ASME STS-1 Steel-Stacks-2011.pdf

ASME STS-1-2011 (Revision of A5ME 5T5-1-2006)

Steel Stacks

AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

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Date of Issuance: April 26, 2011

The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2014. There will be no addenda issued to this edition.

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

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CONTENTS Foreword Committee Roster Correspondence With the Steel Stacks Committee ' Introduction Mechanical Design Materials

. . .. .

, '

'

, .. "

'

iv vi

..

'

,

.

Linings and Coatings .... Structural Design

12

Dynamic Wind Loads

,

Access and Safety

..

Electrical..

10 Figures 6.2.6-1 6.2.6-2 6.3.6-1 6.3.8-1

,

. .

20

23

.

29

Fabrication and Erection

,

.

29

Inspection and Maintenance

,

.

31

,

. .

24 25 26 27

References..

33

Example of the General Construction of Cages Minimum Ladder Clearances

Tables 4.4.6-1 4.4.7-1 4.10.1.3-1 Cable Selection Criteria ' 5.2.1.2-1 Representative Structural Damping Values (/35)

,

,

. .

,

16 16 18 21

46 60

Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary to S1 (Metric)

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, ..

80 86 95

FOREWORD

on March 11, 2011.

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ASME STS COMMITTEE

Steel Stacks (The foUowing is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL A. K. Bhowmik, Hamon Custodis HamonCustodis

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CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE STEEL STACKS COMMITTEE and maintained with the intent to

the

by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending Committee meetings. Corre-

Three Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5990 http://go.asme.org/Inquiry

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INTRODUCTION

design ot steel stacks, It outlines the consideration

that Engineering ZDesign drawings of

that the engineer can demonstrate

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INTENTIONALLY LEFr BLANK

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STEEL STACKS 1

MECHANICAL DESIGN

(c) The draft requirement of the process to be 'vented

1.1 Scope (d) The effective heig-ht of a stack considering plume

1.2 General

that mechanical performance and structural (c) Structural stability may control a stack shell diarn-

1.3 Size Selection (Height, Diameter, and Shape)

provide optimum velocities for testing, with

shall

U'U'" '-'CO LUIJI'-'VVC;U.

A minimum of 8 tt 01:heig-ht above

a stack emitting gases above 200°F (93°C) should be maintained,

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unusual and basic engineering design standards should be followed.

(d) Total loss FL total

=

1.4 Available Draft

n.;

+ FLf + FLexwater gage, in.

(1-5)

The available draft without fan assistance equals the natural draft minus draft losses. 1.4.1 Natural Draft. The approximate natural draft

DR N =

7"'7/-1-1.

1_

where B = barometric Jpressure,-lnen:ury absolute, in. 1.5.1 Ambient Conditions.

Since the heat loss

ria. Ihe Iow ambient temperature expected should

1.4.2 Draft Losses. Stack draft losses are entrance,

Entrance loss

tt.;

= 0.003 KdV 2

1.5.2 Insulation and Linings. Insulation and linings affect total heat loss. (a) Insulation is applied to outer surface of the stack or between the shells of a dual wall stack. A thickness is selected to reduce the stack heat loss to the desired level or to a maximum stack exterior surface

(1-2)

Friction loss (1-3)

(c) Exit loss

loss calculations. 1.5.3 Film Coefficients. Internal and external film coefficients affect heat loss. internal

The total of the calculated losses comprises the total stack draft loss.

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should be well drained and of a shape to prevent solids

1.5.4 Heat LossCalculations.

Heat transferred through the stack wall Q = U x A x ts

(1-6)

Heat loss in flowing gas entering versus leaving (1-7)

1.6 Thermal Expansion

Combining eqs. (1-6) and (1-7) U x A x

= W x

c, x

'«

(1-8)

(1-9)

(1-10)

(e) at building braces and guide 11.1gS

if) at roof flashing and. countertlashing (1-11)

(g) at stack tops and truncated cone

(1-12)

(h) between stack shells and external insulation (i) at weld joints between dissimilar metals

1.7 Appurtenances

Heat loss through the stack wall section QIA = U x

(1-13)

Heat loss through each component of the stack wall section QIA

h x th

(1-14)

where

and maintenance. False bottoms located just below the lower stack Drains in false bottoms and/or foundations

A = stack mean surtace area It Cp

ha hi k ins hi ho tg

= internal film coefficient Btu Zhr-ft", = lining coefficient Btu/Iir-ft", = external film coefficient Btu/br-ft", = gas temperature entering minus gas tempera-

t h = temperature drop through the h component of ts

=

u

=

W

avel'age gas temperature minus ambient ternnvs-rall tIP;lttr;lnsfpT copffki,'nf

gas flow, lb /hr

tracks. See section 6.

1.5.5 Other Heat Loss Considerations That Affect

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the stack diameter and a dear height of one stack diameter is recommended.

1.9 Mechanical Section Definitions design items apart from shell: and. structural members,

EPRI: Electric Power Research Institute. entering the NFPA: National Fire Protection Association.

truncated cone: a

MATERIALS

2 (q) Noise pollution control may require acoustical

2.1 Scope

1.8 Mechanical Section Symbols stack mean surface area, in. 2

2.2 Materials

of a

g;lVl~n

anpucanon

IJ. .~ra~'~~~"a ~·F

0

for a

2.2.1 General Considerations (a) Materials shall conform to the applicable require-

The contractor shall submit one copy of the chernical-composition and mechanical-propertv mill test

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components exterior to the shell and against corrosion

2.2.5 AnchorBolts,Washers, and Nuts Anchor bolts may be of threaded bolt and stud normally used as connectors or of round stock of structural material that may be threaded. They are

:>lee< VVH1>, "lUU1>, aJ.lU llUeQ'UCU

(1) carbon steels conforming to the ASTM A 36,

is recommended.

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fasteners

para. 2.2.3, provided suitable corrosion protection is

or plastic.

2.2.8 Well:ling Ele

Q is given by

0

1 for 11= 0

Q=

(I = h, B, d)

R, =

f3

where B = stack diameter h = stack height Lz = the

=

¥z= where

b and Ii are gR =

listed in Table 1-1.

scale of turbulence at the

l(z/33f

./2 1l)g,,(3.60011,l +-----'--'----

in which 1 and - are as listed in Table 1-1.

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ASME STS-1-2011

Fig.I-1

BasicWind Speed

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ASMESTS-1-20ll

Fig.I-1

Basic Wind Speed (Cant'd)

100 (45)

Special Wind Region

location Hawaii Puerto Rico Guam Virgin Islands American Samoa

145 170 145 125

(65) (76) (65) (56)

GENERAL NOTES: (a) VaIUE~S are nominal design 3"sec gust wind speeds in miles per hour (mils) at 33ft ml above ground for Exposure C category, (b) Linear Interpolation between wind contours is permitted. (c) IslandsarldcoastalarerResafe.2011/12179:22:14GMT

ft

ASME STS-1-2011

Fig.A-9 InternalHeat TransferCoefficient (Btu/hr-ft2 oF)vs. Velocity(ft/sec) FilmTemperature: 1,OOO°F

11.0

1

I 10.0 9.0

8.0

7.0

1ft

2ft

6.0

3ft 4ft 5.0

Velocity,ftlsec

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Fig. A-l0

FlueSize

NOTE:

(l)Forsquareorrectangularflues,useequalcross-sectionalareas.

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Fig. A·l1

NaturalDraft

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Fig.A-12 Frictionloss Gas velocitv VIft/sec)

~

50

s

'0 0.60 F~~~~ ~t:!''!.c.!.ty,:.';: 31!!!/~~~.\....

E ~

0.50R'-~+----f--"jc---+-----+--+-~1---+---\",·-1---+----"7"-t-7'=r"+

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Fig. A-13

Exit loss and Entrance

Example: V= 80ft/sec; T= 500 F; 10-ft exit cone; pressure

dropf}.p~

0.986 in.

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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B MATERIALS FOR AMBIENT AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURE SERVICE See Tables B-1 through B-1?

Table B-1 ASTM A 36 CarbonSteel A - Chemkal Conl1Pos.ition of Elements

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ASMESTS-1-2011

Table 8-2

ASTM A 387 GR 11 Alloy Steel

A - Chemical Composition of Elements Chemical Composition, %

GENERAL NOTES: (a) Properties taken from ASME BiPVC,Section II. (b) Properties are"typical,"unless otherwise Indicated, and should not be taken as guaranteed properties.

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Table B-3

ASTM A 387 GR 12 Alloy Steel

A - Chemical Composition of Elements Elements

GENERAL NOTES: (a) Properties taken from ASME B:PVC. Section II. (b) Properties are "typicat, "unless otherwise indicated, and should not be taken as guaranteed properties,

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ASMESTS·1-2011

Table B-4

ASTM A 242 Type 1tA 606 Type 4 (Corten A)

B - Typical Tensile Properties Temperature, OF(OC)

Minimum Yield,

Minimum Tensile,

Modulus of Elasticity,

ksi(MPa)

ksi(MPa)

ksi(MPa)

GENERAL NOTES; (a) Considerable deviation from 'the llsted properties mav occur as a result of the relatively broad chemical composition range shown. (b) Properties are "typical," unless otherwise indicated, and should not be taken as guaranteed properties. (c) Values taken from iUSSSteelsforEiev;3tedTem~,eratllre Service. (d) Reprinted with permission from USS Siteelsfor Elevated Temperature Service, 1976 revision.

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ASMESTS-1-2011

Table 8-5 ASTM A 588 GR AlA 709 (CortenB) A - Chemlcat Compcsitton of Elements

GENERAL NOTES: (a) Considerable deviatlon from 'the liisted properties may occur as a result of the relatively broad chemical composition range shown. (b) This material should not be used above 80'O°Ffor load-bearing structures because ofpossiible loss of ductility, (c) Properties are "typiical," unless otherwise ilndicated,and 'should not be take11 as guaranteed properties. (d) Values taken from IlJSSSteels for Elevated Temperature Service. (e) Repriintedwith permisslon from USS Steels for Elevated T,empE,ratw'e Service" 1976 revision.

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Table 8-6

ASTM A 240 Stainless Steel Type 410

.... - '-........,.... ,............",,,.... of Elements

0.15 1.00 0.04 0.03 1.00

B - Typical Tensile Properties Temperature,

OF("C)

Minimum Yield. ksi(MPa)

Minimum Tensile, ksi(MPa)

GENERAL NOTES: (a) Properties taken from AS;MEE;PVC. Section II. (b) Properties are "typical." unless otherwise ilndica:ted.and should not be taken as guaranteed properties.

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Modulus of Elasticity. ksi(MPa)

Table 8·7

ASTM A 240 Stainless Steel Type 304

A - Chemlcal Cempesjtlon of Elements

Carbon

Chromium Nickel Iron

0.06 2.00 0.045 0.030 0.75 18.0/12.00 8.0110.5 BaL

GENEP.Al NOTES, (a) Properties taken from ASME BPVC,Section II. (b) Propertles are "typical," unless otherwise indicated, and should not be taken as guaranteed properties.

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Table 8·8

ASTM A 240 Stainless Steel Type 316

A - Chernlcal Compesltlcn of Elements

0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030

B - TypicalTensileProperties Temperature,

OF(O()

Minimum Tensile. ksi(MPa)

Minimum Yield, ksi(MPa)

GENERAL NOTES: (a) Properties taken from AS;MEEIPVC.5ection II.

(b) Properties are "typical," unless otherwise indicatedy and should nett be ta ke11 as guaranteed properties,

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Modulus of Elasticity. ksi(MPa)

ASME STS-1-2011

Table 8=9 ASTMA 240 Stainless Steel Type 304l

0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030

B - TypicalTensile Properties Temperature,

OFr-o

Minimum Yield, ksi(MPa)

Minimum Tensile, ksi(MPa)

GENERAL NOTES: (a) Properties taken from ASME B,PVC, Section II. (b) Properties are "typical," unless otherwise Indicated, and should not be taken as guaranteed properties.

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Modulus of Elasticity, ksi(MPa)

ASME STS-1-2011

Table tHO

.ASTM.A240 Stainless Steel Type 316l

A - Chemlcal Cemposltlon of Elements

Carbon

0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 0.75 16.0/18.00 10.0/14.0 BaL

GENERAL NOTES: (a) Properties taken from ASME BPVC,Section II. (b) Properties are "typical," unless otherwise Indicated, and should not be taken as guaranteed properties.

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Table B·11 ASTM A 240 Stainless Steel Type 317 A - ChE!mic:al (:omIDOsiition of Elements

0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 0.75 18.0/20.0 11.0/15.0 Bat

B - Typical Tensile Properties Temperature, °F(oq

Minimum Yield, ksi(MPa)

Minimum Tensile, ksi(MPa)

GENERAL NOTES: (a) Properties taken from AS;ME EIPVC,section It (b) Prop,ertie!;are"typiical,"unle:ssol:herv.riseilldicated,and,shouldno,tbetakellas:guar,mteedpr