cm (0.003 in.)

A.210

42.

In a water (VL = 1.5 × 105 cm/s) immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel (VT = 3.2 × 105 cm/s) at an incident angle of 14°. What is the refracted shear wave within the material? a. b. c. d.

A.37

46.

What is the transducer half-angle beam spread of a 1.25 cm diameter, 2.25 MHz transducer in water (V = 1.5 × 105 cm/s)? a. b. c. d.

13° 35° 31° 53°

2.5° 3.75° 37.5° 40.5° A.211

A.52-53

47. 43.

The acoustic impedance for brass (V = 4.43 × 105 cm/s, p = 8.42 gm/cm3) is: a. b. c. d.

0.53 × 105 gm/cm2s 1.9 × 105 gm/cm2s 9.4 × 105 gm/cm2s 37 × 105 gm/cm2s A.556

44.

The principal attributes that determine the differences in ultrasonic velocities among materials are: a. b. c. d.

Wavelength may be defined as: a. frequency divided by velocity. b. the distance along a wavetrain from peak to trough. c. the distance from one point to the next identical point along the waveform. d. the distance along a wavetrain from an area of high particle motion to one of low particle motion. A.567; C.1

frequency and wavelength. thickness and travel time. elasticity and density. chemistry and permeability. B.10

50 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

48.

Velocity measurements in a material revealed that the velocity decreased as frequency increased. This material is called: a. b. c. d.

50.

a. the transducers in through-transmission face each other, while in pitch-catch the transducers are often side by side in the same housing. b. the transducers in through-transmission are side by side, while in pitch-catch the transducers are facing each other. c. the transducers in through-transmission are always angle beam. d. in through-transmission the depth of the discontinuity is easily determined.

dissipated. discontinuous. dispersive. degenerative. C.2; G.14

49.

The sound beam emanating from a continuous wave sound source has two zones. These are called the: a. b. c. d.

The difference between through-transmission and pitch-catch techniques is that:

fresnel and fraunhofer zones. fresnel and near fields. fraunhofer and far fields. focused and unfocused zones.

A.230; C.25

C.15; F.239

Answers 1b 15b 29b 43d

2a 16b 30d 44c

3c 17c 31b 45d

4a 18c 32d 46b

5b 19b 33c 47c

6b 20c 34b 48c

7c 21a 35b 49a

8c 22d 36a 50a

9b 23c 37c

10c 24a 38c

11a 25a 39b

12a 26b 40d

13b 27c 41d

14a 28b 42c

51 Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Q&A

ASNT

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS BOOK

Third Edition

Ultrasonic Testing Method Levels I, II and III Review Questions Book C

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Catalog Number: 2028 ISBN: 978-1-57117-343-0

Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.