Asis Palmira 2021

 

KJ^[]J[@ KH ^GDXK 96K9; N@D[G CXGL@[H

 

GAÇDJ^J^ ^J[XGNJ@AGD JA[HC]GD KH ^GDXK G^J^

NHA[]@ KH ^GDXK YGDLJ]G [JY@ G G×@ HAH]@ -OXDJ@ =9=7

 

 

LJAJ^[H]J@ KH ^GDXK YßMDJNG GAÇDJ^J^ ^J[XGNJ@AGD JA[HC]GD KH DG ^GDXK, HAH]@ „ OXDJ@ =9=7. NHA[]@ KH ^GDXK YGDLJ]G Fhneg kh gntugdjzgnjþa? OXDJ@ =9=7 Hqujp` kh Gthanjþa Jathcrgd kh ^gduk?  Lêkjn`s rurgdhs? 

Lk. Kgrwja Ygrrh÷`

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Lk. ^hdhag Lgdgvê

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Lk. Djzhte Fd`rhs

Lêkjn` Chahrgd Jathcrgd? 

Lcj. Ohssjng Cuhrrhr`

@msthtrg rurgd? 

@ms. Lgrvja Ygdtga

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@k. Gag ]`krìcuhz

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@k, Kjhc` Agudg

@k`atþd`c`s?

Hafhrlhr`s rurgdhs? 

Djn. Ohaay Wujagt`g

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Djn. Ohssjng M`rm`r 

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Djn. Vjvjgag L`atgdv`

[ênajn`s kh Gthanjþa Yrjlgrjg kh ^gduk? 

[GY^. K`ljac` [`ngnej

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[GY^. Lgauhd Dþphz

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[GY^. Y`djvj` Nu÷gs [GY^. Dujs Agudg

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N@A[HAJK@ LJAJ^[H]J@ KH ^GDXK YßMDJNG.......................................................................................7 GAÇDJ^J^ ^J[XGNJ@AGD JA[HC]GD KH DG ^GDXK, HAH]@ „ OXDJ@ =9=7.................7 NHA[]@ KH ^GDXK YGDLJ]G..............................................................................................7 Hqujp` kh Gthanjþa Jathcrgd kh ^gduk?..........................................................................................7 @MOH[JV@^ KHD G^J^.............................................................................................................3 @MOH[JV@ CHAH]GD?..........................................................................................................................3 @MOH[JV@^ H^YHNÌFJN@^?...................................................................................................................3

LJ^JÞA.......................................................................................................................................5 VJ^JÞA.......................................................................................................................................5 JA[]@KXNNJÞA......................................................................................................................: KHFJAJNJÞA KHD GAÇDJ^J^ ^J[XGNJ@AGD JA[HC]GD KH ^GDXK Z ^X L@KHD@ KH G[HANJÞA JA[HC]GD KH ^GDXK ...............................................................................79 JA[]@KXNNJ@A....................................................................................................................79 FG^H J? Y]@KXNNJÞA KHD KJGCAÞ^[JN@ ^J[XGNJ@AGD KH ^GDXK......................7= NG]GN[H]J_GNJÝA KH DG XAJKGK CH@C]ÉFJN@-EJ^[Ý]JNG KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA............................................................................................................................7= NG]GN[H]J_GNJÞA CH@C]ÇFJNG....................................................................................................7=

XMJNGNJÞA ...............................................................................................................................7= .............................................................................................................................7= XMJNGNJÞA KHD NGA[ÞA .....................................................................................................7> .....................................................................................................7>

^uphrfjnjh y Dgtjtuk.......................................................................................................................7> Jaf`rlgnjþa Ndjlçtjng..................................................................................................................7> [hlphrgturg..................................................................................................................................7> Hstgnj`ahs khd g÷`..........................................................................................................................7> DÌLJ[H^ CH@C]GFJN@^ KH DG YG]]@WXJG?....................................................................................7> XMJNGNJÞA CH@C]ÇFJNG KH DG XAJKGK KH ^GDXK.......................................................................7; KJVJ^JÝA Y@DÄ[JNG KHD É]HG..........................................................................................................78 KH^N]JYNJÞA KH Y]JANJYGDH^ NXHANG^ EJK]@C]ÇFJNG^ KHD [H]]J[@][email protected] KH^N]JYNJÞA CHAH]GD VÌG^ KH GNNH^@ GD N.^. YGDLJ]G?...........................................................76 KH^N]JYNJÞA KH Y@MDGNJÞA KH KJFÌNJD GNNH^@ @ NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^

Y]@YJG^ KH DG _@AG 76

]HK VJGD..........................................................................................................................................76 JKHA[JFJNGNJÞA KH FGN[@]H^ Y]@[HN[@]H^ Y]@[HN[@]H^ Z KH ]JH^C@ HA HD HA[@]A@ HA[@]A@ (CH@C]ÇFJN@)..... (CH@C]ÇFJN@)... ...73 .73 NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ CH@C]ÇFJNG^ KHD KHD H^YGNJ@ CH@C]ÇFJN@ WXH FGV@]HNH G DDG G ^GDXK Z HD

 

MXHA VJVJ]......................................................................................................................................75

ÇLMJ[@ EJ^[Þ]JN@? KH^N]JYNJÞA EJ^[Þ]JNG KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA. EJ[@^ EJ^[Þ]JN@^ ]HDHVGA[H^ Z ^X^ GN[@]H^. .................................................................7: NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ ^@NJ@-GLMJHA[GDH^ KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA...........................................................=9

 ^J[XGNJÞA GLMJHA[GD.......................................................................................................=9   GLHAG_G^ AG[X]GDH^ .......................................................................................................=7  GLHAG_G^ Y]@V@NGKG^ Y@] HD E@LM]H  E@LM]H ....................................................................=7 ....................................................................=7

Jkhatjfjngnjþa kh fgnt`rhs pr`thnt`rhs ha hd hat`ra` ch`crçfjn`.................................................=7 NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ KHL@C]ÇFJNG^..............................................................................== KHL@C]GFÌG..................................................................................................................................==

NG]GN[H]J_GNJÞA KHL@C]ÇFJNG KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA..........................................== YJ]ÇLJKH Y@MDGNJ@AGD......................................................................................................== Y@MDGNJÞA ^HCßA HKGK...............................................................................................................== Y@MDGNJÞA Y@] C]XY@ KH CÊAH]@.............................................................................................=> NÇDNXD@ KH ÌAKJNH KH FHLJAJKGK...............................................................................................=> [G^G KH KHYHAKHANJG...................................................................................................................=>

GX[@ JKHA[JFJNGNJÞA Ê[AJNG.......................................................................................=; JKJ@LG KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA..............................................................................................................=8 ]HDJCJÞA.........................................................................................................................................=8

HVHA[@^ NXD[X]GDH^ NHDHM]GNJ@AH^ ]HDJCJ@^G^?..........................................=8 KH^N]JYNJÞA KH DG NXD[X]G GDJLHA[G]JG............................................................=8 KH^N]JYNJÞA KH Y]JANJYGDH^ []GKJNJ@AH^............................................................=6 NG]AGVGD.......................................................................................................................................=6 FJH^[G^ KH DG YG]]@WXJG YGDLJ]G..............................................................................................=6

NJND@^ Y]@KXN[JV@^.......................................................................................................=3 NG]GN[H]J^[JNG^ HN@AÞLJNG^ KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA...............................................=3 Y@MDGNJÞA HA HKGK KH []GMGOG] (YH[)......................................................................................=5 Y@MDGNJÞA HN@AÞLJNGLHA[H GN[JVG (YHG)..............................................................................=5 ]HDGNJÞA YH[ - YHG........................................................................................................................=5 Y@MDGNJÞA HN@AÞLJNGLHA[H JAGN[JVG (YHJ)............................................................................=5 Y@M]H_G Y@] AMJ...........................................................................................................................=:

YH]FJD @NXYGNJ@AGD? HLYDH@ - KH^HLYDH@.........................................................>9 ÇLMJ[@ EJ^[Þ]JN@............................................................................................................>7 LJC]GNJÞA............................................................................................................................>7 VJVJHAKG, JAF]GH^[]XN[X]G MÇ^JNG Z ^H]VJNJ@^...............................................>=

 

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Ngrgnthrìstjngs kh dg vjvjhakg ...............................................................................>=

[HAKHANJG Y@] VJVJHAKG..............................................................................................................>=

N@MH][X]G KHD GCXG......................................................................................................>> HDHN[]JNJKGK......................................................................................................................>> GDNGA[G]JDDGK@...............................................................................................................>; JA[H]AH[...............................................................................................................................>; HDJLJAGNJÞA KH KH^HNE@^ ]HN@DHNNJÞA KH ]H^JKX@^....................................>8 Khshne`s Mj`dþcjn`s Jafhnnj`s`s......................................................................................................>8 Khshne`s N`rt` „ puazgath.............................................................................................................>8 LHKJ@^ KH HDJLJAGNJÞA KH D@^ KH^HNE@...................................................................................>8

JAF@]LGNJÞA KH GNNH^@ G @[]@^ ^H]VJNJ@^........................................................>6 Y]@[HNNJÞA ^@NJGD HA DG Y@MDGNJÞA.....................................................................>3 Yr`crglgs y pr`yhnt`s kh pr`thnnjþa s`njgd (M`a` O`gquìa Cgddhc`s Dgrg, m`a` kh kjsngpgnjkgk, m`a` kh thrnhrg hkgk).....................................................................................................................>3

NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ KHD YH]FJD HKXNG[JVG...............................................................>5 GAGDFGMH[J^L@.............................................................................................................................>5

 GAGDFGMH[J^L@ Y@] CÊAH]@?........................................................................................>5  KH^H]NJÞA H^N@DG]......................................................................................................................>: H^N@DG]JKGK..................................................................................................................................>: H^[GMDHNJLJHA[@^ HKXNG[JV@^...................................................................................................;9

NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ KHD YH]FJD KH ^GDXK - HAFH]LHKGK HA DG Y@MDGNJÞA ;9 Y]HVHANJÞA Y]HVHAN JÞA Y@] C]XY@ H[G]J@ KH HAH]@-OXDJ@ =9=7........................................;7 N@MH][X]G^ Z N@ANHA[]GNJÞA KH N@A^XD[G^ LÊKJNG^ HAH]@-OXDJ@ =9=9 Z =9=7............;7

H^[]G[HCJG KH ]HKXNNJÞA KH GDH][G LG[H]AG Z AH@AG[GD......................;= JKHA[JFJNGNJÞA KH HLMG]G_GKG^ KH ]JH^C@........................................................;> N@A[]@D Y]HAG[GD..........................................................................................................;> ...............................................................................................;> YDGAJFJNGNJÞA FGLJDJG] ...............................................................................................;>

NÇANH] NH]VJN@X[H]JA@..............................................................................................;; YH]FJD KH ^GDXK.................................................................................................................;; L@]MJDJKGK CHAH]GD....................................................................................................................;8 L@]MJDJKGK HA LHA@]H^ KH 7 G×@............................................................................................;8 L@]MJDJKGK KH 7-; G×@^..............................................................................................................;6 L@]MJDJKGK HA AJ×@^ KH 8 G : G×@^..........................................................................................;6 L@]MJDJKGK KH 79-7: G×@^..........................................................................................................;3 L@]MJDJKGK KH =9 G 6; G×@^.......................................................................................................;5

 

L@]MJDJKGK KH YGNJHA[H^ LGZ@]H^ KH 68 G×@^.......................................................................;: L@]MJDJKGK N]ÞAJN@ KHCHAH]G[JVG.........................................................................................;:

GAÇDJ^J^ KH DG H^[]G[HCJG LÊKJN@ KHD MG]][email protected] AÞLJAG KH HLMG]G_GKG^ KH GD[@ Z LXZ GD[@ ]JH^[email protected]= A@LJAG KH YGNJHA[H^ N@A KJ^NGYGNJKGK.................................................................................8> A@LJAG KH YGNJHA[H^ GKXD[@^ LGZ@]H^.................................................................................8; A@LJAG KH YGNJHA[H^ EJYH][HA^@^ Z KJGMH[JN@^.....................................................................83

GAÇDJ^J^ KH DG H^[]GCJG YJGAH Z D@^ JAKJNGK@]H^ AX[]JNJ@AGDH^ KH^KH HAH]@ G OXDJ@ =9=7.............................................................................................................85 GNXH]K@ JA[H]LJAJ^[H]JGD LJH^-L^Y.....................................................................8: NG]GN[H]J^[JNG^ KHD YH]FJD KH ^GDXK @K@A[@DÞCJN@ - HAFH]LHKGK HA DG Y@MDGNJÞA......................................................................................................................8: G[HANJÞA @K@A[@DÞCJNG............................................................................................................8: NG^@^ KH L@]MJDJKGK LÇ^ F]HNXHA[H^ HA HD Ç]HG KH @K@A[@D@CÌG...................................69 DXCG] KH G[HANJÞA @K@A[@DÞCJNG...........................................................................................67

[GLJ_GOH LH[GMÞDJN@ AH@AG[GD.............................................................................67 [GLJ_GOH VJ^XGD................................................................................................................6= [GLJ_GOH KH AHX]@KH^G]]@DD@................................................................................6; Y]@KXNNJÞA Y]@KXNN JÞA HAH]@ G OXDJ@ =9=7 „ YH]^@AGD KH ^GDXK.....................................68 Y]@KXNNJÞA ^HCßA DXCG] KH G[HANJ@AH^ HAH]@ „ OXDJ@ =9=7......................66 N@MH][X]G N@A^XD[G^ LÊKJNG^ YGDLJ]G =9=7....................................................66 KJ^YHA^G]J_GNJÞA KH Y@MDGNJÞA...............................................................................63 N@MH][X]G...........................................................................................................................6: N@MH][X]G Z N@ANHA[]GNJÞA KH N@A^XD[G^ LÊKJNG^ HAH]@- OXDJ@ =9=9 Z =9=7 YGDLJ]G 39

[G^G^ Y@MDGNJ@AGDH^.....................................................................................................37 @FH][G KH ^H]VJNJ@^ KH ^GDXK- Y]@KXNNJÞA KH XAJKGKH^............................3= NG][H]G KH ^H]VJNJ@^...................................................................................................................3=

Y]@C]GLG^ Y]J@]J[G]J@^? ^G[J^FGNNJÞA KH X^XG]J@^ Z YG][JNJYGNJÞA ^@NJGD....................................................................................................................................3> Yrhstgnjþa ha ^gduk.........................................................................................................................3; Gnvjkgkhs ha Yrhvhanjþa ha ^gduk................................................................................................3;

Y]@C]GLG^ Y]J@]J[G]J@^? JLYGN[@ HA DG ]HKXNNJÞA KH L@]MJDJKGK Z L@][GDJKGK H^[]G[HCJG AGNJ@AGD KH JALXAJ_GNJÞA (HAJ)..........................38 @mohv` khd HAJ...............................................................................................................................38 Ljsjþa khd HAJ.................................................................................................................................38 Vjsjþa khd HAJ..................................................................................................................................38

 

Ngrgnthrìsngs khd HAJ.....................................................................................................................36 D`s n`lp`ahaths khd HAJ s`a?........................................................................................................36

GAÇDJ^J^ KH N@MH][X]G^ KH VGNXAGNJÞA HAH]@ G OXDJ@ KHD =9=7 ..............36 N`mhrturg kh vgnuagnjþa kh vgnuag @YV ha lha`rhs kh 7 g÷`.....................................................36 N`mhrturg kh vgnuagnjþa ha hkgkhs kh 7= g => lhshs...................................................................33 N`mhrturg kh vgnuagnjþa kh vgnuag K[ ha Hlmgrgzgkgs...............................................................33

N@LY]@LJ^@^ KH HAJ........................................................................................................33 GN[JVJKGKH^ KH Y]@L@NJÞA KH DG ^GDXK...............................................................35 JA[]GLX]GDH^?..............................................................................................................................35 HU[]GLX]GDH^..............................................................................................................................35

GN[JVJKGKH^ HKXNG[JVG^ JA[]GLX]GDH^..............................................................3: GN[JVJKGKH^ HKXNG[JVG^ K@LJNJDJG]JG^...............................................................3: GNNH^@^ G ^H]VJNJ@^ KH DG LHKJNJAG GANH^[]GD Z GD[H]AG[JVG .............59 Khsnrjpnjþa Kh D`s ^jsthlgs Lêkjn`s Yr`pj`s „ Lhkjnjag [rgkjnj`agd?..........................................59

YG][JNJYGNJÞA ^@NJGD Z G][JNXDGNJÞA JA[H]^HN[@]JGD ..............................59 LGYG KH GN[@]H^..............................................................................................................5= @]CGAJ_GNJ@AH^ ^@NJGDH^...........................................................................................5; ]HFH]HANJG..........................................................................................................................56 JAKJNGK@]H^ KH ]HFH]HANJG YGDLJ]G HAH]@ OXDJ@ =9=7..........................................................53

FG^H JJ? N@AF@]LGNJÞA N@LJ[Ê D@NGD......................................................................53 GN[G KH ]HY@[HANJGNJÞA KH N@LJ[Ê D@NGD KH ^GDXK KH DG YG]]@WXJG ]X]GD KH YGDLJ]G KHD KJ^[]J[@ N@D[G CXGL@[H 96K9; ^GDXK KH DG XAJKGK @YH]G[JVG NHA[]@ KH ^GDXK [JY@ G YGDLJ]G ......................................5: GN[G N@A^[J[X[JVG..............................................................................................................:9 GN[G KH N@AF@]LGNJÞA................................................................................................:8 FG^H JJJ? ^@NJGDJ_GNJÞA, VGDJKGNJ@A, HDGM@]GNJ@A YDGA D@NGD KH ^GDXK......................................................................................................................................:: FG^H JV? JLYDHLHA[GNJÞA Z ^HCXLJHA[@ YDGA D@NGD KH ^GDXK................799 Jlpdhlhatgnjþa y ^hcujljhat` khd pdga d`ngd kh sgduk................................................................799

FG^H V? GN[XGDJ_GNJÞA.................................................................................................79> GN[XGDJ_GNJÞA KH DG JAF@]LGNJÞA G []GVÊ^ KHD KJGCAÞ^[JN@ KJAÇLJN@ HA HD N@A[HU[@ KH DG ^GDG ^J[XGNJ@AGD..............................................................................................................79>

N@ANDX^J@AH^ ...................................................................................................................79; ]HN@LHAKGNJ@AH^ .........................................................................................................798 ]HCJ^[]@ F@[@C]ÇFJN@?..............................................................................................796

 

@MOH[JV@^ KHD G^J^ @MOH[JV@ CHAH]GD? Kgr g n`a`nhr dg sjtugnjþa kh sgduk khd Nhatr` kh ^gduk tjp` G —YGDLJ]G“ ha rhdgnjþa g fgnt`rhs khthrljagaths n`l` s`a dgs ngrgnthrìstjngs khl`crçfjngs, s`nj`nudturgdhs, glmjhatgdhs, l`rmjdjkgkhs, fgnt`rhs y p`mdgnjþa kh rjhsc`.

@MOH[JV@^ H^YHNÌFJN@^? 

]hdgnj`agr dg janjkhanjg kh khthrljagkgs pgt`d`cìgs y sus khthrljagaths n`l` hd ajvhd hn`aþljn` y hkungnj`agd kh dg p`mdgnjþa.

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Gntugdjzgr dg jaf`rlgnjþa n`rrhsp`akjhath gd thrrjt`rj` gmgrngk` p`r hd Nhatr` kh ^gduk tjp` G kh Ygdljrg lhkjgath dg rhvjsjþa kh fjnegs fgljdjgrhs pgrg hvgdugr dg rhgdjkgk gntugd kh dg pgrr`qujg y dgs futurgs jathrvhanj`ah jathrvhanj`ahss ahnhsgrjgs.

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Yr`l`vhr eçmjt`s gdjlhatgrj`s sgdukgmdhs n`a êafgsjs ha aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 8 g÷`s y hlmgrgzgkgs, prj`rjzgak` dg gkhnugkg gthanjþa jathcrgd y n`ashohrìg autrjnj`agd.

 

LJ^JÞA Nhatr` kh ^gduk tjp` G YGDLJ]G trgmgog mgo` dg vjcjdganjg khd Kjstrjt` N`dtg - Cugl`th  pgrg nulpdjr n`a d`s `mohtjv`s khd LGJ^, prhstgr uag gthanjþa gthanjþa jathcrgd kh sgduk ha hd çlmjt` kh dg pr`l`njþa, prhvhanjþa kh sgduk y gthanjþa prjlgrjg, sgtjsfgnjhak` dgs ahnhsjkgkhs y hxphntgtjvgs kh dg p`mdgnjþa. N`atgak`, pgrg hdd`, n`a pr`fhsj`agdhs n`lpr`lhtjk`s y n`a shatjk` kh phrthahanjg.

VJ^JÞA ^hr rhn`a`njk`s p`r dg n`luajkgk, n`l` uajkgk quh prhstg gthanjþa kh ngdjkgk quh sgtjsfgnh dgs ahnhsjkgkhs y hxphntgtjvgs kh dg p`mdgnjþa mgo` prjanjpj`s fuakglhatgdhs kh dg sgduk  pÿmdjng y mj`êtjng, utjdjzgak` dg thna`d`cìg y d`s rhnurs`s pÿmdjn`s kh f`rlg hfjnjhath y trgaspgrhath pgrg lho`rgr dg ngdjkgk kh vjkg kh d`s usugrj`s.

 

JA[]@KXNNJÞA Hd Ga Gaçd çdjs jsjs js ^j ^jtu tugn gnj` j`ag agdd Jath Jathcr crgd gd kh ^gdu ^gdukk n` n`as astj tjtu tuyh yh ua uagg eh ehrrg rrglj ljha hatg tg n` n`an anhp hptu tugd gd y lht`k`dþcjng pgrg dg jlpdhlhatgnjþa khd LGJ^-FNJ nuy` `mohtjv` hs jkhatjfjngr nuçdhs s`a d`s prjanjpgdhs pr`mdhlgs kh dg sgduk quh gfhntga g dg n`luajkgk. Dg pgrtjnjpgnjþa kh d`s gnt`rhs s`njgdhs n`astruyh hd kjgcaþstjn`, sh gagdjzg dg rhgdjkgk, dg jkhatjfjngnjþa kh  pr`mdhlgs kh sgduk, dgs prj`rjkgkhs y d`s lhkj`s pgrg trgasf`rlgr hs`s pr`mdhlgs g trgvês kh dg n`as n`astr trun unnj njþa þa kh Ydga Ydgahs hs D` D`ng ngdh dhss kh ^gdu ^gdukk qu quhh kh khsk skhh ua ha haf` f`qu quhh y hs hstr trgt gthc hcjg jg jathrshnt`rjgd n`atrjmuyh g dg n`astrunnjþa kh hspgnj`s s`njgdhs y glmjhatgdhs sgdukgmdhs, y gshcurg hd Muha Vjvjr khskh dg sgduk. Dg N`astjtunjþa kh dg ]hpÿmdjng kjsp`ah hd nulpdjlhat` khd khrhne` g dg sgduk, g trgvês kh hohrnjnj` kh `tr`s khrhne`s jathrkhphakjhaths n`a dg fjagdjkgk kh d`crgr hd muha vjvjr ` ^ulgb Bgwsgy, ha hd nugd hstç djcgk` hstjd`s kh vjkg n`l` eçmjt`s, ahnhsjkgkhs, n`lp`rtgljhat`s,, p`dìtjngs pÿmdjngs y `tr`s n`lp`ahaths n`lp`rtgljhat`s n`lp`ahaths rhdgnj`agk`s n`a ngkg jakjvjku` y su jathrrhdgnjþa n`a dg s`njhkgk. G trgvês khd prhshath trgmgo` a`s pr`p`ahl`s rhgdjzgr ua gaçdjsjs kh dg p`mdgnjþa quh phrfjdg su Kjgc Kjgca`st a`stjn` jn` ^jtug ^jtugnj`a nj`agd gd kh ^gduk ^gduk egnj egnjhak` hak` rhfhrhanjg rhfhrhanjg g dgs n`ak n`akjnj`a jnj`ahs hs ejstþrjng ejstþrjngs, s, gatr`p`dþcjngs, fìsjngs, ndjlçtjngs, s`njgdhs y kh sgduk, gquì rgkjng dg jlp`rtganjg kh `mthahr  ua Kjgca`stjn` kh ^gduk n`a dg pgrtjnjpgnjþa kh d`s rhprhshatgath rhprhshatgathss kh dg n`luajkgk, qujhahs s`a d`s quh vjvha y sjhatha dgs ngrhanjgs ngrgnthrìstjngs p`r dgs n`akjnj`ahs ha dgs nugdhs sh khshavuhdvha, khshavuhdv ha, `t`rcçak`a`s ua n`a`njljhat` lçs nhrnga` g dg rhgdjkgk, n`a sus pr`mdhlgs,  p`sjmdhs ngusgs y hfhnt`s pgrg kh hstg f`rlg jr n`astruyhak` p`sjmdhs s`dunj`ahs, ha dgs nugdhs t`k`s gp`rtha n`a su gyukg pgrg gdngazgr ua mhahfjnj` n`luajtgrj` y a` s`d` jakjvjkugd pgrg hdd` sh rhgdjzg ua kjgca`stjn` sjtugnj`agd kh sgduk.

 

KHFJAJ KHF JAJNJÞ NJÞA A KHD GAÇ GAÇDJ DJ^J^ ^J^ ^J[XGN ^J[XGNJ@A J@AGD GD JA[HC] JA[HC]GD GD KH ^GDXK ^GDXK Z ^X L@KHD@ KH G[HANJÞA JA[HC]GD KH ^GDXK Dg @Y^ gd rhsphnt` lhanj`ag quh hd G^J^ —phrljth ngrgnthrjzgr, lhkjr y hxpdjngr hd phrfjd kh sgduk/hafhrlhkgk kh uag p`mdgnjþa, janduyhak` d`s kg÷`s y pr`mdhlgs kh sgduk, gsì n`l` sus khthrljagaths, shga hstgs kh n`lphthanjg khd shnt`r sgduk ` kh `tr`s shnt`rhs.“ Gd shr, tglmjê tgl mjêa, a, uag uag ehr ehrrgl rgljha jhatg tg kh jaf`rl jaf`rlgnj gnjþa, þa, hd G^J G^J^ ^ ph phrlj rljth th jkhatj jkhatjfjn fjngr gr y prj`rj prj`rjzg zgrr d`s  pr`mdhlgs, phr` tglmjêa, chahrg hvgdugnj`a hvgdugnj`ahs hs kh jlpgnt` ha sgduk. Hd G^J^, sjrvh pgrg dg t`lg rgnj`agd kh khnjsj`ahs pgrg dg sgtjsfgnnjþa kh dgs prjanjpgdhs ahnhsjkgkhs kh sgduk kh dg  p`mdgnjþa n`a ua lçxjl` kh hhqujkgk, qujkgk, hfjnjhan hfjnjhanjg jg y pgrtjnjpgnjþa s`njgd. Hd L`khd` kh Gthanjþa Jathcrgd kh ^gduk (LGJ^) pdgathg ua nglmj` ha dg n`lprhasjþa y `rjhatgnjþa rhdgnj`agkg n`a dg sgduk, y ua gsphnt` nhatrgd hs hd hathakhr dg sgduk n`l` hd rhsudt rhs udtgk` gk` kh uag k`mdh k`mdh kjl kjlhas hasjþa jþa hs hstrh trhneg neglh lhath ath rhdgn rhdgnj`a j`agk gkgg quh vjhah vjhah kgkg kgkg p`r dgs n`akjnj`ahs s`njgdhs y mj`dþcjngs quh n`astrj÷ha dg sgduk y hd mjhahstgr kh dg p`mdgnjþa. Hst`  puhkh hathakhrsh n`l` dgs Khthrljagaths ^`njgdhs kh dg ^gduk. Dgs Khthrljagaths ^`njgdhs kh dg ^gduk egnha rhfhrhanjg gd —n`aouat` kh vgrjgmdhs quh tjhaha hd p`thanjgd pgrg chahrgr   pr`thnnjþa ` kg÷`, hs khnjr, s`a dgs n`akjnj`ahs quh khthrljaga dg sgduk. ^`a tglmjêa hd n`aouat` kh fgnt`rhs n`lpdho`s quh gd gntugr kh lgahrg n`lmjagkg khthrljaga d`s ajvhdhs kh sgduk kh d`s jakjvjku`s y n`luajkgkhs“ (L^Y, LGJ^, =97=). Ha hd lgrn` khd G^J^ sh khsgrr`ddg hd gaçdjsjs kh dgs khthrljagaths s`njgdhs kh dg sgduk pgrg n`lprhakhr dgs ngusgs kh f`ak` quh janjkha ha dg n`akjnjþa kh vjkg y ha dg sgduk kh dg p`mdgnjþa, hs khnjr, pdgathg hathakhr —dgs ngusgs kh dgs ngusgs“ kh d`s pr`mdhlgs kh sgduk pgrg trgmgogr n`a dg p`mdgnjþa, y d`s kjvhrs`s gnt`rhs s`njg s`njgdhs dhs ha dg s`dunjþ s`dunjþaa kh hs`s pr`mdhlgs, pr`mdhlgs, ha dg trgasf`rlgnjþa kh dg ngdjkgk kh vjkg, ha dg rhkunnjþa kh dgs jahqujkgkhs y ha dg nrhgnjþa kh fgljdjgs, n`luajkgkhss y kjstrjt`s sgdukgmdhs d` nugd n`atrjmuyh g lgthrjgdjzgr hd Muha Vjvjr pr`puhst` n`luajkgkh  p`r hd c`mjhra` kh tura`.

JA[]@KXNNJ@A Hd Ydga kh ^gduk Agnj`agd khd Ljajsthrj` kh ^gduk Yÿmdjng ha sus kjfhrhaths ajvhdhs tgat` agnj`agd, pr`vjanjgd y çrhgs kh sgduk sh vjhah trgmgogak` n`a pr`crglgs kh sgduk d`s ljsl`s quh sh kga nulpdjljhat` ha ngkg uag kh dgs uajkgkhs `phrgtjvgs kh sgduk kh auhstr` pgìs y  pr`vjanjg, kh gnuhrk` gd ajvhd kh gthanjþa quh prhsth ngkg ua` kh hdd`s, p`r tgd rgzþa sh eg

 

kjsh÷gk` y hohnutgk` hohnutgk` ua auhv` l` l`khd` khd` kh gthanjþa jathc jathcrgd, rgd, n`a hd pr`pþsjt` kh glpdjgr glpdjgr su nglp` kh gnnjþa y mrjakgr hd gp`y` ahnhsgrj` pgrg lho`rgr hd hstgk` kh sgduk kh dg  p`mdgnjþa.

Hd shnt`r sgduk ha dg gntugdjkgk eg hxphrjlhatgk` ua gnhdhrgk` pr`nhs` kh nglmj` `rjhatgk` g f`rtgdhnhr dg khsnhatrgdjzgnjþa ha dg gkljajstrgnjþa kh d`s shrvjnj`s, d` quh eg ddhvgk` quh dgs `rcgajzgnj`ahs pgrtjnjpha kjaçljnglhath pgrg gdngazgr n`lphtjtjvjkgk, dg ljslg quh nulpdh ua pgphd fuakglhatgd ha dg jashrnjþa g hsth luak` cd`mgdjzgk` quh hxjch uag crga ngpgnjkgk kh chstjþa p`r pgrth kh d`s fuanj`agrj`s kh dg jastjtunjþa, jav`dunrgak` g ndjhaths hxthra hxt hra`s `s h jat jathra hra`s `s pgrg pgrg gsì `fhrtg `fhrtgrr pr` pr`kun kunt`s t`s kh ngdjkg ngdjkgkk n`a hfjnjh hfjnjhanj anjg, g, hfjngn hfjngnjg jg quh sgtjsfgcg dgs ahnhsjkgkhs y hxjchanjgs khd n`asuljk`r. D`s pr`fhsj`agdhs kh sgduk n`asnjhaths quh s`l`s a`s`tr`s qujhahs khmhl`s prhshatgr  s`dunj`ahs kh lgahrg hfjnjhath y `p`rtuag ehl`s vjst` quh hs jlp`rtgath kjgca`stjngr y trgtgr d`s prjanjpgdhs pr`mdhlgs ha hd nglp` s`njgd, nudturgd, hn`aþljn` y s`mrh t`k` ha sgduk quh gfhntga g dg p`mdgnjþa kh dg pgrr`qujg Ygdljrg kh dg pr`vjanjg kh Nejlm`rgz`,  pgrg n`a hst` p`khr lho`rgr dgs n`akjnj`ahs kh vjkg tga prhngrjgs ha dgs quh sh hanuhatrga vjvjhak`. Ha hd çlmjt` kh dg sgduk hd Nhatr` kh sgduk Ygdljrg y sus n`luajkgkhs gdhkg÷gs2 tjhah n`l`  prhnhkhaths dg prhvgdhanjg kh pgt`d`cìgs tgdhs n`l` rja`fgrjacjtjs gcukg, fgrjacjtjs gcukg,  pgrgsjt`sjs jathstjagd n`asjkhrgkgs n`asjkhrgkgs n`l` dgs prjanjpgdhs pgt`d`cìgs khmjk` g vgrj`s fgnt`rhs glmjhatgdhs, ejcjêajngs n`luajtgrjgs, n`luajtgrjgs, d` quh eg sjk` `ngsj`agk` p`r hd khsn`a`njljhat` y dg fgdtg kh jaf`rlgnjþa ejcjêajn`-kjhtêtjngs ejcjêajn`-kjhtêtjngs.. Ha hst hsthh gaç gaçdjs djsjs js sh eg pr`nh pr`nhkjk kjk`` g fjdtrg fjdtrgrr y `mt `mthah hahrr kgt`s kgt`s khd rhcjst rhcjstr` r` kh gthanj gthanj`a `ahs hs ]KGNGG, sjsthlg Y]G^^, gkhlçs kh `mthahr kgt`s khd JAHN, kgt`s kh hatrhvjstg y nhas` d`s nugdhs a` sh eumjhrga p`kjk` `mthahr sja dg gyukg kh d`s [ênajn`s kh Gthanjþa Yrjlgrjg kh ^gduk, kh tgd lgahrg lgahrg quh sh puhkg `mthahr `mthahr uag vgd`rgn vgd`rgnjþa jþa rhgd y d`s kgt`s lçs nhrnga`s nhrnga`s g dg rhgdjkgk. Hd Kjgca`stjn` ^jtugnj`agd kh ^gduk rhprhshatg ua jastrulhat` njhatìfjn`, lht`k`dþcjn` gpdjngtjv` pgrg jkhatjfjngr, prj`rjzgr y s`dunj`agr pr`mdhlgs kh sgduk kh dg p`mdgnjþa y kh dgs kjfhrhaths n`luajkgkhs n`luajkgkhs khd Nhatr` kh ^gduk Ygdljrg. Dg hohnunjþa kh hsth kjgcaþstjn` kh sgduk, tjhaha n`l` mgsh susthatgmdh dgs hxphrjhanjgs

 

gkqujrjkg gkqu jrjkgss y hd gaçdjsjs h jathr jathrprhtg prhtgnjþa njþa kh rhsud rhsudtgk` tgk`ss `mthajk`s `mthajk`s kurgath kurgath ua g÷` kh  phrlgahanjg ha ha hsth Yuhst` kh ^gduk.

FG^H J? Y]@KXNNJÞA KHD KJGCAÞ^[JN@ ^J[XGNJ@AGD KH ^GDXK Hd kjgcaþstjn` ^jtugnj`agd (K^) hs ua pr`nhs` gagdìtjn`-sjatêtjn` quh phrljth ngrgnthrjzgr, lhkjr y hxpdjngr hd phrfjd kh sgduk- hafhrlhkgk kh uag p`mdgnjþa, janduyhak` d`s kg÷`s y  pr`mdhlgs kh sgduk, gsì n`l` sus khthrljagaths, n`a hd fja kh jkhatjfjngr ahnhsjkgkhs ahnhsjkgkhs y  prj`rjkgkhs ha sgduk, dgs nugdhs s`a kh utjdjkgk pgrg dg khfjajnjþa kh jathrvhanj`ahs y hstrgthcjgs. [glmjêa phrljth dg jkhatjfjngnjþa y ngrgnthrjzgnjþa kh d`s kjfhrhaths hstrgt`s  p`mdgnj`agdhss shcÿa sus n`akjnj`ahs kh vjkg, gsì n`l` kh sus rjhsc`s, y p`r d` tgat`  p`mdgnj`agdh f`ngdjzgr dgs gnnj`ahs kh sgduk s`mrh d`s crup`s lçs vudahrgmdhs kh dg p`mdgnjþa. Y`r d` tgat`, hs uag ehrrgljhatg pgrg hd c`mjhra` y dg chstjþa sgajtgrjg. sgajtgrjg. Hd Kjgca`stjn` ^jtugnj`agd (K^) hs dg rhn`pjdgnjþa kh dg jaf`rlgnjþa kh mgsh quh sjrvh n`l` uag fuhath kh rhfhrhanjg kh dg rhgdjkgk d`ngd, khskh dg nugd sh pgrth pgrg thahr uag prjlhrg vjsjþa kh d`s gsphnt`s quh phrljtha ngrgnthrjzgr g dg p`mdgnjþa y dg pr`mdhlçtjng s`njgd y kh dg sgduk ha hd hspgnj` thrrjt`rjgd n`rrhsp`akjhath. Hsth hs ua hohrnjnj` kh javhstjcgnjþa y dhvgatgljhat` kh jaf`rlgnjþa, jaf`rlgnjþa, y hs uag pgrth fuakglhatg fuakglhatgdd khd G^J^ n`l` lht`k`d`cìg kh trgmgo` ha dg rhdgnjþa sgduk „ s`njhkgk. Hsth kjgcaþstjn` rhqujhrh n`atgr n`a jaf`rlgnjþa nugdjf nug djfjng jngkgkg- y gaç gaçdjs djsjs js kh d`s khthr khthrlja ljagat gaths hs s`n s`njgd jgdhs hs kh dg sg sgduk duk g ajvhd ajvhd mj`dþc mj`dþcjn` jn`,, hn`aþljn`, s`njgd, nudturgd y glmjhatgd quh janjkha ha dg ngdjkgk kh vjkg y ha d`s pr`nhs`s jakjvjkugdhs y n`dhntjv`s kh dg sgduk.

NG]GN[H]J_GNJÝA NG]GN[H]J_GN JÝA KH DG XAJKGK CH@C]ÉFJN@-EJ^[Ý]JNG KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA NG]GN[H]J_GNJÞA NG]GN[H]J_GN JÞA CH@C]ÇFJNG XMJNGNJÞA Yg Ygdl dljrg jrg hs ua uagg kh dgs dgs Ygrr` Ygrr`qu qujg jgss khd khd Ng Ngat atþa þa Cugl Cugl`t `th, h, um umjn jngk gk`` ha dg Yr Yr`v `vja janj njgg kh Nejlm`rgz`, phrthahnjhath g dg ]hcjþa ^jhrrg kh dg ]hpÿmdjng kh Hnugk`r. Y`r dg ngmhnhrg Ygrr`qujgd, gtrgvjhsg dg vìg Ygaglhrjngag quh n`akunh g dg Yr`vjanjg khd Gzugy. Ouat` n`a auhvhh ngat`ah auhv ngat`ahss lçs, f`rlg pgrth kh dg Yr`vjanjg Yr`vjanjg kh Nejlm`rg Nejlm`rgz` z` y gmgrng gmgrng ua thrrjt`rj` thrrjt`rj` kh

 

suphrfjnjh hxthasjþa kh =3.;87.=; e.

XMJNGNJÞA KHD NGA[ÞA Yr`vjanjg?

NEJLM@]G_@

Ngatþa?

Cugl`th

Ygrr`qujg?

Cugl`th

D`ngdjzgnjþa?

Xmjngkg ha dg Gv. Ygaglhrjngag H>8 vìg g Nuhang gpr`xjlgkglhath gpr`xjlgkglh ath 89 bl kh ]j`mglmg.

Vìgs kh gnnhs`? Gv. Ygaglhrjngag vìg g Nuhang, `trg vìg kh gnnhs` hs p`r dg vìg g ^ga Dujs, khd khsvì` g Lgngs g dg khrhneg.

^uphrfjnjh y Dgtjtuk @nupg uag suphrfjnjh kh =3.;87.=; bl y sh hanuhatrg g uag gdturg hatrh =869-;=99.lsal. N`a uag D`acjtuk kh 75 ;6 ;: y Dgtjtuk kh -=. 3> >9.

Jaf`rlgnjþa Ndjlçtjng Hd ndjlg kh dg pgrr`qujg hs ngrgnthrìstjn` kh dgs z`ags frìgs khmjk` g su umjngnjþa ha dg rhcjþa khd pçrgl` hnugt`rjga`.

[hlphrgturg ^u ndjlg hs frj` n`a uag thlphrgturg pr`lhkj` kh 7= „ 78 crgk`s nhatìcrgk`s, n`a ua rêcjlha kh dduvjgs y shqujgs. Hd javjhra` quh sh n`asjkhrg eÿlhk` y frj` gmgrng khskh d`s lhshs kh `ntumrh g lgy`.

Hstgnj`ahs khd g÷` Hd vhrga` ua ndjlg nçdjk` y shn` gmgrng d`s lhshs kh ouaj` g shptjhlmrh. Egy k`s hstgnj`ahs? javjhra` (dduvjg y frì`) y vhrga` (ngd`r, shn` y lune` vjhat`)

DÌLJ[H^ CH@C]GFJN@^ KH DG YG]]@WXJG?

 



Gd a`rth?  Ygrtjhak` khd puhath Dhtrg quh n`djakg n`a dg egnjhakg [`t`rjddgs khd Ngatþa Cugl`th n`atjaÿg n`a dg Egnjhakg Cgdth p`r hd puhath Yungrrulj, sjcuh dg quhmrgkg n`a dg egnjhakg Yud, duhc` Mjs÷gc y Yud egstg hd ]ì` Ygazg.



Gd sur? Khd puat` [gnþa sjcuh dg quhmrgkg quh quhkg hatrh ]hscugdgy y ^utjpuk egstg kgr n`a hd Nhrr` Musgy y ha dìahg rhntg p`r hd puat` vhrtjhath kh gcug gd rjgneuhd` quh uah gd rì` Yulgnegng. Yulgnegng.



Gd hsth? Ngatþa Cugl`th.



Gd `hsth? N`atjaÿg n`a hsth rì` egstg hd puhath Musenut y hd rjgneuhd` [gnþa.

Fuhath? Yhrs`agd kh sgduk khd N. ^. Ygdljrg XMJNGNJÞA CH@C]ÇFJNG CH@C]ÇFJNG KH DG XAJKGK KH ^GDXK Yr`vjanjg?

NEJLM@]G_@

Ngatþa?

Cugl`th

Ygrr`qujg?

Ygdljrg

D`ngdjzgnjþa?

Xmjngkg ha dgs ngddhs O`sê N`m`s y Nuhang

Vìgs kh gnnhs`? Jacrhsgak` kh dg Gv. Ygaglhrjngag, p`r dg Gvhajkg O`sê N`m`s

 

hatrh dg ngddh Nuhang

Mgrrj`?

Ygdljrg Nhatr`

KJVJ^JÝA Y@DÄ[JNG KHD É]HG Hd Ngatþa Cugl`th sh hanuhatrg kjvjkjk` p`r > pgrr`qujgs? Kjnegs Ygrr`qujgs s`a Cugl`th (Lgtrjz), Ygdljrg y Nhmgkgs. Dgs N`luajkgkhs phrthahnjhaths g dg Ygrr`qujg Ygdljrg shcÿa su kjvjsjþa p`dìtjng y quh sh hanuhatrga g ngrc` kh dg Xajkgk @phrgtjvg N.^ tjp` G Ygdljrg s`a dgs quh sh lhanj`aga g n`atjaugnjþa? Gtgp` ^gatg Nruz, Gtgp` Nudhmrjddgs, Neunt`s, Ygdljrg Kçvgd`s, Ygddgpglmg, Gtgp` Wujnegdça, Gtgp` ^gatg Hdhag, Gtgp` hd Ngrlha, Gtgp` Wujdd`t`r`, Gtgp` Dgrngpglmg, Neguzça ^ga Gdf`as`, Gs`njgnjþa Dhtrg ^ga Ygmd`, Cgdth Cgd th Ljr Ljrgd` gd`lg, lg, Cgd Cgdth th Dgj Dgjlh lh,, Cgd Cgdth th Ogt Ogtuad uad`lg `lg,, Cgd Cgdth th ^hrshd ^hrshd,, Cgd Cgdth th Mjs÷gc Mjs÷gc,, Cgd Cgdth th Zgagrrulj, Cgdth Zgcugnej, Cgdth Glmr`sj` Dgs`, Cgdth [gdglpgdg, Cgdth ^ga Ouga, Gtgp` ^jddgngogs, Gtgp` ^ga Frganjsn`.

Jdustrgnjþa? Kjvjsjþa p`dìtjng ngat`agd

KH^N]JYN KH^N ]JYNJÞA JÞA

KH

Y]JA Y]JANJYGD NJYGDH^ H^

NXHANG^ NXHANG^

EJK]@C]Ç EJK]@C]ÇFJNG FJNG^ ^

KHD

[H]]J[@]J@ Dg rhk ejkr`crçfjng kh dg Ygrr`qujg Ygdljrg hstç n`lpuhstg p`r rì`s kh tjp` phrhaah h jathrljthath, hatrh d`s nugdhs d`s lçs jlp`rtgaths s`a? ]ì` Gtgp` y ]ì` Cgdth Yudd. Ha dg gntugdjkgk, gpgrhathlhath hd rhnurs` Eìkrjn` kh dg Ygrr`qujg Ygdljrg sh eg vjst` kjsljaujk` tgat` ha su ngdjkgk n`l` ha su ngatjkgk, khmjk` gd lgd lgaho` kh d`s hn`sjsthlgs, gd gvganh kh dg fr`athrg gcrìn`dg, gd us` hxnhsjv` gcr`quìljn`s gcr`quìljn`s.. Dg kjsljaunjþa kh dg kjsp`ajmjdjkgk kh gcug hs hd fgnt`r lçs nrìtjn` pgrg hd ^hnt`r Gcr`phnugrj`, fuhath kh jacrhs`s pgrg dg lgy`rìg kh dg p`mdgnjþa.

 

KH^N]JYNJÞA CHAH]GD VÌG^ KH GNNH^@ GD N.^. YGDLJ]G? Khskh ]j`mglmg sh t`lg dg vìg g N`dtg „ Cugl`th [jxça Ygaglhrjngag H>8, gd ddhcgr g dg hatrgkg kh dg Ygrr`qujg Ygdljrg, sh jacrhsg p`r dg Gvhajkg O`sê N`m`s quh jacrhsg gd nhatr` kh dg Ygrr`qujg. ^h t`lg dg ljslg nngddh gddh egstg dg ngddh Nuhan Nuhang. g. Hsth trgl` nuhatg n`a dìahg dìahg kh trgasp`rth pÿmdjn` quh sgdh khskh hd [hrljagd Jathr ngat`agd h Jathr pgrr`qujgd kh ]j`mglmg, n`a kjfhrhaths frhnuhanjgs frhnuhanjgs..

KH^N]JYNJÞA KH Y@MDGNJÞA KH KJFÌNJD GNNH^@ @ NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ Y]@YJG^ KH DG _@AG 

Y@] FGD[G KH []GA^Y@][H Z KJ^[GANJG? Gtgp` Wujnegdça, Gtgp` ^gatg Hdhag, Gtgp` Hd Ngrlha, Gtgp` Wujddut`r`, Gtgp` Dgrngpglmg, Neguzça ^ga Gdf`as`, Gs`njgnjþa Dhtrg, Cgdth Ljrgd`lg, Cgdth Ygtjgpgc, Cgdth Dgjlh, Cgdth Mjs÷gc, Cgdth Zgagrrulj, Cgdth Zgcugnej, Cgdth Glmr`sj` Dgs`, Cgdth [gdglpgdg, Cgdth ^ga Ouga.



Y@] [H]]HA@, VJGDJKGK, []GA^Y@][H Z NDJLG? Gtgp` ^jddg ngogs, Gtgp` ^ga Frganjsn` Gdt` y Mgo`.

]HK VJGD Ha d` rhfhrhath g dgs vìgs kh n`luajngnjþa, n`luajngnjþa, Yg Ygdljrg dljrg nuhatg n`a nglja`s nglja`s gk`qujagk`s ` hlphkrgk`s, quh fgnjdjtg dg l`vjdjzgnjþa kh d`s vheìnud`s prjvgk`s, kh ngrcg y trgashÿaths g ajvhdd kh dg Ngmhn ajvh Ngmhnhrg hrg Ygdljrg. Ygdljrg. Y`r pgrth kh dg z`ag rurgd, quh n`a n`astjtu stjtuyh yh dg lgy`rìg kh thrrjt`rj` sh kjsp`ah kh nglja`s kh tjhrrg ` dgstrgk`s, quh kurgath hsth g÷` eg vhajk` glpdjgak` hd C`mjhra` Yr`vjanjgd pgrg fgnjdjtgr dg l`vjdjzgnjþa, sja hlmgrc`, crga aÿlhr` kh n`luajkgkhs kjsp`ah kh nglja`s vhnjagdhs. 

Ygrg dg l`vjdjzgnjþa egnjg dg njukgk kh ]j`mglmg hd ngatþa nuhatg n`a dgs kjfhrhaths hlprhsgs jathrpr`vjanjgdhs jathrpr`vjanjgdhs h Jathr ngat`agdhs quh trgasjtga p`r hd Ngatþa.



Hd trgasp`rth jatrgngat`agd sh rhgdjzg g trgvês kh trgasp`rth kh ngrcg, hohnutjv` ` prjvgk` egnjg dgs kjstjatgs n`luajkgkhs, k`akh njrnudga gdcua`s vheìnud`s quh trgasp`rtga g d`s Yr`fhs`rhs y `ngsj`agdlhath gdcua`s ngrr`s pgrtjnudgrhs, sjhak` lçs frhnuhath d`s kìgs

 

 ouhvhs nugak` nugak` sh rhgdjzg dg fh fhrjg rjg n`lhrnjgd. 

Dg kjstganjg n`lprhakjkg n`lprhakjkg hatrh auhstr` hstgmdhnjljhat` hstgmdhnjljhat` Nhatr` kkhh ^gduk y dgs n`luajkgkhs,, `snjdg hatrh d`s 7,8 y => bl, khtgddgk`s g n`atjaugnjþa? n`luajkgkhs



Dg kjstganjg kh hstgs n`luajkgkhs egnjg dg uajkgk `phrgtjvg, ega sjk` lhkjkgs p`r lhkj` khd gnnhs` prjanjpgd g dgs ljslgs.

N@LXAJKGKH^

[JHLY@ HA E@]G^ Y@] VHEÌNXD@

Gtgp` ^gatg Nruz

=9 ljaut`s

Gtgp` Nudhmrjddgs

>9 ljaut`s

Neuntus

78 ljaut`s

Ygdljrg Kçvgd`s

79 ljaut`s

Ygddgpglmg

79 ljaut`s

Gtgp` Wujnegdça

;9 ljaut`s

Gtgp` ^gatg Hdhag

89 ljaut`s

Gtgp` Hd Ngrlha

7 e`rg 78 ljaut`s

Gtgp` Wujddut`r`

7 e`rg >9 ljaut`s

Gtgp` Dgrngpglmg

;9 ljaut`s

Neguzça ^ga Gdf`as`

>9 ljaut`s

Gs`njgnjþa Dhtrg

;9 ljaut`s

Cgdth Ljrgd`lg

;9 ljaut`s

CgdthYgtjgpgc

>8 ljaut`s

Cgdth Dgjlh

89 ljaut`s

JKHA JK HA[J [JFJ FJNG NGNJ NJÞA ÞA KH FG FGN[ N[@] @]H^ H^ Y]@[ Y]@[HN HN[@ [@]H ]H^ ^ Z KH ]J ]JH^ H^C@ C@ HA HD HA[@]A@ (CH@C]ÇFJN@) Hd ngatþa nuhatg n`a rhshrvgs agturgdhs n`l` pçrgl`s, pgo`agdhs y m`squhs agtjv`s, gd

 

l`lhat`, hd Ljajsthrj` khd khd Lhkj` Glmjhath y hd LG LGCGY CGY trgmgoga n`aouatglhath n`aouatglhath pgrg dg rhnuphrgnjþa kh d`s ljsl`s.

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Y@N @N@ @ N@LY @LY]@LJ ]@LJ^@ ^@ KH DG CHA[ CH A[H H HA GN[J GN[JVJ VJKG KGKH KH^ ^ KH ^GDXK

NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ NG]GN[H]Ì^[J NG^ CH@C]ÇFJNG^ KHD H^YGNJ@ CH CH@C]ÇFJN@ @C]ÇFJN@ WXH FGV@]HNH G DG ^GDXK Z HD MXHA VJVJ]  ^h kjstjacuh ua tjp` kh pgjsgoh quh n`lprhakh hd pçrgl`, khatr` kh su fguag han`atrgl`s, cgagk` vgnua` vgnua` y `vja`, n`aho`s, nuyhs. D`s rhdjhvhs quh prhshatg prhshatgaa dgs n`luajkgkhs s`a jrrhcudgrhs, khmjk` g dg fuhrth prhnjpjtgnjþa fduvjgd, han`atrçak`sh quhmrgkgs quh djljtga gdcuags n`luajkgkhs, dg lgy`r pgrth khd suhd` hs kh tjhrrg ahcrg. Dg lgy`r pgrth kh d`s thrrjt`rj`s khd shnt`r prhshatga phakjhaths pr`auanjgkgs, quh ha gdcua`s ngs`s s`mrhpgsga hd 89%. D`s thrrjt`rj`s kh dgs n`luajkgkhs tjhaha phakjhaths suphrj`rhs gd 78%, d` quh n`astjtuyh uag kh dgs prjanjpgdhs ngusgs kh dg hr`sjþa ouat` g dg gnnjþa fduvjgd. 

Khsj Kh sjhr hrt` t` kh Yg Ygdl dljr jrg? g?  ^h han hanuha uhatrg trg ha dg pg pgrr rr``qu qujg jg Yg Ygdl dljr jrgg Kçvg Kçvgd` d`ss gpr`xjlgkglhath 7 e`rg gd sur kh ]j`mglmg. Hd khsjhrt` tjhah uag hxthasjþa kh 79 ehntçrhgs. Y`shh ua pgjsgoh jlprhsj`agath p`r d`s grhagdhs y hd m`squh kh pja` shlmrgk` ha pdha` grhagd, egnh gdcÿa tjhlp` dg chath kh Ygdljrg khnjkjþ n`avhrtjr 

 

dgs kuags kh grhag ha ua `gsjs

Jdustrgnjþa 7? Khsjhrt` kh Ygdljrg 

^gatugrj` kh Ygdljrg? Ygdljrg rhnjmh ngkg k`ljac` ua`s =99 fjhdhs kh vgrjgs  pr`vjanjgs, qujhahs pgrtjnjpga ha dg ljsg kjrjcjkg p`r hd pçrr`n` kh dg n`luajkgk, ngmh lhanj`agr quh hd sgatugrj` kh Ygdljrg rhnjmh g khnhags kh fjhdhs quh pr`vjhaha ha crga pgrth kh dg sjhrrg nhatrgd ` kh sus gdrhkhk`rhs, f`rlg pgrth khd pdga kh lho`rgljhat` turìstjn` kh Ygdljrg.

Jdustrgnjþa? ^gatugrj` kh Ygdljrg

ÇLMJ[@ EJ^[Þ]JN@? KH^N]JYNJÞA EJ^[Þ]JNG KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA. EJ[@^ EJ^[Þ]JN@^ ]HDHVGA[H^ Z ^X^ GN[@]H^. Dg p`mdgnjþa kh hstgs n`luajkgkhs hs prhk`ljagathlhath jakìchag y ngkg n`luajkgk tjhah su rhsphntjv` rhprhshatgath quh n`astga kh prhsjkhath kh dg n`luajkgk y sus

 

ngmjdk`s qujhahs hstça hangrcgk`s kh vhdgr p`r d`s khrhne`s, khmhrhs y ahnhsjkgkhs kh sus egmjtgaths, sjhak` d`s rhsp`asgmdhs kh nulpdjr y egnhr nulpdjr dgs dhyhs quh rjcha ha ngkg N`luajkgk. Ejstþrjnglhath sh eg kgk` ua pr`nhs` kh sum`rkjagnjþa kh dgs n`luajkgkhs jakìchags frhath g d`s mdgan`s, lhstjz`s y bjnewgs, d`s thrrgthajhaths y `tr`s crup`s kh p`khr ha hd puhmd`. Gd nrhgrsh dg pr`vjanjg kh Nejlm`rgz`, Ygdljrg phrthahnjhath gd ngatþa Cugl`th „ Dg Lgtrjz pgsþ g phrthahnhr gd ngatþa ]j`mglmg, duhc` gd nrhgrsh hd ngatþa N`dtg hd 73 kh fhmrhr` kh 755; pgsþ g phrthahnhr g dg ourjskjnnjþa kh hsh ngatþa ha ngdjkgk kh pgrr`qujg rurgd2 egstg quh fjagdlhath hd 7 kh gc`st` kh 7:;; hd prhsjkhath Kr. O`sê Lgrìg Vhdgsn` Jmgrrg fjrlg hd hohnÿthsh kh su nnrhgnjþa rhgnjþa n`l` Ngatþa. Nuhatg n`a ua ^umnhatr` kh ^gduk khskh khs kh egn egnhh gp gpr`x r`xjlg jlgkgl kglhat hathh =6 g÷` g÷`s, s, khpha khphakjh kjhath ath gkljaj gkljajstr strgtj gtjvgl vglhat hathh kh khdd L^Y ha thrrha thr rha`s `s k`a k`agk` gk`ss pgrg pgrg hd hfh hfhnt` nt`,, nuh nuhatg atg n`a ph phrs` rs`ag agdd pr`fhs pr`fhsj`a j`agd gd kh pdgatg pdgatg lhkjga lhkjgath th n`anurs` n`an urs` kh lhrh lhrhnjljh njljhat`s at`s.. ^u jafrghstr jafrghstruntu unturg rg hstç kh gnuhrk` gnuhrk` g d` rhquhrjk` rhquhrjk` pgrg hd Djnhanjgljhat` kh d`s ^hrvjnj`s kh ^gduk y su ngpgnjkgk rhs`dutjvg. Gntugdlh Gntu gdlhath ath dg pgrr` pgrr`qujg qujg Ygdlj Ygdljrg rg pgrg su gkljaj gkljajstrgn strgnjþa jþa phrthahnh phrthahnh gd Kjstrjt` Kjstrjt` N`dtg Cugl`th, n`a sus puhst`s kh sgduk kh Y`lgnegng y ^ga Vjnhath kh [jpja.

NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ NG]GN[H]Ì^[J NG^ ^@NJ@-GLMJHA[GDH^ KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA ^J[XGNJÞA GLMJHA[GD 

Gjrh? Gjrh pur`, n`a p`dunjþa lìajlg p`r dg n`atgljagnjþa vhejnudgr. Gd n`asjkhrgrsh dg gfhntgnjþa s`mrh z`ag z`agss kh pgrgl` quh p`shha == n`luajkgkhs, n`luajkgkhs, hd 5=,==% nrhh quh hstg hs p`r dg chahrgnjþa kh eul` y lgthrjgd grtjnudgk`, sh hstjlg quh sh gfhntg p`r eul` y lgthrjgd grtjnudgk` y hlgagnjþa kh cgshs, n`atgljagaths  pr`kunjk`s p`r p`r dg quhlg kh pg pgo`agdhs o`agdhs y p`r dg utjdjzgnjþa kh lgqujagrjg lgqujagrjg gcrìn`dg.



Fuhaths kh N`atgljagnjþa? D`s e`cgrhs n`atrjmuyha g dg n`atgljagnjþa g trgvês khd us` kh ghr`s`dhs quh n`atjhaha nd`r`fdu`r`ngrm`a`s quh kg÷ga dg ngpg kh `z`a`2  p`r dg quhlg jan`lpdhtg khd cgs, janjahrgnjþa kh mgsurg, us` kh jashntjnjkgs, fuacjnjkgs y fhrtjdjzgaths p`r shr rjng ha gcrjnudturg.



Gcug Gc ug?? Ha dgs z`ags kh pgrgl`, kh m`squhs agturgdhs y kh pr`kunnjþa, sh puhkh jakjngr quh ha dgs z`ags kh pgrgl` hsth `nurrh chahrgdlhath p`r pgst`rh` nhrnga` ` s`mrh dgs vhrtjhaths p`r dg khstrunnjþa khd pçrgl`, p`r hd gvganh kh dg fr`athrg gcrìn gcrìn`dg `dg quh quhlg lg kh pgo`a pgo`agd gd y s`m s`mrhp rhpgs gst`r t`rh`. h`. [`k` [`k` hsth hsth n`aoua n`aouat` t` gfhntg gfhntg g dgs

 

 pr`pjhkgkhs fìsjngs fìsjngs khd gcug. 

^uhd`? Yrhk`ljaga ; ndgshs kh suhd`? Gpdust`ddjs. - grha`s` quh s`a kh khrjvgk`s kh lgthrjgd pjr` pdçstjn` Xstjpsglhats. grha`s` p`n` lhth`rjzgk` y n`a mgo` rhthanjþa kh eulhkgk. Kystrgakhpts. - suhd`s frgan` grha`s`, rhtjhah crga ngatjkgk kh gcug Kur`st`djs. - p`n`s pr`fuak`s hr`sj`agk`s s`mrh ngangcug ngangcug n`a lha`s kh ua lhtr` kh  pr`fuakjkgk.

GLHAG_G^ AG[X]GDH^

Jdustrgnjþa. Yhdjcr`s agturgdhs Fuhath? CGK Ygrr`qujgd Ygrr`qujgd Ygdljrg

GLHAG_G^ Y]@V@NGKG^ Y@] HD E@LM]H Hxjstha k`s prjanjpgdhs fuhaths kh n`atgljagnjþa ha hstg çrhg quh puhkha shr pr`v`ngkgs  p`r hd e`lmrh, hxjstha ducgrhs p`thanjgdhs kh sufrjr janhakj`s pr`v`ngk`s, hxpd`sj`ahs? hxpd`sj`ahs? M`squhs, pçrgl` shn`. Z p`r p`r `tr `tr`` dgk dgk`` dg jag jagkh khnug nugkg kg hdjlja hdjljagn gnjþa jþa kh khs khshne hne`s `s sþ sþdjk djk`s? `s? rhd rhddha dha`s `s sgajtg sgajtgrj` rj`s, s, vhrthkhr`s, rhnjndgk` h janjahrgnjþa, khshne`s phdjcr`s`s.

Jkhatjfjngnjþa kh fgnt`rhs pr`thnt`rhs ha hd hat`ra` ch`crçfjn` Xa fgnt`r pr`thnt`r s`a d`s gdjlhat`s `mthajk`s lhkjgath su trgmgo` kjgrj` n`l` dg nhmgkg, ne`ne`s, ne`n e`s, pgpg pgpgs, s, trjc`, egmgs, qujau qujaug, g, agm`, hatrh `tr`s, yg quh hst`s hst`s s`a nudtj nudtjvgk` vgk`ss kh lgahrg trgkjnj`agd, sja utjdjzgnjþa kh pr`kunt`s trgascêajn`s.

NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ NG]GN[H]Ì^[J NG^ KHL@C]ÇFJNG^

 

KHL@C]GFÌG Y`md Y` mdgn gnjþ jþa a Gsjc Gsjcag agkg kg?? Dg p`md p`mdgn gnjþ jþaa t` t`tg tgdd khd khd çr çrhg hg hs hstu tukj kjgk gkgg hs kh 79 79.9 .996 96 ph phrs rs`a `ags gs  phrthahnjhathss g d`s kjfhrhaths crup`s kh hkgkhs kh hst`s ;3:9  phrthahnjhath ;3:9 pgrg ua ;3.53% phrthahn phrthahnha ha gd shx` lgsnudja` y 8=76 n`a ua 8=.7=% gd shx` lgsnudja`. Hd 799% kh dg p`mdgnjþa hs rurgd ehthr`cêahg n`a rhdgnjþa g dg hkgk y shx` n`l` sh luhstrg g n`atjaugnjþa.

NG]GN[H]J_GNJÞA NG]GN[H]J_GN JÞA KHL@C]ÇFJNG KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA YJ]ÇLJKH Y@MDGNJ@AGD

 FXHA[H? JAHN

Gaçdjsjs? Dg p`mdgnjþa t`tgd khd çrhg hstukjgkg hs kh 79996 phrs`ags phrthahnjhaths g d`s kjfhrhaths crup`s kh hkgkhs kh hst`s ;3:9 pgrg ua ;3.53% phrthahnha gd shx` lgsnudja` y 8=76 n`a ua 8=.7=% gd shx` lgsnudja`. Hd 799% kh dg p`mdgnjþa hs rurgd ehthr`cêahg n`a rhdgnjþa g dg hkgk y shx`.

Y@MDGNJÞA ^HCßA HKGK

 

FXHA[H? Yr`yhnnjþaPY`mdgnj`agdPL^YP=9=7

Gaçdjsjs? Dg p`mdgnjþa t`tgd gsjcagkg pgrg hd =9=7 hs kh 79996 egmjtgaths k`akh hd crup` htgrj` lçs aulhr`s` hs kh =9 g 6; g÷`s quh f`rlga pgrth kh d`s gkudt`s y oþvhahs quh n`rrhsp`akh g dg p`mdgnjþa pr`kuntjvg.

Y@MDGNJÞA Y@] C]XY@ KH CÊAH]@ Ha d` quh rhsphntg g dg p`mdgnjþa mgo` dg nugd sh kg n`mhrturg ha hd Nhatr` kh ^gduk tjp` G Ygdljrg, sh tjhah rhcjstr` kh uag p`mdgnjþa hstjlgkg kh 79.996 egmjtgaths, kh d`s nugdhs thahl tha hl`s `s ua t`tgd t`tgd kh ;,3:9 ;,3:9 e`lmrh e`lmrhss y 8=76 8=76 luohrh luohrhs, s, d` quh ha têrlja têrlja`s `s hs hstgk tgkìst ìstjn` jn`ss rhprhshatg ua ;3.53% pgrg hd cêahr` lgsnudja` y ua 8=,7=% pgrg hd fhlhaja`. N`anduyhak` n`a hdd` ua djchr` prhk`ljaj` fhlhaja`, phr` n`a thakhanjg g dg hqujkgk.

NÇDNXD@ KH ÌAKJNH KH FHLJAJKGK Hsth ìakjnh a`s phrljth khthrljagr nuçatgs luohrhs egy ha uag khthrljagkg p`mdgnjþa p`r  ngkg 799 e`lmrhs

Ì     <  

8=76 ∓ 799  

< 795.:

;3:9

]H^XD[ ]H^ XD[GK@ GK@?? Y`r ngkg 799 e`lmrhs ha auhstrg p`mdgnjþa egy 795,: Luohrhs. Hsth fhaþlha` sh kg ha dg p`mdgnjþa hstukjgkg p`rquh agnha lçs luohrhs quh e`lmrhs, luhrha lçs e`lmrhs quh luohrhs y hst`s tglmjêa hljcrga lçs quh hddgs, hxpdjngak` hst` dgs  prjanjpgdhs ngusgs ngusgs khd ìakjnh kkhh fhljajkgk lgy` lgy`rr g 799 ha hstg pg pgrr`qujg rr`qujg ha hstukj`. hstukj`. [G^G KH KHYHAKHANJG

 

Hsthh ìak Hst ìakjnh jnh khl khl`cr `crçfj çfjn` n` a`s phrlj phrljth th hxp hxprhs rhsgr gr dg rhdgn rhdgnjþa jþa hxjsth hxjsthath ath ha hatrh trh dg p`mdgn p`mdgnjþa jþa khphakjhath y dg p`mdgnjþa pr`kuntjvg, quh ha têrlja`s aulêrjn`s sh rhfjhrh g dg p`mdgnjþa lha`r kh 78 g÷`s lçs dgs phrs`ags lgy` lgy`rhs rhs kh 68 g÷`s ha pr`p`rnjþ pr`p`rnjþaa g dgs phrs`ags quh hstça n`athajkgs n`athajkgs ha hd crup` hatrh 78 y 6; g÷`s.  68)) ∓ 799     < (  78 +   68  

þ  78 ∝ 6; ÷

 

    <

 

(=533 + :;9) ∓ 7  7999

< 67,3

675:

Hst` sjcajfjng quh, p`r ngkg 799 phrs`ags ha hkgk kh trgmgogr, hxjstha 6= jagntjvgs khatr` kh dg pgrr`qujg Ygdljrg. Yhr` hs jlp`rtgath rhngdngr quh sh trgtg kh uag rhdgnjþa kh khphakhanjg p`thanjgd puhs a` t`kgs dgs phrs`ags lha`rhs kh 78 g÷`s ` lgy`rhs kh 68 g÷`s hstça fuhrg khd lhrngk` dgm dgm`rgd, `rgd, aj t`kgs dg dgss kh 78 78-6; -6; g÷`s s`a s`a gntjvgs. gntjvgs.

N@A[HU[@ ^@NJ@NXD[X]GD GX[@ JKHA[JFJNGNJÞA Ê[AJNG ^h n`asjkhrg n`l` hd khrhne` quh tjhah ngkg phrs`ag quh vjvh ha hd Hnugk`r g khnjkjr kh lgahrg djmrh y v`duatgrjg su phrthahanjg g uag agnj`agdjkg agnj`agdjkgkk ` puhmd`, shg hsth jakìchag, gfr` hnugt`rjga` ` l`atumj`. Hsth khrhne` hstç cgrgatjzgk` ha dg N`astjtunjþa kh dg ]hpÿmdjng vjchath.

Fuhath? JAHN Hdgm`rgk` p`r? Yhrs`agd khd Nhatr` kh ^gduk [jp` G Ygdljrg

GAÇDJ^J^? Yrhvgdhnh dg htajg jakìchag bjnewg egmdgath ha auhstr` auhstr` thrrjt`rj` ha ua :5%, ha su lgy`rìg kjstrjmujkg ha rhcj`ahs rurgdhs y kh kjfìnjd gnnhs`. N`astjtuyhak` gphags hd =%

 

kh dg p`mdgnjþa dg lhstjzg. Dgs khlçs htajgs sh prhshatga p`r njukgkga`s jaljcrgaths ha auhstr` ngatþa.

JKJ@LG KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA ^h jkhatjfjnga n`l` htajg jakìchag ha hd 799% y su dhacugoh `fjnjgd hs hd bjneug sja hlmgrc` ha dg gntugdjkgk dgs luohrhs, d`s oþvhahs y d`s gkudt`s s`a mjdjacôhs (bjneug- hspg÷`d) ha su lgy`rìg.

]HDJCJÞA Ha dg gntugdjkgk dg lgy`rìg kh dg p`mdgnjþa pr`fhsg dg rhdjcjþa hvgacêdjng ha ua :=% y ha ua 5% dg rhdjcjþa ngtþdjng. ^us rhuaj`ahs hvgacêdjngs dgs rhgdjzga d`s kìgs k`ljac`s kh : gl g 75 pl pl22 kurg kurgat athh hd —n —nud udt` t`““ rhgd rhgdjz jzga ga ngat ngat`s `s,, pr prhk hkjn jnga ga,, gk gkhl hlçs çs kh rh rhgd gdjz jzgr gr ng nglp lpg÷ g÷gs gs hvgacê hvg acêdjn djngs gs prhfhr prhfhrha hathl thlhat hathh ha hd lh lhss kh gc` gc`st` st` k`akh k`akh gn gnukh ukhaa d`s `rjuak `rjuak`s `s kh hs hstg tg n`luajkgk kh vgrjgs njukgkhs. D`s aj÷`s y d`s gkudt`s rhnjmha sus hash÷gazgs p`r shpgrgk`,  phr` g dg e`rg khd nudt` sh hanuhatrga t`k`s ouat`s. Ygrg dg n`luajkgk hst`s kìgs s`a sgcrgk`s, g d`s quh agkjh puhkh fgdtgr. Hxjsth kjvhrsjkgk kh nudt`s rhdjcj`s`s prjanjpgdlhath hvgacêdjn`s. ^ja hlmgrc`, dg frhnuhanjg kh hst`s nudt`s sh eg vjst` gfhntgkg p`r dg sjtugnjþa gntugd, y dgs rhstrjnnj`ahs r hstrjnnj`ahs hljtjkgs g ajvhd agnj`agd.

HVHA[@^ NXD[X]GDH^ NHDHM]GNJ@AH^ NHDHM]GNJ@AH^ ]HDJCJ@^G^? Lgtrjl`aj`? ha nugat` gd lgtrjl`aj`, hs ua gn`athnjljhat` hsphnjgd pgrg dgs fgljdjgs. Xag Vhz quh sh n`as`djkg dg uajþa hs kh n`stulmrh quh d`s pgkrhs rhgdjnha uag nhdhmrgnjþa crgakh ha dg quh `frhnha n`ljkg y mhmjkg, nejneg y djn`r. Agnjljhat`? pgrg auhstr`s tjhlp`s hd gnt` khd pgrt` sh eg jk` njvjdjzgak` kçak`sh ducgr ha dgs ngsgs kh sgduk, sja hlmgrc`, gÿa prhvgdhnha d`s ngs`s kh pgrt`s k`ljnjdjgrj`s n`a dgs  pgrthrgs kh dgs n`luajkgkhs n`luajkgkhs khmjk` g quh kjnegs trgkjnj`ahs gÿa sh hanuhatrga grrgjcgkgs ha dg p`mdgnjþa hsphnjgdlhath gquhddgs quh sh hanuhatrga lçs gdhogkgs kh dg z`ag nêatrjng kh dg pgrr`qujg.

Luhrth? Hs n`stulmrh kh dg p`mdgnjþa hathrrgr g sus luhrt`s ha dg pr`pjhkgk g phsgr kh quh dg pgrr`qujg nuhatg n`a ua nhlhathrj` a` t`kg dg p`mdgnjþa egnh us` khd ljsl`.

KH^N]JYNJÞA KH DG NXD[X]G GDJLHA[G]JG. Dg lgy`r pgrth kh d`s egmjtgaths kh dg z`ag sh khkjnga g dg gcrjnudturg n`a gdcua`s

 

 pr`kunt`s n`l`? n`l`? Ygpgs, lgìz, nnhmgkg, hmgkg, ne`ne`s, ne`ne`s, egmgs, qu qujaug, jaug, lhdd`n`. lhdd`n`. N`a rhdgnjþa g dg cgagkhrìg, thahl`s dg pr`kunnjþa kh dg dhneh n`l` lhkj` kh susthat` kjgrj`. M`mja`, quh dhs sjrvh pgrg dg gdjlhatgnjþa y hd p`rnja`, quh rhprhshatg ua jacrhs` hn`aþljn` y d` quh rhprhshatg g d`s gajlgdhs k`lêstjn`s ha uag pgrth hs pgrg n`asul` y dg `trg pgrg dg vhatg kh d`s ljsl`s, q s`a lhkj`s kh susthat` pgrg dg fgljdjg Cgstr`a`l Cgstr `a`lìg. ìg. Ygrg dg prhpgrgnjþa kh d`s gdjlhat`s dg p`mdgnjþa utjdjzg pr`kunt`s kh dg z`ag, frut` kh dg ngzg y dgm`rhs kh dg tjhrrg. D`s pdgt`s tìpjn`s lçs rhprhshatgtjv`s ne`ne`s n`a t`stgk`, grr`z n`a pgpgs, n`dgkg kh lgnejng, ngrjune`, t`stgk`. D` quh lçs n`asulh hd turjstg s`a d`s ne`ne`s puh hs uag n`ljkg trgkjnj`agd.

KH^N]JYNJÞA KH Y]JANJYGDH^ []GKJNJ@AH^ Hd rjtl` lusjngd hs vgrjgk` y sus ngat`s sjlm`djzga d`s p`khrhs kh dg agturgdhzg, l`atg÷gs, gvhs gvhs,, rì` rì`s, s, vjha vjhat` t`s, s, sj sjhl hlmr mrg, g, n`sh n`shne neg, g, lu luoh ohrh rhs, s, e` e`lm lmrh rhs, s, dg vj vjkg kg y hd tr trgm gmgo go`. `. D`s D`s jastrulhat`s quh sh utjdjzg s`a? cujtgrrg, vj`dìa, tglm`r, lgrgng, tr`lphtg

NG]AGVGD Hxjstha k`s fhnegs jlp`rtgaths pgrg t`kg dg p`mdgnjþa kh dg pgrr`qujg dgs nugdhs s`a hd Ngragvgd hd nugd sh nhdhmrg kurgath dg shcuakg shlgag khd lhs kh fhmrhr` kh ngkg g÷`, hs uag fhstjvjkgk luy n`anurrjkg p`r uag ngatjkgk n`asjkhrgmdh tgat` kh agnj`agdhs quh gnukha t`kgs dgs pr`vjanjgs khd pgìs, gsì n`l` kh hxtrgaohr`s. Hs n`asjkhrgkg n`l` uag kh dgs fhstjvjkgkhs lçs jlp`rtgaths kh dg pr`vjanjg kh Nejlm`rgz`.

Jdustrgnjþa? Ngragvgd ha Cugl`th

FJH^[G^ KH DG YG]]@WXJG YGDLJ]G ^h nhdhmrg dgs fjhstgs kh dg pgrr`qujg kurgath hd lhs kh kjnjhlmrh, k`akh sh rhgdjzg n`rrjkg

 

kh t`r`s.

NJND@^ Y]@KXN[JV@^ ^hcÿa d`s kgt`s khd LGCGY-Nejlm`rgz`, ha dg pgrr`qujg hxjsth =.7=: ehntçrhgs n`a pgst`, dh sjcuha d`s nudtjv`s kh Ne`ne`s n`a 899 ehntçrhgs, pgpgs >59 ehntçrhgs y zgage`rjg n`a >99 ehntçrhgs. Hd tjp` kh prçntjngs kh nudtjv`s, hs kjstjat` ha dg p`mdgnjþa bjnewg y dg n`d`ag, dg prjlhrg nudtjvg ha gs`njgnj`ahs y ha pgrnhdgs lha`rhs g uag ehntçrhg, Hd lgìz sh khstjag hd >9% pgrg hd n`asul` y hd 39% pgrg hd lhrngk` d`ngd. Dgs fgljdjgs tjhaha kh = g 8 ngmhzgs kh cgagk`, gkhlçs kh murr`s pgrg trgasp`rtgr. Ha nuga nugat` t` g dg gntj gntjvj vjkg kgkk gvìn gvìn`d `dgg sh kjsp kjsp`a `ahh kh cg cgdp dp`a `ahs hs.. D`s D`s p` p`dd dd`s `s lç lçss kh khdd 69 69% % s` s`aa n`lhrnjgdjzgk`s ha pjh, hd ;9% n`lhrnjgdjzg phdgk` ha djmrgs. Hd 799% kh dgs fgljdjgs rurgdhs tjhaha cgddjags kha`ljagkgs nrj`ddgs, dgs ljslgs quh ha ngs`s kh hlhrchanjg, vhakha  pgrg cgst`s kh hafhrlhkgk ` ÿtjdh ÿtjdhss hsn`dgrhs.

Y]@KXNNJÞA =;.;> >8.85

=9.: 7:.9:

N HM HM GK GKG

YGYG

EGMG EG MG^ ^

YHNX YH NXG]J G]JG G^ Z F@ F@]H^ ]H^[G [GDH^ DH^

Fuhath? JAHN

GAÇDJ^J^ GAÇD J^J^??  p`khl`s `mshrvgr quh ha dg pgrr`qujg kh Ygdljrg dgs gntjvjkgkhs khatr` sh kjvjkha ha > dgs nugdhs s`a? GC]JN@DG^ quh `nupga ua 6;,;=% kh dg hn`a`lìg (nhmgkg,  pgpg, egmgs) egmgs) y hatrh gntjvjkg gntjvjkgkhs khs YHNXG]JG^ Z F@]H^[GDH^ nn`lpgrtha `lpgrtha hd >8.85%. >8.85%.

NG]GN[H]J^[JNG^ NG]GN[H]J^[J NG^ HN@AÞLJNG^ KH DG Y@MDGNJÞA. Ha d`s ÿdtjl`s g÷`s ega vhajk` surcjhak` vgrjgs ljnr`hlprhsgs ha gntjvjkgkhs rhdgnj`agkgs n`a n`a dg grth grthsg sgaì aìgg dg ja jaku kust strj rjgd gdjz jzgn gnjþ jþaa kh d`s d`s pr pr`k `kun unt` t`ss ph phnu nugr grj` j`ss (q (quh uhs` s`s) s) y n` n`aa dg  pjsnjnudturg. Hstgs ljnr`hlprhsgs s`a fgljdjgrhs y n`luajtgrjgs. Dg ljcrgnjþa thlp`rgd y khfjajtjvg hs `tr` rgsc` ngrgnthrìstjn` kh dg p`mdgnjþa khd ngatþa. Hsth fhaþlha` `ngsj`agk`

 

 p`r d`s mgo`s jacrhs`s y dg fgdtg kh hlpdh` ha hd çlmjt` rurgd sh eg hxthakjk` ha d`s ÿdtjl`s g÷`s g tgd puat` quh hljcrg a` s`dglhath dg p`mdgnjþa ha hkgk kh trgmgogr, sja` tglmjêa d`s aj÷`s / gs. D` egnha p`sthrj`rlhath g dg sjhlmrg y n`shneg. ^h hstjlg quh hd 75% kh dg  p`mdgnjþa rurgd hljcrg egnjg dg ngmhnhrg pr`vjanjgd y g `trgs pr`vjanjgs khd pgìs y gd hxthrj`r. Ygrg t`lgr ha nuhatg dg hvgdugnjþa hn`aþljng kh dg Ygrr`qujg hs jlp`rtgath khfjajr gdcuags vgrjgmdhs g t`lgrsh ha nuhatg?

Y@MDGNJÞA HA HKGK KH []GMGOG] (YH[) ^hcÿa dgs khfjajnj`ahs quh sh lgahog ha Hnugk`r dg p`mdgnjþa ha hkgk kh trgmgogr hs t`kg gquhddg lgy`r g 78 quh ha dg Ygrr`qujg Ygdljrg sh hanuhatrg n`astjtujkg p`r hd 67,58% kh dg p`mdgnjþa t`tgd, quh n`rrhsp`akh g 6.75: egmjtgaths. ^h t`lg ha nuhatg gk`dhsnhaths khskh d`s 78 g÷`s y gkudt`s lgy`rhs kh 68, p`mdgnjþa quh a` ahnhsgrjglhath hstç gntjvg, yg quh ha lune`s kh d`s ngs`s sh hanuhatrga nursgak` sus hstukj`s ` yg sh ega oumjdgk`.

Y@MDGNJÞA HN@AÞLJNGLHA[H GN[JVG (YHG) Dg kjfhrhanjg kh hsth jakjngk`r n`a dg khfjajnjþa kh p`mdgnjþa ha hkgk kh trgmgogr hs quh ha hsth ngs` a` s`d` sh n`asjkhrg dg hkgk sja` tglmjêa g t`kgs dgs phrs`ags kh 78 g÷`s y lçs quh trgmgogr`a gd lha`s 7 e`rg ha dg shlgag kh rhfhrhanjg `, guaquh a` trgmgogr`a, tuvjhr`a trgmgo` (hlpdhgk`s)2 y phrs`ags quh a` thaìga hlpdh`, phr` hstgmga kjsp`ajmdhs pgrg trgmgogr  y musnga hlpdh` (khshlpdhgk`s), p`r d` quh hd aÿlhr` kh jandujk`s ha hsth crup` sh rhkunh n`asjkhrgmdhlhath.

]HDGNJÞA YH[ - YHG N`lpgrgak` d`s jakjngk`rhs? p`mdgnjþa ha hkgk kh trgmgogr (YH[) y p`mdgnjþa hn`aþljnglhath gntjvg (YHG) a`tgl`s quh khd t`tgd kh dg p`mdgnjþa n`asjkhrgkg YH[ tga s`d` ua 83.>% sh hanuhatrga rhgdlhath gntjv`s y n`l` sh eg lhanj`agk` gathrj`rlhath hst` sh khmh g quh a` t`kgs dgs phrs`ags lgy`rhs lgy`rhs kh 78 g÷`s sh hanuhatrga rhgdl rhgdlhath hath trgmgogak`, guaquh lçs khd 89% shga pgrth kh dg hn`a`lìg kh dg pgrr`qujg.

Y@MDGNJÞA HN@AÞLJNGLHA[H JAGN[JVG (YHJ) ^`a t`kgs gquhddgs phrs`ags kh 78 g÷`s y lçs quh a` hstça hlpdhgkgs, tglp`n` musnga trgmgo` y a` hstgmga kjsp`ajmdhs pgrg trgmgogr. [ìpjnglhath dgs ngthc`rìgs kh jagntjvjkgk s`a?

 

rhatjstg, oumjdgk`s, hstukjgaths, glgs kh ngsg, hatrh `tr`s. ^hcÿa kgt`s JAHN (Nhas` =979), ha dg Ygrr`qujg Ygdljrg hd ;>,53 % kh dg p`mdgnjþa urmgag y hd >:,5=% kh dg p`mdgnjþa rurgd ha hkgk kh trgmgogr hs hn`aþljnglhath jagntjvg.  A` sh nuhatg n`a kgt`s hstgkìstjn`s pgrg hstg p`mdgnjþa khmjk` g quh a` hxjsth ua dhvgatgljhat` hxgnt` ha dgs n`luajkgkhs, a` egy rhn`dhnnjþa p`r lhkj` kh dgs fjnegs fgljdjgrhs, sh eg d`crgk` hvjkhanjgr g luohrhs kh 78 g÷`s ha khshrnjþa hsn`dgr khmjk` g lgtrjl`aj`s ouvhajdhs, hlmgrgz`s prhn`nhs, ludtjpgrjkgk p`r pgrth kh dg lgkrh dg nugd egnh quh sh kjshrth kh su çrhg hkungnj`agd pgrg dg gyukg n`a sus ehrlga`s gsì n`l` ha d`s vgr`ahs qujhahs tjhaha quh sgdjr g trgmgogr pgrg dg gyukg hn`aþljng ha sus fgljdjgs.

Y@M]H_G Y@] AMJ Hd têrlja` —p`mrhzg“ —p`mrhzg“ tjhah lune`s sjca sjcajfjngk`s jfjngk`s y gmgrng uag ja jafjajkgk fjajkgk kh sjtugnj`ahs, sjtugnj`ahs, hs gnhptgmdh khfjajrd` n`l` —dg sjtugnjþa kh gquhdd`s e`cgrhs quh a` d`crga rhuajr, ha f`rlg rhdgtjvglhath hstgmdh, d`s rhnurs`s ahnhsgrj`s pgrg sgtjsfgnhr dgs ahnhsjkgkhs mçsjngs kh sus ljhlmr`s. G hdd` puhkh gcrhcgrsh quh —dg p`mrhzg hs ua sìakr`lh sjtugnj`agd ha hd quh sh gs`njga hd jafrgn`asul`, dg khsautrjnjþa, dgs prhngrjgs n`akjnj`ahs kh vjvjhakg, d`s mgo`s ajvhdhs hkungnj`agdhs, dgs lgdgs n`akjnj`ahs sgajtgrjgs, gntjtukhs kh khsgdjhat`, p`ng  pgrtjnjpgnjþa ha d`s lhngajsl`s kh jathcrgnjþa s`njgd, y qujzçs dg gksnrjpnjþa g uag hsngdg  pgrtjnudgr kh vgd`rhs, vgd`rhs, kjfhrhanjgkg hhaa gdcuag lgahrg kkhh dg khd rhst` kh dg s`njhkgk“. s`njhkgk“. Kjne` hst`, sh puhkh khsnrjmjr quh dg p`mrhzg puhkh shr lhkjkg ha mgsh g d`s rhnurs`s hn`aþljn`s ha nugat` g jacrhs`s kh d`s quh kjsp`ah uag fgljdjg ` phrs`ag pgrg numrjr sus ahnhsjkgkhss mçsjngs phr` tglmjêa puhkh lhkjrsh ha mgsh g kgt`s khl`crçfjn`s y kh vjvjhakg ahnhsjkgkh quh a`s gyukha g ngdjfjngr hd crgk` kh sgtjsfgnnjþa ` jasgtjsfgnnjþa kh dgs phrs`ags.

[gmdg 7. AMJ pr`vjanjg, ngatþa, pgrr`qujg Ngthc`rìg  Yr`vjanjg

Ngatþa

Nejlm`rgz`

Cugl`th

[`tgd    

%

A` p`mrhs

787,68;

>>.8

Y`mrhs

>97,68>

66.8

=,97:

;.8

A` p`mrhs

 

Y`mrhs

 Ygrr`qujg

Ygdljrg

A` p`mrhs

Y`mrhs

;>,93:

:8.8 7.=

7;5

7=,7;:

:5.5

Fuhath? Nhas` kh p`mdgnjþa y Vjvjhakg =979 JAHN. GAGDJ GAG DJ^J^ ^J^?? Ha hstg tgmdg sh ega shdhnnj`agk` d`s kgt`s ha nugat` g dg pr`vjanjg kh Nejlm`rgz` k`akh ua 66.8% kh dg p`mdgnjþa puhkh shr n`asjkhrgkg p`mrh ha mgsh g d`s jakjngk`rhs? ngdjkgk kh vjvjhakg, n`akjnj`ahs sgajtgrjgs, hkungnjþa, ngpgnjkgk hn`aþljng y egnjagljhat`. D` quh n`lpgrgk` n`a d`s kgt`s khd ngatþa Cugl`th y dg pgrr`qujg Ygdljrg quh suphrga hd :8% kh p`mdgnjþa n`asjkhrgkg p`mrh hs uag ngatjkgk gdgrlgath y g ajvhd  pgrr`qujgd hd vgd`r gulhatg n`a rhdgnjþa gd ngatþa ` sjhak` t`kgvìg lçs gdt` quh hd kh dg  pr`vjanjg t`tgd.

YH]FJD @NXYGNJ@AGD? @NXYGNJ@AGD? HLYDH@ - KH^HLYDH@ ^hcÿa kgt`s khd jastjtut` agnj`agd kh hstgkìstjngs y nhas`s (JAHN) dg lgy`r pgrth kh dg  p`mdgnjþa tjhah ua trgmgo` jakhphakjhath jakhphakjhath,, shcujk` kh d`s hlpdhgk`s ha hd shnt`r prjvgk`, ljhatrgs quh ua crup` lja`rjtgrj` s`a s`nj`s kh gdcuag hlprhsg ` hlprhakjljhat`.

Y]@FH^JÞA

Y@]NHA[GOH

GC]JNXD[@] 

38 %

YH@A/ O@]AGDH]@

7> %

WXHEGNH]H^ K@LH^[JNG^ GDMGAJD

5% =%

NE@FH] 

7%

@YH]GK@] KH LGWXJAG]JG YH^GKG

9,8 %

HLYDHGK@ KH H^[GK@

9,8 %

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa. - Nhas` kh d`s [GY^, khd N^ YGDLJ]G Hdgm`rgk` p`r? Hqujp` kh ^gduk 

Gaçdjsjs? N`l` sh `mshrvg ha dg tgmdg dg prjanjpgd `nupgnjþa kh dgs n`luajkgkhs hs dg gcrjnudturg shcujk` p`r phþa ` o`ragdhr`, hlpdhgkgs k`lêstjngs, y ha lha`r p`rnhatgoh hlpdhgk` khd hstgk` 9,8%.

 

Dg prjanjpgd gntjvjkgk khsgrr`ddgkg p`r dg p`mdgnjþa kh Ygdljrg hs dg Gcrjnudturg, phsh g shr   p`n` thnajfjngkg sh gpr`vhneg dg muhag ngdjkgk khd suhd` n`l` fuhath kh sumsjsthanjg. sumsjsthanjg. D`s  pr`kunt`s quh sh `mtjhaha s`a prjanjpgdlhath? lgìz, nhm`ddg, pgpg, e`rtgdjzg, gcugngth, y t`lgth.

ÇLMJ[@ EJ^[Þ]JN@ Dg p`sjmjdjkgk kh hlpdh` a` hs kjsp`ajmdh pgrg t`kg dg p`mdgnjþa kh gnuhrk` g su ajvhd kh jastrunnjþa, yg quh dg lgy`rìg s`d` eg thrljagk` dg hkungnjþa prjlgrjg. Ha dg grthsgaìg sh khstgng dg hdgm`rgnjþa kh thojk`s kh dgag kh m`rrhc`, hdgm`rga p`ane`s, negdjags, mgyhtgs,  mufgakgs y grtìnud`s kh nuhr`. A` sh nuhatg n`a kgt`s khd çlmjt` ejstþrjn` kh auhstrgs n`luajkgkhss sja` mgsgk` ha dg ejst`rjg khd ngatþa Cugl`th. n`luajkgkh

LJC]GNJÞA Kh gnuhrk` gd k`nulhat` ljcrgt`rj`? —Nhas`, rhsjkhanjg Egmjtugd y l`vjdjkgk thrrjt`rjgd“ hauanjgk` p`r dg NHYGD, ha nugdqujhr hstukj` thrrjt`rjgd hs kh sulg jlp`rtganjg hathakhr dgs kjaçljngs p`mdgnj`agdhs p`mdgnj`agdhs ha fuanjþa kh dg l`vjdjkgk p`mdgnj`agd ` ljcrgnjþa eulgag yg quh hd khspdgzgljhat` kh dgs phrs`ags khskh su ducgr kh `rjcha egnjg kjstjat`s khstja`s ` hspgnj`s ch`crçfjn`s jlpdjng trgasf`rlgnj`ahs kh tjp` s`nj`hn`aþljn`, khl`crçfjn`, p`dìtjn` y nudturgd (Negnbjhd? =995). Xa 89% kh l`rgk`rhs hatrh e`lmrhs y luohrhs sgdha kh dg n`lua n`luajkgk jkgk egnjg dgs njuk njukgkhs gkhs kh Lgnegnej, Lgnegnej, Wujt`, Cugygqujd, Glmgt` hd 89% d`s e`lmrhs sh khkjnga gd trgmgo` kh gdmg÷jdhrìg y dgs luohrhs gd trgmgo` k`lêstjn`. Hd gaçdjsjs ljcrgt`rj` sh rhgdjzg ha mgsh g dg kjstrjmunjþa ch`crçfjng kh dg p`mdgnjþa n`asjkhrgak` k`s crgakhs hsnhagrj`s?

Ljcrgnjþa hxthrag ` jathragnj`agd. Ljcrgnjþa jathrag ` d`ngd. Ljcrgnjþa hxthrag? ^h prhshatg, prhshatg, n`l` dg l`vjdjkg l`vjdjkgkk kh dg p`mdgnjþ p`mdgnjþaa d`ngd d`ngd egnjg egnjg fuhrg khd thrrjt`rj` agnj`agd. Hsth crup` p`mdgnj`agd hljcrgath sh eg rgkjngk` kh lgahrg phrlgahath ha kjstjat`s pgìshs khd luak`, jafduhanjgkg p`r rgz`ahs kh tjp` dgm`rgd, hstukj`s, uajþa fgljdj fgl jdjgr gr y `tr `tr`s `s gsp gsphn hnt`s t`s.. G n`atja n`atjaugn ugnjþa jþa,, sh ha hanuh nuhatr atrgg dg kjstrj kjstrjmun munjþa jþa hspgn hspgnjgd jgd kh dg  p`mdgnjþa jaljcrgath kh `rjcha hxtrgaohr`, hs khnjr dg p`mdgnjþa quh eg agnjk` fuhrg khd thrrjt`rj` hnugt`rjga` y quh sh hanuhatrg ha dg Ygrr`qujg. Ljcrgnjþa jathrag? ^h puatugdjzga puatugdjzga d`s pr`n pr`nhs`s hs`s kh kjstrjmunjþa p`mdgnj`agd p`mdgnj`agd gd jathrj`r khd  pgìs, hs khnjr dg kjstrjmunjþa hspgnjgd kh dg p`mdgnjþa agtjvg fuhrg khd dìljth p`dìtjn`

 

gkljajstrgtjv` kh dg Ygrr`qujg. Hsth gsphnt` sh khfjah n`l` hd crup` p`mdgnj`agd hljcrgath quh rhsjkh ha dgs kjstjatgs pr`vjanjgs n`rrhsp`akjhaths gd thrrjt`rj` agnj`agd. Kh lgahrg n`ashnutjvg sh rhprhshatg dg p`mdgnjþa agnjkg ha dgs kjstjatgs pr`vjanjgs khd pgìs y quh sh hanuhatrg prhshath, khfjajkg n`l` hd crup` p`mdgnj`agd jaljcrgath ha dg Ygrr`qujg kh hstukj`.

VJVJHAKG, JAF]GH^[]XN[X]G JAF]GH^[]XN[X]G MÇ^JNG Z ^H]VJNJ@^  

[hahanjg kh dg Vjvjhakg.

Hd :9% kh fgljdjgs nuhatga n`a vjvjhakg pr`pjg y ua lìajl` p`rnhatgoh 79% a` tjhaha vjvjhakg pr`pjg. 

Ngrgnthrìstjngs kh dg vjvjhakg.

Hd lgthrjgd n`a hd quh sh n`astruyha dgs vjvjhakgs ha dgs n`luajkgkhs phrthahnjhaths g dg uajkgk `phrgtjvg, =9% hs kh n`astrunnjþa trgkjnj`agd, ;9% kh n`astrunnjþa ljxtg, hd ;9% n`astrunnjþa kh e`rljcþa gkqujrjkgs p`r hd Ljkuvj2 ngmh khstgngr quh dg lgy`r pgrth eg  pgsgk` g shr kh md`quh quh rrhhlpdgzg hhlpdgzg gd gk`mh, ha lha`r ngatjkgk sh hlpdhg hd dgkrjdd` gd l`lhat` kh hkjfjngr uag vjvjhakg.

[HAKHANJG Y@] VJVJHAKG

Fuhath? ]KGNGG-Y]G^-H^[GKJ^[JNG ]KGNGG-Y]G^-H^[GKJ^[JNG Hdgm`rgk` p`r? N^ Ygdljrg

GAÇDJ^J^? Ha dg jlgcha gathrj`r sh `mshrvg quh hd prhk`ljaj` khd tjp` kh vjvjhakg ha auhstrg pgrr`qujg hs dg ngsg kh n`astrunnjþa ljxtg ha ua 3:,58% shcujk` kh lhkjgs gcugs ha ua 79,=8% y ha thrnhr ducgr dg ngsg kh gk`mh n`a ua 6,6%.

 

N@MH][X]G KHD GCXG

FXHA[H? JAHN

GAGDJ^J^? ^h a`tg uag n`mhrturg ha ha dg rhk pÿmdjng kh gcug p`tgmdh, p`tgmdh, quh a` gmg gmgsthnh sthnh ha su t`tgdjkgk g t`kg dg p`mdgnjþa, n`atrjmuyhak` g dg pr`djfhrgnjþa kh cêrlhahs y mgnthrjgs, ngusgaths kh hafhrlhkgkhs ha dg p`mdgnjþa, sj mjha hs njhrt` sh `mshrvg ua gvganh ha rhdgnjþa rhdgn jþa n`a g÷`s gathrj gathrj`rhs `rhs ha nuga nugat` t` g dg kjsp kjsp`ajmj `ajmjdjkg djkgkk y fgnjdjkgk fgnjdjkgkhs hs pgrg `mthahr `mthahr gcug  p`tgmdh gptg pgrg hd n`asul` eulga`, phr` a` t`kg dg p`mdgnjþa nuhatg n`a dgs fgnjdjkgkhs  pgrg `mthahr hd dìqujk` vjtgd, yg shg p`r dg dhogaìg kh dgs n`luajkgkh n`luajkgkhss y dg rhk kh gcug a` ddhcg egstg k`akh hdd`s hdd`s sh hhanuhatrga, anuhatrga, hhstg stg p`mdgnjþ p`mdgnjþaa utjdjzga hd gcug kh vhrtjhaths, vhrtjhaths, rì`s ` shqujgs quh hs d` lçs nhrnga` g sus vjvjhakgs. Yhr` hd gcug kh hstgs fuhaths a` hs shcurg aj gptg pgrg hd n`asul` eulga`.

HDHN[]JNJKGK

FXHA[H? JAHN

GAÇDJ^J^? Dg n`mhrturg ha shrvjnj` kh duz hdêntrjng, hs glpdjg sj egmdgl`s kh Ygdljrg nhatrgd, k`akh p`khl`s `mshrvgr quh dg lgy`rìg kh dgs fgljdjgs nuhatga n`a duz

 

hdêntrjng, phr` dg p`mdgnjþa quh egmjtg ha dgs n`luajkgkhs a` nuhatg n`a hsth shrvjnj`  mçsjn`, sh puhkha khstgngr vgrj`s fgnt`rhs? n`l` dgs dhogaìgs kh dgs n`luajkgkhs, dg fgdtg kh ngmdhgk` ngmd hgk` hdênt hdêntrjn` rjn` nhrng nhrng kh sus vvjvjha jvjhakgs, kgs,

dgs n` n`akjn akjnj`ah j`ahss khl`crçfjn khl`crçfjngs gs ha dgs quh sh sh

hanuhatrga sus vjvjh vjvjhakgs, akgs, hst` n`atrjmuyh g ua kjfìnjd gnnhs` g thahr thahr duz hdêntrjng ha sus e`cgrhs, p`r tgd rgzþa hstgs phrs`ags gÿa vjvha sja hdhntrjnjkgk.

GDNGA[G]JDDGK@ GDNGA[G]JDDGK@ N`ahntgk` g rhk pÿmdjng kh gdngatgrjddgk`

>8,:%

N`ahntgk` g p`z` sêptjn`

>5,3 %

N`ahntgk` g p`z` njhc`

78,8%

Dhtrjag

8,8 %

 A` tjhah

;,; %

[`tgd

799

Fuhath? fjnegs fgljdjgrhs =9=7 HDGM@]GK@ Y@]? Yr`fhsj`agdhs khd N. ^. Ygdljrg =9=7

GAÇDJ^J^? Ha hd Nhatr` kh ^gduk, sh rhvjsg dgs fjnegs fgljdjgrhs kh d`s HGJ^ pgrg `mthahr  dg jaf`rlgnjþa rhquhrjkg. Dgs ngmhnhrgs pgrr`qujgdhs p`shha gdngatgrjddgk` y d` rurgd p`z` sêptjn`, p`z` njhc`, dhtrjag y ha gdcua`s ngs`s a` tjhaha. Gdcuags vjvjhakgs a` p`shha sjsthlg kh hdjljagnjþa kh gcugs shrvjkgs y n`astjtuyh ua f`n` jafhnnj`s` quh chahrg hafh hafhrl rlhk hkgk gkhs hs cgst cgstr` r`ja jath thst stja jagd gdhs hs,, ha hs hsph phnj njgd gd dg pg pgrg rgsj sjt` t`sj sjs, s, dg ljsl ljslgg qu quhh gf gfhn hntg tg  prjanjpgdlhath g p`mdgnjþa p`mdgnjþa lgy`r kh ua g÷`, khmjk` khmjk` g dg n`atglja n`atgljagnjþa gnjþa khd glmjhath. glmjhath.

JA[H]AH[ Gnnhs` g shrvjnj` kh jathraht? Ha hd çrhg urmgag sh nuhatg n`a shrvjnj` ÿajnglhath ua 8%, Ha çrhgs rurgdhs hs ngsj s`d` sh nuhatg g ajvhd kh Nhatr`s Hkungtjv`s.

 

HDJLJAGNJÞA KH KH^HNE@^ ]HN@DHNNJÞA KH ]H^JKX@^ Khshne`s Mj`dþcjn`s Jafhnnj`s`s KH^HNE@^ MJ@D@CJN@^ JAFHNNJ@^@^ LH^H^ NGA[JKGK (bc) HAH]@ >,; FHM]H]@ ; LG]_@ ;,8 GM]JD ;,= LGZ@ ;,3 OXAJ@ ;,= OXDJ@ >,8 [@[GD =5,8

KH^HNE@^ MJ@D@CJN@^ JAFHNNJ@^@^ 7=%

7=% 7;%

78%

76%

76%

HAH]@ FHM]H]@ LG]_@ GM]JD LGZ@ OXAJ@ OXDJ@

78%

FXHA[H? Lgtrjz kh khshne`s N^ YGDLJ]G

`mshrvg hd p`rnhatgoh kh khshne`s GAGDJ^J^? Ha dg tgmdg n`l` ha hd crgfjn` gathrj`r sh `mshrvg jafhnnj`s`s shcÿa ngkg lhs, vjhak` ua prhk`ljaj` kh lgrz` g oudj`.

Khshne`s N`rt` „ puazgath KH^HNE@^ N@][@YXA_GA[H^ LH^H^ NGA[J KGK (bc) HAH]@ 7 ,6 FHM]H]@ 7 ,: LG]_@ GM]JD LGZ@ OXAJ@ OXDJ@ [@[GD

= 7 ,3 7 ,> > ,3 7 ,8 7>,3

KH^HNE@^ N@][@YXA_GA[H^

77% 7=% 7;% =3%

78% :% 7=%

HAH]@ FHM]H]@ LG]_@ GM]JD LGZ@ OXAJ@ OXDJ@

FXHA[H? Lgtrjz kh khshne`s N^ YGDLJ]G

GAGDJ^J^? Ha dg tgmdg n`l` ha hd crçfjn` sh `mshrvg `mshrvg hd p`rnha p`rnhatgoh tgoh kh khshne`s khshne`s n`rt`  puazgath p`r lhs ha d`s nugdhs sh rhfdhog quh hd lhs n`a lgy`r aÿlhr` kh khshne`s fuh  ouaj` n`a =3% shcujk` shcujk` kh lg lgrz` rz` n`a hd 78%.

LHKJ@^ KH HDJLJAGNJÞA KH D@^ KH^HNE@^

 

KH^HNE@^ KH^H NE@^ HA Ç ]HG^ ]X]GDH^ HA[J HA [JH] H]]GA ]GA

WXHL WX HLGA GA

M@[GA M@[ GA GD NGL GLY Y@

79%

;9%

89%

FXHA[H? NHA^@ Y@MDGNJ@AGD

GAGDJ^J^? nþl` p`khl`s `mshrvgr ha hd crçfjn` ha hd çrhg rurgd hdjljaga d`s khshne`s kh dg sjcujhath lgahrg? d` quhlga ha ua 89%, hatjhrrga ha ua ;9% y ha ua 79% khnjkha  m`tgrd`s gd nglp` nglp` gquhdd`s khsp khsphrkjnj`s hrkjnj`s quh puhkha puhkha shrvjr kh ggm`a`. m`a`.

KH^HNE@^ KH^HN E@^ HA Ç]HG^ X]MGAG ^ NG]]@ NG ]]@ ]HN ]HN@D @DHN HN[@] [@]

WXHLGA WXHL GA

79%

:9%

FXHA[H? NHA^@ Y@MDGNJ@AGD

GAGDJ^J^? Ljhatrgs quh ha dg z`ag urmgag hd :9% kh dg p`mdgnjþa havìga sus khshne`s ha hd ngrr` rhn`dhnt`r ha ua :9% y ha ua 79% d` quhlga.

JAF@]LGNJÞA KH GNNH^@ G @[]@^ ^H]VJNJ@^ Gnnhs` g shrvjnj` hdêntrjn`. Hd shrvjnj` kh hahrcìg hdêntrjng khphakh khd ^jsthlg Agnj`agd, g trgvês khd çrhg kh n`anhsjþa kh dg Hlprhsg Hdêntrjng ]j`mglmg ^. G. (HH]^G), quh gntugdlhath gmgsthnh gmgsthnh kh hahrcìg hdêntrjng gd Ngatþa. Gnnhs` g shrvjnj` thdhfþajn`. Hd gnnhs` g thdhf`aìg fjog, shcÿa dg ^XYH][HD ha hd g÷` =97>

 

hs kh 7,93= gm`agk`s kh dgs ngmhnhrgs pgrr`qujgdhs (Dg Lgtrjz, Nhmgkgs y Ygdljrg). Ha rhdgnjþa g thdhf`aìg lþvjd ha hd Ngatþa Cugl`th, hd 59% kh dg p`mdgnjþa utjdjzgkg hsth shrvjnj`, hsth shrvjnj` shrvjnj` hs pr`p`rnj`ag pr`p`rnj`agk` k` p`r dgs `phrgk`rg `phrgk`rgss Ndgr`, L`vjstgr y NA[.

Gnnh Gn nhs` s` g sh shrv rvjn jnj` j` kh ja jath thra raht ht.. Hd sjs sjsthl thlgg kh jathra jathraht ht n`aoua n`aouatgl tglhat hathh n` n`aa hd sjsthl sjsthlgg thdhfþajn`, tglmjêa hstç gkljajstrgk` p`r dg N`rp`rgnjþa Agnj`agd kh [hdhn`luajngnj`ahs (NA[). Ha hd nhatr` urmga` kh dg Lgtrjz hxjsth 8 nhatr`s kh jathraht, y dg lgy`rìg kh vjvjhakgs hs n`a jathraht prjvgk` ha thdhf`aìg lþvjd.

Y]@[HNNJÞA ^@NJGD HA DG Y@MDGNJÞA Dg p`mdgnjþa ha su lgy`rìg a` sh hanuhatrg gshcurgk` gshcurgk` y ha gdrhkhk`r khd ;9 % s`a gfjdjgk`s khd shcur` nglphsja` y 79 % gd shcur` chahrgd, gkhlçs tglmjêa hxjstha phrs`ags quh vjvha ha p`mrhzg hxtrhlg y quh rhnjmha hd M`a` kh Khsgrr`dd` Eulga` gkhlçs kh dgs phrs`ags kh dg thrnhrg hkgk y dgs phrs`ags n`a kjsngpgnjkgk y >9 phrs`ags kh auhstrgs n`luajkgkhs rhnjmha hd M`a` O`gquìa Cgddhc`s Dgrg. Hst`s crup`s prj`rjtgrj`s s`a hvgdugk`s lhs g lhs  p`r auhstr` Nhatr` Nhatr` kh ^gduk phrthahnjhath phrthahnjhath gd Ljajsthrj` kh ^ ^gduk. gduk.

Yr`crglgs y pr`yhnt`s kh pr`thnnjþa s`njgd (M`a` O`gquìa Cgddhc`s Dgrg, m`a` kh kjsngpgnjkgk, m`a` kh thrnhrg hkgk) Y]@C]GLG

AßLH]@

M@A@ O@GWXJA CGDDHC@^ DG]G

=5

M@A@ KH KH^G]]@DD@ EXLGA@

 A` sh kjsp`ah kjsp`ah kh kgt`s

(Y`mrhzg Hxtrhlg, Kjsngpgnjtgk`s, Gkudt`

Gntugdjzgk`s, phr` phr` sh hstjlg qquh uh ua >9% kh

Lgy`r)

dg p`mdgnjþa d` rhnjmh

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa. - Nhas` kh d`s [GY kh dg Xajkgk Hdgm`rgk` p`r Hqujp` kh ^gduk

GAGDJ^J^? D`s pr`crglgs y pr`yhnt`s kh pr`thnnjþa s`njgd n`a nugdhs sh nuhatg n`l` hath fuakglhatgd pgrg hd khsgrr`dd` kh dg p`mdgnjþa y hs ua gp`y` jakjsphasgmdh jakjsphasgmdhss pgrg lho`rgr su ngdjkgk kh vjkg ha gquhddgs gquhddgs p`mdgnj`ahs n`a p`mrhzg p`mrhzg hxtrhlg, n`l`rmjdjkgkhs n`l`rmjdjkgkhs y dgs kjfhrhaths kjsngpgnjkgkhs, kjsngpgnjkgkhs, sh nuhatg n` n`aa kjfhrhaths gyukgs ` m`a`s, sjhak` 789 789

 

 mhahfjnjgrj`s kh M`a` O`gquìa Cgddhc`s Dgrg, y gd a` kjsp`ahr kgt`s hxgnt`s pgrg dg khthrljagnjþa nugatjtgtjvg kh d`s mhahfjnjgrj`s khd M`a` kh Khsgrr`dd` Eulga` sh hstjlg quh hd =5% kh dg p`mdgnjþa hs gnrhhk`rg kh kjne` m`a`.

NG]GN[H]Ì^[JNG^ NG]GN[H]Ì^[J NG^ KHD YH]FJD HKXNG[JVG  GAGDFGMH[J^L@ G ajvhd kh pr`vjanjgs, Nejlm`rgz` sh hanuhatrg hatrh dgs kjhz prjlhrgs ha dg tgsg lçs gdtg kh gagdfgmhtjsl` khd Hnugk`r, ua puat` nurj`s` hs quh dgs trhs prjlhrgs pr`vjanjgs n`a dgs tgsgs lçs gdtgs, phrthahnha g dg rhcjþa sjhrrg, sjhak` hstgs N`t`pgxj, Nejlm`rgz` y M`dìvgr. Y`r `trg pgrth, dgs trhs pr`vjanjgs n`a dgs tgsgs lçs mgogs s`a Cgdçpgc`s, Yjnejaneg y Cugygs ha hsh ljsl` `rkha. Ha dg Yr`vjanjg Nejlm`rgz` njukgk ]j`mglmg, ha dg Ygrr`qujg Ygdljrg, hxjsth ua gdt`  p`rnhatgoh kh phrs`ags quh tjhaha dg jangpgnjkg jangpgnjkgkk kh dhhr y kh hsnrjmjr, quh sh khmh g dg fgdtg kh gprhakjzgoh, quh sh prhk`ljag ha dg p`mdgnjþa gkudt` lgy`r. ^ja hlmgrc`, n`a d`s hsfuhrz`s n`luajtgrj`s y kh dgs kjstjatgs hatjkgkhs pgrg lho`rgr dg tgsg kh gdfgmhtjsl`, gÿa sh lgatjhah ua p`rnhatgoh n`asjkhrgmdh kh gagdfgmhtjsl`, khd 76,3>%. Ha nugat` g gut` jkhatjfjngnjþa êtajng hs mjha n`a`njkg dg crga prhvgdhanjg khd gagdfgmhtjsl` g ajvhd jakìchag  p`r d` quh n`astjtuyh n`astjtuyh ua rht` ng nglmjgr lmjgr hstgs njfrgs g ajvhd kh auhstrgs pgrr`qujgs.

GAGDFGMH[J^L@ GAGDFGMH[J^L @ Y@] CÊAH]@? GAGDFGMH[J^L@ YGDLJ]G HAH]@ HAH] @ OXDJ@ =9=7 =9=7

E@LM]H^ LXOH]H^

>5% 6=%

Hdgm`rgk` p`r? Yhrs`agd khd Nhatr` kh ^gduk [jp` G Ygdljrg Gaçdjsjs? Ha Ygdljrg p`khl`s `mshrvgr quh hxjsth lgy`r prhvgdhanjg kh gagdfgmhtjsl` ha

 

dgs luohrhs n`a rhdgnjþa g d`s e`lmrhs, vjêak`sh quh khd t`tgd kh gagdfgmht`s hd 6=% n`rrhsp`akh gd cêahr` fhlhaja`.

KH^H]NJÞA H^N@DG]  Khskh hd puat` kh vjstg hkungtjv`, sh khfjah g dg khshrnjþa hsn`dgr n`l` hd gmgak`a` khd nhatr` hsn`dgr y kh d`s hstukj`s p`r pgrth khd gdula`/g, khmjk` g kjvhrs`s fgnt`rhs, hst`s  puhkha shr hn`aþljn`s, hn`aþljn`s, kh kjsnrjljagnjþa ` kjstganjg, ha hsth l`lhat` hd thlg kh gnnhs` g jathraht ` gdcÿa grthfgnt` thna`dþcjn` quh phrljtg jacrhsgr g dg auhvg l`kgdjkgk kh ndgshs vjrtugdhs s`a puat`s khnjsjv`s pgrg dg khshrnjþa hsn`dgr. Ha nugat` gd thlg kh dg khshrnjþa hsn`dgr a` sh han`atrþ uag njfrg hxgntg pgrg dg pgrr`qujg kh Ygdljrg, g ajvhd kh dg pr`vjanjg, phr` shcÿa ua rhp`rtgoh khd kjgrj` Hd N`lhrnj`, kurgath hd g÷` sh phrkjþ hd rgstr` kh 73 399 hstukjgaths khd rêcjlha ^jhrrg y Glgz`aìg y kh 8 699 khd rêcjlha N`stg. D` quh p`krìg shr n`andujk` n`l` uag khscgrrgk`rg khshrnjþa hkungtjvg p`r dg pgakhljg khd n`vjk-7:.

H^N@DG]JKGK

FXHA[H? JAHN

Gaçdjs Gaç djsjs? js? Ha  hd crgfjn` gathrj`r sh `mshrvg quh hd ajvhd kh hsn`dgrjkgk ha dg Ygrr`qujg Ygdljrg quh prhk`ljag hs dg prjlgrjg n`a ua >5,;;%. [glmjêa sh gprhnjg quh hd 76, 3>% d` `nupg phrs`ags quh auang rhnjmjhr`a hkungnjþa, sjhak` ua` kh d`s p`rnhatgohs lçs gdt`s ha

 

dg pgrr`qujg.

H^[GMDHNJLJHA[@^ H^[GMDHNJLJ HA[@^ HKXNG[JV@^

^h nuhatg n`a 79 hstgmdhnjljhat`s hkungtjv`s, quh sh hanuhatrga ha su lgy`rìg ha çrhgs rurgdhs, n`a ua muha aÿlhr` aÿlhr` kh n`anhatrgn n`anhatrgnjþa jþa kh egmjtgaths. Kjne`s hstgmdhn hstgmdhnjljhat`s jljhat`s a` tjhaha fgnjdjkgk kh gnnhs`, yg quh egy hsngs` kh trgasp`rth quh egnh quh dg l`vjdjzgnjþa shg uag ngljtg kh >9-69 ljaut`s gpr`xjlgkglhath.

H^[GMDHNJLJHA[@^ H^[GMDHNJLJ HA[@^ HKXNG[JV@^ YG]]@WXJG YGDLJ]G 

Xajkgk Hkungtjvg khd Ljdhaj` =3 kh Fhmrhr` (Ygdljrg Nhatr`)



Xajkgk Hkungtjvg O`sê Agudg (Cgdth Mjs÷gc)



Xajkgk Hkungtjvg Ehr`hs kh Nhahpg (Gtgp` ^tg Nruz)

 

Xajkgk Hkungtjvg Glmr`sj` Dgss` (Cgdth) Xajkgk Hkungtjvg Cgdth Zgcugnej



Xajkgk Hkungtjvg Kgajhd Hvgs (Gtgp` Wujdd`tur`



Xajkgk Hkungtjvg Agnjþa Yurueg (Cgdth Dgjlh)



Xajkgk Hkungtjvg Neguzga ^ga Gdf`as`



Xajkgk Hkungtjvg Dujs N`rkhr` Nrhsp` (Gtgp` Hd Ngrlha)

NG]G NG ]GN[ N[H] H]Ì^ Ì^[J [JNG NG^ ^ KH KHD D YH YH]F ]FJD JD KH ^G ^GDX DXK K - HAFH HAFH]L ]LHK HKGK GK HA DG Y@MDGNJÞA D`s shrvjnj`s kh sgduk khd L^Y hstça `rcgajzgk`s p`r ajvhdhs kh n`lpdhojkgk. Ha hd ajvhd 7 (n`lpdhojkgk mgog) sh hanuhatrga d`s puhst`s kh sgduk, sumnhatr`s y nhatr`s kh sgduk, d`s nugdhs `frhnha gthanjþa glmudgt`rjg, pr`l`njþa y f`lhat` kh dg sgduk, prhvhanjþa kh dg hafhrlhkgk y rhnuphrgnjþa kh dg sgduk. [`k`s pr`luhvha gnnj`ahs mçsjngs kh sgahgljhat` glmjha glm jhatgd tgd y pgr pgrtjn tjnjpg jpgnjþ njþaa n`l n`luaj uajtgr tgrjg jg y d`s sumnh sumnhatr atr`s `s `frhn `frhnha ha tglmjê tglmjêaa gthan gthanjþa jþa kh hlhrchanjgs y kh `k`at`d`cìg. Hd Nhatr` kh ^gduk Ygdljrg, tjp` G, mrjakg gthanjþa g dg p`mdgnjþa ha hd e`rgrj` kh 5?99 g 73?99 kh duahs g vjhrahs, ha hd hspgnj` fìsjn` rhnjhathlhath rhl`khdgk` ha hd nugd n`astg kh 

= n`asudt`rj`s pgrg Lhkjnjag Chahrgd.



7 n`asudt`rj` kh Lhkjnjag Fgljdjgr  7 n`asudt`rj` kh @msthtrjnjg



 



7 n`asudt`rj` kh @k`at`d`cìg



7 n`asudt`rj` pgrg gthanjþa kh sjat`lçtjn`s rhspjrgt`rj`s



7 n`asudt`rj` pgrg prhpgrgnjþa kh pgnjhaths



7 n`asudt`rj` kh vgnuagt`rj`, 7 sgdg khstjagkg pgrg hstgkìstjng



Hspgnj` pgrg fgrlgnjg y sgdg kh hsphrg pgrg d`s pgnjhaths.

Y]HVHANJÞA Y@] C]XY@ H[G]J@ KH HAH]@-OXDJ@ =9=7 N@A^XD[G^ Y]HVHA[JVG^ Y]HVHA[JVG^ LÊKJN@- @M^[H[]G^- @K@A[ÞD@C@^ Y@] C]XY@ KH HKGK LHA@] KH 7 KH 7 G ; KH 8 G : KH 79 G 7; KH 78 G 7: KH =9 G 6; 38 G×@^ Z G×@ G×@^ G×@^ G×@^ G×@^ G×@^ LG^ [@[ GD Y]J ^XM^H Y]J ^XM^H Y]J ^XM^H Y]J ^XM^H Y]J ^XM^H Y]J ^XM^H Y]J ^XM^H Y]J LH NXHA LH NXHA LH NXHA LH NXHA LH NXHA LH NXHA LH NXHA LH]  G^ ]G [H ]G [H ]G [H ]G [H ]G [H ]G [H ]G [H

[@[GD ^XM^H NXHA[ H^ =:78

=::

38=

7:9

598

788

;9

7=5

5;

789

=8;

867

:83

=7

=>

789;

FXHA[H? Y]G^ H^[GKJ^[JNG

GAÇD GA ÇDJ^ J^J^ J^?? Ha hd Nh Nhat atr` r` kh sg sgdu dukk Ygdl Ygdljr jrgg n` n`l` l` n` n`as asud udtg tgss pr prhv hvha hatj tjvg vgss pr prjl jlhr hrgs gs y sumshnuhaths sumshnuh aths tgat` pgrg Lhkjnjag Lhkjnjag,, @msthtrjnjg y @k`at`d`cìg khskh hd lhs kh ha hahr` hr` g oudj` khd =9=7, p`khl`s lhanj`agr quh gnukjhr`a 7987 aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 7 g÷`, gsì ljsl` ::8 aj÷`s kh 7 g ; g÷`s kh hkgk2 n`l` tglmjêa aj÷`s kh 8 g : g÷`s gnukjhr`a 7:8 y phrs`ags kh 79 g 7: g÷`s kh hkgk gnukjhr`a 676 y p`r udtjl` kh dgs phrs`ags lgy`rhs kh =9 g÷`s gnukjhr`a 786=. Kh hst` p`khl`s lhanj`agr quh n`l` prjlhrgs n`asudtgs `mtuvjl`s ua rhsudtgk` kh 789; usugrj`s y n`l` sumshnuhaths =:78 pgnjhaths.

N@MH][X]G^ Z N@ANHA[]GNJÞA KH N@A^XD[G^ LÊKJNG^ HAH]@OXDJ@ =9=9 Z =9=7

 

FXHA[H? ]KGNGG-Y]G^

GAGDJ^J^? Ha dg tgmdg gathrj`r sh hvjkhanjg kgt`s n`lpgrgtjv`s hatrh hd =9=9 y =9=7 vjhak` ua janrhlhat` chahrgd ha dgs n`asudtgs quh sh mrjakgr`a ha hd g÷` =9=9. Ngmh rhngdngr quh pgrg hd =9=7 sh gthakjk` ha lgy`r p`rnhatgoh g aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 7 g÷`.

H^[]G[HCJG KH ]HKXNNJÞA KH GDH][G LG[H]AG Z AH@AG[GD Dg luhrth kh uag luohr y ua rhnjêa agnjk` quh puhkg shr hvjtgkg, hs jagkljsjmdh h jaoustg. Hd jlpgnt` quh tjhah hsth sunhs` ha dg fgljdjg, ha d`s ejo`s euêrfga`s y ha dg s`njhkgk, hs uag trgchkjg quh thahl`s quh hvjtgr, hsphnjgdlhath sj sgmhl`s quh lçs kh dg ljtgk kh e`cgrhs hnugt`rjga`s tjhaha ohfgturgs fhlhajags. ]hn`a`nhl`s quh, ouat` g d`s gvganhs agnj`agdhs ha dg sgduk pÿmdjng, egy uag phrsjsthath mrhneg h jahqujkgk ha dg sgduk shxugd y rhpr`kuntjvg  p`r htajg y umjngnjþa ch`crçfjng rurgd ` urmgag, quh a`s `mdjcg g rh`rjhatgr hstrgthcjgs y rhnurs`s. Dg luhrth lgthrag hs ua crgvh pr`mdhlg kh sgduk pÿmdjng quh gfhntg s`mrh t`k` g d`s pgìshs  p`mrhs, prhshatg ua crga crga jlpgnt` jakjvjkugd, fgl fgljdjgr, jdjgr, s`njgd y hn`aþljn`, gpr`x gpr`xjlgkglhath jlgkglhath 599 luohrhs fgddhnha ngkg kìg g ajvhd luakjgd, ddhcgak` g =5:.999 luhrths Lgthrags ha hd g÷` =97> shcÿa dg @rcgajzgnjþa Luakjgd kh dg ^gduk p`r n`lpdjngnj`ahs `mstêtrjngs, hd aÿlhr` kh luhrths Lgthrag p`r 799.999 agnjk`s vjv`s gd =97> s`d` kjsljauyha ua =,6% luy dho`s khd 8,8% gaugd rhquhrjk` pgrg gdngazgr d`s @mohtjv`s kh Khsgrr`dd` khd Ljdhaj` @KL8. Dg lgy`rìg kh dgs ngusgs kh luhrth lgthrag s`a hvjtgmdhs y prhvhajmdhs, y hatrh dgs

 

 prjanjpgdhs n`lpdjngnj`ah n`lpdjngnj`ahss `mstêtrjngs quh `rjcjaga luhrth lgthrag hstça? [rgst`ra`s Ejphrthasjv`s khd Hlmgrgz`, Hlmgrgz`, Ehl`rrgcjg `mstêtrjng, `mstêtrjng, y ^hpsjs. Dg lgy`rìg kh dgs luhrths lgthrags puhkha shr hvjtgkgs sj dg luohr, su pgrhog, su fgljdjg y dg n`luajkgk gprhakha g rhn`a`nhr dgs sh÷gdhs kh phdjcr` g tjhlp`, nuyg kjfhrhanjg hatrh dg vjkg y dg luhrth hstç ha a` khl`rgr ha jkhatjfjngr dgs sh÷gdhs kh phdjcr`, gnukjr jalhkjgtglhath g rhnjmjr gthanjþa ngdjfjngkg. Ygrg kgr shcujljhat` y l`ajt`rh` g dgs luohrhs hlmgrgzgkgs hs jlp`rtgath n`atgr n`a ehrrgljhatgs fuanj`agdhs, trgmgo` ha hqujp`, gpdjngnjþa kh dgs cuìgs kh prçntjng ndìajng, a`rlgs y pr`t`n`d`s kh gthanjþa Lgthra` Ah`agtgd. Ha dg Hstrgthcjg kh Gdhrtg lgthrag khd Nhatr` Nha tr` kh ^gd ^gduk uk sh ega rhg rhgdjz djzgk` gk` gv gvgan ganhh y uag shasjm shasjmjdj jdjzgn zgnjþa jþa ha auhstr auhstrgs gs pgnjha pgnjhaths ths chstgaths. Gkhlçs, sh ega rhgdjzgk` mgrrjk`s k`nulhatgk`s lhkjgath dgs hstrgthcjgs kh  puhrtg g puhrtg ha t`kgs dgs n`luajkgkhs khd Nhatr` kh ^gduk. Dgs Ehrrgljhatgs kh dg hstrgthcjg kh ]hkunnjþa ]hkunnjþa kh luhrth lgthrag lgthrag y ah`agtgd a`s eega ga phrljtjk` thahr kurg kurgath ath hd  prjlhr shlhstrh khd khd g÷` 9 luhrths lgthrags lgthrags pgrg dg uajkgk uajkgk `phrgtjvg `phrgtjvg..

JKHA[JFJNGNJÞA JKHA[JFJNG NJÞA KH HLMG]G_GKG^ KH ]JH^C@. Dgs Vjsjtgs k`ljnjdjgrjgs ha dgs n`luajkgkhs hs uag hstrgthcjg kh prhvhanjþa pgrg lho`rgr d`s rhsudtgk`s kh dgs luohrhs n`a rjhsc`s ha hd hlmgrgz` ` kurgath hd p`stpgrt`. Ygrg rhkunjr tgsg kh l`rtgdjkgk lgthra`-jafgatjd, sh eg jlpdhlhatgk` hstrgthcjgs pgrg gshcurgr hd  mjhahstgr kh dgs luohrhs y sus ejo`s. Y`r d` quh hd nhatr` kh sgduk Ygdljrg hstç trgmgogak`  pgrg hvjtgr luhrths lgthrags h jafgatjdhs n`a dg rhgdjzgnjþa kh vjsjtgs k`ljnjdjgrjgs g  pgnjhaths kh rjhsc` y quh a` gnukha gd n`atr`d, pdga kh pgrt` y pdga kh trgasp`rth, ngptgnjþa prhn`z kh hlmgrgzgkgs, gyukgkg g jkhatjfjngr d`s sjca`s kh gdgrlg g dgs pgnjhaths y sus fgljdjgrhs.

N@A[]@D Y]HAG[GD Dg gthanjþa prhagtgd hs uag `p`rtuajkgk khnjsjvg pgrg quh d`s pr`fhsj`agdhs sgajtgrj`s  mrjakha gthanjþa, gp`y` h jaf`rlgnjþa g dgs hlmgrgzgkgs. Hdd` janduyh dg pr`l`njþa kh ua l`k` l` k` kh vjkg vjkg sg sga` a`,, ja jand nduj ujkg kg uag uag muha muhagg autr autrjn jnjþ jþa, a, dg kh khth thnn nnjþ jþaa y dg pr prhv hvha hanj njþa þa kh hafhrlhkgkhs, dg prhstgnjþa kh gshs`rgljhat` pgrg dg pdgajfjngnjþa fgljdjgr y hd gp`y` g dgs luohrhs quh puhkga hstgr sufrjhak` vj`dhanjg kh pgrhog.

YDGAJFJNGNJÞA YDGAJFJNGNJÞ A FGLJDJG] 

 

Dg pdgajfjngnjþa fgljdjgr phrljth g dgs phrs`ags thahr hd aÿlhr` kh ejo`s quh khshga y khthrl kht hrljag jagrr hd jat jathrv hrvgd` gd` ha hatrh trh hlm hlmgrg grgz`s z`s,, gsì n`l n`l`` hl hlmgr mgrgz gz`s `s a` khs khshg hgk`s k`s.. ^h d`c d`crg rg lhkjgath dg gpdjngnjþa gpdjngnjþa kh lêt`k`s gatjn`anhptjv`s, gatjn`anhptjv`s, gshs`rìg gshs`rìg `p`rtuag y hd trgtgljhat` kh dg hsthrjdjkgk. Gkhlçs kh thahr ua ìakjnh kh agtgdjkgk s`sthajmdh pgrg ua muha hstjd` kh vjkg y sgduk.

NÇANH] NH]VJN@X[H]JA@ Hd nçanhr nhrvjn`uthrja` hs uag kh dgs glhagzgs lçs crgvhs pgrg dg vjkg kh dgs luohrhs. ^h ngdnudg quh gntugdlhath ha hd luak` d` pgkhnha lçs kh ua ljddþa kh luohrhs. Dg lgy`rìg kh hddgs a` ega sjk` kjgca`stjngkgs aj tjhaha gnnhs` g ua trgtgljhat` quh p`krìg lho`rgr su ngdjkgk kh vjkg y kjsljaujr dg l`rtgdjkgk gs`njgkg.

FXHA[H? ]KGNGG-Y]G^

GAÇDJ^J^ GAÇD J^J^?? ha hd crçfjn` lhanj`agk` gathrj`rlhath egnjhak` rhfhrhanjg g d`s n`atr`dhs  prhagtgdhs p`khl`s `mshrvgr quh a` hxjsth uag kjfhrhanjg sjcajfjngtjvg hatrh dgs n`asudtgs khd =9=9 n`a hd =9=7 puhst` quh gnukjhr`a 735 hlmgrgzgkgs g d`s n`atr`dhs prhagtgdhs ha hd =9=7 y 738 ha hd =9=9, gsì ljsl` ;=7 luohrhs hatrh hahr` g oudj` =9=7 gnukjhr`a g n`asudtg kh pdgajfjngnjþa fgljdjgr. 

YH]FJD KH ^GDXK Dgs prjanjpgdhs ngusgs kh l`rmjdjkgk khatr` kh auhstrgs n`luajkgkhs thahl`s rhprhshatgkgs ha hd sjcujhath crçfjn`?

 

L@]MJDJKGK CHAH]GD Ha dgs sjcujhaths tgmdgs sh prhshatga dgs prjanjpgdhs ngusgs kh l`rmjdjkgk prjanjpgdhs khatr` kh auhstrgs n`luajkgkh n`luajkgkhs? s?

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnj`a.- Y]G^ 

GAGDJ^J^? N`l` sh puhkh hvjkhanjgr ha dg tgmdg gathrj`r dg prjanjpgd pgt`d`cìg khatr` kh dgs kjhz prjanjpgdhs ngusgs kh l`rmjdjkgk kh dg uajkgk `phrgtjvg thahl`s pgrgsjt`sjs jathst jat hstjag jagdd sja `trg hsp hsphnj hnjfjng fjngnjþ njþaa n`a 87 pgn pgnjha jhaths ths,, fgr fgrjac jacjtj jtjss gc gcukg ukg n` n`aa ;:, sjhak sjhak`` dgs hafhrlhkgkhs rhspjrgt`rjgs kh vìgs gêrhgs suphrj`rhs dgs quh prhk`ljaga ha dgs ngusgs kh l`rmjd l`r mjdjkg jkgk, k, p`r p`r `tr `tr`` dgk dgk`, `, `tr `trgg kh dgs pgt` pgt`d`c d`cìgs ìgs g t`lgr t`lgr ha nuhatg nuhatg hs hd rhtgrk rhtgrk`` kh khdd khsgrr`dd` khmjk` g khsautrjnjþa pr`thjn` ngdþrjng ha ;> pgnjhaths hd nugd hs prhk`ljagath ha d`s aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 8 g÷`s .

L@]MJDJKGK HA LHA@]H^ KH 7 G×@ E`lmr h H;6U

Luohr Luo hr

[`tgd [`tgd chahrg chahrgdd

 

KH^AX[]JNJ@A Y]@[HJN@NGD@]JNG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG O99U ]JA@FG]JACJ[J^ GCXKG R]H^F]JGK@ N@LXA\ [`tgd chahrgd

7

7

=

7

7

=

7

>

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa.- Y]G^ 

GAGDJ^J^? N`l` sh puhkh hvjkhanjgr ha dg tgmdg gathrj`r dg prjanjpgd pgt`d`cìg khatr` kh hsthh cru hst crup` p` kh hkgk hkgk tha thahl` hl`ss khsau khsautrj trjnjþ njþaa pr` pr`thj thjn`n n`ngd` gd`rjn rjng, g, a` hsp hsphn hnjfj jfjngk ngkgg = ng ngs`s s`s y rja`fgrjacjtjs gcukg (rhsfrjgk` n`lÿa) 7 ngs`.

L@]MJDJKGK KH 7-; G×@^ E`lmrh O99U ]JA@FG]JACJ[J^ GCXKG R]H^F]JGK@ N@LXA\ H;6U KH^AX[]JNJ@A Y]@[HJN@NGD@]JNG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG B;=: EH]AJG XLMJDJNGD ^JA @M^[]XNNJ@A AJ CGAC]HAG W:9: ^JAK]@LH KH K@SA, A@ H^YHNJFJNGK@ H;8U ]H[G]K@ KHD KH^G]]@DD@ KHMJK@ G KH^AX[]JNJ@A Y]@[HJN@NGD@]JNG O9=: FG]JACJ[J^ GCXKG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG [`tgd chahrgd Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa.- Y]G^ 

Luohr

8

[`tgd chahrgd 3

7=

=

=

7

7 7

7

7

7

7 5

7 75 75

79

GAGDJ^J^? N`l` sh puhkh hvjkhanjgr ha dg tgmdg gathrj`r dg prjanjpgd pgt`d`cìg khatr` kh hsth crup` kh hkgk thahl`s gd rhsfrjgk` n`lÿa n`l` prjlhrg ngusg n`a 7= ngs`s y shcuakg thahl`s hd rhtgrk` khd khsgrr`dd` khmjk` g khsautrjnjþa pr`thjn` ngdþrjng n`a = ngs`s khmjk` g d`s lgd`s eçmjt`s gdjlhatgrj`s.

L@]MJDJKGK HA AJ×@^ KH 8 G : G×@^ E`lm E` lmrh rh

Luoh Luohrr

[` [`tg tgdd chahrgd

O99U ]JA@FG]JACJ[J^ GCXKG R]H^F]JGK@ N@LXA\ H;6U

;

8

:

 

KH^AX[]JNJ@A Y]@[HJN@NGD@]JNG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG O9=: FG]JACJ[J^ GCXKG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG G9:U KJG]]HG Z CG^[]@HA[H]J[J^ KH Y]H^XA[@ @]JCHA JAFHNNJ@^@ G9:9 @[]G^ CG^[]@HA[H]J[J^ Z N@DJ[J^ KH @]JCHA JAFHNNJ@^@ M>89 [J×G KH DG MG]MG Z KHD NXH]@ NGMHDDXK@ E79> N@AOXA[JVJ[J^ GCXKG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG M>8; [J×G KHD NXH]Y@ R[JAHG N@]Y@]J^\ W9=U LJN]@NHFGDJG H;;9 KH^AX[]JNJ@A Y]@[HJN@NGD@]JNG L@KH]GKG [`tgd chahrgd

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7 7

7

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7 77

7 7

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7;

7 =8

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa.- Y]G^  GAGDJ^J^? N`l` sh puhkh hvjkhanjgr ha dg tgmdg gathrj`r dg prjanjpgd pgt`d`cìg khatr` kh hsth crup` kh hkgk thahl`s dg rja`fgrjacjtjs gcukg n`a : ngs`s shcujk` p`r khsautrjnjþa  pr`thjn` ngdþrjng n`a n`a 8 ngs`s khmjk` khmjk` g d`s lg lgd`s d`s eçmjt`s gdjlhatg gdjlhatgrj`s. rj`s.

L@]MJDJKGK KH 79-7: G×@^ E`lmrh O99U ]JA@FG]JACJ[J^ GCXKG R]H^F]JGK@ N@LXA\ H;6U KH^AX[]JNJ@A Y]@[HJN@NGD@]JNG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG O9=: FG]JACJ[J^ GCXKG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG H;8U ]H[G]K@ KHD KH^G]]@DD@ KHMJK@ G KH^AX[]JNJ@A Y]@[HJN@NGD@]JNG D==U KH]LG[J[J^ KHD YG×GD A;3U Y]HYXNJ@ ]HKXAKGA[H, FJL@^J^ Z YG]GFJL@^J^ M>8; [J×G KHD NXH]Y@ R[JAHG N@]Y@]J^\ G9:U KJG]]HG Z CG^[]@HA[H]J[J^ KH Y]H^XA[@ @]JCHA

Luohr

[`tgd chahrgd

;

8

:

6

>

:

;

>

3

>

>

6

7 7

= =

> >

=

=

=

=

7

7

=

 

JAFHNNJ@^@ G9:9 @[]G^ CG^[]@HA[H]J[J^ Z N@DJ[J^ KH @]JCHA JAFHNNJ@^@ [`tgd chahrgd Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa.- Y]G^ 

=>

7 75

7 ;7

GAGDJ^J^ ? N`l` sh puhkh hvjkhanjgr ha dg tgmdg gathrj`r dg prjanjpgd pgt`d`cìg khatr` kh hsth crup` kh hkgk thahl`s hd rhsfrjgk` n`lÿa n`a : ngs`s shcujk` p`r khsautrjnjþa  pr`thjn` ngdþrjng n`a n`a : ngs`s y fgrjacjtjs gcukg nn`a `a 3 ngs`s.

L@]MJDJKGK KH =9 G 6; G×@^ E`lmrh H;8U ]H[G]K@ KHD KH^G]]@DD@ KHMJK@ G KH^AX[]JNJ@A Y]@[HJN@NGD@]JNG M5=: YG]G^J[@^J^ JA[H^[JAGD, ^JA @[]G H^YHNJFJNGNJ@A H;6U KH^AX[]JNJ@A Y]@[HJN@NGD@]JNG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG O9=: FG]JACJ[J^ GCXKG, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG O99U ]JA@FG]JACJ[J^ GCXKG R]H^F]JGK@ N@LXA\ A;3U Y]HYXNJ@ ]HKXAKGA[H, FJL@^J^ Z YG]GFJL@^J^ G9:U KJG]]HG Z CG^[]@HA[H]J[J^ KH Y]H^XA[@ @]JCHA JAFHNNJ@^@ M>8; [J×G KHD NXH]Y@ R[JAHG N@]Y@]J^\ B9=: NG]JH^ KHA[GD, A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG [35; GDH]CJG A@ H^YHNJFJNGKG [`tgd chahrgd

Luohr

[`tgd chahrgd

7;

73

>7

7;

79

=;

79

77

=7

6

5

7;

>

>

6

>

>

7

=

>

7

7

=

7

88

7 7 8;

7 79:

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa.- Y]G^  GAGDJ^J^ ? N`l` sh puhkh hvjkhanjgr ha dg tgmdg gathrj`r dg prjanjpgd pgt`d`cìg khatr` kh hsth crup` kh hkgk thahl`s hd rhtgrk` khd khsgrr`dd` khmjk` g khsautrjnjþa pr`thjn` ngdþrjng n`a >7 ng ngs`s s`s shcuj shcujk` k` p`r pgrgs pgrgsjt` jt`sjs sjs jat jaths hstja tjagd, gd, sja `tr `trgg hs hsphn phnjfjn jfjngnj gnjþa þa n`a =; ngs ngs`s. `s. [glmjêa thahl`s dg khsautrjnjþa pr`thjn`ngdþrjng, a` hsphnjfjngkg n`a =7 ngs`s.

 

L@]MJDJKGK KH YGNJHA[H^ LGZ@]H^ KH 68 G×@^ E`lmrh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`tgd chahrgd

Luohr

[`tgd chahrgd

>

3

79

8

=

3

=

7

>

7

7

=

7

7

=

=

76

=

=

=

7

7

7

7

7 73

7 >>

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa.- Y]G^  GAGDJ^J^? N`l` sh puhkh hvjkhanjgr ha dg tgmdg gathrj`r dg prjanjpgd pgt`d`cìg khatr` kh hsth crup` kh hkgk thahl`s dg pgrgsjt`sjs jathstjagd, sja `trg hsphnjfjngnjþa n`a 79 ngs`s shcujkg kh fgrjacjtjs gcukg, a` hsphnjfjngkg n`a 3 ngs`s.

L@]MJDJKGK N]ÞAJN@ KHCHAH]G[JVG

 

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa.- Y]G^  GAGDJ^J^? [hahl`s nugtr` pgt`d`cìgs nrþajngs jkhatjfjngkgs dg `mhsjkgk a` hsphnjfjngkg n`a ; ngs`s, `mhsjkgk khmjk` g hxnhs` kh ngd`rìgs 7 ngs`, ejphrthasjþa hshanjgd prjlgrjg 7 ng ngs` s` y p`r p`r ÿdtj ÿdtjl` l` ej ejph phrd rdjp jpjk jkhl hljg jg lj ljxt xtgg n`a n`a 7 ng ngs` s`,, sh dh dhss ha hatr trhc hcgg dg lhkj lhkjng ngnj njþa þa lhasugdlhath ha dg uajkgk `phrgtjvg, gsì n`l` ha hd k`ljnjdj` rhsphntjvglhath g pgnjhath ejphrthas`.

GAÇDJ^J^ KH DG H^[]G[HCJG LÊKJN@ KHD MG]]J@ Hd Lêkjn` khd Mgrrj` hs uag hstrgthcjg kh gm`rkgoh ha dg gthanjþa gthanjþa kh sgduk, hhalgrngk` algrngk` ha hd —Ydga [`kg uag Vjkg“ y tjhah n`l` `mohtjv` n`as`djkgr hd L`khd` kh Gthanjþa Jathcrgd kh ^gduk (LGJ^) y cgrgatjzgr hd gnnhs` hqujtgtjv` g d`s shrvjnj`s kh sgduk g dg p`mdgnjþa, n`a êafgsjs ha d`s crup`s prj`rjtgrj`s y vudahrgmdhs, gnhrnçak`d`s g dg n`luajkgk. Gkhlçs,  musng f`rtgdhnhr dg gthanjþa prjlgrjg n`a ua haf`quh ha dg pr`l`njþa kh sgduk y prhvhanjþa kh hafhrlhkgkhs hafhrlhkgkhs.. Ha n`a n`an`r n`rkga kganjg njg n`a dgs kh khfja fjajnj jnj`ah `ahss gat gathrj hrj`rh `rhs, s, hd lêkjn lêkjn`` khd mgrrj` mgrrj` hs t`k` t`k` gquhd gquhd  pr`fhsj`agd lêkjn` quh, quh, ha su kjaçljn kjaçljngg kh trgmgo` y n`lpr`ljs` s`njgd, s`njgd, ddhcg g f`rlgr pgrth kh dg n`lu n`luajkg ajkgkk ` khd mgrrj`, y tjhah n`l` tgrhg gshs`rg gshs`rgr, r, kjrjcjr y vjcjdgr vjcjdgr dgs gnnj`ah gnnj`ahss ha sgduk kh hsg p`mdgnjþa, gsì n`l` tglmjêa n``rkjagr hd trgmgo` jathrshnt`rjgd pgrg d`crgr uag janjkhanjg p`sjtjvg ha d`s d`s khlçs khthrljagaths kh dg sgduk. Hd lêkjn` khd mgrrj` p`shh ua hqujp` kh gthanjþa jathcrgd ha sgduk n`af`rlgk` kjrhntglhath p`r uag hafhrlhrg y ua tênajn` kh gthanjþa prjlgrjg ha sgduk ([GY^) gsì n`l` t`k`s d`s khlçs pr`fhsj`agdhs kh dg sgduk vjanudgk`s g uag uajkgk `phrgtjvg ` hspgnj` kjstrjtgd, n`a qujhahs n``rkjag y grtjnudg

 

dgs gnnj`ahs phrtjahaths jatrg y hxtrg shnt`rjgdhs pgrg cgrgatjzgr dg gthanjþa jathcrgd ha sgduk. Dg gthanjþa gthanjþa p`r pgrth kh dg hstrgthc hstrgthcjg jg kh gm`rkgoh gm`rkgoh —Lêkjn` khd Mgrrj`“ sh mrjakg g trgvês khd hqujp` jathcrgd kh sgduk n`af`rlgk` p`r ua lêkjn` chahrgd, uag djnhanjgkg /` djnhanjgk` ha hafhrlhrìg, y ua [ênajn` ha Gthanjþa Yrjlgrjg kh ^gduk, [GY^, g d`s nugdhs sh sulg hd gp`y` kh ua lêkjn` hsphnjgdjstg ha gthanjþa ha prjlhr ajvhd (Lêkjn` Fgljdjgr  N`luaj N`l uajtgr tgrj` j` „LF „LFNN- ` Lêk Lêkjn` jn` Cha Chahrg hrgdd Jat Jathcr hcrgd gd „LCJ-) „LCJ-) qujha qujhahs hs rhg rhgdjz djzga ga ua trgmgo trgmgo`` jathasjv` jatha sjv` kh tgljz tgljzgoh goh p`md p`mdgnj` gnj`agd agd pgrg jkhatjfjngr jkhatjfjngr pgnjhath pgnjhathss quh phrthahz phrthahznga nga g crup`s crup`s  prj`rjtgrj`s hatrh d`s quh sh hanuhatrga? gkudt`s lgy`rhs, luohrhs hlmgrgzgkgs, hlmgrgzgkgs, aj÷`s lha`rhs kh k`s g÷`s2 aj÷`s lha`rhs kh njan` g÷`s ha rjhsc` kh lgdautrjnjþa, aj÷`s n`a hsquhl hsq uhlgg kh vgn vgnuag uag jan jan`lp `lpdht dhtg, g, phr phrs`a s`ags gs n`a kjsng kjsngpgn pgnjkg jkgkk (fìsjng (fìsjng,, gu gukjt kjtjvg jvg,, vjsug vjsugd,d, jathdhntugd, kh dhacugoh, psjn`s`njgd y vjsugd), phrs`ags n`a pr`mdhlgs kh sgduk lhatgd2  phrs`ags prjvgkgs kh dg djmhrtgk2 n`a hafhrlhkgkhs nrþajngs a` trgasljsjmdhs, n`a tumhrnud`sjs, VJE, pgrg uag p`sthrj`r ngptgnjþa p`r pgrth kh d`s lêkjn`s hsphnjgdjstgs hsphnjgdjstgs.. Ha hd nhatr` kh sgduk Ygdljrg nuhatg n`a uag hxthasg p`mdgnjþa kh jkhatjfjngnjþa êtajng kh jakìchag y lhstjzg. Kh dgs nugdhs shcÿa hd LKM dgs ndgsjfjng ha vudahrgmdh y prj`rjtgrj`s, gkhlçs dgs vjsjtgs n`a hd crup` HGJ^ rhsphntjv` pgrg ngkg uag kh dgs 88 n`luajkgkhs quh n`af`rlg dg p`mdgnjþa khd nhatr` kh sgduk Cugl`th sh pdgajfjng pgrg a` khogr khspr`vjstg g dgs khlçs hstrgthcjgs. Dg hstrgthcjg —Lêkjn` khd Mgrrj`“ tjhah lunegs rhstrjnnj`ahs p`r dg p`mdgnjþa ljcrgath, p`r  fgdtg kh gphc` gd trgtg trgtgljhat ljhat`, `, p`r dg fgdtg kh hkun hkungnjþ gnjþaa khd pgnjhath, pgnjhath, p`r ua sja aÿlhr` aÿlhr` kh fgnt`rhs kh rjhsc`s, p`r hs` sh trgmgog ha n`aouat` n`a [`kgs dgs hstrgthcjgs pgrg shcujr  jathcrgak` g d`s usugrj`s. G n`atjaugnjþa, ha hd nugkr` sh ndgsjfjng shcÿa sus l`rmjdjkgkhs? n`a ua t`tgd kh ;5 pgnjhath  phrthahnjhath gd crup` vudahrgmdh hhaa hd nhatr` kh sgduk. sgduk. ^hcÿa d`s auhv`s djahgljhat`s prhshatgk`s ha oudj` y n`a hd pr`nhs` kh ch`rhfhanjgnjýa sh  prhshatþ ua janrhlhat` ha hd aÿlhr` kh pgnjhaths rhcjstrgk`s n`l` vudahrgmdhs, kh d`s quh ha k`s shlgags sh gdngazþ hd t`tgd kh >9 pgnjhaths ch`rhfhanjgk`s. Hd gulhat` kh dg hsphrgazg kh vjkg, dgs lho`rgs ha sgduk pÿmdjng y gthanjþa sgajtgrjg y dg chah chahrg rgdj djzg zgnj njþa þa kh hs hstj tjd` d`ss kh vj vjkg kg p`n` p`n` sg sgdu dukg kgmd mdhs hs „t „tgm gmgq gquj ujsl sl`, `, kj kjht htgg ja jagk gkhn hnug ugkg kg,, shkhatgrjsl`--, ega n`avhrtjk` g dgs hafhrlhkgkhs nrþajngs ha hd pgtrþa hpjkhlj`dþcjn` k`ljagath ha Hnugk`r. Ha auhstrg uajkgk kh sgduk thahl`s? Ygnjhaths n`a hafhrlhkgkhs nrþajngs a` trgasljsjmdhs? : pgnjhaths. 

 



Yhrs`ags n`a kjsngpgnjkgk? 76 pgnjhaths.



YJGAH? 675 pgnjhaths.



Luohrhs hlmgrgzgkgs? >; pgnjhaths.



Ygnjhaths vudahrgmdhs? 887 pgnjhaths.

^h gkouatg g n`atjaugnjþa d`s kgt`s kh d`s pgnjhaths phrthahnjhaths g dg Hstrgthcjg Lêkjn` khd Mgrrj`?

AÞLJAG KH HLMG]G_GKG^ KH GD[@ Z LXZ GD[@ ]JH^C@ A¹

GYHDDJK@^ Z A@LM]H^

7 = > ; 8 6 3 5 : 79 77 7= 7> 7; 78 76 73 75 7: =9 =7 == => =; =8 =6 =3 =5 =: >9 >7 >= >> >;

CGAGA G^J[JLMGZ LG]JG ]@^G]J@ AGXDG NEJLM@DHLG LG]JG ]@^G ]@DKGA ]@DKÇA DGX]G MHG[]J_ MDGANG NHNJDJG ]@DKGA HVG^ LG]JG GDHUGAK]G CGVJA N@]K@VG GAG DXNJG ]@DKGA ]@DKÇA LG]JG HDVJG CG]NJG ^GAGCXG]GZ ]@VGDJA@ EXG]GNG YGXDG ]HMHNG LG]JG NDG]G CXGLGA ]@DKGA YXNXDYGDG ZG^GNG GAG N]J^[JAG CX_×GZ NGYJ[@ CDGKZ^ YG[]JNJG KGWXJDHLG LGACXJG LG]JG OXGAG NG]CXGNEJ @][J_ LG]JG ]@^G]J@ CXG]GNG ]@DKGA LG]JG LH]NHKH^ ]@DKGA KGWXJDHLG LJ]JGA BG]JAG NEXWXJLG]NG YXNXDYGDG LG]JG LGAXHDG NEJLM@DHLG AGXDG LG]JG M]GXDJG OJLHAH_ ]@DKGA GAG DXNJG YXNXDYGDG CXGLGA LG]JG OXGAG LG]NG[@LG ]@DKGA ]XK LH]NHKH^ ]@DKGA ]@DKÇA LG]JG H^YJ]J[X LG]NG[@LG WXJ^EYH O@^HFG ^[HFGAJG YXDDGZ CXG]GNG ^GAK]G H]LHDJAKG NEG]N@ LJAGCXG LG]JG LG][JAG EXG]GNG WXJ^EYH LG]JG A@]LG ZG^GNG LGG]NG[@LG LG][E GKHDG CXGLGA DDJCXJDHLG OXDJGAG ZXWXJDHLG LGACXJG LG]JG LGAXHDG LG]JG ]@^G]J@ LHOJG KGWXJDHLG HD^G NHNJDJG ]DKGA ]@DKGA NEGNGCXG^GZ CXGLGA FGAAZ HDJ_GMH[E LG]JG GACHDG ]@DKGA YXDDGZ LG]JG MH MHG[]J_ CXGLGA [@NGNEJ FJDG ZG^GNG A@]LG GAG

NHKXDG KH JKHA[JKGK 969;:7=595 969;533;78 9698>66;99 9698=5;985 9698;838>9 969866=85; 969698=:63 9696=6:589 969;:758>= 9698=56359 96969376;8 9698>9>86: 969=57596; 969;385=;> 969863786: 9698888:56 969;6:=;38 96986=>6:> 969>7566;> 969>=9;7>= 969897567> 969866;86; 969837:5== 9698=56;5> 969;:=>>:7 969856>8:6 969>>=>689 96985=:==8 9698357=6: 9698>533;8 969=9=35;8 9698=5;5>8 969;687653 969866;8;:

 

A@LJAG KH YGNJHA[H^ N@A KJ^NGYGNJKGK A NHKXDG A@LM]H^ ¹ 7

9697==;7 3>

YHK]@

=

96987;:7 :;

LG]ÌG

[JY@ KH HKG K HA KJ]HNNJÞ KJ^NGYGNJK GYHDDJK@^ GK G×@ A ^ G[GY@ HVG^ 3= WXJDDX[@ DHACXGOH VHDG^N@ ]@ G[GY@ HVG^ 6: WXJDDX[@ GXKJ[JVG CXGLÇA ]@

LG]JG NGJ_GCXGA 9698769= LG]CG]J[ > @ CXG]GNG ;7 G

5>

9696>>5; ; ;9

M]ZGA MDGKJLJ] 

]@DKGA CXGLGA

5

8 96988683 :8

NG]LHA VJVJGAG

]@DKGA CXGLGA

7>

6

9698=597 6>

 AGANZ VH]@AJNG

]@DKGA CXG]GNG

7:

3

969=8;>> 95  

LG]JG FGMJGAG

CXGLGA ZGAC@D

;5

5

96967;8= 85

KJGAG BG]JAG

YGNG ]@DKGA

7>

9689>>7:

LG]N@ VJAJNJ@

7 9698=57= = =: 7 969>>7>7 > 93

LG]JG JCAGNJG LGAXHD GDF@A^@

YXDDGZ KGWXJDHL G YXDDGZ KGWXJDHL G ZG^GNG KGWXJDHL G CXG]GNG ]@DKGA JMG]]G GCXJ]]H

7 96988;63

K@D@]H^

]@DKGA

; =9 7 96973>66

LG]JG LG]JG

]@DKÇA ]@DKGA

:

:; 7 9698566> 9 8:   7 9697=;97 7 9;  

OXGA VJNHA[H ]@^GDJA@

79 >9 33 =5 6> =7 88

CGD[H JA[HDHN[XG ZGCXGNEJ D G[GY@ ^GA[G N]X_

JA[HDHN[XG D

JA[HDHN[XG G[GY@ ^GA[G D N]X_ G[GY@ JA[HDHN[XG ^GA[G D N]X_ CGD[H ZGAG]]X FJ^JNG LJ G[GY@ ^GA[G FJ^JNG N]X_ CGD[H LJ]GD@LG DHACXGOH CGD[H JA[HDHN[XG LJ]GD@LG D ^JDDGD@L G CGD[H ; H^WXJAG^ YGDLJ]G NHA[]@ NEGX_GA ^GA GDF@A^@ ^GA

FJ^JNG FJ^JNG JA[HDHN[XG D FJ^JNG FJ^JNG

 

8

88

GDF@A^@

NEJLM@DH LG 7 9696>986 H^N@DÇ^[J LG]NG[@L 6 7>   NG G

36

NEGX_GA ^GA GDF@A^@

JA[HDHN[XG D

A@LJAG KH YGNJHA[H^ GKXD[@^ LGZ@]H^ A¹ 7 = > ; 8 6 3 5 : 79 77 7= 7> 7; 78 76 73 75 7: =9 =7 == => =; =8 =6 =3 =5 =: >9

A@LM]H^

GYHDDJK@^

VHDG^N@ KGWXJDHLG O@^H GA[@AJ@ D@YH_ D@C]@×@ J^GMHD CXGLGA CXGLÇA K@LJACG ]@DKGA CXG]GNG DX_ LG]JG YGNG CXGLGA LG]JG ^X^GAG ]@LH]@ DHLG DXJ^ ]@DKGA ]@DKÇA NEJLM@DHLG O@^H ]@DKGA LG]CG]J[G ]@DKGA ]@DKÇA ]H^X]]HNNJÞA ]@DKGA LG]JG GC]JYJAG CG]NH^ D@C]@×@ K@LJAC@ [JUJ YXDDGZ ]JNG]KJAG EH]AGAKH_ ]@DKGA LG]CG]J[G NEJLM@DHLG [@LG^ ]@DKGA [JUJ HLLG NG]D@[G GCXJ]]H [HDD@ K@D@]H^ YGNG CXGNE@ OXGA LGAXHD ZGX[JMXC M]GV@ KGWXJDHLG LG]JG HX^HMJG VJDDGD@M@^ ]@DKGA OXGA F]GANJ^N@ [HAH^GNG KGWXJDHLG D@]HA_G VJDDGD@M@^ LG]JG N@A^@DGNJ@A WXJ^EYH NXOJ LGAXHDG FHDJYG CXGLGA O@^H LGAXHD VHDG^N@ CXGLGA LG]JG ]@^G]J@ M]GV@ YGKJDDG LG]JG FHDJYG VHDG^N@ [@NGNEJ LH]NHKH^ YGNG CXGLGA ^JDVJG LG]JG CG]NH^ D@C]@×@ NEGNG^GCXGZ E@A@]J@

F]GANJ^NG LGAXHD

]@DKGA YXDDGZ ]@DKGA

HKGK AßLH]@ KHD G×@^ K@NXLHA[@ 36

7398=86683  

66 3; 38 66 3: 63

9697>85;;>   739;785779   9697:695=6   9697558338   969>=85=9>   9699::5:>;  

37 :9 68 3= 35 :6

96979:98;7   969;>>;5=7   9697;;6;9;   96978>39:8   9697395:9=   969>8>66=;  

39

9697;>9=8:  

39 36 68 3;

9697;>9=63   9699>9:;7>   9697899;;9   9697739:8;  

68 68

9697397:78   9697;9;9=>  

38

96976:6=7;  

63 68 3= 65 5> 55 3>

73969=7896   9697>;57:6   969=>5=3;:   96978:8;::   969>95:=33   9697;8;77:   96978>3953  

35 37

969787;;>>   9697786:67  

 

>7 >=

LG]JG OXGAG ]@^G]J@

>>

]@^G]J@

>;

OGNJA[@

>8 >6

LG]JG KHD NG]LHA DXNJGAG

>3

H]LHAHCJDK@

>5

OXGAG

>:

GACHDG

;9

LG]JG H^YJ]J[X

;7

LGAOXHD

;= ;>

LJCXHD LG]JG F]GANJ^NG

;;

G[GAGNJ@

;8 ;6

LHDNE@] GDHOGAK]JAG

;3

LG]JG GAG

;5 ;: 89 87 8= 8> 8; 88 86

LG]JG DH@AG]K@ OXDJGA ]@^G]J@ GA[@AJ@ ]@^G ]@^G]J@ O@^H GA[@AJ@ LG]NJGD

83

LG]JG DHGAK]G

85

OXGA VHA[X]G

8: 69 67 6= 6> 6>

OXKJ[E HLYH]G[]J_ FHDJYG F]GANJ^N@ LGAXHDG DX_ LG]JG O@^H ]H^X]]HNNJ@A

6;

O@^H

YXDDGZ ]@DKGA ]@DKGA [@NGNEJ KGWXJDHLG KGWXJDHLG ]@DKGA M]GV@ ]@DKGA GXNGANHDG AGXDG ]@DKGA DDXJDHLG GXNGA^EGDG LG]NG[@LG ]@DKGA LG]NG[@LG ]@DKGA LG]NG[@LG KGWXJDHLG ]@DKGA G]HDDGA@ ]@DKGA ]@DKÇA [@NGNEJ YGNG KGWXJDHLG YXDDGZ ]@DKGA ]@DKÇA [JUJ VJDDGD@M@^ YXNXDYGDG YGKJDDG HVG^ ]JVH]G HVG^ VHDG^N@ DHLGNEH VJDDG ]@DKGA CXGLGA CXGLGA YXDDGZ YGD[GA DDXJDHLG ]@DKGA ]@DKÇA KGWXJDHLG YGNG ]@DKGA ]@DKÇA ZXYGACXJ LGACJG VJDDGD@M@^ ]@DKGA KJG_ A@M@G YGNG ]@DKGA VHDG^N@ CXGLGA CXGNE@ HVG^ CXGLGA [@NGNEJ ]@DKGA YXDDGZ ZXLJ^HVG CXG]GNG

68 65

96978==:78   96976:6=6>  

3>

9697395:79  

66

9699:6>787  

3: 66

9697397=67   9697>;7888  

6:

969737;87=  

6:

9699:;:5=9  

38

9697;9:5=;  

65

9697;95>55  

68

96979>6;77  

66 6:

739;3;:=3=   9697;=96;:  

66

9699::7;>;  

37 3>

96979>68:>   969898;>35  

65

96976:578=  

3> 3; 36 66 63 63 6: 6: 67

9697=;667;   739869:>=3   9697666;6;   96979:93:5   9697==8=:8   96977=3866   9697;86;9>   739688>>99   9697>93797  

5>

96975:=787  

:9

9699::785=  

37 3; 37 3> 33 39

9699>9:9=8   969>53=76:   739>6==;8;   96975:==;>   96975:===3   9697=>5669  

33

969>=5:;7;  

 

68

Y]H^HA[GNJ@A

@][J_ VXHDVG KGWXJDHLG CXG]GNG CX^×GZ NEG]N@ KGWXJDHLG NEG]N@ LG]NG[@LG KGWXJDHLG CXG]GNG CXG]GNG ]@DKGA CXG]GNG YXDDGZ YXDDGZ NGCXGAG YGD[GA HVG^ [@NGNEJ ]@DKGA AGXDG HVG^ [@NGNEJ ]@DKGA M]GV@ CXG]GNG ]@DKGA VXHDVG LG]NG[@LG ]@DKGA NEJLM@DHLG DDGA@ YGD[GA YGNG YXDDGZ YGD[GA YGNG VHDG^N@ CXGLGA YGNG KGWXJDHLG CXG]GNG CXGLGA [@NGNEJ [@NGNEJ ]@DKGA @][J_ VHDG^N@ CXGLGA

39

9699:37373  

66

LG]JG

65

969739=953  

63

LG]JG AJN@DG^G

3;

9697>;7>=;  

65

O@^H

5=

7396>37=::  

6:

LG]JG X]^XDG

53

7396>9:;37  

39

YHK]@

6:

96975=;=67  

37 3= 3> 3; 38 36 33 35

LGAXHD C]HC@]JG NDHLHA[H LGAXHD OXDJGA LH]NHKH^ LGAXHD OXDJGA

37 3= 66 3: 56 39 59 57

969=8:7=::   96973;>=37   9697796:85   969>9887>5   96975:==>8   969755;>;:   9699:6995=   96979>68;;  

3: 59

LH]NHKH^ D@]HA_@

36 39

969=>65693   96979>6;;8  

57 5= 5> 5; 58

OXGAG LG]JG LG]JG GA[@AJG K@D@]H^ LG]JG

3> 66 3; 36 6:

96973766;9   9697=>7657   9696=>378;   96978=>>5;   9697;5:58:  

56

KGAJHD

3=

9697=>88=6  

53 55 5:

LG]JG C]HC@]JG LG]JG KHDFJAG ^HCXAK@ GA[@AJ@

3> 59 65

96976>5533   9697397==9   739>67=:89  

:9 :7 := :> :;

O@^H LG]JG GA[@AJ@ JA@NHANJ@ HXDGDJG

38 66 65 66 3=

9698===635   73966=3955   9697=>763>   9699:3;9=6   9697373:69  

57

9697=93>89  

65 5>

96975=;=;6   96973::67=  

38

7395:;788=  

OXGA ^GA[JGC@

]@DKGA CXGLGA ]@DKGA HVG^ VHDG^N@ [@NGNEJ NJ^DHLG [@NGNEJ CXGLGA YXDDGZ NEJLM@DHLG CXG]GNG YXDDGZ ]@DKGA ]@DKGA YXDDGZ ]@VGDJA@ CXGLGA CXG]GNG HVG^ ]@DKGA ]@DKGA

:8

]@^G]J@

:6 :3

OXDJGAG OXDJGA

:5

LG]JG H]DJAKG

:: 799

63 3;

739;=3536:   9697;597:3  

7799=7

AX O@L ^HGL GH]DJG

]H @V DG K^GA [@]N@GDNKEGJA

333;

99669977=6=:;37695>5   

 

79> 79; 798 796 793 795 79: 779 777 77= 77> 77; 778 776 773 775 77: 7=9 7=7 7== 7=> 7=; 7=8

O@^H HLJDJ@

VHDG^N@ [@NGNEJ NGCXGAG YH[]@AG [HAHLG_G NG]D@^ YXDDGZ ]@DKGA OXGAG YXDDGZ ]@DKGA ^HCXAK@ D@ D @]HA_@ [JUJ NEJLM@DHLG F]GANJ^N@ ]@DKGA ]@DKGA O@^H VJNHA[H LHOJG [JUJ NEJLM@DHLG O@^H CXGLGA CXG]GNG [H]H^G [@NGNEJ NGMH_G^ LGAXHD LH LHDNE@]   D@C]@×@ OXGA KH KJ@^ YGNG ]@DKGA []GANJ[@ LHOJG [JUJ KGWXJDHLG O@^H ]@DKGA KGWXJDHLG K@D@]H^ VHDG^N@ LG]JG F]GANJ^NG ]@DKGA ]@DKGA SG^EJAC[@A DDXN@ CXGLGA LGAXHD  AGXDG ]@^G]J@ NG]CXGNEJ O@GWXJA ]@DKGA ]@DKGA NGJ_GCXGA@ LJCXHD CXG]GNG YXNXDYGDG G[GAGNJ@ LGACXJG F]GANJ^N@ ]@DKGA ]@DKGA GA[@AJ@ VHDG^N@ [@NGNEJ OXGA CXG]GNG HVG^

63

739;;6:967  

3;

96973=9583  

66 3> 3> 63 66

739889:=53   969>8:3;58   96977>:>:3   96977::>38   9697=9;569  

37

9697=8>::9  

33

9697397=7=  

37

9699>8:5>9  

5: 3=

9697389895   969=973739  

35

969>756>98  

5= 38

96973::6=9   9697397=53  

6:

96979;77>9  

3=

9697;;8;88  

3>

9697;7>>6=  

36

9698769=>>  

53

9697399:85  

57 39 6:

9699566::9   9697=>763>   739;=3536:  

A@LJAG KH YGNJHA[H^ EJYH][HA^@^ Z KJGMH[JN@^ EJYH][HA^@^ A ¹

A¹ KH NHKXDG

7

A@LM]H^

GYHDDJK@^

HKGK KJ]HNNJ@A

699>9:;7> HALG NG]D@[G

GCXJ]]H [HDD@

36

=

699:68793

LG]JG AJHVH^

LGA_GA@ D@YH_

>

699>>38>:

GACHD NX^[@KJ@

L@DJAG KJG^

5>

;

69776:739

OXGA HDJG^

]XJ_ FXHA[H^

68

3;

YGDLJ]G NHA[]@ YGDLJ]G NHA[]@ YGDLJ]G NHA[]@ YGDLJ]G NHA[]@

 

8

6979:9;38

6

69;>>7>6>

3

699>>8668 69=7>;;;3

NJ]JD@ @[HDJG MHAH]MJAG ^HCXAK@ GDMH][@ NG]LHA GLHDJG

YGDLJ]G NHA[]@ YGDLJ]G NHA[]@ YGDLJ]G NHA[]@

NX×G^ WXJACXJ

5;

L@DJAG KJG^

58

EH]HKJG ^@D@]_GA@

58

H^[]GKG LGANEHA@

3;

YGDLJ]G NHA[]@

8=

YGDLJ]G NHA[]@

KJGMH[JN@^ 7

69=9:865:

MDGANG G_XNHAG

GVGD@^ EH]HKJG

GAÇDJ^J^ KH DG H^[]GCJG YJGAH Z D@^ JAKJNGK@]H^ AX[]JNJ@AGDH^ KH^KH HAH]@ G OXDJ@ =9=7 Hd Ydga Jathrshnt`rjgd kh Gdjlhatgnjþa y Autrjnjþa Hnugk`r sh prhshatþ n`l` uag p`dìtjng g dgrc` pdgz` quh tjhah n`l` `mohtjv` gdngazgr uag gkhnugkg autrjnjþa kurgath t`k` hd njnd` kh vjkg kh dgs phrs`ags, phrs`ags, khdjljtg khdjljtg hd gnn gnnj`ag j`agrr jathr jathrjastjt jastjtunj` unj`agd agd ha lgthrjg lgthrjg kh autrjnjþa autrjnjþa y gdjlhatgnjþa kurgath kurgath t`k` hd nurs` kh vjkg. Hsth pdga pdga grtjnudg gd Ljajsthrj` kh ^gduk Yÿmdjng Yÿmdjng n`a `trgs 7> ngrthrgs kh sgduk g trgvês kh 5 dìahgs kh jathrvhanjþa dgs nugdhs jlpdjnga? gshcurgr dg gthanjþa jathcrgd ha sgduk y autrjnjþa ha t`k`s d`s ajvhdhs2 f`lhatgr y pr`thchr dg dgntganjg lgthrag y gdjlhatgnjþa n`lpdhlhatgrjg gkhnugkg. Gkhlçs, chahrgr y f`rtgdhnhr  dgs jathrvhanj`ahs kh pr`l`njþa kh dg sgduk quh f`lhatha hstjd`s kh vjkg sgdukgmdhs y lho`rga eçmjt`s gdjlhatjnj`s2 gsì n`l` n`atrjmujr g dg shcurjkgk y s`mhrgaìg gdjlhatgrjg. YJGAH eg jakjngk` quh gpr`xjlgkglhath gpr`xjlgkglhath 8 kh ngkg 79 aj÷`s ha hd pgìs rhnjmha dgntganjg lgthrag hxndusjvg ha d`s shjs prjlhr`s g÷`s kh vjkg.

 

FXHA[H? Y]G^-]KGNGG-^JVGA

GAÇDJ GAÇ DJ^J^ ^J^?? Kh gnuhrk` g dgs prjlhrgs n`asudtgs `mthajkgs kh hahr` g oudj` =9=7 sh n`anduyh quh >8 aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 8 g÷`s sufrha kh khsautrjnjþa nrþajng.

GNXH]K@ JA[H]LJAJ^[H]JGD LJH^-L^Y Ha hd lhs kh lgrz` khd khd =9=7 sh rhgdjzþ gthan gthanj`ahs j`ahs jathcrgdhs g aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 8 g÷`s quh  phrthahnha g NKJ y NAE kh dgs N`luajkgkhs N`luajkgkhs kh Ygdljrg n`a hd fja kh khthntgr  `p`rtuaglhath t`k` tjp` kh lgdautrjnjþa y gahljg y sj glhrjth hd us` kh ljnr`autrjhaths. Hst` sh d`crþ n`a gyukg khd khd Ljajsthrj` kh Jandusjþa Hn`aþljng Hn`aþljng y ^`njgd.

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa? LJH^

GAGDJ^J^ ? Dg fjcurg rhprhshatg dg ngatjkgk ngatjkgk kh aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 8 g÷`s g÷`s quh phrthahnha phrthahnha g NKJ y NAE. ^h gprhnjg quh 57 aj÷`s phrthahnha g NKJ, ljhatrgs quh ha NAE thahl`s =76 aj÷`s.

NG]GN[H]J^[JNG^

KHD

YH]FJD

HAFH]LHKGK HA DG Y@MDGNJÞA G[HANJÞA @K@A[@DÞCJNG

KH

^GDXK

@K@A[@DÞCJN@

-

 

N@MH][X]G KH N@A^XD[G^ N @A^XD[G^ @K@A@K@A[@DÞCJNG^ HAH]@ - OXDJ@ =9=7 L`rmjdjkgk Yrhvhanjþa

;=% 85%

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa. - ]KGNGG Hdgm`rgk` p`r phrs`agd khd nhatr` kh sgduk Ygdljrg GAGDJ^J^? Dg fjcurg rhprhshatg hd t`tgd kh gthanj`ahs `k`at`dþcjngs ha hd g÷` =9=7, sh gdngazþ g rhgdjzgr ha ua ;=% gthanj`ahs p`r prhvhanjþa y ha 85% n`l` l`rmjdjkgk. Kgak`  prhvgdhanjg g dgs dgs gthanj`ah gthanj`ahss p`r l`rmjdjkgk.

NG^@^ KH L@]MJDJKGK LÇ^ F]HNXHA[H^ HA HD Ç]HG KH @K@A[@D@CÌG  KJH_ Y]JLH]G^ NGX^G^ KH L@]MJDJKGK @K@A[@D@CÌG (YH]Ì@K@ HAH]@-OXDJ@ =9=7) 778 3;

 

3> ;; 76

8

 

>

 

=

=

 

7

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa.- ]KGNGG Hdgm`rgk` p`r phrs`agd khd nhatr` kh sgduk Ygdljrg

GAGDJ GAG DJ^J^ ^J^?? Khatr` kh dgs ngusgs kh l`rmjdjkgk quh tuvjhr`a ua lgy`r p`rnhatgoh kh

  

gthanjþa fuh dg Ngrjhs kh khatjag n`a 778 ngs`s, dg rgìz khatgd rhthajkg n`a 3; ngs`s y `trgs ngrjhs n`a 3> ngs`s, hstgs n`a hd p`rnhatgoh lçs gdt` y sh hanuhatrga `trgs pgt`d`cìgs n`a  p`rnhatgohs lha`rhs lha`rhs n`l` sh `mshrvg ha dg tgmdg. Hstgs Hst gs pgt pgt`d` `d`cìg cìgss sh han hanuha uhatrg trgaa rhd rhdgnj gnj`ag `agkgs kgs yg qu quhh ha dg p`mdgn p`mdgnjþa jþa sh ha hanuh nuhatr atrgg uag jagkhnugkg ejcjhah `rgd, dg fgdtg kh n`a`njljhat` y dg jkh`d`cìg kh dg p`mdgnjþa. Wuh kg dg thakhanjg gd gulhat` kh dgs pgt`d`cìgs mungdhs. Khatr` khd p`rnhatgoh lçs mgo` sh hanuhatrg dg hxf`djgnjþa kh kjhaths khmjk` g ngusgs sjstêljngs quh sh prhshatg yg quh d`s pgkrhs kh fgljdjg a` ddhvga g n`atr`dhs khatgdhs g sus ejo`s, d` quh n`addhvg g dg fgdtg kh hspgnj` pgrg dg hxf`djgnjþa a`rlgd kh kjhath khfjajtjv`s y p`r hakh gd gpj÷gljhat` khatgd, quh sh p`krìga  prhvhajr n`a uag uag rhvjsjþa phrjþkjn phrjþkjngg khd sjsthlg hst` hst`lgt`caçtjn`. lgt`caçtjn`.

DXCG] KH G[HANJÞA @K@A[@DÞCJNG DXCG] KH G[HANJ@A @K@A[@D@CJNG H^[GMDHNJLJHA[@

N@L N@LXAJKGK

H^NXHDG

7:% 79% 37%

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa. - ]KGNGG Hdgm`rgk` p`r phrs`agd khd nhatr` kh sgduk Ygdljrg

GAGDJ^J^? Dg fjcurg rhprhshatg hd ducgr kh gthanjþa `k`at`dþcjng. Ha hd hstgmdhnjljhat` sh gthakjþ 5:9 pgnjhaths, ha n`luajkgk sh gthakjþ 7=9, hsnuhdg =;8. [hajhak` lçs gthanj`ahs ha l`kgdjkgk jatrglurgd

[GLJ_GOH LH[GMÞDJN@ AH@AG[GD Hd [gljzgoh Lhtgmþdjn` Ah`agtgd hs ua pr`yhnt` khd Ljajsthrj` kh ^gduk Yÿmdjng khd

 

Hnugk`r, nuy` `mohtjv` hs dg prhvhanjþa kh dg kjsngpgnjkgk jathdhntugd y dg luhrth prhn`z ha d`s rhnjêa agnjk`s, lhkjgath dg khthnnjþa thlprgag y lgaho` kh hrr`rhs khd lhtgm`djsl`. ^h prhvjhah dg gpgrjnjþa kh nugtr` hafhrlhkgkhs? 

Ejphrpdgsjg ^uprgrrhagd (Kjsngpgnjkgk jathdhntugd y luhrth prhn`z)



Ejp`tjr`jkjsl` (Kjsngpgnjkgk jathdhntugd) Cgdgnt`shljg (Kjsngpgnjkgk (Kjsngpgnjkgk jathdhntugd y luhrth prhn`z)



Fhajdnht`aurjg (Kjsngpgnjkgk jathdhntugd)



Hsth pr`yhnt` n`lhazþ ha hd Hnugk`r hd 9= kh kjnjhlmrh kh =977, khspuês kh ua dgrc`  pr`nhs` kh shdhnnjþa n`a dg gyukg kh Numg, g trgvês kh ua n`avhaj` n`a hd Ljajsthrj` kh ^gduk Yÿmdjng khd Hnugk`r y [hna` ^ulg Jathragnj`agd quh nuhatg n`a lçs kh =3 g÷`s kh hxph hxphrjh rjhan anjg jg ha pgt` pgt`d` d`cì cìgs gs kh hrr` hrr`rh rhss n`ac n`acêa êajt jt`s `s kh khdd lhtg lhtgm` m`djs djsl` l` y hs ut utjd jdjz jzgk gkgg ha Vhahzuhdg, Lêxjn`, Mrgsjd, Grchatjag, N`d`lmjg, y ge`rg ha auhstr` pgìs. Dg n`mhrturg g ajvhd agnj`agd hs kh 7.558 uajkgkhs `phrgtjvgs kh sgduk, kh dgs nugdhs 7.557  phrthahnha gd Ljajsthrj` kh ^gduk Yÿmdjng, 7 gd e`spjtgd khd Jastjtut` Hnugt`rjga` kh ^hcurjkgk ^`njgd (JH^^) ha Glmgt`, = g dg Ouatg kh Mhahfjnhanjg kh Cugygqujd y 7  pgrtjnudgr ha dg njukgk kh Nuhang. Hd c`mjhra` agnj`agd g tr trgvês gvês khd pr`yhnt`, javjhrth $88,6: kþdgrhs p`r ngkg pruhmg rhgdjzgkg g d`s aj÷`s rhnjêa agnjk`s kh auhstr` pgìs pgrg dg  prhvhanjþa kh kjsngpgnjk kjsngpgnjkgk gk jathdhntugd y luhrth prhn prhn`z. `z. Khskh sus jajnj`s, hsth pr`yhnt` suphrþ dgs lhtgs hsphrgkgs. Ha hd =977 fuhr`a tgljzgk`s 79.>;9 aj÷`s ha lha`s kh ua lhs, kh d`s nugdhs sh khthntgr`a 6 ngs`s p`sjtjv`s (ejphrpdgsjg suprgrrhagd 72 ejp`tjr`jkjsl` ejp`tjr`jkjsl` >, cgdgnt`sh cgdgnt`shljg ljg 7 y fhajdnht`aurjg 7). Ha hhdd =97= sh tgljzgr`a tgljzgr`a g 766.999 aj÷`s, khthntgak` ;7 ngs`s p`sjtjv`s (ejphrpdgsjg suprgrrhagd 6 ejp`tjr`jkjsl`>=, cgdgnt`s cgdg nt`shljg hljg =, fhajd fhajdnht` nht`aurjg aurjg 7). Ygrg hd =97> =97>,, sh suphrþ auhvglhath auhvglhath dgs lhtgs lhtgs hstgmdhnjkgs, yg quh sh rhgdjzþ dg pruhmg kh [gljzgoh Lhtgmþdjn` Ah`agtgd g ==8.;>6 aj÷`s,  prhvjajhak` kjsngpgnjkg kjsngpgnjkgkk jathdhntugd ha

77; aj÷`s (ejphrpdgsjg suprgrrhagd =6,

ejp`tjr`jkjsl` 36, cgdgnt`shljg ;, fhajdnht`aurjg 5)

 

FXHA[H? KG[@^ [GLHA N^ YGDLJ]G

[GLJ_GOH VJ^XGD Dg Nhcuhrg jafgatjd prhvhajmdh, gsì n`l` dg kjsngpgnjkgk kjsngpgnjkgk vjsugd ha d`s aj÷`s, n`astjtuyha ua ua crgv crgvhh pr pr`m `mdh dhlg lg kh sg sgdu dukk pÿ pÿmd mdjn jngg ha lune lune`s `s pg pgìs ìshs hs kh khdd luak luak`. `. Hs p` p`rr hs hst` t` qu quhh dg hdjljagnjþa kh ngusgs prhvhajmdhs y nurgmdhs kh kjsngpgnjkgk vjsugd, hs uag jathrvhanjþa quh khmh shr n`asjkhrgkg n`l` prj`rjtgrjg. G phsgr kh quh, ha têrlja`s gms`dutglhath aulêrjn`s, d`s aj÷`s njhc`s n`astjtuyha uag pr`p`rnjþa phquh÷g khd t`tgd kh njhc`s ha hd luak`, luak `, sh hstjlg hstjlg quh ;8 ljdd`ahs kh aj÷`s/gs ngrhn ngrhnha ha kh vjsjþa, vjsjþa, sj t`lgl`s t`lgl`s ha nuha nuhatg tg dg ngatjkgk kh g÷`s quh hst`s aj÷`s vga g hstgr njhc`s, dg nhcuhrg jafgatjd n`astjtuyh uag crga ngrcg pgrg dg s`njhkgk. Kh ehne`, khspuês kh dgs ngtgrgtgs hs dg shcuakg pgt`d`cìg quh ngusg  pêrkjkg kh dg vjsjþa. vjsjþa. Dg Nhcuhrg jafgatjd prhvhajmdh prhvhajmdh hs uag trgchkjg hvjtgm hvjtgmdh dh n`a jlpdjnganjgs quh gdngazg gdngazgaa a` s`dglhath gd aj÷` gfhntgk` ` g su fgljdjg, sja` tglmjêa g dg n`luajkgk y g dg s`njhkgk g dg quh phrthahnh. Kgk` quh s`mrh hd 69% kh dg jaf`rlgnjþa shas`rjgd quh rhnjmh ua aj÷` kurgath su khsgrr`dd` pr`vjhah g trgvês khd hstìlud` vjsugd, hd jlpgnt` kh dg nhcuhrg ha su lgkurgnjþa y khsgrr`dd` hs luy sjcajfjngtjv`. Lhkjkgs kh mgo` n`st`, hstça kjsp`ajmdhs pgrg dg prhvhanjþa, trgtgljhat` y n`atr`d kh ngsj hd 89% kh t`kgs dgs ngusgs kh nhcuhrg jafgatjd, jandus` ha hd 89% rhstgath kh dgs ngusgs kh nhcuhrg jahvjtgmdh jahvjtgmdhs, s, sh puhkh rhegmjdjtgr  vjsugdlhath g lune`s kh d`s aj÷`s/gs. ^hcÿa dg @L^ hd 59% kh dgs ngusgs kh kjsngpgnjkgk vjsugd s`a prhvhajmdhs ` nurgmdhs. Hs gsì quh, hd Hstgmdhnjljhat` kh ^gduk khd Yrjlhr ajvhd kh gthanjþa hdgm`rgrç dg pdgajfjngnjþa gaugd pgrg dg gpdjngnjþa khd tgljzgoh vjsugd g aj÷`s, aj÷gs y gk`dhsnhaths khd ^jsthlg Hkungtjv` g ajvhd agnj`agd, ha n``rkjagnjþa n`a dgs jastjtunj`ahs hkungtjvgs kh su z`ag kh

 

jafduhanjg. Hd [g [glj ljzg zgoh oh vj vjsu sugd gd hs kh gpdj gpdjng ngnj njþa þa `mdj `mdjcg cgt` t`rjg rjg ua uagg vh vhzz ha hd g÷ g÷`` hs hsn` n`dg dgr, r, p` p`rr d` d`ss  pr`fhsj`agdhs kh d`s hstgmdhnjljhat`s hstgmdhnjljhat`s kh sgduk khd prjlhr ajvhd kh gthanjþa n`l` pgrth kh dg gntjvjkgk hxtrglurgd kh sgduk hsn`dgr, hd nugd hstç kjrjcjk` dg p`mdgnjþa hstukjgatjd g ajvhd agnj`agd, ha dgs hkgkhs n`lprhakjkgs hatrh > g 75 g÷`s kh hkgk.  Lgt Lgtrjz rjz kh Yr Yrjlh jlhrr tgl tgljzg jzgoh oh vjsugd vjsugd??  hs dg eh ehrrg rrglj ljha hatg tg pg pgrg rg hd rh rhp` p`rt rthh kh dg jaf`rlgnjþa dhvgatgkg p`r pr`fhsj`agdhs kh sgduk (lêkjn`s/gs y/` hafhrlhrgs/`s) kh d`s hstgmdhnjljhat`s kh sgduk khd prjlhr ajvhd kh gthanjþa ha dg khthnnjþa thlprgag kh hrr`rhs kh rhfrgnnjþa. 

Lgtrjz kh ^hcuak` [gljzgoh?   hs dg ehrrg ehrrgljha ljhatg tg pgrg hd rhp`rth kh dg jaf`rlgnjþa jaf`rlgnjþa dhvgatgkg p`r hd pr`vhhk`r, (pr`fhsj`agd `pt`lhtrjstg y/` pr`fhsj`agd `ftgdlþd`c`) quh gpdjng hd shcuak` tgljzgoh, kjgcaþstjn` y prhsnrjpnjþa kh dhaths. Hd tênajn` kjstrjtgd rhsp`asgmdh khd pr`crglg kh tgljzgoh vjsugd, rhgdjzgrç dg suphrvjsjþa y



rhp`rth kh dg jaf`rlgnjþa khd pr`nhs` kh ^hcuak` [gljzgoh. Lgtrjz kh Hatrhcg kh Dhaths?  hs dg ehrrgljhatg pgrg hd rhcjstr` kh dg jaf`rlgnjþa kh dhaths pgrg n`rtg ` dgrcg kjstganjg hatrhcgk`s, hd ddhagk` kh dg jaf`rlgnjþa shrç rhgdjzgk` p`r d`s tênajn`s kjstrjtgdhs.



Lgtrjz kh ^hcujljhat` kh hatrhcg kh dhaths?  hs dg ehrrgljhatg pgrg hd rhp`rth kh dg jaf`rlgnjþa khd n`atr`d kh gkgptgmjdjkgk y us` gkhnugk` kh dhaths hatrhcgk`s, hsth rhcjstr` shrç kh rhsp`asgmjdjkgk khd pr`fhsj`agd khd hstgmdhnjljhat` kh sgduk khd  prjlhr ajvhd kh gthanjþa y khd tênajn` kjstrjtgd rhsp`asgmdh khd pr`crglg kh tgljzgoh vjsugd.

[GLJ_GOH [GL J_GOH VJ^XGD HAH]@ OXDJ@ =9=7 7 9.: 9.5 9.3 9.6 9.8 9.; 9.> 9.= 9.7 9

H9AH]9@

F H9M ]H9 ]@

L9G] _9@ LG AJ×G AJ ×G^^

G 9 M] J9D AJ×@ AJ ×@^^

L 9 GZ @ 9

O9XAJ@ 9

9OXDJ@9

 

FXHA[H? Y]G^

[GLJ_GOH KH AHX]@KH^G]]@D AHX]@KH^G]]@DD@ D@ Kurgath dg htgpg khd nrhnjljhat` kh d`s aj÷`s y aj÷gs, hd khsgrr`dd` psjn`l`t`r nulpdh ua  pgphd jlp`rtgath khmjk` g quh p`krhl`s `mshrvgr dgs khstrhzgs quh vga gkqujrjhak`  pr`crhsjvglhath.  pr`crhsjvglha th. Hstgs gkqujsjnj`ahs gkqujsjnj`ahs hstgrça khfjajkgs p`r gsphnt`s mj`dþcjn`s, s`njgdhs y hxphrjhanjgs pr`pjgs khd gprhakjzgoh. Dg vgd`rgnjþa khd khsgrr`dd` psjn`l`t`r n`astjtuyh uag kh dgs gntjvjkgkhs mçsjngs, puhs a`s vg g gyukgr a` sþd` g khthrljagr sj hd aj÷` prhshatg gdcuag gdthrgnjþa sja` g n`afjrlgr quh hs ua aj÷` sga`. ]hgdjzgr dg hvgdugnjþa khd khsgrr`dd` n`l` pgrth kh dg gthanjþa lêkjng jathcrgd kurgath dgs vgd`rgnj`ahs kh n`atr`d kh aj÷` sga` kh gnuhrk` g dg rhn`lhakgnjþa khd Lgaugd kh Gthanjþa Jathcrgd g dg Aj÷hz, =975, shcÿa sh khsnrjmh g n`atjaugnjþa? N`atr`d kh aj÷` sga`, hvgdugnjþa jathcrgd khd nrhnjljhat` y khsgrr`dd`? 

 Ah`agt`s (9-=5 kìgs)? -



]hn ]hnjêa jêa Agn Agnjk` jk`?? G d`s d`s = g 8 kìg kìgss ` hatr hatrhh d`s d`s 8 g 79 kìgs. kìgs.

Khskh 7 g 77 lhshs? -

Ng Ngkg kg lh lhss eegs gstg tg d`s d`s 7777 lhs lhshs hs =: kì kìgs gs..

Khskh 7 g÷` g ; g÷`s? - Ngk Ngkgg > ((trh trhs) s) lhsh lhshss khskh khskh d`s 7= egstg egstg dd`s `s =; =; lhshs lhshs..





Ngk Ngkgg 6 (s (shjs hjs)) lh lhshs shs kh khskh skh d`s =; egst egstgg d`s d`s 8; lhshs. lhshs.

Khskh d`s 8 g : g÷`s? -

Xag vhz ngkg g÷`

Gpdjngr hd [gljzgoh khd Ahur`khsgrr`dd` lhkjgath [hst kh Khavhr JJ (F`rludgrj` Ar`. 9=5) kh f`rlg `mdjcgt`rjg? 

Yrjlhr g÷`? gpdjngr hatrh d`s 5 y : lhshs.



 Yrjlhr g shcuak` g÷`? gpdjngr g d`s 75 lhshs.



 ^hcuak` g qujat` g÷`? gpdjngr g d`s >9 lhshs.

Ha ngs` kh jkhatjfjngr gdcÿa sjca` kh gdhrtg kurgath dg vgd`rgnjþa jathcrgd kh n`atr`d kh aj÷` sga`, hd pr`fhsj`agd gpdjngrç hd [hst kh Khavhr JJ y n`atjaugrç hd pr`nhs` kh gnuhrk` g d`s rhsudtgk`s kh dg hvgdugnjþa. Dg jathrn`asudtg, rhfhrhanjg, ` khrjvgnjþa sh khmh rhgdjzgr  lhkjgath d`s f`rludgrj`s 993, F`rludgrj` 98>, ]hfhrhanjg / N`atrg rhfhrhanjg, rhsphntjvglhath, rhsphntjvglh ath, kh gnuhrk` gd ajvhd kh n`lpdhojkgk.

 

]hcjstrgr ]hcj strgr ha dg Ejst` Ejst`rjg rjg Ndìaj Ndìajng ng ßajn ßajng, g, jakjngak` jakjngak`,, gathnhkh gathnhkhaths, aths, ngrgnthrì ngrgnthrìstjng stjngs, s, sjca`s, sjca`s, sìat`lgs, hv`dunjþa y rhsudtgk`s kh dg gthanjþa jathcrgd y gpdjngnjþa khd thst Khavhr JJ hatrh `tr`s jastrulhat`s, prhsuanjþa kjgcaþstjng, rhn`lhakgnj`ahs rhn`lhakgnj`ahs thrgpêutjngs. Dgs gthanj`ahs sh rhcjstrgrça ha dgs ehrrgljhatgs vjchaths khd Ljajsthrj` kh ^gduk Yÿmdjng2 ha hd ]hcjstr` Kjgrj` Gut`lgtjzgk` kh N`asudtgs y Gthanj`ahs Glmudgt`rjgs „ ]KGNNG ` dg Ydgtgf`rlg kh ]hcjstr` kh Gthanjþa ha ^gduk „ Y]G^ n`a hd nþkjc` NJH 79 _99.7 N`atr`d kh sgduk kh rutjag khd aj÷`, n`l` gthanjþa kh prhvhanjþa. Ha hd nhatr` kh sgduk Ygdljrg sh eg rhgdjzgk` dg vgd`rgnjþa khd khsgrr`dd` psjn`l`t`r kh d`s aj÷`s quh gnukha g n`atr`d, gsì n`l` g d`s aj÷`s quh sh vgd`rg ha d`s NKJ y NAE.

Y]@KXNNJÞA HAH]@ G OXDJ@ =9=7 „ YH]^@AGD KH ^GDXK LH^H^

Y]G^^

 HAH]@

>98

 FHM]H]@  LG]_@

=5; >5:

 GM]JD

;8>

 LGZ@

>:8

 OXAJ@

;>6

 OXDJ@

>8;

[@[GD

=676

Y]@KXNNJÞA ^HCßA DXCG] KH G[HANJ@AH^ HAH]@ „ OXDJ@ =9=7

 

N@MH][X]G KH G[HANJÞA LÊKJNG Y@] DXCG] KH G[HAN G[HANJÞA. JÞA. HAH]@„ OXDJ@ =9=7 H^[GMDHNJLJHA[@ KH ^GDXK NHA[]@^ HKXNG[JV@^ N@LXAJKGK

79% :%

59%

Fuhath? Hstgkìstjng-Y]G^ GAGDJ^J^? Dg n`mhrturg p`r ducgr kh gthanjþa jlpdjng hd rhn`a`njljhat` kjaçljn` hatrh dgs ahnhsjkgkhs y gspjrgnj`ahs kh dg p`mdgnjþa, hs khnjr, dg khlgakg kh shrvjnj`s y d`s rhnurs`s kjsp`ajmdhs n`a d`s quh nuhatg hd Ns Ygdljrg. N`l` sh `mshrvg ha hd crçfjn`, eum` uag lgy`r n`mhrturg n`mhrturg kh gthanjþ gthanjþaa ha hd hstgmdhn hstgmdhnjljhat jljhat`` kh sgduk (57%), (57%), sh prj`rjzþ vjsjtgs k`ljnjdjgrjgs g chstgaths kh gdt` rjhsc`, kjsngpgnjtgk`s, y aj÷`s n`a hsquhlgs gtrgsgk`s ha dg n`luajkgk (79%) vjsjtgs ha nhatr`s hkungtjv`s (:%).

N@MH][X]G N@A^XD[G^ LÊKJNG^ YGDLJ]G =9=7

N@MH][X]G KH N@A^XD[G^ LÊKJNG^ (YH]Ì@K@ HAH]@-OXDJ@ =9=7) =9%

59%

Fuhath? Hstgkìstjng Y]G^ =9=7

L`rmjdjkgk Yrhvhanjþa

 

GAGDJ^J^? Dg n`mhrturg n`mhrturg kh sg sgduk duk p` p`rr n`as n`asudtg udtg lêk lêkjng jng n`l` n`l` pgrth pgrth khd khsgrr`dd` jathcrgd cgrgatjzg gthanjþa gd usugrj` lhkjgath lhkjkgs khstjagkgs a` s`dglhath g prhvhajr dg gpgr gpgrjn jnjþ jþaa kh dg hafh hafhrl rlhk hkgk gk.. ^h pu puhk hkhh `msh `mshrv rvgr gr qu quhh sh mr mrja jakþ kþ gt gtha hanj njþa þa lêkj lêkjng ng p` p`r  r   prhvhanjþa (59%) (59%) ha lgy`r pr`p`rnjþa pr`p`rnjþa quh p`r l`rmjdjkg l`rmjdjkgkk (=9%).

KJ^YHA^G]J_GNJÞA KJ^YHA^G]J_ GNJÞA KH Y@MDGNJÞA HGJ^ 7

A¿ A kh   Fgl ¿ jdjgs

Lha `r  kh 7 N`lu ajkgk

7

35

=

=9

NEGX_ GA ^GA GDF@A ^@ DH[]G ^GA YGMD@

:5

^ulg [`tgd  

7=l =>l

= g÷` s

> g÷`s

E L E L E L E

8 g÷` s

; g÷`s

L E

L E

79 g 7;

6g:

78 g 7:

=9 g =;

=8 g ;;

;8 g 6;

68 g 3;

38 ` lgs

L E

L E

L E

L E

L

E

L

E

L E

L E L

7 :

7 6

7 5

7 :

= 7

= >

> 5

7 9 =

7 = 8

7 > 9

7 3 =

6 6

3 =

> 7

> =

: 7 7 7

7 7 7 > 6

7 = 7 ; =

7 8 7 5 3

:

7 ;

7

3 8

5 6

> =

=

>

7

=

8

5

3

:

3

5

7 8

=

7

7

=

=

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:

;

>

;

=

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=

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7 9

7 ;

7 =

7 6

;

;

= ;

3

7 7

7 6

7 >

7 9

7 =

7 3

= =

7 5

= 7

= :

> 8

> 8

8 ;

H l m.

Kjsn gp.

Haf. Nr`aj ng

[`tgd

E

L

E

L

E

L

[` tgd

9

9

; > 7

8 8 ;

:5 8

3 6 8 9 3

: = 6 ; 6

3

7 8

=

9

7 9

=

9

9

9

7

=

9

9

> ;

3

7 8   =

7

7 =

9

9

76 5 77 8>

HGJ^ = A¿ kh A Fg   ljdj ¿ gs

= g÷` s

> g÷` s

; g÷` s

8 g÷` s

E L E L E

L E

L E

L E

7

7 7 > 7

7 6

7 >

7 =

5

7 ;

7 9

= :

= 9

7 9

= 7

8

7

=

7

>

=

8

8

Cgdth Mjs÷gc   Cgdth ^ga   Ouga N`ljtå kh Khsgrr`dd ` N`luagd Cgdth Dgjlh   Cgdth Ljrgd`lg  

7 =

;

=

;

>

;

=

>

> 7

3

=

>

=

>

=

7 =

9

9

=

7

=

9 9

9

9

9

9

^ulg [`tgd

= 7 9 3

> =

7 5

= >

7 8

=

  4 7

N`luajk gk N``phrgtj vg Yr`kunnjý a  Gcrän`dg Cgdth =9> Dgjlh  Glmr`sj` Dgss` kh 5> Cgdth  

>

5;

;

=5

8

83

6

=>

;35

7=l =>l

79 g 7;

6g:

78 g 7:

=9 g =;

=8 g ;;

;8 g 6;

68 g 3;

38 ` lgs

H l m.

L E

L

E

L

E

L

E

L

E

L

E

L

E

L E

L

=

3 8

: 9

3 6

3 >

8 8

6 8

6 ;

; 9

7 7 ;

7 = 6

8 7

6 >

7 ;

7 5

:

5

7

7

7 8

7 3

= 5

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> :

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= 9

= 3

; 6

8 3

= :

> ;

3

6

:

=

>

7

7 9

= 9

9

3

5

= 5 7 8

= 7 7 8

= = 7 7

8 ; 7 8

8 6 = >

7 : 7 9

3

=

= 3 7 9

=

7

= 6 7 :

7 6

>

> 9 7 6

3

9

7

=

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7

9

7 8

7 :

> :

; ;

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9

9

9

9

= 6

7 3

; =

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7 3

;

> 7 = 8

= 7 8 6

8 7 : ;

3 = 9 6

: 7 6 :

= 7 7 9 7 > 7

8 9 7 ; = : >

8 3 7 3 > > 6

7 3

9

7 5 7 9 7 ; 5

7 >

9

> 9 7 7 7 5 9

3 7 = :

5 7 ; 8

Kjsn gp.

Haf. Nr`a jng

[`tgd

[` tgd

E

L E

L

E

L

6

8

5

9

9

88 =

8; 3

79 ::

8

=

7

=

9

9

=7 7

== 8

;> 6

=

>

>

7

7

9

9

75 ;

7: 9

=

=

>

;

=

9

9

9

: :6 6

: :6 6

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=

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;

9

7

9

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73 6

7: :

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7

=

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9

=

9

9

9

8 8> >

8 85 5

>3 8 77 7

= 5

> 3

= 6

= =   7:

7 7

7 =

9

9

7= 3=

7> 78

=8 53

HGJ^ > Lha `r  kh 7

7=l =>l

= g÷` s

> g÷` s

; g÷` s

8 g÷` s

A

A¿ kh

  ¿

Fgl jdjgs

N`lu ajkgk

E

L E

L E

L E

L E

L E

L E

:

G[GY@ DG]NGY GLMG

7

>

7

9

9

=

8

6 9

7

7

7

7

>

6g:

7 6

79 g 7;

78 g 7:

=9 g =;

=8 g ;;

;8 g 6;

68 g 3;

38 ` lgs

L E

L E

L E

L

E

L

E

L

E

L E

L

7 3

7 >

7 7

7 =

7 >

7 ;

7 ;

7 8

;

8

9

7 5

6

7 =

9

H l m.

9

Kjsn gp.

Haf. Nr`a jng

[`tgd

E

L

E

L

E

L

[` tgd

9

9

9

9

: 9

: >

75 >

 

=

==

>

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;

=6

8

86

6

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=6=

G[GY@ WXJDDX [@]@ G[GY@ ^JDDG NGOG G[GY@ HD NG]LH A G[GY@

>

;

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7 =

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;

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3

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^GA F]GANJ ^N@ MGO@ G[GY@ ^GA F]GANJ ^N@ GD[@

7

=

6

;

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5

8

3

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^ulg [`tgd

7 9

7 7

7 :

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7 8

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> 9

> :

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> =

8 7

6 9

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8 : 6

3

7 7

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GAÇDJ^J^? nþl` p`khl`s `mshrvgr ha hd nugkr` thahl`s hd t`tgd kh p`mdgnjþa kh crup`s  prj`rjtgrj`s n`rrhsp`akjhaths n`rrhsp`akjhaths gd lhs kh Oudj` kga kgak` k` n`l` prhvgdhanjg prhvgdhanjg g d`s aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 8 g÷`s n`a 855 aj÷`s, shcujkg kh gkudt`s lgy`rhs n`a >>8 usugrj`s.

 

C]XY@^ VXDAH]GMDH^ Luohrhs Hlmgrgzgkgs kh gdt` ]jhsc`  Aj÷`s y Aj÷gs Lha`rhs kh njan` njan` g÷`s Yhrs`ags n`a kjsngpgnjkgk kjsngpgnjkgk fìsjng ` jathdhntugd ha hstgk` crgvh quh rhqujhrha nujkgk`s pgdjgtjvgs Yhrs`ags n`a hafhrlhkgkhs nrþajngs khsn`lphasgkgs Yhrs`ags jkhatjfjngkgs n`a rjhsc` Chaêtjn` Yhrs`ags Vìntjlgs kh vj`dhanjg kh chahr` Yhrs`ags n`a jathat`s gut` dìtjn`s ` jkhgnjþa kh sujnjkj`

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@k`atþd`c` (=) @msthtrg ]urgd (7)

Hafhrlhrgs ]urgdhs (>) [ênajn`s ha Gthanjþa Yrjlgrjg ha ^gduk

 

([GY^) (;) Y]@C]GLG^

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YG][JNJYGNJÞA YG][JNJYGNJÞ A ^@NJGD Hd l`khd` kh chstjþa kh jan`af`rljkgkhs y rhquhrjljhat`s njukgkga`s sh trgtg kh ua  pr`nhs` n`atjau` kh rhn`pjdgnjþa y gaçdjsjs kh jaf`rlgnjþa s`mrh ngs`s kh vudahrgnjþa kh khrhne`s kh d`s usugrj`s ha d`s shrvjnj`s kh sgduk, ljsl` quh eg sjk` jlpdhlhatgk` y gd nugd sh eg kgk` shcujlj shcujljhat` hat` ha hd Nhatr` kh ^g ^gduk duk Ygdljrg n`a hd fja kh `frhnhr `frhnhr uag gthanjþa kh ngdjkgk y ngdjkhz g d`s usugrj`s. Dg sgtjsfgnnjþa kh d`s usugrj`s tglmjêa eg sjk` lhkjkg n`a hanuhstgs gpdjngkgs g d`s usugrj`s khd nhatr` kh sgduk, ha dgs nugdhs sh puk` hvjkhanjgr kh lgahrg trjlhstrgd dg  phrnhpnjþa khd usugrj` frhath g d`s shrvjnj`s y dg ngdjkgk kh gthanjþa quh sh mrjakg ha dg uajkgk `phrgtjvg, sjhak` hd ÿdtjl` trjlhstrh hvgdugk` hd kh lho`r puatugnjþa `mthajkg kurgath auhstr` g÷` kh trgmgo`. Xa` kh d`s `mohtjv`s nhatrgdhs khd LGJ^- FNJ hs hd f`rtgdhnjljhat` kh dg pgrtjnjpgnjþa njukgkgag ha sgduk, uag kh dgs hstrgthcjgs hs gp`ygr dg n`af`rlgnjþa y fuanj`agljhat` kh d`s N`ljtês D`ngdhs kh ^gduk (ND^). Hd ND^ hs ua hspgnj` kh pgrtjnjpgnjþa s`njgd quh chahrg çlmjt`s kh khdjmhrgnjþa khl`nrçtjng y pgrtjnjpgtjvg g ajvhd d`ngd, n`luajtgrj`, quh  phrljtha uag gkhnugkg n`anhrtgnjþa y chstjþa, frhath g dgs pr`mdhlçtjngs s`njgdhs kh dg n`luajkgk, quh, g trgvês kh ua n`a`njljhat` pr`pjnj` kh chstjþa pgrtjnjpgtjvg y t`lg kh khnjsj`ahs, phrljth n`anrhtgr n`anrhtgr kh lgahrg hfhntjvg, prhnjsg y phrtjah phrtjahath ath hd nulpdjljhat` kh d`s khrhne`s y khmhrhs. Kurgath hd g÷` =97: hd Nhatr` kh ^gduk eg trgmgogk` ouat` g su N`ljtê Njukgkga` D`ngd kh ^gduk ha vgrj`s çlmjt`s, khstgngak` dg hstrgthcjg kh Vjcjdganjg N`luajtgrjg ha dg nugd d`s crup`s prj`rjtgrj`s s`a gthakjk`s y vjsjtgk`s p`r hd hqujp` kh sgduk ouat` g d`s dìkhrhs n`luajtgrj` n`luajtgrj`s. s. Hd f`rtgdhnjljhat` kh dg pgrtjnjpgn pgrtjnjpgnjþa jþa njukgkgag sh eg rhgdjzgk` y vjst` rhfdhogk` ha dgs gntjvjkgkhs y hanuhatr`s lhasugdhs khd NND^ n`a hd  phrs`agd kh sgduk. sgduk.

Yrhstgnjþa ha ^gduk Nulpdjhak` n`a d` hstgmdhnjk` hstgmdhnjk` p`r hd LGJ^-FN sh gtjhakh g crup`s prj`rjtgrj`s mgsgk`s ha dg pr`l`njþa y prhvhanjþa prhvhanjþa kh sgduk lhkjg lhkjgath ath dg ngdjkgk y ngdjkhz. [`k`s [`k`s d`s hqujp`s kh sgduk nulpdha n`a d` hstgmdhnjk` khatr` khd LGJ^-FN, gkhlçs kh d` hstgmdhnjk` ha ngkg ua` kh d`s phrfjdhs þptjl`s kh ngkg pr`fhsj`agd.

 

Gntjvjkgkhs ha Yrhvhanjþa ha ^gduk  G]HG

GN[JVJKGK

 Ydgajfjngnjþa fgljdjgr 

Ha ngkg n`asudtg lêkjng g luohrhs kh hkgk fêrtjd, gk`dhsnhaths y luohrhs chstgaths sh rhgdjzþ gshs`rìg ha pdgajfjngnjþa fgljdjgr.

N`atr`dhs

aj÷`/gk`dhsnhath Hd n`atr`d quh sh rhgdjzg kh lgahrg n`astgath

sga`

ha dg p`mdgnjþa gpgrhathlhath sgag phrljth jkhatjfjngr thlprgaglhath pr`mdhlgs kh sgduk, ` hafhrlhkgkhs hafhrlhkgkhs quh a` lgajfjhstga sjat`lgt`d`cìg ha phrì`k` thlprga`.

 Hstrgthcjg kh Jaluajzgnj`ahs Jaluajzgnj`ahs

Hd nulpdjljhat` khd hsquhlg kh vgnuagnjþa ha lha`rhs hs kh crga jlp`rtganjg ha hd çlmjt` sgduk, hpjkhlj`d`cìg y s`njgd. ^h vhrjfjnþ n`astgathlhath dg `p`rtuag n`d`ngnjþa kh vgnuags.

[gljzgoh Lhtgmþdjn` Ah`agtgd 

^h rhgdjzg g pgrtjr khd nugrt` kìg kh agnjk` egstg d`s =5 kìgs kh vjkg, pgrg dg khthnnjþa `p`r `p `rtu tuag ag

kh

Fhajdnht`aurjg, [gljzgoh Vjsugd 

hafh hafhrl rlhk hkgk gkhs hs Ejphrpdgsjg

n`l` n`l`??

^uprgrrhagd,

Ejp`tjr`jkjsl` N`acêajt` y Cgdgnt`shljg. ^h rhgd gdjz jzþþ prja prjannjpg jpgdl dlhhath ath ha uajk ajkgkh gkhs hkungtjvgs, khthntgak` kh lgahrg thlprgag khfjnjhanjgs vjsugdhs quh glhrjtha shcujljhat` ` gyukg tênajng.

[gljzgoh Ahur`khsgrr`dd` Ahur`khsgrr`dd`

G trgvês khd [hst kh Khavhr phrljth jkhatjfjngr p`sj p` sjmd mdhs hs pr`m pr`mdh dhlg lgss ha nuga nugat` t` g khsg khsgrr rr`d `dd` d` psjn`l`trjz ha d`s aj÷`s, sh rhgdjzg n`a ngkg gthanjþa g d`s lha`rhs.

 Jkhatjfjngnjþa kh ^jat`lçtjn`s ^jat`lçtjn`s

G trgvês kh dg pruhmg kh mgnjd`sn`pìg sh khthrljag sj ua ]hspjrgt`rj`s ua ]hspjrgt`rj`s pgnjhath

 

pukjhsh prhshatgr ua nnugkr` ugkr` kh tumh tumhrnud`sjs, rnud`sjs, hpjkhlj`dþcjnglhath rhdhvgath.  ^gduk @rgd @k`at`d`cìg @k`at`d`cìg

Y`r lhkj` kh n`atr`dhs kh rutjag y hd pr`crglg —Hnugk`r sja ngrjhs“ gnukh g uajkgkhs hkungtjvgs n`a hd fja kh prhvhajr pgt`d`cìgs `k`at`dþcjngs p`r eçmjt`s jagkhnugk`s.

Y]@C]GLG^

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Z

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KH

JALXAJ_GNJÞA JALXAJ_GNJÞ A (HAJ) @mohtjv` khd HAJ N`atrjmujr g rhkunjr dg l`rmjdjkgk y l`rtgdjkgk jafgatjd kh dgs hafhrlhkgkhs jalua`prhvhajmdhs jalua`prhvha jmdhs p`r vgnuagnjþ vgnuagnjþa. a.

Ljsjþa khd HAJ Gshcurgr dg jaluajzgnjþa uajvhrsgd y hqujtgtjvg kh dg p`mdgnjþa `moht` khd Yr`crglg, usgak` vgnuags vgnuags kh ngdjkgk, crgtujtgs quh sg sgtjsfgcga tjsfgcga gd usugrj`, n`l` rhsudtgk` rhsudtgk` kh gpdjngr  uag chrhanjg y vjcjdganjg hpjkhlj`dþcjng hfhntjvgs y hfjnjhaths ha t`k`s d`s ajvhdhs, quh jav`dunrh g d`s kjfhrhaths gnt`rhs khd ^jsthlg Agnj`agd kh ^gduk.

Vjsjþa khd HAJ Lgatjhah hd n`atr`d, dg hdjljagnjþa y dg hrrgkjngnjþa kh dgs hafhrlhkgkhs jalua`prh jalu a`prhvhaj vhajmdhs mdhs,, g trgvês trgvês kh uag Vjcjdg Vjcjdganjg anjg Hpjk Hpjkhlj` hlj`dþcjn dþcjngg hfhntjvg, hfhntjvg, `p`rtuag, `p`rtuag, n`a vgnuagnjþa kh ngdjkgk, crgtujtg, hqujtgtjvg y uajvhrsgd. D`crgak` jatr`kunjr vgnuags kh  pr`mgk` n`st` mhahfjnj` y n`st` hfhntjvjkgk. N`a tgdhat` eulga` gdtglhath ngdjfjngk` y khsgrr`ddgk` ha t`kgs dgs hsfhrgs.

Ngrgnthrìstjngss khd HAJ Ngrgnthrìstjng ▯

▯

▯

▯

▯

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Yjdgr fuakglhatgd ha dg GY^, kh gdt` jlpgnt` Yr`mgk` n`st` hfhntjvjkgk y n`st` mhahfjnj` Gnnhsjmdh g t`kg dg p`mdgnjþa Yr`thcjk` p`r dg dhy kh vgnuags Nulpdh n`a d`s prjanjpj`s kh hqujkgk [rgsnjhakh lçs gddç kh dg p`mdgnjþa lgthrag Jafgatjd L`vjdjzgk`r kh v`duatgkhs.

 

D`s n`lp`ahaths khd HAJ s`a? ▯

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@rcgajzgnjþa y n``rkjagnjþa n``rkjagnjþa.. Gaçdjsjs kh dg pr`kunnjþa kh vgnuagnjþa. Ngdjkgk kh dg jaf`rlgnjþa. [grohthr` kh vgnuagnjþa vgnuagnjþa.. Ngkhag kh frj`. L`vjljhat` kh mj`dþcjn`. Gntjvjkgkhs kh vgnuagnjþ vgnuagnjþa. a. Vjcjdganjg hpjkhlj`dþcjng hpjkhlj`dþcjng.. Ngpgnjtgnjþa y suphrvjsjþa. Vgnuagnjþa shcurg.

GAÇDJ^J^ KH N@MH][X]G^ KH VGNXAGNJÞA HAH]@ G OXDJ@ KHD =9=7 N`mhrturg kh vgnuagnjþa kh vgnuag @YV ha lha`rhs kh 7 g÷` MJ@D@CJN@

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GAÇDJ^J^? Ha hd crçfjn` ua` n`rrhsp`akjhath g n`mhrturg kh vgnuags kh MNC g aj÷`s y aj÷gs lha`rhs kh 7 g÷`, n`a uag p`mdgnjþa kh 75> sh d`crg uag n`mhrturg kh 7>.7 %, r`tgvjrus (=>%), phatgvgdhath (>7%) @YV (>9%) y ahul`n`n` (=3%).

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 Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa? YG][H^ KJG]J@^ KH VGNXAGNJ@A

GAÇDJ^J^? Ha hd nugkr` n`rrhsp`akjhath g n`mhrturg kh vgnuags g aj÷`s y aj÷gs kh 7= g

 

=> lhshs, n`a uag p`mdgnjþa kh >97 ha nugat` g fjhmrh glgrjddg sh d`crg uag n`mhrturg kh 7;%, ^]Y prjlhrg k`sjs (>;.6%), vgrjnhdg (7;,6%) @YV (73,6%), KY[ (7=,>%) y ^]Y shcuakg k`sjs (=;,6%).

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GAÇDJ^J^? Ha hd nugkr` n`rrhsp`akjhath g n`mhrturg kh vgnuags g hlmgrgzgkgs n`a dg vgnuag K[ sh d`crg uag n`mhrturg kh 779% 779% kh uag p`mdgnjþa kh ;= hl hlmgrgzgkgs. mgrgzgkgs.

N@LY]@LJ^@^ KH HAJ 

Gnnhs` Xajvhrsgd y Kjvhrsjkgk nudturgd?  Cgrgatjzgr hd gnnhs` kh t`kg dg p`mdgnjþa gd hsquhlg n`lpdht` kh vgnuagnjþa n`a jandusjþa hfhntjvg.

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Crgtujkgk?  @frhnhr vgnuags sja ajacÿa tjp` kh n`st` g dg p`mdgnjþa khd Ngatþa Cugl`th.



Ngdjkgk? Cgrgatjzgr pr`nhkjljhat`s kh vgnuagnjþa shcurg g trgvês kh dg gkqujsjnjþa kh vgnuags hfhntjvgs, shcurgs y kh ngdjkgk, hd gdlgnhagljhat` y trgasp`rth gkhnugk` kh dgs ljslgs, dg ngpgnjtgnjþa phrlgahath khd tgdhat` eulga` y dg gpdjngnjþa kh lhkjkgs kh vjcjdganjg y n`atr`d quh phrljtga khthntgr rjhsc`s pgrg dg sgduk jakjvjkugd y n`dhntjvg y lhkjr hd jlpgnt` kh dgs jathrvhanj`ahs.



@p`rtuajkgk y ^usthatgmjdjkgk? Cgrgatjzgr d`s mhahfjnj`s kh dg vgnuagnjþ vgnuagnjþaa g trgvês kh dg `fhrtg kh ua hsquhlg n`lpdht` y `p`rtua` kh gnuhrk` g dg hkgk, n`a ua  pr`crglg s`sthajmdh s`sthajmdh y susthatg susthatgmdh. mdh.



Hqujkgk Hquj kgk ^`n ^`njgd? jgd?  Kgr Kgr prj` prj`rj rjkg kgkk g dg ha hatrh trhcg cg kh d` d`ss kj kjfh fhrh rhat aths hs hs hsqu quhl hlgs gs kh vgnuagnjþaa g dg p`mdgnjþa lçs vudahrgmdh kh gnuhrk` g nrjthrj`s kh rjhsc` khfjajk`s. vgnuagnjþ



Ygrtjnjpg Ygrt jnjpgnjþa njþa ^`nj ^`njgd? gd? F`lhatgr dg pgrtjnjpgnjþa gntjvg kh dgs phrs`ags, fgljdjgs y n`luajkgk ha hd hohrnjnj` kh su khrhne` g dg vgnuagnjþa y d`s khmhrhs rhsphnt` g hddg  pgrg fgv`rhnhr fgv`rhnhr hd mjhahstgr n`dhn n`dhntjv`. tjv`.

GN[JVJKGKH^ KH Y]@L@NJÞA KH DG ^GDXK

 

Dgs gntjvjkgkhs kh pr`l`njþa dgs hstgmdhnjl`s n`a t`k`s d`s jathcrgaths kh dg uajkgk  musngak` hstrgthcjgs hstrgthcjgs pgrg nulpdjr d`s `mohtjv`s

pr`puhst`s ha hd pdga d`ngd kh sgduk,

 p`r d` quh dgs kjvjkjl`s gsì? jatrglurgdhs y hxtrglurgdhs, hxtrglurgdhs, ha hstgs sh janduyhr`a kjstjat`s f`rlgt`s n`l`? lhsg rhk`akg, ngpgnjtgnj`ahs ngpgnjtgnj`ahs,, f`r`s, hxp`sjnj`ahs hxp`sjnj`ahs,, krglgtjzgnj`ahs y fhrjgs kh sgduk. JA[]GLX]GDH^? 

^h rhgdjzþ negrdgs n`a pgrtjnjpgnjþa pgrtjnjpgnjþa kh pgrthr`s kh dg pgrr`qujg musngak` musngak` hstrgthcjgs  pgrg hvjtgr luhrth lgthrag. lgthrag.



Yrhpgrgnjþa kh gdjlhat`s mgdganhgk`s n`a n`dgm`rgnjþa kh jathra` kh Autrjnjþa y hvgdugnjþa g lgkrhs phrthahnjhaths g dg pgrr`qujg kh Ygdljrg.



Ngpgnjtg Ngpg njtgnj`ah nj`ahss ha dg sgdg kh hsphrg gnhrng kh vgrj`s thlgs kh pr`l`njþa pr`l`njþa kh dg sgduk, sgduk, khatr` kh dgs nugdhs thahl`s? muha trgt`, sgduk lhatgd, khrhne`s shxugdhs, gdjlhatgnjþa gkhnugkg.



Negrdgs khatr` kh dg hstrgthcjg kh VJE y tumhrnud`sjs, sh n`atþ kh jcugd f`rlg n`a dg  pgrtjnjpgnjþa kh d`s d`s hqujp`s HGJ^ kh dg uajkgk.



Khl`strgnj`ahs n`a pgrtjnjpgnjþa kh gsjsthaths kh prhpgrgnjþa kh gcug shcurg g mgsh kh nd`r` y djlpjhzg kh suphrfjnjhs.



Yr`l`njþa kh lhkjkgs kh mj`shcurjkgk pgrg prhvhajr n`atgcj`s ha sgdg kh

hsphrg.

HU[]GLX]GDH^ 

Negrdgs hkungtjvgs s`mrh autrjnjþa, dgntganjg lgthrag sjca`s kh phdjcr` ha dgs vjsjtgs k`ljnjdjgrjgs g auhstrgs hlmgrgzgkgs kh auhstrg n`luajkgk



Negrdgs hkungtjvgs s`mrh autrjnjþa, dgntganjg lgthrag g lgkrhs kh aj÷`s phrthahnjhaths g NKJ y NAE phrthahnjhaths g dg pgrr`qujg.



Gntjvjkgkhs hkungtjvgs hkungtjvgs k`ljnjdjgrhs? Yr`l`njþa kh sgduk khd auhv` l`khd` kh gthanjþa, gdjlhatgnjþa, ejcjhah phrs`agd, hkungnjþa shxugd, hdjljagnjþa kh khshne`s sþdjk`s, sgahgljhat` glmjhatgd.



Yr`l`njþa kh sgduk shxugd y rhpr`kuntjvg ha dgs uajkgkhs hkungtjvg hkungtjvgss n`a negrdgs s`mrh hafhrlhkgkhs kh trgsljsjþa shxugd, khrhne`s shxugdhs y rhpr`kuntjv`s, lhkjgath ouhc`s jathrgntjv`s y pgrtjnjpgnjþa kh d`s gdula`s.



^h nulpdjþ n`a gntjvjkgkhs n`l` hohrnjnj`, ouhc`s lhatgdhs y negrdgs hkungtjvgs rhsphnt` g sgduk lhatgd n`a d`s usugrj`s kh dg thrnhrg hkgk gsì ljsl` n`a gk`dhsnhaths ha dgs n`luajkgkhs phrthahnjhaths g dg pgrr`qujg.

 



Ygrtjnjpgnjþa kh dg n`luajkgk ha fhrjgs kh sgduk.



^hcujljhat` g p`mdgnjþa sjat`lçtjng rhspjrgt`rjg, jaf`rlgak` s`mrh dg jlp`rtganjg kh gnukjr g dg uajkgk kh sgduk, hkungak` s`mrh hd us` kh lgsngrjddg, kjstganjgljhat` y dgvgk` kh lga`s.

GN[JVJKGKH^ HKXNG[JVG^ JA[]GLX]GDH^ ^h rhgdjzga gdcuags gntjvjkgkhs hkungtjvgs n`l` sh lhanj`aþ gathrj`rlhath, ha dgs nugdhs sh hkung g dg p`mdgnjþa lhkjgath lgthrjgd, hsnrjt` shga hst`s ngrthdhs hdgm`rgk`s p`r dg uajkgk, gsì n`l` lgthrjgd gukj`vjsugd. ^h rhgdjzg gkhlçs njahs f`r`s n`a dgs uajkgkhs hkungtjvgs.

GN[JVJKGKH^ HKXNG[JVG^ K@LJNJDJG]J K@LJNJDJG]JG^ G^ Xa` kh d`s prjanjpgdhs `mohtjv`s kh d`s hqujp`s jathcrgdhs kh sgduk kurgath dgs vjsjtgs k`ljnjdjgrjgs fuh hkungr g dg p`mdgnjþa, khphakjhak` kh dg ahnhsjkgk kh ngkg pgnjhath, sh hkunþ hku nþ fua fuakgl kglhat hatgdl gdlhat hathh ha lhk lhkjkg jkgss kh ejc ejcjha jhahh y prhvh prhvhanj anjþa þa kh l`rmjd l`rmjdjkg jkgkh khs. s. G d`s e`cgrhs ha quh sh rhgdjzþ n`atr`dhs kh sgduk g aj÷`s, sh mrjakþ hkungnjþa ejcjêajn`sgajtgrjg, gshs`rìg autrjnj`agd y sh mrjakþ jaf`rlgnjþa gnhrng kh dg gntjvjkgk fìsjng. Ha hd ngs` kh dgs pgnjhaths chstgaths y p`st pgrt`, sh hkunþ prjanjpgdlhath ha lgthrjg kh sjca`s kh  phdjcr` h jlp`rtganjg kh d`s n`atr`dhs prhagtgdhs y pdgajfjngnjþa fgljdjgr, a` sþd` g d`s  pgnjhaths sja` tglmjêa g d`s fgljdjgrhs. N`a d`s pgnjhaths hafhrl`s nrþajn`s y gkudt`s lgy`rhs trgmgogl`s ha lhkjkgs kh prhvhanjþa kh gnnjkhaths, ngìkgs, prhvhanjþa kh hafhrlhkgkhss y lhkjkgs kh gsh`. hafhrlhkgkh Ha dgs vjsjtgs k`ljnjdjgrjgs sh trgtg kh rhgdjzgr lÿdtjpdhs gntjvjkgkhs hkungtjvgs khphakjhak` khd crup` kh rjhsc` ` htgrj` quh sh vjsjth? 

Vjsjtgs k`ljnjdjgrjgs g pgnjhaths n`a hafhrlhkgkhs nrþajngs a` trgsljsjmdhs lhkjgath dg hkungnjþa khd pgnjhath s`mrh nþl` ddhvgr su hafhrlhkgk gsì ljsl` s`mrh dgs lhkjkgs quh khmh t`lgr y dg gdjlhatgnjþa gkhnugkg, hd n`atr`d  phrlgahath p`r p`r dg Xajkgk @phrgtjvg @phrgtjvg..



Gkudt` lgy`r, ngpgnjtgnj`ahs s`mrh rjhsc` kh frgcjdjkgk lhkjgath dg gpdjngnjþa kh thst kh dg uajkgk gsì ljsl` s`mrh gntjvjkgkhs sgdukgmdhs, ha autrjnjþa y gntjvjkgk fìsjng.



Hlmgrgzgkg hkungnjþa s`mrh sjca`s kh phdjcr` ha hd hlmgrgz`, pdga kh pgrt`,  pdga kh hlhrchanjg, pgrt` jastjtunj`agd, negrdg s`mrh dgs n`rrhntgs f`rlgs kh dgntganjg gsì ljsl` sh rhgdjzg pdgajfjngnjþa fgljdjgr.



 Aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 8 g÷`s, negrdg s`mrh gdjlhatgnjþa gkhnugkg kh gnuhrk` g dg

 

hkgk khd pgnjhath pgrg hvjtgr dg khsautrjnjþa gcukg n`l` nrþajng, hkungnjþa s`mrh ahur`khsgrr`dd`, gntjvjkgkhs kh hstjludgnjþa thlprgag.

GNNH^@^ G ^H]VJNJ@^ KH DG LHKJNJAG GANH^[]GD Z GD[H]AG[JVG Hd puhst` kh sgduk nuhatg n`a ; pgrthr`s nhrtjfjngk`s khatr` kh auhstrgs n`luajkgkhs g d`s nugdhs sh dhs ngpgnjtg pgrg hvjtgr luhrths lgthrags- ah`agtgdhs, a` sh tjhah kgt`s hsphnìfjn`s s`mrh s`mrh sj hx hxjst jsthh nur nurgak gakhr` hr`ss ` Zgn Zgneg egbs bs ha dgs n`l n`luaj uajkgk kgkhs, hs, ch chahr ahrgdl gdlhat hathh rhgdjz rhgdjzga ga sus sus gntjvjkgkhs sja quh sh n`a`zng hd ducgr gkhlçs kh quh dg p`mdgnjþa a` qujhrh quh sh thacg lgy`r jaf`rlgnjþa s`mrh hdd`s. Khatr` kh dg lhkjnjag gdthragtjvg dg uajkgk `phrgtjvg nuhatg n`a k`s euhrt`s, ua` kh pdgatgs lhkjnjagdhs y `tr` kh nudtjv`s pr`pj`s kh dg rhcjþa, d`s ljsl`s quh quh sh utjdjzga pgrg rhgdjzgr uag lhkjnjag n`lpdhlhatgrjg n`a sus sus nrhhanjgs nrhhanjgs y rhsphtgak` sus khrhne`s kh pdurjnudturgdjkgk.

Khsnrjpnjþa Khsnrjpnjþ a Kh D`s ^jsthlgs Lêkjn`s Yr`pj`s „ Lhkjnjag [rgkjnj`agd? Ha dgs n`luajkgkhs jakìchags kh dg Ygdljrg n`atjaÿga kçak`sh d`s pgrt`s k`ljnjdjgrj`s y vgrj`s kh hdd`s s`a gthakjk`s p`r pgrthrgs ngpgnjtgkgs, phr` hd 89% kh d`s ngs`s s`a gthakjk`s p`r fgljdjgrhs kh dgs usugrjgs. G ajvhd prjlgrj` kh sgduk sh hstç trgmgogak` ha dg pr`l`njþa khd Ygrt` Jathrnudturgdlhath Gkhnugk` yg quh hd E`spjtgd Cugl`th hxjsth hd shrvjnj` n`a dgs n`akjnj`ahs ahnhsgrjgs.

YG][JNJYGNJÞA YG][JNJYGNJÞ A ^@NJGD Z G][JNXDGNJÞA JA[H]^HN[@]JGD Dg jathrvhanjþa n`luajtgrjg sh ngrgnthrjzg p`r hd pgphd gntjv` y pr`tgcþajn` quh t`lga d`s ljhlmr`s kh dg n`luajkgk ha dg gnnjþa s`njgd. Hd hdhlhat` mçsjn` pgrg dg pgrtjnjpgnjþa n`luajtgrjg hs hd djkhrgzc`2 quh hs dg fuhrzg l`trjz khd khsgrr`dd` y hd ngagd g trgvês khd nugd fduyha dgs ngrgnthrìstjngs pgrg lho`rgr dgs ngpgnjkgk ngpgnjkgkhs hs kh dg n`luajkgk y pr`kunjr rhsudtgk`s lhkjgath dg utjdjzgnjþa kh d`s rhnurs`s quh sh kjsp`ah. Hs khnjr, d`s dìkhrhs n`luajtgrj`s s`a gquhddgs phrs`ags quh phrthahnha g uag n`luajkgk quh sgmha n`lpgrtjr d` quh tjhaha y hstça kjspuhst`s g n`dgm`rgr n`a d`s khlçs. Dg pgrtjnjpgnjþa n`luajtgrjg hs hd rhsudtgk` kh ua pr`nhs`, k`akh d`s gchaths n`luajtgrj`s vga trgasjtgak` p`r kjvhrs`s ajvhdhs nrhnjhaths kh gut`a`lìg y n`dgm`rgnjþa egstg ddhcgr g dg t`lg kh khnj khnjsj`a sj`ahs hs lhkjgath lhkjgath lhngajs lhngajsl`s l`s pgrtj pgrtjnjpgt njpgtjv`s jv`s thakjhaths thakjhaths gd khsgrr`dd` khsgrr`dd` kh rhnurs`s kh dg p`mdgnjþa, hd khsgrr`dd` kh `rcgajzgnj`ahs n`luajtgrjgs gutþa`lgs, g dg l`kjfjngnjþa kh dgs rhprhshatgnj`ahs kh su r`d ha dg s`njhkgk y s`mrh hd vgd`r kh sus pr`pjgs gnnj`ahs pgrg shr gntjv` ha dgs n`akjnj`ahs quh dgs lgrcjaga y hxnduyha.

 

^jhak` dg sgduk ua çlmjt` fuakglhatgd pgrg hd khsgrr`dd` kh d`s puhmd`s y n`luajkgkhs, hs sulglhath `mvjg dg ahnhsjkgk h jlp`rtganjg kh dg pgrtjnjpgnjþa kh d`s dìkhrhs n`luajtgrj`s n`aouatglhath n`aouatglha th n`a hd hqujp` kh gthanjþa jathcrgd kh ngkg hstgmdhnjljhat` kh sgduk, quh shga v`nh v`nhr` r`ss kh d`s d`s pr`m pr`mdh dhlg lgss sg sgaj ajtg tgrj rj`s `s y sh hang hangrc rcuh uhaa kh ha hatr trhd hdgz gzgr gr d` d`ss dg dgz` z`ss ha hatr trhh dg n`luajkgk y hd nhatr` kh sgduk.

 

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Hd lgpg kh gnt`rhs hdgm`rgk` p`r dg uajkgk kh sgduk sh mgsg ha dgs prjanjpgdhs gut`rjkgkhs kh dg pgrr`qujg, thahanjg p`dìtjng, prhsjkhath kh CGK pgrr`qujgd, n`ljtê kh d`ngd kh sgduk, p`djnìg agnj`agd, prhsjkh prhsjkhaths aths y dìkhrhs n`luajtgrj`s, rhnt`rh rhnt`rhss kh uajkgkhs hkungtjv hkungtjvgs gs y rhprhshatgaths khd LJH^. [`k`s d`s lhanj`agk`s gathrj`rlhath fuhr`a n`d`ngk`s p`r su gdtg jafduhanjg ha dg p`mdgnjþa kh dg pgrr`qujg sja hlmgrc` su n`dgm`rgnjþa n`a dg uajkgk a` fuh sgtjsfgnt`rjg. Hd prhsjkhath, v`ngdhs y thahanjg p`dìtjng phrthahnjhaths gd CGK pgrr`qujgd a` tuvjhr`a jathrês kh trgmgogr n`aouatglhath n`a dg uajkgk aj n`a thlgs kh rhdhvganjg lêkjng, lunegs vhnhs sh s`djnjtþ quh a`s n`dgm`rha n`a trgasp`rth egnjg dgs n`luajkgkhs lçs dhogags sja hlmgrc` su rhspuhstg ha dg

lgy`rìg kh vhnhs fuh ahcgtjvg gd jcugd nugak` sh rhqujrjþ

gn`lpg÷gljhat` gn`lpg÷gl jhat` g pgnjhaths rhgnj`s g dg gthanjþa lêkjng. Hd n`ljtê d`ngd kh sgduk fuanj`aþ pgrnjgdlhath n`a gdcua`s ljhlmr`s khd ljsl` n`l` v`ngdhs y vjnhprhsjkhath kh dg hatjkgk, d`s nugdhs a`s mrjakgr`a gn`lpg÷gljhat`, gp`y` y d`cìstjng gd l`lhat` kh musngr g ua pgnjhath ha dg n`luajkgk. ^h trgmgoþ ha hd lhs kh gmrjd n`a phrs`agd khd LJH^, sjhlprh eum` hd gp`y` y dg  prhkjsp`sjnjþa pgrg n`dgm`rgr n`dgm`rgr g dg uajkgk, sh f`rlþ uag crga gdjgazg gd l`lhat` kh nulpdjr  `mohtjv`s kh dg uajkgk n`l` fuhr`a nglpg÷gs kh vgnuagnjþa, negrdgs kh mj`shcurjkgk, hkungnjþa shxugd, rhcjstr` kh phs` y tgddg y vgd`rgnjþa kh ehl`cd`mjag.

@]CGAJ_GNJ@AH^ @]CGAJ_GNJ@AH ^ ^@NJGDH^ JA^[J[XNJ@AH^

JAFDXHANJG [rgmgog ouat` g dgs n`luajkgkhs jakìchags ha dg

@]CGAJ_GNJ@AH^ ]HDJCJ@^G^

f`rlgn f`r lgnjþa jþa

kh dìk dìkhr hrhs hs y

p`r p`rtgv tgv`n `nhs hs kh dgs

ahnhsjkgkhs kh hstg p`mdgnjþa, mgsgk`s ha jkh`d`cìgs rhdjcj`sgs

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[rgmgo [rg mgoga ga prj prjanj anjpgd pgdlha lhath th oua ouat` t` g aj÷ aj÷`s, `s, aj÷ aj÷gs gs y

A@

gk`dhsnhaths,, luohrhs ha sjtugnjþa kh vudahrgmjdjkg gk`dhsnhaths vudahrgmjdjkgk. k.

CXMH]AGLHA[GDH^

Musn Mu snga ga ja janr nrhl hlha hatg tgrr hd djkh djkhrg rgzc zc`` kh dgs dgs aj÷g aj÷gs, s, luohrhs gk`dhsnhaths y luohrhs oþvhahs pgrg jafdujr ha hd nglmj` kh pgtr`ahs nudturgdhs kjsnrjljagk`rhs y vj`dh vj`dhat`s. at`s. Kh jcugd lgah lgahrg, rg, trgmgog n`a aj÷`s, aj÷`s, e`lmrhs gk`dhsnhaths y e`lmrhs oþvhahs pgrg f`rogr

 

ua r`d hqujtgtjv`, s`djkgrj` y gdjgk` kh dg jcugdkgk kh cêahr` quh dhs phrljtg trgasf`rlgr dgs rhdgnj`ahs kh p`khr mgsgkgs ha cêahr`. Yrj`rjzg dg pr`l`njþa kh dg sgduk y dg prhvhanjþa kh hafhrlhkgkhs, cgrgatjzgak` dg sgduk jathcrgd kh dg L^Y

p`md p` mdggnjþ jþa a y hd gnn gnnhs` uajv uajvhhrsgd sgd g uag rhk kh shrvjnj`s shrv jnj`s,, n`a dg pgrtj pgrtjnjpg njpgnjþa njþa n``r n``rkjagk kjagkgg kh `rcgajzgnj`ahs `rcgajzgnj` ahs pÿmdjngs, prjvgkgs y kh dg n`luajkgk. Cgrg Cg rgat atjz jzgg hd gnnh gnnhs` s` y ngdj ngdjkg kgk k kh dg hk hkun ungn gnjþ jþa a t` t`l lgak gak`

ha

nuhat uhatgg

dg

jath jathrrnudtu udturg rgdj djkg kgk, k,

dg

pdurjagnj`agdjkgk, dgs dhacugs ganhstrgdhs y cêahr` khskh ua haf`quh kh khrhne`s y khmhrhs pgrg f`rtgdhnhr hd khsgrr`dd` s`njgd y hn`aþljn` Wuh d`s LJAJ^[H]J@

aj÷`s/gs d`crh gprhakhr g dhhr y hsnrjmjr, tglmjêa g

HKXNGNJÞA

jathcrgrsh ha dg s`njhkgk y n`luajkgk n`a lhatgdjkgk kh n`a`njljhat`s y gsì egnhr frhath gd luak` vhajkhr` Wuh d`s aj÷`s/gs d`crh gprhakhr g dhhr y hsnrjmjr, tglmjêa g jathcrgrsh ha dg s`njhkgk y n`luajkgk n`a lhatgdjkgk kh  n`a`njljhat`s y gsì egnhr frhath f rhath gd luak` vhajkhr`. Cgrgatjzg dg shcurjkgk gdjlhatgrjg khd pgìs, hd

LJAJ^[H]J@ KH GC]JNXD[X]G Z CGAGKH]ÌG

nrhnjljhat` y khsgrr`dd` hqujtgtjv`, chahrgak` vgd`r gcrhcgk` n`a rhatgmjdjkgk hn`aþljng, hqujkgk s`njgd, s`sthajmjdjkgk. Gp`y Gp `ygr gr hd kh khsg sgrr rr`d `dd` d` jath jathcr crgd gd kh dg p` p`md mdgn gnjþ jþa, a,

HLY]H^G

suljajstrgak` hahrcìg djlpjg y kh mgo` n`st` pgrg

HDHN[]JNG

kjagljzgr hd gpgrgt` pr`kuntjv` y lho`rgr dg ngdjkgk kh vjkg kh d`s egmjtgaths N`atrjmuyh g dg suphrgnjþa kh dgs mrhnegs kh

LJH^

khsjcugdkgk2 g trgvês kh dg n`astrunnjþa n`aouatg khd Muha Vjvjr pgrg dg p`mdgnjþa hnugt`rjgag. hnugt`rjgag.

CGK YGDLJ]G

Kjagljzgr d`s pr`yhnt`s kh `mrgs y shrvjnj`s n`a

 

ngdjkgk y `p`rtuajkgk, quh gshcurha hd khsgrr`dd` s`njgd y hn`aþljn` kh dg p`mdgnjþa. Hd n`ljtê njukgkga` d`ngd kh sgduk hs uag jastganjg kh pgrtjnjpgnjþa

njukgkgag

n`af`rlgkg

p`r

rhprhshatgaths kh dgs y d`s gnt`rhs d`ngdhs, gfjahs gd N@LJ[Ê NJXKGKGA@ D@NGD KH ^GDXK

thlg kh sgduk y `rcgajzgnj`ahs n`luajtgrjgs hdhcjk`s kh lgahrg khl`nrçtjng y quh nuhatga n`a hd gvgd kh dg n`luajkgk, nuyg n`af`rlgnjþa khmh cgrgatjzgr dg gdthragan gdthr aganjg, jg, hqujkgk hqujkgk ha dg rhpr rhprhsha hshatgnjþ tgnjþa a kh d`s gnt`rhs y `rcgajzgnj`ahs `rcgajzgnj`ahs s`njgdhs (cêahr`, nudturgd, êtajng, y crup`s kh hkgk). [rgmgo [rg mgoga ga prj prjanj anjpgd pgdlha lhath th n`l n`l`` p`r p`rtgv tgv`nh `nhss kh dgs ahnhsjkgkhs kh dg p`mdgnjþa, y kh ngkg n`luajkgk,

DJKH]H^ N@LXAJ[G]J@^

musngak` gdthragtjvgs y s`dunj`ahs g d`s lçs jlp`rtgaths pr`mdhlgs quh gquhoga g dg chath kh d`s shnt`rhs rurgdhs

Fuhath kh jaf`rlgnjþa? Yçcjags whm `fjnjgdhs kh dgs jastjtunj`ahs Hdgm`rgk` p`r Hqujp` kh ^gduk  ]HFH]HANJG Hd nhatr` kh ^gduk Ygdljrg gd shr kh tjp` G y prjlhr ajvhd khmh shcujr dgs rhcdgs kh rhfhrhanj rhfhr hanjgg ha nugat` g dg ngrthrg kh shrvj shrvjnj`s nj`s `frhnj `frhnjkg kg p`r ngkg ajvhd kh sgduk, sgduk, hs khnj khnjrr ha nuhstjþa kh lgaho` ` vgd`rgnjþa p`r hsphnjgdjkgk, kh hstgs cjahn`d`cìg, phkjgtrìg, njrucìg chahrgd, lhkjnjag jathrag ` psjn`d`cìg, hxçlhahs kh dgm`rgt`rj` ` jlgcha sh khmh rhgdjzgr hd trçljth egnjg e`spjtgdhs quh chahrgdlhath nuhatga n`a hst`s shrvjnj`s, ha hsth ngs` auhstrgs uajkgkhs rhfhrhaths s`a hd E`spjtgd Mçsjn` kh Cugl`th y hd E`spjtgd Yumdj` Hsn`mgr. Dg uajkgk kh sgduk tjhah n`l` rhfhrhanjg k`s uajkgkhs kh sgduk kh shcuak` ajvhd quh sh lhanj`ag g n`atjaugnjþa?

XAJKGK KH

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AJVHD KH

^GDXK

G[HANJÞA

G[HANJÞA

E`spjtgd Mçsjn`

[JHLY@

BL

=8 ljaut`s (ndgvh r`og ) =9

Cugl`th.

=; E@]G^

^hcuak` ajvhd

ljaut`s a`rlgd

>9

E`spjtgd Yumdj`

=; E@]G^

^hcuak` ajvhd

89 ljaut`s (ndgvh r`og)

69

 

Hsn`mgr

>9 ljaut`s a`rlgd

JAKJNGK@]H^ KH ]HFH]HANJG YGDLJ]G HAH]@ OXDJ@ =9=7

Fuhath? Y]G^ =9=7 GAGDJ^J^? ^h gprhnjg ha hd crgfjn` gathrj`r quh hd Nhatr` kh ^gduk Ygdljrg rhgdjz` >; rhfhrhanjgs kh

hahr` g oudj` =9=7 kh dgs nugdhs hd 799% fuhr`a hfhntjvgs khd t`tgd kh

rhfhrhanjgs s`djnjtgkgs

FG^H JJ? N@AF@]LGNJÞA N@LJ[Ê D@NGD Hstgk` kh sjtugnjþa kh dg N`af`rlgnjþa khd N`ljtê d`ngd kh ^gduk Hd N`ljtê Njukgkga` D`ngd kh ^gduk (NND^) hs uag jastganjg kh pgrtjnjpgnjþa njukgkgag n`af`rlgkg p`r rhprhshatgaths kh d`s gnt`rhs y `rcgajzgnj`ahs n`luajtgrjgs hdhcjk`s kh lgahrg khl`nrçtjng y nuhatga n`a hd gvgd kh dgs phrs`ags khd hat`ra`. Hstg `rcgajzgnjþa rhgdjzg chstj`ahs g fgv`r kh dg n`luajkgk ha çlmjt`s kh sgduk, s`njgdhs y nudturgdhs, d`crgak` uag sgduk hqujtgtjvg ha d`s shrvjnj`s kh sgduk. Ygrg dg n`af`rlgnjþa khd NND^ sh

 

khmh cgrgatjzgr dg gdthraganjg, hqujkgk ha dg rhprhshatgnjþa kh d`s gnt`rhs y `rcgajzgnj`ahs s`njgdhs (cêahr`, nudturgd, êtajng, y crup`s kh hkgk). Kh uag lgahrg sjlmþdjng, sh eh a`lmrgk` g d`s N`ljtês D`ngdhs kh ^gduk (NND^) n`l` Cugrkjgahs kh dg Vjkg. Hstg khsjcagnjþa sjcajfjng ua jlpuds` g dgs gnnj`ahs hohnutgkgs p`r  dg njukgkgaìg ha hd gn`lpg÷gljhat` g dgs lgkrhs hlmgrgzgkgs ha rjhsc`, quh d`s rhnjêa agnjk`s n`a mgo` phs` gd agnhr y g dgs aj÷gs y aj÷`s egstg njan` g÷`s n`a khsautrjnjþa nrþajng pgrg quh puhkga suphrgr hsg n`akjnjþa, kh tgd lgahrg quh t`kg dg n`luajkgk sh n`lpr`lhtg g hafrhatgr hstg pr`mdhlçtjng. D`s N`ljtês D`ngdhs kh ^gduk, gd shr khndgrgk`s Cugrkjgahs kh dg Vjkg, gkqujhrha dg n`rrhsp`asgmjdjkgk kh shr qujhahs p`sjnj`aha hstg pr`mdhlçtjng ha sus n`luajkgkhs y n`avhrtjrsh ha qujhahs jaf`rlha, shasjmjdjnha g d`s dìkhrhs n`luajtgrj`s y mgrrjgdhs u `tr`s gnt`rhs n`luajtgrj`s kh dg jlp`rtganjg uajrsh g n`dgm`rgr quh aj÷`s y aj÷gs a` sufrga dgs n`ashnuhanjgs kh dg khsautrjnjþa. Hs jlp`rtgath quh d`s NND^ shga d`s v`nhr`s kh hstg gnnjþa pgrg n`afjrlgr su n`lpr`ljs` n`a dg jafganjg khd Hnugk`r ha sus prjlhr`s 7.999 kìgs kh vjkg. Hstg gntjvjkgk hstç halgrngkg khatr` kh dg pgrtjnjpgnjþa s`njgd ha sgduk, ha d` quh sh kha`ljag vjcjdganjg n`luajtgrjg, dg ljslg quh hs n`anhmjkg n`l` ua lhngajsl` kh khsgrr`dd` n`luajtgrj` g trgvês khd nugd dg n`luajkgk sh `rcgajzg y sh l`vjdjzg pgrg vjcjdgr  g dgs lgkrhs chstgaths y d`s aj÷`s ha sjtugnj`ahs kh rjhsc`, n`a hd fja kh `phrgr uag rhk kh gp`y` k`akh dg n`luajkgk tjhah hd pgphd nhatrgd. Kurgath hsth g÷` sh trgmgoþ n`a hd n`ljtê d`ngd kh sgduk n`af`rlgk` ha hahr` khd =9=9, g qujhahs

sh s`n s`njgdjzþ jgdjzþ hd kjgcaþstjn` sjtugnj`agd kh dg uajkgk y n`a qujhahs qujhahs sh n`astruyhr`a n`astruyhr`a

dgs jkhgs mgsh pgrg dg hdgm`rgnjþa khd Ydga D`ngd kh ^gduk. N`atgl`s n`a hd ljsl` n`ljtê kh sgduk n`af`rlgk` ha hahr` khd =9=9 puhst` quh sh rhgdjzþ uag GN[G KH ]HY@[HANJGNJÞA KH N@LJ[Ê D@NGD KH ^GDXK KH DG YG]]@W YG] ]@WXJG XJG ]X] ]X]GD GD KH YGDLJ] YGDLJ]G G KHD KJ^[]J KJ^[]J[@ [@ N@D[G N@D[G CXGL@[ CXGL@[H H 96 96K9; K9; ^GDXK.

 

Hd N`ljtê Njukgkga` D`ngd kh ^gduk khd Nhatr` kh ^gduk hstç n`af`rlgk` kh dg sjcujhath lgahrg?

GN[ N[G G KH ]HY ]HY@[ @[HA HANJ NJGN GNJJÞA KH N@L @LJJ[Ê D@NG D@NGD D KH ^GDXK GDXK KH DG YG]]@WXJG ]X]GD KH YGDLJ]G KHD KJ^[]J[@ N@D[G CXGL@[H 96K9; ^GDXK KH DG XAJKGK @YH]G[JVG NHA[]@ KH ^GDXK [JY@ G YGDLJ]G

 

GN[G N@A^[J[X[JVG

 

GN[G KH N@AF@]LGNJÞA

 

FG^H JJJ? ^@NJGDJ_GNJÞA, VGDJKGNJÞA, HDGM@]GNJÞA YDGA D@NGD KH ^GDXK ^`njgdjzgnjþa khd kjgcaþstjn` sjtugnj`agd, vgdjkgnjþa y hdgm`rgnjþa khd pdga d`ngd kh sgduk Hd >7 kh Kjnjhlmrh sh hdjcha d`s ljhlmr`s khd N`ljtê D`ngd kh ^gduk quh trgmgogrga n`aouatglhath n`a dg uajkgk kurgath hd g÷` =9=7, hd kìg lhanj`agk` kjsp`ahl`s g s`njgdjzgr hd Kjgcaþstjn` ^jtugnj`agd kh dg uajkgk kh sgduk y p`sthrj`r gd ljsl` sh pr`nhkh g hdgm`rgr dg prj`rjzgnjþa kh d`s pr`mdhlgs y pdga d`ngd kh sgduk. ^hcÿa d`s kgt`s `mthajk`s kh dg mgsh kh kgt`s Y]G^ ha d`s ÿdtjl`s g÷`s, dgs pgt`d`cìgs lçs frhnuhaths quh s`a gthakjkgs ha hd nhatr` kh sgduk s`a dgs pgt`d`cìgs rhspjrgt`rjgs tgdhs n`l` rja`fgrjacjtjs rja`fgrjacjtjs gcug y fgrjacjtjs fgrjacjtjs gcukg, tglmjêa pgkhnjljha pgkhnjljhat`s t`s n`l` pgrgsjt`sj pgrgsjt`sjs, s, khsautrjnjþa y gahljg, t`kgs hstgs pgt`d`cìgs pgt`d`cìgs s`a lhanj`agkgs y hxpdjngkgs n`a khtgddhs g d`s ljhlmr`s khd NND^ hdhnt`, sja hlmgrc`, a` sh prj`rjzþ d`s ljsl`s yg quh a` tjhaha uag jlp`rtganjg ndìajng ha hd n`athxt` kh dg pgrr`qujg. Kh pgrth kh dg uajkgk sh gm`rkþ thlgs kh sgduk mgsçak`a`s mgsçak`a`s ha hd n`athxt` n`athxt` y dg rhgdjkgk kh dg p`mdgnjþa, sh t`lgr`a kgt`s y hstgkìstjngs `mthajkgs kh pçcjags `fjnjgdhs khd Ljajsthrj` kh ^gduk Yÿmdj Yÿmdjng ng k`akh dg khsautrjnj khsautrjnjþa þa hs ua auk` nrìtj nrìtjn` n` y ua pr`mdhlg kh sgduk pÿmdjng pÿmdjng jlp`rtgath jlp`rt gath quh a` sh eg suphrgk` ha d`s ÿdtjl`s ;9 g÷`s, gntugd gntugdlhath lhath Cugl`th Cugl`th hs uag kh d`s ngat`ahs n`a ua` kh d`s ìakjnhs lçs gdt`s kh khsautrjnjþa ha aj÷`s lha`rhs kh 8 g÷`s, sgmjhak` quh Hnugk`r ha Dgtja`glêrjng `nupg hd shcuak` ducgr ha rhdgnjþa g dg prhvgdhanjg kh khsautrjnjþa, p`r d` quh sh n`asjkhrþ n`l` ua gsuat` kh prj`rjzgnjþa thajhak` ha nuhatg quh dgs n`ashnuhanjgs kh dg lgd autrjnjþa jav`dunrg khfhnt`s y rhtrgs` ha hd khsgrr`dd` kh ua aj÷`. Dg luhrth lgthrag sjhak` ua` kh d`s hohs prjanjpgdhs k`akh sh khmh gm`rkgr ha dg p`mdgnjþa jakìchag khmjk` g su jagsjsthanjg g d`s n`atr`dhs prhagtgdhs, gd pgrt` k`ljnjdjgrj`, gd lgnejsl`, g sus nrhhanjgs y eçmjt`s sjcuh sjhak` ua puat` nrìtjn`, gkhlçs gn`lpg÷gk` kh dg prhvgdhanjg kh hlmgrgz` gk`dhsnhath, hlmgrgz` `nudt` y dg gushanjg kh pdgajfjngnjþa fgljdjgr p`r d` quh hs lçs quh lhrjt`rj` prj`rjzgr g dgs luohrhs chstgaths n`l` ua  pr`mdhlg pgrg gm`rkgr. Kh pgrth kh d`s ljhlmr`s kh NND^ sh lhanj`aþ hd gcug p`tgmdh  phr` a` sh s h prj`rjzþ p`rq p`rquh uh hd pgphd kh sgduk ha d` lhanj`agk` hs lìajl` khmjk` g quh êsth khphakh kh gut`rjkgkhs y ua prhsupuhst`2 gkhlçs quh dg pr`pjg pgrr`qujg kjsp`ah kh d`s