ASNT Level I II III Q&A Ultrasonic Testing.pdf

ASNT

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS BOOK

Third Edition

Ultrasonic Testi esting ng Met Method hod Levels I, II and III Review Questions Book C

ASNT

&A

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS BOOK

Third Edition

Ultrasonic Testing Method Levels I, II and III Review Questions - Book C

The American Society for  Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

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ASNT

&A

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS BOOK

Third Edition

Ultrasonic Testing Method Levels I, II and III Review Questions - Book C

The American Society for  Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Copyright by ASNT (all rights rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

Copyright © 2014 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing. The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by means electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the expressed prior written permission of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. IRRSP, NDT Handbook, Handbook, The NDT Technician and www.asnt.org www.asnt.org are  are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level III Study Guide, Guide, Materials Evaluation, Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Handbook , Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. This book was previously published as Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing Method, first published in the 1980s. It is based on previous Q&A Book editions. Third Edition first printing 10/14 ebook 8/15 Errata, if available for this printing, may be obtained from ASNT’s website, www.asnt.org www.asnt.org.. Ebooks contain all corrections and updates, including the latest errata. 978-1-57117-343-0 (print) 978-1-57117-343-0 978-1-57117-344-7 978-1-57117-344 -7 (ebook) Printed in the United States of America Published by: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1711 Arlingate Lane Columbus, OH 43228-0518 www.asnt.org Edited by: Cynthia M. Leeman, Educational Materials Supervisor  Assisted by: Bob Conklin, Educational Materials Editor  Joy Grimm, Production Manager  Tim Jones, Senior Manager of Publications ASNT Mission Statement: ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing.

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Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Level I: Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Answers

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Level II: Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Answers

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Level III: Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Answers

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

iii

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. is grateful for the volunteer contributions, technical expertise, knowledge, and dedication of the following individuals who have helped make this work possible. Technical Reviewers

John Chen – Schlumberger Steve Johnson – OneSubsea Karl Kraft – Kraft Technology Resources LLC Bill Neyer – Advanced Consulting Solutions Ralph Nicastro – Southern California Gas Company/EAC Chinam Dwarikanath Patra – PSL Limited Luis Payano – Port Authority of NY & NJ Gerald Reams – Siemens Energy Inc. Nathaniel Reveal – American Testing Services Krutik Shah – Shri Vallabh NDT Services, Vadodara Robert J. Woodward – URS Energy & Construction, Inc. Publications Review Committee

Glenn M. Light, Chair – Southwest Research Institute Martin T. Anderson – Alaska Technical Training Joseph L. Mackin – Reel Group

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 introduction This book was previously published as Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Testing   Method . As with other books in the ASNT Questions & Answers series, this book is intended to provide candidates studying for qualifying examinations with sample Level I, II, and III questions. The main changes between the second and third editions is that the references have been updated, many questions have been updated, and every question is multiple choice with four unique answers to more closely match the ASNT exam format. All figures are from ASNT sources unless otherwise indicated.

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References

Recommended References

Reference Codes

The following references were used in formulating the questions in this book.

Each question in this book is followed by letter(s) and page number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference where the answer may be found. For example:

Reference A

Workman, G.L. and D. Kishoni, technical eds., Patrick O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook , third edition: Volume 7 , Ultrasonic Testing . Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2007. Reference B

Marks, P. Ultrasonic Testing Classroom Training Book . Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2007. Reference C

1.

The wave mode that has multiple or varying wave  velocities is: a. b. c. d.

longitudinal waves. shear waves. transverse waves. lamb waves. B.13

ond edition. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2014.

In this example, the letter “B” refers to Reference B in the list above and 13 is the specific page in Reference B where the answer to the question is located.

Reference D

Reference Usage

Spaulding, W. and G.C. Wheeler.  ASNT Level II Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing Method , second edition. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002.

Reference A Total = 174

Reference E Total = 17

Additional References

Level I (75) Level II (71) Level III (28)

Level I (11) Level II (6) Level III (0)

Reference E

Reference B Total = 227

Reference F Total = 60

McGonnagle, W.J. Nondestructive Testing , second edition. New York: Gordon & Breach, Science Publishers, Inc. 1975.

Level I (111) Level II (104) Level III (12)

Level I (17) Level II (39) Level III (4)

Reference C Total = 23

Reference G Total = 20

Level I (9) Level II (8) Level III (6)

Level I (5) Level II (5) Level III (10)

 ASNT Level III Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing Method , sec-

Reference F

 Metals Handbook: ninth edition, Volume 17, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control , ninth edition. Metals Park,

OH: ASM International. 1989. Reference G

Krautkramer, J. and H. Krautkramer. Ultrasonic Testing of   Materials, fourth edition. New York: Springer-Verlag, Inc. 1990.

Reference D Total = 8

Level I (1) Level II (7) Level III (0)

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Level I Review Questions

1.

The indication on the instrument display that represents the far boundary of the material being tested is called: a. b. c. d.

6.

7.

BX cable. conduit. coaxial cable. ultrasonic conductor cable-grade 20.

a. b. c. d. 8.

The process of standardizing an instrument or device by using a reference standard is called: a. b. c. d.

A material used between the face of a transducer and the test surface to permit or improve the transmission of ultrasonic vibrations from the transducer to the material being tested is called: a wetting agent. a couplant. an acoustic transmitter. a lubricant. A.15; B.61

A.79; B.45

4.

shear waves. longitudinal waves. transverse waves. surface waves. A.43; B.10

angulation. dispersion. reflection testing. refraction.

The technical name for the cable that connects the ultrasonic instrument to the transducer is: a. b. c. d.

Another name for rayleigh waves is: a. b. c. d.

A.267, 268, 413, 414; B.196

3.

lamb wave. shear wave. longitudinal wave. transverse wave. A.557; B.10

In immersion testing, the position of the transducer is often varied by a manipulator to transmit sound into the test part at various angles to the front surface. Such a procedure is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

Another name for a compressional wave is: a. b. c. d.

grass or hash. the initial pause. the main bang. the back-surface reflection. A.205; B.26

2.

5.

angulation. calibration. attenuation. correlation.

The piezoelectric material in a transducer that  vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves is called a: a. b. c. d.

backing material. plastic wedge. crystal. couplant. A.60; B.46

A.557; B.37

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

9.

Level i

Ultrasonic testing of material where the probe is in direct contact with the material being tested may be: a. b. c. d.

12.

water jet. immersion testing. air coupled. straight beam testing.

The transducer that contains the thinnest piezoelectric crystal is a: a. b. c. d.

1 MHz transducer. 5 MHz transducer. 15 MHz transducer. 25 MHz transducer.

A.202; B.63

10.

An advantage of using lithium sulfate in transducers is that it: a. is one of the most efficient generators of  ultrasonic energy. b. is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy. c. is insoluble. d. can withstand temperatures as high as 700 °C (1260 °F).

B.47

13. Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is normally the function of test frequency used. The greatest depth of penetration is provided by a frequency of: a. b. c. d.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

B.46

11.

The transducer shown in Figure 1 is used for: a. b. c. d.

D.47

14.

surface wave testing. angle beam testing. immersion testing. straight beam testing.

The amount of beam divergence from a crystal is primarily dependent on the: a. b. c. d.

B.55

type of test. tightness of crystal backing in the transducer. frequency and crystal size. pulse length. A.211; B.49

15.

When an ultrasonic beam passes through the interface between two dissimilar materials at an angle, a new angle of sound travel takes place in the second material due to: a. b. c. d.

attenuation. rarefaction. compression. refraction. A.38, 564; B.18-19

Figure 1.

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Review Questions

(No sweep delay is being used) 0

   )  .   n    i    8    (   m   m    3    0    2

1

2

3

4

5

1   5  2  m m  (    6  i   n .  )  

0

1

2

 A

3

4

B

C

5

6 D

7

8

9

10

E

Figure 2.

16.

Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on a 203 mm (8 in.) aluminum block. A discontinuity is located 152 mm (6 in.) from the front surface. The display  representation for this is shown to the right. What does indication A represent? a. b. c. d.

The initial pulse or front-surface indication. The first discontinuity indication. The first back-surface reflection. Baseline.

19.

a. b. c. d. 20.

the initial pulse or front-surface indication. the first discontinuity indication. the first back-surface reflection. baseline. A.203, 204; B.26

18.

In Figure 2, indication C represents the: a. b. c. d.

In Figure 2, indication E represents the: a. b. c. d.

In Figure 2, indication B represents: a. b. c. d.

first discontinuity indication. second indication of the discontinuity. first back-surface reflection. second back-surface reflection. A.205; B.26

21.

The velocity of longitudinal waves is approximately  ______ the velocity of shear waves in the same material. a. b. c. d.

second back-surface reflection. first discontinuity indication. second indication of the discontinuity. first back-surface reflection.

first discontinuity indication. second indication of the discontinuity. first back-surface reflection. second back-surface reflection. A.204; B.26

A.203, 204; B.26

17.

In Figure 2, indication D represents the:

two times four times 1/2 9/10 B.12

A.205; B.26

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

22.

Level i

Figure 3 illustrates an immersion test of a 76 mm (3 in.) block of aluminum with a discontinuity  located 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface. The display  pattern is shown also. What does indication A represent? Assume no sweep delay is used. a. b. c. d.

25 mm (1 in.) 76 mm (3 in.)

The first front-surface indication. The initial pulse. The first discontinuity indication. The first back-surface reflection.

51 mm (2 in.)  Aluminum

 A

Water B

C

D

B.17; F.245

23.

In Figure 3, indication B represents the: a. b. c. d.

Figure 3.

first front-surface indication. initial pulse. first back-surface reflection. first discontinuity reflection.

27. B.17; F.245

24.

a. b. c. d.

In Figure 3, indication C represents the: a. b. c. d.

first front-surface indication. first discontinuity indication. first back-surface reflection. second front-surface indication.

28.

Which of the following materials of the same alloy is most likely to produce the greatest amount of sound attenuation over a given distance?

In Figure 3, indication D represents the: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

first discontinuity indication. first back-surface reflection. second front-surface indication. second discontinuity indication.

A hand forging. A coarse-grained casting. An extrusion. The attenuation is equal in all materials. B.164; E.221; F.238

B.17; F.245

26.

1 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 25 MHz B.47

B.17; F.245

25.

Under most circumstances, which of the following frequencies would result in the best resolving power?

29.

In Figure 3, the distance between indications A and B represents the: a. distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the discontinuity. b. distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the back surface of the aluminum block. c. water distance from the transducer to the aluminum block. d. 76 mm. B.17; F.245

In contact testing, the entry surface indication is sometimes referred to as the: a. b. c. d.

initial pulse. back reflection. skip distance. scan path. B.80

30.

An ultrasonic instrument display pattern containing a large number of low-level indications (often referred to as grass or hash) could be caused by: a. b. c. d.

a crack. a large inclusion. coarse-grained material. a gas pocket. A.211; B.47, 195; E.221

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Review Questions

31.

A test method employing two separate transducers on opposite surfaces of the material being tested is called: a. b. c. d.

contact testing. surface wave testing. through-transmission testing. lamb wave testing.

38.

frequency. velocity. wavelength. pulse length. A.36-37

39.

When the motion of the particles of a medium is parallel to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a:

When an indication has reached the maximum signal height which can be displayed or viewed on the display of an ultrasonic instrument, the indication is said to have reached its: a. b. c. d.

longitudinal wave. shear wave. surface wave. lamb wave.

distance amplitude height. absorption level. vertical limit. limit of resolution. A.566

When the motion of the particles of a medium is transverse to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a: a. b. c. d.

A term used in ultrasonics to express the rate at which sound waves pass through various substances is: a. b. c. d.

a rarefactor. a refractor. an interface. a marker.

B.10-11; E.210

35.

scanning. attenuating. angulating. resonating. A.564; E.250

A. 561; B.75; E.216

a. b. c. d.

Moving a transducer over a test surface either manually or automatically is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

The boundary between two different materials that are in contact with each other is called: a. b. c. d.

34.

37.

amplitude. pulse length. frequency. wavelength. B.4-5, 195

33.

25 kHz. 2500 kHz. 25 MHz. 25 μHz. B.3

The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a given period of time (usually 1 s) is referred to as the: a. b. c. d.

The number “25 million cycles per second” can also be stated as: a. b. c. d.

B.64-65

32.

36.

40.

An ultrasonic testing technique in which the transducer element is not parallel to the test surface is called: a. b. c. d.

longitudinal wave. shear wave. surface wave. lamb wave.

angle beam testing. immersion testing. contact testing. through-transmission testing. B.52

B.10-11; E.210

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

41.

Level i

In Figure 4, angle 1 (θ1) is called the angle of: a. b. c. d.

45.

incidence. reflection. refraction. diffraction.

a. b. c. d.

B.18-20

42.

46.

incidence. reflection. refraction. diffraction.

In Figure 4, angle 3 (θ3) is called the angle of: a. b. c. d.

incidence. reflection. refraction. rarefaction.

In an A-scan presentation, the amplitude of vertical indications on the display represents the: a. amount of ultrasonic sound energy returning to the transducer. b. distance traveled by the transducer. c. thickness of material being tested. d. elapsed time since the ultrasonic pulse was generated.

A.56

43.

amount of reflected ultrasonic sound energy. distance traveled by the transducer. elapsed time or distance. signal amplitude. A.179; B.26

In Figure 4, angle 2 (θ2) is called the angle of: a. b. c. d.

In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal baseline represents the:

A.179; B.26

47. B.18-20

θ1

Which of the following test frequencies would generally provide the best penetration in a 305 mm (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? a. b. c. d.

θ2

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz B.47

Water

48.

θ3

Metal

Figure 4.

44.

Most commercial ultrasonic testing is accomplished using frequencies between: a. b. c. d.

In a basic ultrasonic test pattern (A-scan) for contact testing (assuming no sweep delay is used), the initial pulse is: a. the high indication on the extreme left side of the display that represents the entry surface of the inspected part. b. the first pulse that occurs near the right side of  the display and represents the opposite boundary  of the inspected part. c. an indication that appears and disappears during screening. d. always the second pulse from the left on the  viewing display. B.26; F.242

1 and 25 kHz. 1 and 1000 kHz. 0.2 and 25 MHz. 15 and 100 MHz. B.47

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Review Questions

49.

An ultrasonic test using a straight beam contact transducer is being conducted through the thickness of a flat part such as a plate. This test should detect:

52.

a. laminar-type discontinuities with major dimensions parallel to the rolled surface. b. transverse-type discontinuities with major dimensions at right angles to the rolled surface. c. radial discontinuities with major dimensions along length but radially oriented to the rolled surface. d. rounded discontinuities such as porosity.

a. avoid a large number of back reflections that could interfere with a normal test pattern. b. obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is not originally oriented perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam. c. obtain the maximum number of entry surface reflections. d. obtain a discontinuity indication of the same height as the indication from the flat-bottom hole in a reference block.

B.120-121; G.380

50.

In ultrasonic testing, a liquid coupling medium between the crystal surface and the part surface is necessary because:

A.279, 289-292; B.67

53.

a. lubricant is required to minimize wear on the crystal surface. b. an air interface between the crystal surface and the part surface would almost completely reflect the ultrasonic vibrations. c. the crystal will not vibrate if placed directly in contact with the surface of the part being inspected. d. the liquid is necessary to complete the electrical circuit in the transducer.

B.56

shear wave. transverse wave. surface wave. longitudinal wave. B.11-13; G.37

54.

On the area-amplitude ultrasonic standard test blocks, the flat-bottom holes in the blocks are: a. all of the same diameter. b. different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 mm (0.016 in.) increments from the No. 1 block to the No. 8 block. c. largest in the No. 1 block and smallest in the No. 8 block. d. drilled to different depths from the front surface of the test block.

Near-surface resolution is a characteristic of an ultrasonic testing system that defines its ability to detect: a. discontinuities oriented in a direction parallel to the ultrasonic beam. b. discontinuities located in the center of a forging containing a fine metallurgic structure. c. minute surface scratches. d. discontinuities located just beneath the entry-surface in the part being tested.

All other factors being equal, the mode of vibration that has the greatest velocity is the: a. b. c. d.

A.222-223

51.

During ultrasonic testing by the immersion method, it is frequently necessary to angulate the transducer when a discontinuity is located in order to:

B.104

55.

In immersion testing, verification that the transducer is normal to a flat entry surface is indicated by: a. b. c. d.

maximum reflection from the entry surface. elimination of water multiples. proper wavelength. maximum amplitude of the initial pulse. A.279, 413

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

56.

Level i

A piezoelectric material can: a. b. c. d.

61.

convert a longitudinal beam to a shear wave. convert a mechanical energy to electrical energy. create ionization in a test specimen. produce sound waves in a coaxial cable.

a. b. c. d.

A.60; B.76

57.

Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred to as ultrasonic waves or vibrations, and the term embraces all  vibrational waves of frequency greater than approximately: a. b. c. d.

a. converts electrical energy into sound. b. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy  and mechanical energy into electrical energy. c. eliminates the signal-to-noise energy. d. produces high-speed electrons in metals. 63.

1 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 25 MHz B.4-5

64.

The primary purpose of reference blocks is to:

B.37

When testing by the surface wave method, patches of  oil or dirt on the surface may: a. b. c. d.

The shortest wavelength pulse is produced by a frequency of: a. b. c. d.

pulse length. angle of incidence. material properties and wave type. frequency.

a. aid the operator in obtaining maximum back  reflections. b. obtain the greatest sensitivity possible from an instrument. c. obtain a common reproducible signal. d. properly tune the transducer. 60.

The piezoelectric material in the transducer:

A.60; B.76

A.36-37; G.38

59.

62.

The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent on the: a. b. c. d.

water. oil. glycerine. alcohol. B.62; E.222

2 kHz 200 kHz 20 000 Hz 2 MHz B.3; G.1

58.

In immersion testing, the most commonly used couplant is:

block the progress of all sound. attenuate the sound. have no effect on the test. cause both an attenuation of sound and indications on the screen.

The angle of incidence is: a. b. c. d.

greater than the angle of reflection. less than the angle of reflection. equal to the angle of reflection. not related to the angle of reflection. A.38

65.

On many ultrasonic testing instruments, an operator conducting an immersion test can remove that portion of the display presentation that represents water distance by adjusting a: a. b. c. d.

pulse length control. reject control. sweep delay control. sweep length control. A.183, 194, 262, 565

G.34

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Review Questions

66.

What is another way to express 100 000 cycles per  second ? a. b. c. d.

69.

Figure 7 is an illustration of a typical: a. b. c. d.

0.1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 100 MHz

A-scan presentation. B-scan presentation. C-scan presentation. D-scan presentation. B.82; C.19

A.31-32; B.3

67.

Figure 5 is an illustration of a typical: a. b. c. d.

A-scan presentation. B-scan presentation. C-scan presentation. D-scan presentation. A.264; B.26-27; C.19

Figure 7.

70.

A transducer with a frequency greater than 10 MHz will most likely be used during: a. b. c. d.

Figure 5.

a straight beam contact test of aluminum ingot. an angle beam contact test of a steel pipe. a surface wave contact test of a metallic plate. an immersion test. B.47

68.

Figure 6 is an illustration of a typical: a. b. c. d.

71.

A-scan presentation. B-scan presentation. C-scan presentation. D-scan presentation.

The reference holes in standard aluminum area-amplitude ultrasonic test blocks contain: a. b. c. d.

B.83; C.19

flat-bottom holes. concave-surface holes. convex-surface holes. conical-shaped holes. B.104

72.

The gradual loss of sonic energy as the ultrasonic  vibrations travel through the material is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

reflection. refraction. reproducibility. attenuation. A.39; B.15

Figure 6.

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

73.

Level i

A term used to describe numerous small indications on the instrument display resulting from test part structure, numerous small discontinuities, or both is often referred to as: a. b. c. d.

multiple back reflections. multiple front reflections. grass or hash. resonance.

an increase in its velocity. a decrease in its velocity. no change in its velocity. a reversal in its velocity.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz A.409; B.47

81.

Metal blocks, which contain one or more drilled holes or notches to simulate discontinuities, are called: scrubbers. crystal collimators. single-plane angulators. reference blocks.

The thickest crystal is contained in a: a. b. c. d.

1 MHz transducer. 5 MHz transducer. 15 MHz transducer. 25 MHz transducer. B.47

82.

If the major dimensions of a discontinuity in a 152 mm (6 in.) thick aluminum plate lie parallel to the entry surface at a depth of 76 mm (3 in.), it will be best detected by: a. b. c. d.

straight beam testing method. through-transmission testing method. angle beam testing method. immersion testing method.

When inspecting coarse-grained material, a sound wave is most easily scattered by the grain structure by  a frequency of: a. b. c. d.

E.273; F.263

77.

80.

pulse echo testing. continuous wave testing. resonance testing. through-transmission testing. A.202; B.64

a. b. c. d.

The depth of a discontinuity cannot be determined when using the:

A.230

Ultrasonic waves transmitted into and received from the test material in the form of repetitive bursts of  acoustic energy is called: a. b. c. d.

76.

79.

a. b. c. d. E.214

75.

straight beam testing method. surface wave testing method. angle beam testing method. through-transmission testing method. A.230; B.64-65

When testing a plate, increasing the frequency of an ultrasonic longitudinal wave results in: a. b. c. d.

The presence of a discontinuity will not produce a specific discontinuity indication on the ultrasonic instrument display when using the: a. b. c. d.

B.195

74.

78.

When performing a surface wave test, indications may result from: a. b. c. d.

improper frequency. oil on the surface. a surface discontinuity. the acoustical velocity of aluminum. B.12-13

a straight beam test. an angle beam test. a surface wave test. a lamb wave test. B.91-92

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Review Questions

83.

Which of the following discontinuities located 152 mm (6 in.) from the entry surface results in the largest display indication if all factors except discontinuity surface condition and orientation are the same? a. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of  75° from the direction of sound beam propagation. b. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of  75° from the direction of sound beam propagation. c. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is perpendicular to the direction of sound beam propagation. d. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is parallel to the direction of sound beam propagation.

87.

A separate time baseline imposed on the viewing display of some ultrasonic testing instruments that permits measurement of distances is often referred to as: a. b. c. d.

an initial pulse. a time/distance line. an electronic gate. a sweep line. A.180, 561

88.

A term used to describe the ability of an ultrasonic testing system to distinguish between the entry-surface response and the response of  discontinuities near the entry surface is: a. b. c. d.

sensitivity. penetration. segregation. resolution.

B.148-149

84.

Transducers constructed with a plastic wedge or standoff between the transducer element and the test piece are commonly used: a. b. c. d.

B.56

89.

for angle beam contact testing. for immersion testing. to eliminate the need for a couplant. to reduce the speed of electrons.

The phenomenon whereby an ultrasonic wave changes direction when the wave crosses a boundary  between materials with different velocities is called: a. b. c. d.

refraction. reflection. penetration. rarefaction.

B.81-88, 92

85.

Sound can be focused by special curved adapters located in front of the transducer element. These adapters are referred to as: a. b. c. d.

E.216

90.

scrubbers. acoustic lenses. angle beam adapters. single plane adapters.

In a test where the transducer is not perpendicular to the inspection surface, the angle of incidence is equal to: a. b. c. d.

the angle of refraction. the angle of reflection. the shear wave angle. half the shear wave angle.

A.95, 296-298

86.

A test method in which the parts to be inspected are placed in a water bath or some other liquid couplant is called: a. b. c. d.

contact testing. immersion testing. surface wave testing. through-transmission testing. A.262-263; B.66-68

F.235-236

91.

The product of the acoustic velocity of sound in a material and the density of the material is the factor that determines the amount of reflection or transmission of ultrasonic energy when it reaches an interface. This is called: a. b. c. d.

acoustic impedance. velocity. wavelength. penetration. E.234

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

92.

Level i

In transmitting energy into the part shown in Figure 8, the ultrasonic beam will: a. b. c. d.

96.

diverge (spread out) through the part. converge (focus in to a point) through the part. transmit straight through the part. not enter the part.

The formula used to calculate the angle of refraction within a material is called: a. b. c. d.

Fresnel’s law. Fraunhofer’s law. Snell’s law. Lamb’s law.

A.222

B.21-22; C.3

97. Immersed transducer Convex surface

In a material with a given velocity, when frequency is increased, the wavelength will: a. b. c. d.

Test specimen

not be affected. increase. decrease. double. B.5

98. Figure 8.

93.

99.

The interference field near the face of a transducer is often referred to as the: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

an A-scan display. a B-scan display. a C-scan display. an X-Y plot display.

100. The display that plots signal amplitude versus time is called:

When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave mode within the part will be a: a. b. c. d.

The most common type of data display used for ultrasonic examination of welds is:

A. 182, 225, 264, 557

fresnel zone. acoustic impedance. exponential field. phasing zone. B.23, 47-48; C.15-16

95.

pulser circuits. marker circuits. timer circuits. receiver-amplifier circuits. F.253

shear waves. transverse waves. longitudinal waves. rayleigh waves. A.39-40; B.12-13

94.

a. b. c. d.

Ultrasonic waves that travel along the surface of a material and whose particle motion is elliptical are called: a. b. c. d.

Circuits that electronically amplify return signals from the receiving transducer and often modify the signals into a form suitable for display are called:

a. b. c. d.

an A-scan display. a B-scan display. a C-scan display. a D-scan display. A.264; C.11-12

longitudinal wave. shear wave. surface wave. lamb wave. B.12, 21

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Review Questions

101. A circuit that modifies the return signal from the receiving transducer into a form suitable for display  on an oscilloscope or other output device is called a: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

pulser. receiver-amplifier. clock. sweep.

Through-transmission testing. Contact testing. Resonance testing. Immersion testing. A.99; B.67, 69, 70

A.69, 104; F.253

102. A circuit that generates a burst of voltage that is applied to the sending transducer is called: a. b. c. d.

106. What type of ultrasonic examination uses wheel-type transducers that eliminate the use of a tank?

a pulser. a receiver-amplifier. damping. a clock.

107. In addition to other functions, a transducer manipulator in a mechanical immersion-scanning unit permits: a. b. c. d.

use of the through-transmission technique. use of high scanning speeds. detection of obliquely oriented discontinuities. utilization of less skilled operators.

A.69; F.252

103. A circuit that coordinates electronic operation of the entire ultrasonic instrument system is called: a. b. c. d.

damping. a receiver-amplifier. a clock. a power supply.

A.267, 413

108. A type of data presentation most likely to be used with a high-speed automatic scanning system is: a. b. c. d.

an A-scan presentation. a velocity versus amplitude plot. a C-scan presentation. a plot of echo height versus depth.

A.244; B.30, 79

104. A plan view display or recording of a part under examination is called: a. b. c. d.

a C-scan display. an A-scan display. an X-axis plot. a strip chart recording.

A.264

109. The component in a conventional immersion system that spans the width of the immersion tank is called: a. b. c. d.

an articulator. a bridge. a manipulator. a search tube.

A.264; C.19

105. Ultrasonic data, which is presented in a form representative of the cross section of the test specimen, is called: a. b. c. d.

an A-scan presentation. a B-scan presentation. a C-scan presentation. an X-Y plot.

A.193

110. The component in an ultrasonic immersion system that is used to adjust and maintain a known transducer angle is called: a. b. c. d.

A.264; C.19

a carriage. a manipulator. a search tube. an index system. A.267, 413

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

Level i

111. An amplitude type gate is necessary for all: a. b. c. d.

116. Which material can only transmit longitudinal waves?

shear wave examinations. longitudinal wave examinations. automatic examinations. manual examinations.

a. b. c. d.

Machine oil. Aluminum. Ice. Beryllium.

A.205

112. When a C-scan recording is used to produce a permanent record of an ultrasonic test, the information displayed is typically the discontinuity’s: a. b. c. d.

depth and size. depth, orientation, and size. location and depth. location and size (plan view). A.264

B.11

117. If the velocity of a longitudinal mode wave in a given homogeneous material is 0.625 cm/μs at 13 mm (0.5 in.) below the surface, what is the velocity at 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface? a. b. c. d.

One-fourth the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.). One-half the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.). The same as the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.). Three-fourths the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.) A.43

113. Rough entry surface conditions can result in: a. b. c. d.

an increase in echo amplitude from discontinuities. a decrease in the width of the front-surface echo. a loss of amplitude from discontinuities. a loss of material velocity. A.204, 278

118. What effect will replacing a 2.25 MHz transducer with a 5 MHz transducer have on the wavelength? a. b. c. d.

Make it longer. Have no effect. Make it shorter. Increase it and the acousitc impedance.

114. As the grain size increases in a material, its principal effect in ultrasonic testing is on the: a. b. c. d.

119. What can cause nonrelevant indications on the A-scan display?

velocity of sound. attenuation. acoustic impedance. angle of refraction. A.211

115. In straight beam pulse echo testing, a discontinuity  with a rough reflecting surface perpendicular to the incident wave has what effect on the detected signal in comparison to a smooth flat-bottom hole of the same size? a. b. c. d.

B.48

It increases the detected signal. It decreases the detected signal. It has no effect on the detected signal. It decreases the width of the pulse of the detected signal. A.195, 208

a. b. c. d.

Rectangular-shaped test specimens. Setting a low pulse repetition rate. Small grain structure of test specimens. Edge effects. A.277, 278

120. The proper interpretation and evaluation of the presented discontinuity signals are essential to any  nondestructive test. A common method for the estimation of discontinuity size is the use of: a. b. c. d.

a double transducer test. a piezoelectric standard. mode conversion. a reference standard. A. 206

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Review Questions

121. Another name for fresnel zone is: a. b. c. d.

126. An A-scan display, which shows a signal both above and below the sweep line, is called:

zone. near field. far field. torrid zone. B.23, 47; C.5, 15

a. b. c. d.

a video display. an RF display. an audio display. a frequency modulated display. A.87; B.81

122. Attenuation is a: 127. A B-scan display shows the relative: a. b. c. d.

test display characteristic. test material parameter. transducer characteristic. form of testing. B.15, 164

123. For discontinuity geometries other than flat, the echo amplitude is usually _________ from that observed for a flat discontinuity, of similar orientation perpendicular to the sound beam. a. b. c. d.

A.180-181; B.27-28

identical increased decreased elongated

128. Surface (rayleigh) waves traveling on the top face of a block: A.195, 309-310

124. To evaluate discontinuities that are oriented at an angle to the entry surface so that the sound beam strikes the plane of the discontinuity at right angles, the operator must: a. b. c. d.

a. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its through-dimension thickness. b. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its length in the direction of transducer travel. c. cross-sectional area of a discontinuity above a predetermined amplitude. d. pulse height and time of arrival to produce a plan-view image.

change the frequency. grind the surface. angulate the transducer. increase the gain.

a. are not reflected from a sharp edge corner. b. are reflected from a sharp edge corner. c. travel through the sharp edge corner and are reflected from the lower edge. d. are absorbed by a sharp edge corner. B.12-13

129. Surface (rayleigh) waves are more highly attenuated by a:

B.52, 96

125. The pulser circuit in an ultrasonic instrument is used to: a. control the horizontal and vertical sweep. b. activate the transducer. c. control transducer timing between transmit and sweep. d. generate markers that appear on horizontal sweep. A.182; B.79

a. b. c. d.

curved surface. heavy couplant. thin couplant. sharp corner. B.12-13, 63

130. The velocity of sound in a material is dependent upon the: a. b. c. d.

frequency of the wave. wavelength. material properties. vibration cycle. A.309

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Ultrasonic Testing Method

131.

l Level i

To vary or change the wavelength of sound being used to test a part, change the: a. b. c. d.

136.

sound wave frequency. diameter of the transducer. electrical pulse voltage. pulse repetition rate.

a. four times the test piece thickness. b. one-half the test piece thickness. c. one-fourth the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in.). d. one-half the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in.)

B.5

132.

Ultrasonic vibrations are commonly used to: a. support findings after visual inspection. b. characterize grain structure. c. detect discontinuities in multilayered structures having air gaps between layers. d. perform volumetric examinations of ferrous and nonferrous materials.

A.262; F.258

137.

adjust the viscosity. help eliminate the formation of air bubbles. prevent cloudiness. aid in technician comfort.

Which of the following has the longest fresnel zone? a. b. c. d.

13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 1 MHz. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 2.25 MHz. 28.5 mm (1.125 in.) diameter 1 MHz. 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter 2 MHz.

B.62

138.

When contact testing, if the ultrasonic instrument is set with an excessively high pulse repetition frequency:

F = V/T . F = V /2T . F = T/V . F = VT .

A.478

139. a. b. c. d.

The formula used to determine the fundamental resonant frequency is: a. b. c. d.

A.210; B.47-48

134

In immersion testing, a wetting agent is added to the water to: a. b. c. d.

B.1, 2

133.

Longitudinal wave velocity in water is approximately  one-fourth the velocity in aluminum or steel. Therefore, the minimum water path should be:

the screen trace becomes too light to see. the time-baseline becomes distorted. the initial pulse disappears. UT signals may overlap with the multiples of the backwall echoes.

If frequency is increased, wavelength: a. b. c. d.

decreases (becomes shorter). increases (becomes longer). remains the same but velocity increases. remains the same but velocity decreases.

A.187

135.

The advantages of immersion testing include: a. b. c. d.

B.5

140.

portability. reduced equipment needed. low equipment and maintenance costs. adaptability for automated scanning. F.258

The variable in distance amplitude calibration block  construction is the: a. b. c. d.

drilled hole size. drilled hole point angle. metal distance above the drilled hole. angle of the drilled hole to block longitudinal axis. B.39-40, 105-106; F.264

16

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Review Questions

141. When setting up a distance amplitude correction curve using three flat-bottom holes, sometimes the hole closest to the transducer gives less of a response than one or both of the other two. This could be caused by: a. b. c. d.

a hole that is too large. near field effects. impedance mismatch. the acoustic velocity.

142. Ferrous and nonferrous welds may be ultrasonically  tested using a frequency range of: 25-100 kHz 200-500 kHz 2-5 MHz 3-6 MHz

increases. decreases. stays the same. cannot be determined.

147. Both longitudinal and shear waves may be simultaneously generated in a second medium when the angle of incidence is: a. b. c. d.

between normal and the first critical angle. between the first and second critical angles. past the second critical angle. only at the second critical angle. B.21

A.226

143. The product of the material density and the velocity  of sound within that material is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

B.18-20

F.239, 263

a. b. c. d.

146. For a given incident angle, as the frequency of the transducer increases, the refracted angle:

acoustic impedance. near field. acoustic attenuation. ultrasonic beam distribution.

148. Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is normally the function of test frequency used. The greatest depth of penetration is provided by a frequency of: a. b. c. d.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

B.15

144. A straight beam contact transducer consists of: a. b. c. d.

B.47

149. Refracted energy assumes a new direction of  propagation when the _________ is changed.

a case, a crystal, wear plate, and backing. a case, a crystal, backing, and a plastic wedge. a case, a crystal, backing, and acoustic lenses. a case, a crystal, a mount, backing, a plastic wedge, and acoustic lenses.

a. b. c. d.

principal angle reflected angle critical angle incident angle

B.45

145. In immersion testing, to remove the second water reflection from between the entry surface signal and the first back reflection, you should: a. b. c. d.

B.19-21

150. The loss of energy as it propagates through material is the result of beam: a. b. c. d.

increase the repetition rate. decrease the frequency. decrease the sweep length. increase the water path.

interference. attenuation. absorption. reflection. B.15

B.68

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

Level i

151. In selecting a suitable couplant, which of the following characteristics would not affect the selection? a. b. c. d.

156. A device that transforms electrical pulses into mechanical and vice versa utilizes: a. b. c. d.

Mode of propagation desired. Material surface finish and temperature. Operating frequency of the transducer. Chemical properties of the couplant.

Snell’s law. piezoelectric principles. mode conversion principles. particle motion principles. B.45

B.61

152. Excessive surface roughness of the material being tested can cause: a. a loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities within the material. b. reduced acoustic velocity. c. increased acoustic velocity. d. increased back-surface response. B.54

157. Whenever an ultrasonic incident angle is set at 5° from normal in water: a. the refracted wave is mode converted. b. the refracted wave is the same mode as the incident wave. c. the refracted wave in steel has two components, one of which will be the same mode as the incident wave. d. it is impossible to determine mode(s) of a refracted wave without more information.

153. Reference or calibration standards are used for:

B.19

a. determining phase shift analysis. b. providing a method for standardizing the test system. c. determining tensile strength. d. measuring vibrations.

158. If a discontinuity is located in the fresnel or near-field region of a sound beam:

B.37, 101

154. The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one material to another material in which elasticity and density differ is called: a. b. c. d.

reflection. rarefaction. angulation. refraction.

a. the larger the discontinuity, the larger the amplitude of the reflected signal. b. the closer to the surface the discontinuity is located, the larger will be the amplitude of the reflected signal. c. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the signal increases as the water path decreases. d. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the reflected signal may increase or decrease as the water path decreases. F.239, 263

B.18

155. If a discontinuity is oriented at an angle other than 90° to the sound beam, the results may be a: a. loss of signal linearity. b. loss or lack of signal reflected from the discontinuity. c. focusing of the sound beam. d. loss of interference phenomena. B.148-149

159. If a transducer is vibrating at a frequency and injecting ultrasonic energy through water into a steel specimen: a. the sound wavelength is the same in both the water and the steel. b. the sound frequency in the water is less than the sound frequency in steel. c. the sound wavelength is not the same in both the water and the steel. d. the sound frequency in the water is greater than the sound frequency in steel. A.43

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Review Questions

160. When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a watersteel interface at an angle of incidence of 15° (see Figure 9): a. all the sound energy is reflected back into the water at an angle of 15°. b. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle of less than 15°. c. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted along the water-steel interface. d. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle greater than 15°.

15°

Figure 9.

B.19-20

Answers 1d 15d

2a

3c

4b

5c

6d

7b

8c

9d

10b

11d

12d

13a

14c

16a

17b

18d

19b

20d

21a

22b

23a

24b

25b

26c

27d

28b

29a

30c

31c

32c

33c

34a

35b

36c

37a

38b

39c

40a

41a

42b

43c

44c

45c

46a

47a

48a

49a

50b

51d

52b

53d

54b

55a

56b

57c

58c

59c

60d

61a

62b

63d

64c

65c

66c

67a

68c

69b

70d

71a

72d

73c

74c

75a

76d

77a

78d

79b

80d

81a

82c

83c

84a

85b

86b

87c

88d

89a

90b

91a

92a

93d

94a

95b

96c

97c

98d

99a

100a

101b

102a

103c

104a

105b

106d

107c

108c

109b

110b

111c

112d

113c 114b

115b

116a

117c

118c

119d

120d

121b

122b

123c

124c

125b

126b

127b 128b

129b

130c

131a

132d

133d

134d

135d

136c

137b

138b

139a

140c

141b 142c

143a

144a

145d

146c

147a

148a

149d

150b

151c

152a

153b

154d

155b 156b

157c

158d

159c

160d

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LEVEL II Review Questions

1.

The wave mode that has multiple or varying wave  velocities is: a. b. c. d.

5.

longitudinal waves. shear waves. transverse waves. lamb waves.

a. b. c. d.

B.13; C.2

2.

total reflection of a surface wave. 45° refraction of the shear wave. production of a surface wave. a 90° angle of refraction for the wave. B.21

Which of the following would be considered application(s) of ultrasonic techniques?

6.

a. Determination of a material’s coefficient of  expansion. b. Study of a material’s metallurgical structure. c. Determination of a material’s chemical composition. d. Evaluation of surface tension through capillary  action. A.13

3.

When angle beam contact testing a test piece, increasing the incident angle until the second critical angle is reached may result in:

Acoustic energy propagates in different modes. Which of the following represents a mode? a. b. c. d.

High-frequency ultrasonic waves. A shear wave. The dissipation factor. The wave movement in the direction from the point where the energy was introduced. B.10

7.

The only significant sound wave mode that travels through a liquid is a:

The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of  water appears disjointed at the water surface illustrates the phenomenon of:

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

shear wave. longitudinal wave. surface wave. rayleigh wave.

reflection. magnification. refraction. diffraction.

B.11

4.

The acoustic impedance of a material is used to determine the:

F.232

8.

a. angle of refraction at an interface. b. attenuation within the material. c. relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an interface. d. beam spread within the material.

The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are related. The thinner the crystal: a. b. c. d.

the lower the frequency. the higher the frequency. there is no appreciable effect. the lower the attenuation. B.47

B.16

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

9.

level ii

The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline structures is a factor in determining: a. b. c. d.

14.

the body-centered cubic crystal system. the angle of refraction. scattering of sound. material thickness.

a. b. c. d.

B.164

10.

In Figure 1, assuming a uniform beam pattern, what relationship would you expect to exist between the amplitudes of the reflected laminar signals at positions A and B? 12 dB difference. Equal amplitudes. 2 to 1. 3 to 1. A.206; B.99

The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure occur is mostly  affected by the: a. b. c. d.

 A

frequency of the transducer. the sound beam exit point. length of transducer cable. diameter of the transducer.

B

Plate

B.48

11.

Laminar reflector

The differences in signals received from identical reflectors at different material distances from a transducer may be caused by: a. b. c. d.

Figure 1.

material composition. beam divergence. acoustic impedance. the piezoelectric effect.

15.

a. minimum at b. maximum at c. maximum throughout twice the angle

A.211

12.

It is possible for a discontinuity smaller than the transducer to produce indications of fluctuating amplitude as the transducer is moved laterally if  testing is being performed in the: a. b. c. d.

  C    sin γ   =      Df   

fraunhofer zone. near field. snell field. shadow zone.

where C is acoustic velocity, D is crystal diameter, and f is frequency at d. not related to orientation of  B.56 A.210; B.48

13.

In immersion testing, the near-field effects of a transducer may be eliminated by: a. b. c. d.

In the far field of a uniform ultrasonic beam, sound intensity is ____________ the beam centerline.

increasing transducer frequency. using a larger diameter transducer. using an appropriate water path. using a focused transducer. B.68

16.

Which of the following may result in a long, narrow  rod if the beam divergence results in a reflection from a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches the back surface? a. Multiple indications before the first back  reflection. b. Indications from multiple surface reflections. c. Conversion from the longitudinal mode to shear mode at the perimeter of the beam. d. Loss of front-surface indications. B.143, 161

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Review Questions

17.

Where does beam divergence occur? a. b. c. d.

22.

Near field. Far field. At the crystal. At the interface.

a. b. c. d.

A.211; B.49

18.

As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: a. b. c. d.

23.

decreases. remains unchanged. increases. varies uniformly through each wavelength.

shear wave technique. longitudinal wave technique. surface wave technique. compressional wave technique.

As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal length of the lens: a. b. c. d.

B.143

increases. decreases. remains the same. cannot be determined unless the frequency is known.

When examining materials for planar flaws oriented parallel to the part surface, what testing method is most often used? a. b. c. d.

A.100

25.

Angle beam. Through-transmission. Straight beam. Dual crystal.

The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is approximately: a. b. c. d.

B.149

If a contact angle beam transducer produces a 45° shear wave in steel, the angle produced by the same transducer in an aluminum specimen would be: (Vsteel = 0.323 cm/μs; VAL = 0.310 cm/μs) a. b. c. d.

Lamb waves can be used to detect: a. laminar-type discontinuities near the surface of a thin material. b. lack of fusion in the center of a thick weldment. c. internal voids in diffusion bonds. d. thickness changes in heavy plate material.

A.96-97

21.

The ultrasonic testing technique in which finger damping is most effective in locating a discontinuity  is the: a. b. c. d.

24.

20.

close to or on the surface. 1 wavelength below the surface. 3 wavelengths below the surface. 6 wavelengths below the surface. A.39

A.211; B.49

19.

Rayleigh waves are influenced most by  discontinuities located:

less than 45°. greater than 45°. 45°. unknown; more information is required. A.53; B.19

1:8. 1:4. 1:3. 1:2. A.43, 262

26.

Which of the following scanning methods could be classified as an immersion-type test? a. Contact angle beam testing. b. Surface wave technique with a plastic transducer wedge. c. Scanning with a wheel-type transducer with the transducer inside a liquid-filled tire. d. Through-transmission technique with shear waves. A.267-269; B.67

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

27.

level ii

In an immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum, the water distance appears on the display as a fairly  wide space between the initial pulse and the front-surface reflection because of: a. reduced velocity of sound in water as compared to the test specimen. b. increased velocity of sound in water as compared to the test specimen. c. temperature of the water. d. viscosity of the water.

31.

a. b. c. d.

Using the immersion method, a distance-amplitude curve (DAC) for a 19 mm (0.75 in.) diameter, 5 MHz transducer shows the high point of the DAC at the B/51 mm (2 in.) block. One day later, the high point of the DAC for the same transducer is at the J/102 mm (4 in.) block. Assuming that calibration has not changed, this would indicate that the transducer: a. b. c. d.

32.

a. b. c. d.

Poisson’s ratio law. Snell’s law. Fresnel’s field law. Charles’ law. A.52-53; B.19-20

30.

At an interface between two different materials, an impedance difference results in: a. reflection of the entire incident energy at the interface. b. absorption of sound. c. division of sound energy into transmitted and reflected modes. d. refraction of the entire incident energy at the interface.

Contact testing of aluminum plates. Through-transmission testing of impeller shafts. Longitudinal wave and/or shear wave examination. Angle beam testing on beam-to-column T-joint complete penetration welds. A.269; B.69

33.

is improving in resolution. is becoming defective. has the beam of a contact testing transducer. has a better definition.

What law can be used to calculate the angle of  refraction within a metal for both longitudinal and shear waves?

Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which of the following types of examination? a. b. c. d.

During straight beam testing, test specimens with nonparallel front and back surfaces can cause: a. b. c. d.

A.196-197; B.105

29.

backing material variations. mode conversion. diffraction characteristics. irregular sound beam exit point. B.175

B.66; F.245

28.

When using focused transducers, nonsymmetry in a propagated sound beam may be caused by:

partial or total loss of back reflection. no loss in back reflection. a widened (broad) back-reflection indication. a focused (narrow) back-reflection indication. A.205

34.

In the immersion technique, the distance between the face of the transducer and the test surface (water path) is usually adjusted so that the time required to send the sound beam through the water is: a. equal to the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece. b. greater than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece. c. less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece. d. greater or less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece depending on water temperature and wave characteristics. A.262

A.52

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Review Questions

35.

In a B-scan display, the length of a screen indication from a discontinuity is related to: a. a discontinuity’s thickness as measured parallel to the ultrasonic beam. b. the discontinuity’s length in the direction of the transducer travel. c. the horizontal baseline elapsed time from left to right. d. the vertical and horizontal directions representing the area over which the transducer was scanned.

40.

a. manipulate the pulser/receiver unit and the display. b. set the proper transducer angle. c. set the proper index function. d. set the proper bridge distance. A.413-414

41.

B.27

36.

Which circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in an A-scan display? a. b. c. d.

On an A-scan display, the

A.205

dead zone,

refers to the:

a. distance contained within the near field. b. area outside the beam spread. c. distance covered by the front-surface pulse width and recovery time. d. area between the near field and the far field. F.267

38.

In straight (normal) beam contact testing, which of  the following would NOT result in a reduction in the back-surface reflection amplitude? a. the usage of a high-viscosity couplant. b. a discontinuity that is normal to the beam. c. a near-surface discontinuity that cannot be resolved from the main bang (initial pulse). d. a coarse-grain material.

Receiver-amplifier. Power supply. Clock. Damping. F.242

37.

In immersion testing in a small tank, a manually  operated manipulator is used to:

42.

A 152 mm (6 in.) diameter rod is being inspected for centerline cracks. The A-scan presentation for one complete path through the rod is as shown in Figure 2. The alarm gate should: a. b. c. d.

be used between points A and E. be used at point D only. be used between points B and D. not be used for this application. B.36-37

On an A-scan display, what represents the intensity of  a reflected beam? a. b. c. d.

Echo pulse width. Horizontal screen location. Signal brightness. Signal amplitude.

0

1

2

3

4

5

dB

A.179

39.

Of the following scan types, which one can be used to produce a recording of discontinuitiy areas superimposed over a plan view of the test piece? a. b. c. d.

A-scan. B-scan. C-scan. D-scan.

0

 A

1

2

B

3

C

4

5

D

6

7

8

9

10

E

Figure 2. C.19

25

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

43.

level ii

In an automatic scanning immersion unit, the bridge or carriage serves to:

47.

a. provide a guide for adjusting instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are considered harmful to the end use of the product. b. give the technician a tool for determining exact discontinuity size. c. provide assurance that all discontinuities smaller than a certain specified reference reflector are capable of being detected by the test. d. provide a standard reflector, which exactly  simulates natural discontinuities of a critical size.

a. support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and longitudinally. b. control the angular and transverse positioning of  the scanner tube. c. control the vertical and angular positioning of the scanner tube. d. raise and lower the transducer. A.413-414

44.

When adjusting the discontinuity-locating rule for a shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on the rule must coincide with the: a. b. c. d.

C.34

48.

sound beam exit point of the wedge. point directly over the discontinuity. wheel transducer. circular scanner.

A special scanning device with the transducer mounted in a tire-like container filled with couplant is commonly called: a. b. c. d.

49.

a rotating scanner. an axial scanner. a wheel transducer. a circular scanner.

Which best describes a typical display of a crack  whose major surface is perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam? a. A broad indication. b. A sharp indication. c. The indication will not show due to improper orientation. d. A broad indication with high amplitude. B.136-137

transfer. attenuation. distance-amplitude correction. interpretation. F.265

Which of the following is a reference reflector that is not dependent on beam angle? a. A flat-bottom hole. b. A V-notch. c. A side-drilled hole which is parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound path. d. A disk-shaped laminar reflector.

B.69

46.

Compensation for the variation in echo height related to variations in discontinuity depth in the test material is known as: a. b. c. d.

B.98, 111

45.

A primary purpose of a reference standard is to:

B.107

50.

During a straight beam ultrasonic test, a discontinuity indication is detected that is small in amplitude compared to the loss in amplitude of back  reflection. The orientation of this discontinuity is probably: a. b. c. d.

parallel to the test surface. perpendicular to the sound beam. parallel to the sound beam. at an angle to the test surface. A.204-205

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Review Questions

51.

A discontinuity is located having an orientation such that its long axis is parallel to the sound beam. The indication from such a discontinuity will be:

55.

a. large in proportion to the length of the discontinuity. b. small in proportion to the length of the discontinuity. c. representative of the length of the discontinuity. d. such that complete loss of back reflection will result. B.157

52.

a. b. c. d.

rolling. machining. casting. welding.

56.

57.

A set of standard reference blocks with the same geometrical configuration and dimensions other than the size of the calibration reflectors, for example, flat-bottom holes, is called a set of: a. b. c. d.

Far-field zone. Near-field zone. Dead zone. Fresnel zone.

distance-amplitude standards. area-amplitude standards. variable frequency blocks. beam spread measuring blocks. B.38, 104-105

B.49

54.

decreases. remains the same. increases. becomes conical in shape. B.49

In which zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given discontinuity diminish exponentially as the distance increases? a. b. c. d.

As transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread: a. b. c. d.

B.120

53.

loss of signal linearity. loss or lack of a received discontinuity echo. focusing of the sound beam. loss of interference phenomena. B.64, 157-158

Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat disks or other shapes parallel to the surface by: a. b. c. d.

Using a pulse echo technique, if the major plane of a flat discontinuity is oriented at some angle other than perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation, the result may be:

58.

A smooth, flat discontinuity whose major plane is not  perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation may be indicated by: a. an echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the back-surface reflection, as well as complete loss of the back-surface reflection. b. an echo whose amplitude is steady across the discontinuity surface. c. an increase in backwall with no response from discontinuity. d. the absence of an indication. B.157

The angle at which 90° refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called the: a. b. c. d.

angle of incidence. first critical angle. angle of maximum reflection. second critical angle. B.21

59.

The control of voltage supplied to the vertical deflection plates of the instrument display in an A-scan UT setup is performed by the: a. b. c. d.

sweep generator. pulser. amplifier circuit. clock timer. E.238

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

60.

level ii

Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure accurately, particularly in solid materials, at the test frequencies normally used. The overall result usually  observed includes other loss mechanisms, such as: a. b. c. d.

temperature. scan rate. fine grain structure. beam spread.

focused cup lens. convex lens. concave lens. variable pitch lens. A.277-278; B.53

66.

The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a flat test part when inspecting by the immersion method is by: a. transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a direction perpendicular to its front surface. b. using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies. c. angulating the search tube or manipulator to the proper angle. d. using Y-cut quartz crystal.

In Figure 3, transducer A is being used to establish: a. b. c. d.

verification of wedge angle. sensitivity calibration. resolution. an index point. F.266

67.

In Figure 3, transducer C is being used to check: a. b. c. d.

B.67

62.

Acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour correction. When scanning the inside of a pipe section by the immersion method, use a: a. b. c. d.

B.15, 164

61.

65.

distance calibration. resolution. sensitivity calibration. verification of wedge angle.

Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result in:

F.267

68. a. scatter, which becomes less pronounced as grain size approaches wavelength. b. increased penetration. c. have no effect if a higher frequency is used. d. large grass or hash or noise indications.

In Figure 3, transducer D is being used to check: a. b. c. d.

sensitivity calibration. distance calibration. resolution. verification of wedge angle.

B.129, 164

63.

F.266

The total energy losses occurring in all materials is called: a. b. c. d.

 A 

attenuation. scatter. beam spread. interface.

D

 A 

B.15

64.

Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact transducers are primarily used for: C

a. discontinuity detection. b. sound wave characterization. c. thickness measurement or discontinuity detection in thin materials. d. attenuation measurements.

Figure 3.

B.152-153; F.258

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Review Questions

69.

When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave generated within the part will be: a. b. c. d.

72.

longitudinal. shear. surface. lamb.

V S = 3.2 × 10 5 cm/s V W  = 1.5 × 10 5 cm/s B.21

70.

In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel at an incident angle of 14°. What is the angle of the refracted shear wave within the material?

(Trigonometry Tables Required)

In Figure 4, transducer B is being used to check: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

the verification of wedge angle. resolution. sensitivity calibration. distance calibration.

45° 23° 31° 13° B.21-22

F.266

73.

If you were requested to design a plastic shoe to generate a rayleigh wave in aluminum, what would be the incident angle of the ultrasonic energy?

D

V  A = 3.1 × 10 5 cm/s

B

V P  = 2.6 × 10 5 cm/s B

(Trigonometry Tables Required) a. b. c. d.

C

37° 57° 75° 48° B.21-22

Figure 4.

74. 71.

The angle at which 90° refraction of the shear wave mode occurs is called the:

Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in lead at 1 MHz. V L = 2.1 × 10 5 cm/s V = λ × F 

a. b. c. d.

first critical angle. second critical angle. third critical angle. angle of reflection. B.21

a. b. c. d.

0.21 cm 21 cm 0.48 cm 4.8 × 105 cm B.5

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

75.

level ii

For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal velocity is approximately _____ the shear velocity. a. b. c. d.

79.

equal to twice half of  four times

a. shear waves at an angle to the threads. b. longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinder and perpendicular to the direction of the thread roots. c. surface waves perpendicular to the thread roots. d. shear waves around the circumference of the cylinder.

B.22

76.

Water travel distance for immersion inspections should be: a. such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and back  reflections. b. exactly 76 mm (3 in.). c. less than 76 mm (3 in.). d. always equal to the thickness of the material being inspected.

G.347

80.

The electronic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only those signals relating to discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a part is called: a. b. c. d.

81.

an electronic gate. an electronic attenuator. a distance amplitude correction circuit. a fixed marker.

When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the grass or irregular signals that appear in the screen display  of the area being inspected could be caused by: a. b. c. d.

exactly 76 mm (3 in.). equal to 76 mm (3 in.) ±13 mm (±0.5 in.). greater than one-fourth the thickness of the part. equal to the thickness of a material. A.262

The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different velocity than the one from which it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media is called the angle of: a. b. c. d.

B.151-152

78.

In an immersion inspection of raw steel material, the water travel distance should be: a. b. c. d.

B.149-150

77.

In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks extending from the root of the threads, it would be preferable to transmit:

incidence. refraction. rarefaction. reflection. B.18-19

82.

fine grains in the structure. dirt in the water couplant. coarse grains in the structure. a thick but tapered back surface.

The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a reference standard is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

angulation. scanning. correcting for distance-amplitude variations. calibration.

A.211-212

B.37

83.

A grouping of a number of crystals in one transducer, with all contact surfaces in the same plane and  vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single transducer is called a: a. b. c. d.

focusing crystal. crystal mosaic. scrubber. single-plane manipulator. B.51

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Review Questions

84.

The angle of reflection is: a. b. c. d.

89.

equal to the angle of incidence. dependent on the couplant used. dependent on the frequency used. equal to the angle of refraction.

a. b. c. d.

E.215

85.

The angular position of the reflecting surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the entry surface is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

90.

the angle of incidence. the angle of refraction. the orientation of the discontinuity. angle of reflection.

a. b. c. d.

A longitudinal wave. A compression wave. A shear wave. A surface wave.

a continuous wave. a peaked DC voltage. an ultrasonic wave. a pulse.

E.210; F.233

91.

In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as the: a. b. c. d.

pulse length or pulse width. pulse amplitude. pulse shape. pulse distortion.

G.296-304 A.183; B.81, 197

The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its propagation within the same medium is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

In general, shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuities than longitudinal waves for a given frequency and in a given material because: a. the wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the wavelength of longitudinal waves. b. shear waves are not as easily dispersed in the material. c. the direction of particle vibration for shear waves is more sensitive to discontinuities. d. the wavelength of shear waves is longer than the wavelength of longitudinal waves.

A.182

88.

Which of the following modes of vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength at a given frequency and in a given material?

A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called: a. b. c. d.

87.

refraction. rarefaction. angulation. reflection. C.3; G.23

B.149

86.

The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one medium to another whose velocity  differs from that of the first medium is called:

92.

In general, which of the following modes of vibration would have the greatest penetrating power in a coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves is the same? a. b. c. d.

divergence. impedance. angulation. reflection.

Longitudinal waves. Shear waves. Transverse waves. Rayleigh waves. D.3, 23

C.2; E.215

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

93.

level ii

A testing technique in which the crystal or transducer is parallel to the test surface and ultrasonic waves enter the material being tested in a direction perpendicular to the test surface is: a. b. c. d.

98.

Mechanical and electrical stability, insolubility in liquids, and resistance to aging are three advantages of transducers made of: a. b. c. d.

straight beam testing. angle beam testing. surface wave testing. lamb wave.

lithium sulfate. barium titanate. quartz. rochelle salts. F.254

B.91

94.

The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic wave to the next corresponding point is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

99.

frequency. wavelength. velocity. pulse length.

The

a. b. c. d.

sin

θ

1

V1

=

sin

θ

2

V 2

formula is referred to as:

the acoustical impedance ratio formula. the phase conversion formula. the fresnel zone formula. Snell’s law.

B.4-5

95.

The speed with which ultrasonic waves travel through a material is known as: a. b. c. d.

100. The

velocity. pulse repetition rate. pulse recovery rate. ultrasonic response. B.5

96.

a. b. c. d.

sin

θ

V1

1

=

sin

θ formula is used to determine: 2

V 2

angular relationships. phase velocities. amount of reflected sound energy. acoustic impedance.

A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid is referred to as: a. b. c. d.

B.15-16

101. The amount of energy reflected from a discontinuity  is not dependent on the:

a couplant. an ultrasonic dampener. a wetting agent. a solvent. B.62

97.

A.52-53; B.19-20

a. b. c. d.

size of the discontinuity. orientation of the discontinuity. type of discontinuity. filter setting.

The ultrasonic transducers most commonly used for discontinuity testing utilize: a. b. c. d.

B.15-16

102. If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an interface of two materials in which the first material has a higher acoustic impedance value but the same  velocity value as the second material, the angle of  refraction will be:

magnetostriction principles. piezoelectric principles. mode conversion principles. relative dialectric principles. A.60; G.117

a. b. c. d.

greater than the angle of incidence. less than the angle of incidence. the same as the angle of incidence. beyond the critical angle. A.38-39; B.21-22

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Review Questions

103. Which one of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest ultrasonic attenuation losses? a. b. c. d.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 10 MHz 25 MHz B.47

104. The product of the sound velocity and the density of  a material is known as the: a. b. c. d.

refraction value of the material. acoustic impedance of the material. elastic constant of the material. Poisson’s ratio of the material. B.15-16; F.234

105. The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal response increases in amplitude in proportion to the discontinuity surface area is the: a. b. c. d.

sensitivity range. vertical linearity range. selectivity range. horizontal linearity range. A.195

106. What kind of waves travel at a velocity slightly less than shear waves and their mode of propagation is both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the surface? a. b. c. d.

Rayleigh waves. Transverse waves. L-waves. Longitudinal waves.

a. plan view of the block, showing the area and position of the hole bottom as seen from the entry surface. b. basic test pattern showing the height of an indication from the hold bottom and its location in depth from the entry surface. c. cross section of the reference block, showing the top and bottom surfaces of the block and the location of the hole bottom in the block. d. cross-sectional view presentation with a vertical signal representing the hole bottom and the horizontal position representing its depth position. A.180-181; B.27-28

109. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing include: a. particle motion normal to propagation direction, and a propagation velocity that is about one-half  the longitudinal wave velocity in the same material. b. exceptionally high sensitivity due to low  attenuation resulting from longer wavelengths when propagating through water. c. high coupling efficiency because shear waves are less sensitive to surface variables when traveling from a coupling liquid to the part. d. high sensitivity as a result of having a greater wave velocity than longitudinal waves in the same material. B.12; F.233

A.43-45; B.12-13

107. Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably  provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick  specimen of coarse-grained steel? a. b. c. d.

108. During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a B-scan presentation system will show a:

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

110. One of the most common applications of ultrasonic tests employing shear waves is for the: a. detection of discontinuities in welds, tube and pipe. b. determination of elastic properties of metallic products. c. detection of laminar discontinuities in heavy plate. d. measurement of thickness of thin plate. B.65

B.47

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

level ii

111. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:

116. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrument in a given period of time is known as the:

a. the test frequency is varying at a constant rate. b. the velocity of propagation deviates substantially  from an assumed constant value for a given material. c. water is employed as a couplant between the transducer and the part being measured. d. the echo-to-echo mode is used. A.496

112. Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for detecting discontinuities oriented along the fusion zone in a welded plate is: a. an angle beam contact method using surface waves. b. a contact test using a straight longitudinal wave. c. an immersion test using surface waves. d. an angle beam method using shear waves. B.92-95

113. An ultrasonic testing instrument that displays pulses representing the magnitude of reflected ultrasound as a function of time or depth of metal is said to contain: a. b. c. d.

a continuous wave. an A-scan presentation. a B-scan presentation. a C-scan presentation.

114. At a water-steel interface, the angle of incidence in water is 7°. The principal mode of vibration that exists in the steel is: longitudinal. shear. lamb. surface.

A.187; F.252

117. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that coordinates the action and timing of  other components is called a: a. b. c. d.

display unit. receiver. marker circuit or range marker circuit. timing section. A.186-187

118. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the voltage that activates the transducer is called: a. b. c. d.

an amplifier. a receiver. a pulser. a synchronizer.

119. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the time baseline is called a: a. b. c. d.

sweep circuit. receiver. pulser. synchronizer. A.187, 565

B.22

115. In a liquid medium, the only mode of vibration that can exist is: a. b. c. d.

pulse length of the instrument. pulse recovery time. frequency. pulse repetition frequency.

A.182; B.30

A.179-180; B.26-27, 80-81; C.11-12

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

longitudinal. shear. lamb. surface.

120. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces visible signals on the screen which are used to measure distance is called a: a. b. c. d.

sweep circuit. marker circuit. receiver circuit. synchronizer. A.180, 182, 561

B.11

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Review Questions

121. Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic instruments use: a. b. c. d.

126. The motion of particles in a shear wave is:

automatic readout equipment. an A-scan presentation. a B-scan presentation. a C-scan presentation. A.179; F.241

122. The instrument displays a plan view of the part outline and discontinuities when using: a. b. c. d.

A.36, 39

automatic readout equipment. an A-scan presentation. a B-scan presentation. a C-scan presentation.

127. An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum with a velocity of 635 000 cm/s and has a frequency  of 1 MHz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is: A.181; C.19

123. The incident angles at which 90° refraction of  longitudinal and shear waves occurs are called the: a. b. c. d.

124. Compression waves whose particle displacement is parallel to the direction of propagation are called: longitudinal waves. shear waves. lamb waves. rayleigh waves.

6.35 mm (0.25 in.). 78 mm (3.1 in.). 1.9 m (6.35 ft). 30 000 Å.

128. The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic waves passing from water into a metallic material at angles other than normal to the interface is primarily a function of the: a. b. c. d.

impedance ratio (r = Z W Z  M ) of water to metal. relative velocities of sound in water and metal. frequency of the ultrasonic beam. density ratio of water to metal. A.46, 52-53

B.10

125. The mode of vibration that is quickly damped out when testing by the immersion method is: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

A.37

normal angles of incidence. critical angles. angles of maximum reflection. mode angles. B.21; C.4

a. b. c. d.

a. parallel to the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic beam. b. transverse to the direction of beam propagation. c. limited to the material surface and elliptical in motion. d. polarized in a plane at 45° to the direction of  beam propagation.

longitudinal waves. shear waves. transverse waves. surface waves. A.46

129. In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the test material by: a. placing an X-cut crystal directly on the surface of  the materials and coupling through a film of oil. b. using two transducers on opposite sides of the test specimen. c. placing a spherical acoustic lens on the face of the transducer. d. using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that sound enters the part at an angle. A.217

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

level ii

130. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

decreases. remains unchanged. increases. varies uniformly through each wavelength.

131. Which of the following is not an advantage of contact ultrasonic transducers (probes) adapted with plastic shoes? Most of the crystal wear is eliminated. Adaptation to curved surfaces is permitted. Sensitivity is increased. Ultrasound is allowed to enter a part’s surface at oblique angles. A.74-75

132. The velocity of sound is the lowest in: a. b. c. d.

136. The acoustic impedance is: a. used to calculate the angle of reflection. b. the product of the density of the material and the  velocity of sound in the material. c. found by Snell’s law. d. used to determine resonance values. A.96, 98, 556

137. Thin sheet may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave directed normal to the surface by observing the: a. b. c. d.

air. water. aluminum. plastic.

amplitude of the front-surface reflection. multiple reflection pattern. attenuation rate. ratio of shear and longitudinal velocities. B.154-155

A.43; F.235

133. A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of 5° from the normal. In such a case, the refracted angle of the transverse wave is: a. less than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave. b. equal to the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave. c. greater than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave. d. not present at all. A.46, 52-53

134. The velocity of longitudinal waves is the highest in: a. b. c. d.

longitudinal waves. shear waves. surface waves. lamb waves. A.43

A.96, 211

a. b. c. d.

135. In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in:

138. A diagram in which the entire circuit stage or sections are shown by geometric figures and the path of the signal or energy by lines and/or arrows is called a: a. b. c. d.

schematic diagram. blueprint. block diagram. circuit layout. A.85, 157

139. A void caused by gas entrapped in a casting is called: a. b. c. d.

a burst. a cold shut. flaking. a blowhole. B.128

water. air. aluminum. plastic. A.43; F.236

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Review Questions

140.

A discontinuity discontinuity that occurs during during the the casting casting of  molten metal which may be caused by the splashing, surging, interrupted pouring, or the meeting of two streams of metal coming from different directions is called: a. b. c. d.

144. When When setting setting up for for an ultra ultrasoni sonicc inspectio inspection, n, the the pulse repetition rate of the instrument must be: a. low enough enough so that that tran transmit smitted ted waves waves will will not interfere with reflected signals. b. imma immateri terial al as the pulse pulse repetit repetition ion rate rate does not not affect the ability to detect indications regardless of  size. c. slow enoug enough h to allow allow the inst instrumen rumentt display display to to refresh with each pulse. d. fast enough enough for the operator operator to to be able able to rely rely on the discontinuity alarm instead of constantly  watching the screen.

a burst. a cold shut. flaking. a blowhole. B.128

141.

The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in a second material is called: a. b. c. d.

the acoustic impedance of the interface. Young’s modu modulus. lus. Poisson’ Poiss on’s ratio. refractive index.

A.187

145.

a. b. c. d.

A.564

142.

The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a changing magnetic field is referred to as: piezoelectricity. refraction. magnetostriction. rarefaction.

The ratio ratio of stress to strain in a material within the elastic limit is called: a. b. c. d.

Young’ oung’ss modulus. the impedance ratio. Poisson’ Poiss on’s ratio. refractive index.

A quartz crystal cut so that its major major faces faces are are parallel parallel to the Z and Y axes and perpendicular to the X axis is called: a. b. c. d.

A.116

143.

the index of rarefactio rarefaction. n. the frequency of the ultrasonic wave. Young’ oung’ss modulus. the acoustic impedance. A.262, 556

146. a. b. c. d.

The factor that determines the amount of reflect reflection ion at the interface of two dissimilar materials is:

a Y-cut cryst crystal. al. an X-cut crystal. a Z-cut crystal. a ZY ZY-cut -cut crystal. A.558

147.

The equation describing wavelength in terms of   velocity and frequency frequency is: a. b. c. d.

A.319, 482

wavelength = velocity × frequency. wavelength = z  (frequency × velocity). wavelength = velocity ÷ frequency. wavelength = frequenc frequencyy + velocity. A.37; D.2

148.

When an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of  two dissimilar materials, it can be: a. b. c. d.

100% reflected. 100% absorbed. partially reflected reflected and refracted, but not not absorbed. absorbed. partially reflected, reflected, refracted, refracted, and and transmitted. transmitted. A.54, 221, 237 Fig.7

37

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Ultrasonic Testing Method

149.

l level ii

When inspect inspecting ing aluminum by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the following information is known:  velocity of sound in water water = 1.49 × 10 5 cm/s,  velocity of longitudinal longitudinal waves waves in aluminum = 6.32 × 10 5 cm/s, and angle of incidence = 5°. The angle of refraction for longitudinal waves is approximately: a. b. c. d.

153.

a. increases if the frequency or or crystal diameter diameter decreases. b. decreases if the frequency frequency or crystal diameter decreases. c. increases if the frequency increases increases and crystal diameter decreases. d. decreases if the frequency frequency increases and crystal diameter decreases.

22° 18° 26° 16°

B.47, 49 A.46, 52-53; D.6

150.

154.

Of the piezoelec piezoelectric tric materials listed below, the most efficient sound transmitter is: a. b. c. d.

Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of  the crystal and the wavelength of the beam transmitted through a medium, and it:

The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is: a. directly proportional to velocity and frequency. b. directly proportional to velocity and inversely  proportional to frequency. c. inversely proportional to velocity and directly  proportional to frequency. d. equal to the product product of velocity and frequenc frequency. y.

lithium sulfate. quartz. barium titanate. silver oxide. B.46; F.255

151.

Of the piezoelec piezoelectric tric materials listed below, the most efficient sound receiver is: a. b. c. d.

D.2

155.

lithium sulfate. quartz. barium titanate. silver oxide.

a. length of the applied voltage pulse. b. amplifying characteristics of the pulse amplifier in the instrument. c. thickness of the crystal. d. material testing.

F.255

152.

The fundamen fundamental tal frequency of a piezoelectric crystal is primarily a function of the:

B.47; E.223

The most commonly used method method of producing shear waves in a test part when inspecting by the immersion immersio n method is by:

156.

a. transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a direction perpendicular to its front surface. b. using two cryst crystals als vibrating at different frequencies. c. using a Y-cut quartz cryst crystal. al. d. angulating the search tube to the proper angle. F.258

Acoustic velocities of materials are primarily due to the material’ materi al’s: s: a. b. c. d.

density and elasticity. material thickness thickness.. temperature. acoustic impedance impedance.. D.2; G.13

157.

Inspection of castings castings is often often impractical impractical because of: a. b. c. d.

extremely small grain structure. extremely coarse grain structure. uniform flow lines. uniform velocity of sound. B.129; F.190

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Review Questions

158. Lamb waves may be used to inspect: a. b. c. d.

163. The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer is that:

forgings. bar stock. ingots. thin sheet. B.14

159. The formula used to determine the angle of beam divergence of a quartz crystal is: a. b. c. d.

F.258

sin θ = diameter r 1/2 × wavelength. wavelength. sin θ diameter = frequency × wavelength. sin θ = frequency × wavelength. sin θ/2 = 1.22 × wavelength/diameter. wavelength/diameter.

164. Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, and scattering are four different mechanisms that lead to: B.49

160. The resolving power of a transducer is is directly  proportional to its: a. b. c. d.

diameter. bandwidth. pulse repetition. Poisson’s ratio.

161. Acoustic lens elements with which of the following following permit focusing the sound energy to enter cylindrical surfaces normally or along a line focus? Cylindrical curvatures. Spherical lens curvatures. Convex shapes. Concave shapes.

attenuation. refraction. beam spreading. saturation.

165. Because the velocity of sound in aluminum is approximately 245 000 in./s, for sound to travel through 25 mm (1 in.) of aluminum, it takes: a. b. c. d.

1/8 s 4 μs 4 ms 1/4 ×104 s F.233

166. When testing a part with a rough rough surface, it is generally advisable to use a: F.259

162. In the basic pulse echo instrument, the synchronizer synchronizer,, clock or timer circuit determines the: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

F.238

F.255

a. b. c. d.

a. all crystals be mounted equidistant from each other. b. the intensity of the beam pattern not not vary greatly  over the entire length of the transducer. c. the fundamental frequency of the crystals not  vary more than 0.01%. 0 .01%. d. the overall length not exceed 76 mm (3 in.). in.).

pulse length. gain. pulse repetition rate. sweep length. F.242

a. lower frequency transducer and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface. b. higher frequency transducer and a more more viscous viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface. c. higher frequency transducer and a less viscous viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface. d. lower frequency frequency transducer and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface. B.62

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Ultrasonic Testing Method

167.

l level ii

Reflection indications from a weld area being inspected by the angle beam technique may  represent: a. b. c. d.

172.

porosity. backwall. initial pulse. hot tears.

To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after scanning a part with a paintbrush transducer, it is generally necessary to use a: a. b. c. d.

transducer with a smaller crystal. scrubber. grid map. crystal collimator.

B.134-142

168.

During a test using A-scan equipment, strong indications that move at varying rates across the screen in the horizontal direction appear. It is impossible to repeat a particular screen pattern by  scanning the same area. A possible cause of these indications is: a. b. c. d.

B.51

173.

porosity in the test part. an irregularly shaped crack. a blowhole. electrical interference.

a. the same as the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole. b. greater than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole. c. slightly less than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole. d. about one-half the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole.

F.246

169.

In an A-scan presentation, position along the horizontal baseline indicates: a. b. c. d.

a square wave pattern. a sweep line. a marker pattern. elapsed time.

F.262

174. B.26

170.

The greatest amount of attenuation losses take place at: a. b. c. d.

As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar materials increases, the percentage of sound coupled through an interface of such materials: a. b. c. d.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

decreases. increases. is not changed. may increase or decrease. F.234

B.15

171. Waves that travel around gradual curves with little or no reflection from the curve are called: a. b. c. d.

An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain an 80% FSH indication from a 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-bottom hole located 76 mm (3 in.) from the front surface of an aluminum reference block. When testing an aluminum forging, an 80% FSH indication is obtained from a discontinuity located 76 mm (3 in.) from the entry surface. The reflective area of this discontinuity is probably:

transverse waves. surface waves. shear waves. longitudinal waves.

175.

Lower frequency sound waves are not  generally used for pulse echo testing of thinner materials because of: a. b. c. d.

the rapid attenuation of low frequency sound. incompatible wavelengths. poor near-surface resolution. fraunhofer field effects. F.234

B.12-13

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Review Questions

176.

In immersion testing, the accessory equipment to which the search cable and the transducer are attached is called a: a. b. c. d.

181.

Which of the following is more likely to limit the maximum scanning speed in immersion testing? a. b. c. d.

crystal collimator. scrubber. jet-stream unit. search tube or scanning tube.

The frequency of the transducer. Viscous drag problems. The pulse repetition rate of the test instrument. The persistency of the ultrasonic instrument display.

B.123

177.

In general, discontinuities in wrought products tend to be oriented: a. b. c. d.

A.403

182.

randomly. in the direction of grain flow. at right angles to the entry surface. at right angles to the grain flow.

The property of certain materials to transform electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa is called: a. b. c. d.

B.126

mode conversion. piezoelectric effect. refraction. impedance matching. A.60; B.45

178.

In immersion testing of round bars, the back surface contour may result in:

183.

a. loss of back reflection. b. additional indications following the direct back  surface reflection. c. inability to distinguish the actual distance to the back-surface reflection. d. false indications of discontinuities near the back  surface. A.275, 277-278

179.

a. b. c. d.

184.

the far-field effect. attenuation. the dead zone. refraction.

In cases where the diameter of tubing being inspected is smaller than the diameter of the transducer, what can be used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of angles? a. b. c. d.

A scrubber. A collimator. An angle plane angulator. A jet-stream unit. A.290-291

To prevent the appearance of the second front surface indication before the first back reflection when inspecting aluminum by the immersion method (water is used as a couplant), it is necessary to have a minimum of at least 25 mm (1 in.) of water for every  _____ of aluminum. a. b. c. d.

A.204; B.58

180.

25 mm (1 in.). 102 mm (4 in.). 1 wavelength. 4 wavelengths. A.39

In contact testing, discontinuities near the entry  surface cannot always be detected because of: a. b. c. d.

Surface waves energy levels are concentrated at what depth below the surface?

51 mm (2 in.) 102 mm (4 in.) 152 mm (6 in.) 203 mm (8 in.) F.258

185.

Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the transducer will: a. increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of the instrument. b. increase the resolving power of the instrument. c. have no effect on the test. d. decrease the penetration of the sound wave. B.36

41

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

level ii

186. The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface: a. may result in a screen pattern that does not contain back reflection indications. b. makes it difficult to locate discontinuities that lie parallel to the entry surface. c. usually indicates that a porous condition exists in the metal. d. decreases the penetrating power of the test. B.148-151

187. A discontinuity with a concave surface will: a. diffuse the sound energy throughout the part. b. cause the reflected beam to focus at a point determined by the curvature of the discontinuity. c. cause mode reinforcement of the ultrasonic wave. d. propagate due to sound energy. B.140

188. Rayleigh waves: a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

S = (2 × t )/tan θ. S = 2 × t × sin θ. S = 2 × t × tan θ. S = 2 × V × sin θ. F.266

192. The technique of examining an ultrasonic reflector from different directions might be used to enable the technician to: a. distinguish between different types of  discontinuities. b. predict the useful service life of the test specimen. c. distinguish between discontinuity indications and spurious or false indications. d. accept an indication that appeared to be rejectable from the first test direction. F.247

are generated at the first critical angle. are generated at the second critical angle. are generated at either critical angle. travel only in a liquid.

193. Attenuation is the loss of the ultrasonic wave energy  during the course of propagation in the material due to:

F.236, 257

189. Angle beam testing of plate will often miss: a. b. c. d.

191. In a plate, skip distance can be calculated from which of the following formulas where ( t = plate thickness, θ = angle of sound beam refraction, and V = sound  velocity):

cracks that are perpendicular to the sound wave. inclusions that are randomly oriented. laminations that are parallel to the front surface. a series of small discontinuities. F.270

190. Reducing the extent of the dead zone of a transducer by using a delay tip results in: a. improved distance-amplitude correction in the near field. b. reduced frequency of the primary ultrasonic beam. c. reduced ability to detect discontinuities in the near field. d. improved accuracy in thickness measurement of  thin plate and sheet.

a. b. c. d.

reflection and refraction. dispersion and diffraction. absorption and scattering. composition and shape. B.15

194. In immersion shear wave testing, waves are normally  generated by angulating the transducer beyond the first critical angle. What is the direction of the material’s particle motion? a. b. c. d.

The same as the wave propagation. Normal to the material surface. Parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

F.258

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F.233

Review Questions

195. Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly dampened out when testing by the immersion method? a. b. c. d.

197

Longitudinal waves. Shear waves. Transverse waves. Surface waves.

A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axes and perpendicular to the X axis is called: a. b. c. d.

a Y-cut crystal. an X-cut crystal. a Z-cut crystal. a ZY-cut crystal.

B.157

196.

A.558

Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably  provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick  specimen of coarse-grained steel? a. b. c. d.

1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz B.47

Answers 1d

2b

3b

4c

5c

6b

7c

8b

9c

10d

11b

12b

13c

14c

15b

16c

17b

18a

19a

20c

21a

22a

23c

24a

25b

26c

27a

28b

29b

30c

31a

32c

33a

34b

35b

36c

37c

38d

39c

40b

41a

42c

43a

44a

45c

46b

47a

48c

49c

50d

51b

52a

53a

54a

55b

56c

57b

58b

59c

60d

61c

62d

63a

64c

65b

66d

67c

68d

69b

70b

71b

72c

73b

74a

75b

76a

77a

78c

79b

80c

81b

82d

83b

84a

85c

86d

87a

88d

89a

90d

91a

92a

93a

94b

95a

96c

97b

98c

99d

100a

101d

102c

103d

104b

105b

106a

107a

108c

109a

110a

111b

112d

113b

114a

115a

116d

117d

118c

119a

120b

121b

122d

123b

124a

125d

126b

127a

128b

129d

130a

131c

132a

133a

134c

135a

136b

137b

138c

139d

140b

141d

142c

143a

144a

145d

146b

147c

148d

149a

150c

151a

152d

153a

154b

155c

156a

157b

158d

159d

160b

161a

162c

163b

164a

165b

166a

167a

168d

169d

170d

171b

172a

173b

174a

175c

176d

177b

178a

179c

180b

181c

182b

183c

184b

185a

186a

187b

188b

189c

190d

191c

192a

193c

194d

195d

196a

197b

43

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Copyright by ASNT (all rights reserved). Licensed to Deborah Fichtner, 278639, 4/23/2016 10:56:15 AM EST. Single User License only. Copying, reselling and networking prohibited.

LEVEL III Review Questions

1.

In an ultrasonic test system where signal amplitudes are displayed, an advantage of a frequency-independent attenuator over a continuously variable gain control is that the:

4.

a. pulse shape distortion is less. b. signal amplitude measured using the attenuator is independent of frequency. c. dynamic range of the system is decreased. d. effect of amplification threshold is avoided.

The transmitted pulse at the output of the pulser usually has a voltage of 100 to 1000 V, whereas the  voltages of the echoes at the input of the amplifier are on the order of: a. b. c. d.

0.001-1 V 1-5 V 10 V 50 V G.174-176

A.86

5. 2.

An amplifier in which received echo pulses must exceed a certain threshold voltage before they can be indicated might be used to: a. suppress amplifier noise, unimportant scatter echoes, or small discontinuity echoes that are of  no consequence. b. provide a display with nearly ideal vertical linearity characteristics. c. compensate for the unavoidable effects of material attenuation losses. d. provide distance-amplitude correction automatically. G.176

3.

The output voltage from a saturated amplifier is: a. b. c. d.

180° out of phase from the input voltage. lower than the input voltage. nonlinear with respect to the input voltage. below saturation.

The intended purpose of the adjustable calibrated attenuator of an ultrasonic instrument is to: a. b. c. d.

control transducer damping. increase the dynamic range of the instrument. broaden the frequency range. attenuate the voltage applied to the transducer. A.86

6.

Which of the following might result in increased transmission of ultrasound within a coarse-grained material? a. Perform the examination with a smaller diameter transducer. b. Perform the examination after a grain-refining heat treatment. c. Change from a contact examination to an immersion examination. d. Change from a longitudinal to a transverse wave. B.129

G.176, 182

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Ultrasonic Testing Method

7.

l level iii

The term that is used to determine the relative transmittance and reflectance of ultrasonic energy at an interface is called: a. b. c. d.

11.

The sensitivity of an ultrasonic test system: a. depends on the transducer, pulser, and amplifier used. b. decreases as the frequency is increased. c. increases as the resolution increases. d. is not related to mechanical damping or the transducer.

acoustic attenuation. interface refraction. acoustic impedance ratio. acoustic frequency. B.16

8.

In a forging, discontinuities associated with nonmetallic inclusions can most accurately be described as being: a. b. c. d.

B.46-47, 56

12.

oriented parallel to the major axis. parallel to the minor axis. aligned with forging flow lines. oriented at approximately 45° to the forging direction.

a. depends primarily upon the pulse length generated from the instrument. b. is not related to the surface roughness of the part under inspection. c. is primarily related to the thickness of the part under inspection. d. is usually improved by using a larger diameter transducer.

G.340

9.

The preferred method of ultrasonically inspecting a complex-shaped forging: a. is an automated immersion test of the finished forging using an instrument containing a calibrated attenuator in conjunction with a C-scan recorder. b. combines thorough inspection of the billet prior to forging with a careful inspection of the finished part in all areas where the shape permits. c. is a manual contact test of the finished part. d. is an automated immersion test of the billet prior to forging. F.504

10.

When maximum sensitivity is required from a transducer: a. a straight beam unit should be used. b. large-diameter crystals are required. c. the piezoelectric element should be driven at its fundamental resonant frequency. d. the bandwidth of the transducer should be as large as possible.

The ability of a test system to separate the back  surface echo and the echo from a small discontinuity   just above this back surface:

A.183

13.

Transducer sensitivity is most often determined by: a. calculations based on frequency and thickness of  the piezoelectric element. b. the amplitude of the response from an artificial discontinuity. c. comparing it to a similar transducer made by the same manufacturer. d. determining the ringing time of the transducer. B.102-104, 106

14.

Side-drilled holes are frequently used as reference reflectors for: a. b. c. d.

distance-amplitude calibration for shear waves. area-amplitude calibration. thickness calibration of plate. determining near-surface solutions. A.194-198

A.61-62

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15.

Notches provide good reference discontinuities when a UT examination is conducted to primarily detect discontinuities such as: a. b. c. d.

19.

The rate generator in B-scan equipment will invariably be directly connected to the: a. b. c. d.

porosity in rolled plate. inadequate penetration at the root of a weld. weld porosity. internal inclusions.

display intensity circuit. pulser circuit. RF amplifier circuit. horizontal sweep circuit. B.3, 79-82

A.197-198

20. 16.

The difference between a compression and shear wave is: a. b. c. d.

In A-scan equipment, the RF pulser output voltage is normally in the range of: a. b. c. d.

quantitative measure. relative particle vibration direction. qualitative measure. amplitude.

1-10 V. 10-100 V. 100-1000 V. 1000-3000 V. B.79

B.10-12; G.7

21. 17.

The particle motion for rayleigh waves is usually  described as: a. b. c. d.

sinusoidal. circular. elliptical. shear.

a. b. c. d.

A.45; B.66; C.1-2

18.

When contact testing, an increase in tightness of a shrink fit to a hollow shaft will cause the ratio of the back reflection to the metal-to-metal interface reflection to: increase. decrease. remain unchanged. not be predicted as the response is material-dependent.

Based upon wave theory and ignoring attenuation losses, the echo amplitude of a finite reflector is:

G.475

22. a. directly proportional to the distance to the reflector. b. inversely proportional to the distance to the reflector. c. directly proportional to the square of the diameter of the circular reflector. d. inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the circular reflector.

The frequency that can best distinguish the difference between a large planar discontinuity and four stacked (multiple-layered) laminations in rolled plate is: a. b. c. d.

0.5 MHz 1 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz B.85

G.97

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

23.

level iii

During immersion examination, when evaluating the response from a contoured surface of a part, irrelevant indications due to the contour are most likely to appear as: a. b. c. d.

sharp, spiked signal indications. irregular signal indications. broad-based signal indications. grass or hash. 28.

electrical. mechanical. electromechanical. piezoelectrical.

In calibrating an ultrasonic test instrument using the responses from each of the area-amplitude type reference blocks, the determination of the: a. b. c. d.

Rough surfaces can cause undesirable effects, which are noticeable when parts are tested ultrasonically, including: a. annular maxima rings. b. an increase in the width of front face echo and consequent loss of resolving power. c. acoustical mismatch. d. asymmetrical modes.

A.78

25.

pulse time-discontinuity rate. pulser/receiver rate. pulse repetition rate. modified pulse-time rate. A.71-76

The pulse applied to the electrodes of the ultrasonic transducer is: a. b. c. d.

The time from the start of the ultrasonic pulse until the reverberations completely decay limits the maximum usable: a. b. c. d.

A.278

24.

27.

A.224; C.41-42

29.

vertical range is obtained. pulse range is obtained. resolving range is obtained. horizontal range is obtained.

Rough surfaces cause the echo amplitude from discontinuities within the part to: a. b. c. d.

increase. decrease. not change. change frequency.

A.195-196

26.

Test sensitivity corrections for metal distance and discontinuity area responses are accomplished by  using:

A.202

30.

a. b. c. d.

a. an area-amplitude set of blocks. b. a distance-amplitude and an area-amplitude set of  blocks. c. a distance-amplitude set of blocks. d. steel balls of varying diameter. A.195-196

The resonant frequency of a 2 cm (0.79 in.) thick  plate of naval brass (V = 4.43 × 105 cm/s) is: 0.903 MHz. 0.443 MHz. 0.222 MHz. 0.111 MHz. G.128, 233

31.

Resonance testing equipment generally uses: a. b. c. d.

pulsed longitudinal waves. continuous longitudinal waves. pulsed shear waves. continuous shear waves. A.478, 505

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Review Questions

32.

To eliminate the decrease of sensitivity close to a wall that is parallel to the beam direction, the transducer used should be: a. b. c. d.

37.

as small as possible. of as low frequency as possible. large and with a frequency as small as possible. large and with a frequency as high as possible.

In angle beam shear wave testing, skip distance will __________ as the thickness of the test specimen is increased. a. b. c. d.

decrease not change increase decrease by half with double thickness

A.15

33.

Which of the following transducer materials makes the best transmitter? a. b. c. d.

G.299-303

38.

Quartz. Lithium sulfate. Barium titanate. Lead titanate.

The thickness range of UT resonance thickness gages can be increased by: a. b. c. d.

using large transducers. operating at the fundamental frequency. operating at a harmonic frequency. increasing the voltage.

B.46; F.255

34.

Of the transducer materials listed below, the most efficient receiver is: a. b. c. d.

A.185-186

39.

quartz. lithium sulfate. barium titanate. lead metaniobate.

The ability of transducers to detect echoes from small discontinuities is a definition for: a. b. c. d.

resolution. sensitivity. definition. gain.

B.46; F.255

35.

The concentration of energy in the far field of a transducer beam is:

40.

a. greatest at the outer edges of the beam. b. greatest at the center of the beam. c. the same at the outer edges as in the center of the beam. d. directly proportional to beam width. A.99, 211

36.

A.564

The length of the near field for a 2.5 cm (1 in.) diameter, 5 MHz transducer placed in oil (V = 1.4 × 105 cm/s) is approximately: a. b. c. d.

0.028 cm (0.01 in.). 6.25 cm (2.5 in.). 22.3 cm (8.8 in.). 55.8 cm (22 in.). A.210

An extensive application of shear waves in ultrasonic testing is the inspection of: a. b. c. d.

welds. plate. pipe and tubing. castings. A.219

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Ultrasonic Testing Method l

41.

level iii

From the equation for the length of the near field, it can be determined that the near field can be minimized by: a. b. c. d.

45.

decreasing water travel distance. increasing transducer diameter. decreasing the size of reference targets. decreasing test frequency.

What would be the wavelength of the energy in lead (V = 2.1 × 105 cm/s) if it is tested with a 25 MHz transducer? a. b. c. d.

119 cm (47 in.) 0.525 cm (0.21 in.) 0.0119 cm (0.005 in.) 0.0084 cm (0.003 in.)

A.210

42.

In a water (V L = 1.5 × 105 cm/s) immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel (V T  = 3.2 × 105 cm/s) at an incident angle of 14°. What is the refracted shear wave within the material? a. b. c. d.

0.53 × 105 gm/cm2s 1.9 × 105 gm/cm2s 9.4 × 105 gm/cm2s 37 × 105 gm/cm2s

The principal attributes that determine the differences in ultrasonic velocities among materials are: a. b. c. d.

2.5° 3.75° 37.5° 40.5° A.211

A.556

44.

What is the transducer half-angle beam spread of a 1.25 cm diameter, 2.25 MHz transducer in water (V = 1.5 × 105 cm/s)? a. b. c. d.

The acoustic impedance for brass (V = 4.43 × 105 cm/s, p = 8.42 gm/cm3) is: a. b. c. d.

46.

13° 35° 31° 53° A.52-53

43.

A.37

47.

Wavelength may be defined as: a. frequency divided by velocity. b. the distance along a wavetrain from peak to trough. c. the distance from one point to the next identical point along the waveform. d. the distance along a wavetrain from an area of  high particle motion to one of low particle motion. A.567; C.1

frequency and wavelength. thickness and travel time. elasticity and density. chemistry and permeability. B.10

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48.

Velocity measurements in a material revealed that the  velocity decreased as frequency increased. This material is called: a. b. c. d.

50.

a. the transducers in through-transmission face each other, while in pitch-catch the transducers are often side by side in the same housing. b. the transducers in through-transmission are side by side, while in pitch-catch the transducers are facing each other. c. the transducers in through-transmission are always angle beam. d. in through-transmission the depth of the discontinuity is easily determined.

dissipated. discontinuous. dispersive. degenerative. C.2; G.14

49.

The sound beam emanating from a continuous wave sound source has two zones. These are called the: a. b. c. d.

The difference between through-transmission and pitch-catch techniques is that:

fresnel and fraunhofer zones. fresnel and near fields. fraunhofer and far fields. focused and unfocused zones.

A.230; C.25

C.15; F.239

Answers 1b

2a

3c

4a

5b

6b

7c

8c

9b

10c

11a

12a

13b

14a

15b

16b

17c

18c

19b

20c

21a

22d

23c

24a

25a

26b

27c

28b

29b

30d

31b

32d

33c

34b

35b

36a

37c

38c

39b

40d

41d

42c

43d

44c

45d

46b

47c

48c

49a

50a

51

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