ASAM - XCP - Part2 Protocol Layer Specification - V1 1 0

 

 

\CV  Zbrs`hg >.> 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg Vnrt 9 – Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Nsshc`nt`hg jhr Stnganra`snt`hg hj Nuthdnt`hg nga Dbnsur`gk Systbds Antba?3>-63-966-63-966-63-966< Yhbe Sclubrdngs, Zbcthr @gjhrdnt`m KdiL Ngarbns _b`sbr, Zbcthr @gjhrdnt`m KdiL He`vbr M`tt, Zbcthr @gjhrdnt`m KdiL Lngs-Kbhrk Mugz, ZAH Nuthdht`vb NK Lbga`rm Ndsibcm, aSVNCB KdiL Inst`ng Mbeebrs, aSVNCB KdiL Ihr`s Yuhjj, BQNS KdiL Yb`gbr Dhtz, Yhibrt Ihscl KdiL A`rm Jhrw`cm, Yhibrt Ihscl KdiL Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

A`scen`dbr hj [nrrngty Netlhukl tl`s ahcudbgt wns crbntba w`tl tlb utdhst cnrb `t cngght ib kunrngtbba tlnt `t `s chdpebtbey jrbb hj brrhrs hr `gchgs`stbgc`bs. NSND b. Z. dnmbs gh rbprbsbgtnt`hgs hr wnrrngt`bs w`tl rbspbct th tlb chgtbgts hr usb hj tl`s ahcudbgtnt`hg, nga spbc`j`cneey a`scen`ds ngy bxprbssba hr `dpe`ba wnrrngt`bs hj dbrclngtni`e`ty hr j`tgbss jhr ngy pnrt`cuenr purphsb. Gb`tlbr NSND ghr tlb nutlhr(s) tlbrbjhrb nccbpt ngy e`ni`e`ty jhr andnkbs hr htlbr chgsbqubgcbs tlnt nr`sb jrhd tlb usb hj tl`s ahcudbgt. NSND b. Z. rbsbrvbs tlb r`klt th rbv`sb tl`s puie`cnt`hg nga th dnmb clngkbs th `ts chgtbgt, nt ngy t`db, w`tlhut hie`knt`hg th ght`jy ngy pbrshg hr bgt`ty hj sucl rbv`s`hgs hr clngkbs.

9

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Ybv`s`hg L`sthry Ql`s rbv`s`hg l`sthry slhws hgey dnohr dha`j`cnt`hgs ibtwbbg rbebnsb vbrs`hgs.

Antb

Nutlhr

966

Y.Sclubrdngs

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

J`ebgndb

Chddbgts Ybebnsba ahcudbgt

3

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

1

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Qnieb hj chgtbgts

6  @gtrhauct`hg

>> 

6.>   Qlb \ CV 6.> CV Vrhthche Jnd`ey

>>  >> 

6.9   Ahcudbgtnt`hg Hvbrv`bw 6.9

>9  >9 

6.3   Abj`g`t`hgs nga Niirbv`nt`hgs 6.3

>3  >3 

6.1   Dnpp`gk ibtwbbg \CV Antn Qypbs nga NSND Antn Qypbs 6.1

>1  >1 

>  Qlb \ CV CV Vrhthche Enybr

>2 

>.>   Qlb \ CV >.> CV Vncmbt

>2  >2 

>.>.>   Qlb \ CV >.>.> CV Vncmbt Qypbs

>2 >2  

>.>.9   Qlb \ CV >.>.9 CV Vncmbt Jhrdnt

>; >;  

>.>.9.>   Qlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea >.>.9.>

>< >.>.9.9   Qlb Q`dbstndp J`bea >.>.9.9

93 93  

>.>.9.3   Qlb Antn J`bea >.>.9.3

92 92  

>.>.3  Qlb CQH Vncmbts

9: 

>.>.3.>   Chddnga Vncmbt (CDA) >.>.3.>

9: 9:  

>.>.3.9   Chddnga Ybsphgsb pncmbt (YBS) >.>.3.9

9: 9:  

>.>.3.3   Brrhr pncmbt (BYY) >.>.3.3

9; 9;  

>.>.3.1   Bvbgt pncmbt (BZ) >.>.3.1

9; 9;  

>.>.3.2   Sbrv`cb Ybqubst pncmbt (SBYZ) >.>.3.2

9; 9;  

>.>.1   Qlb AQH Vncmbts >.>.1

9< 9.>.1.>   Antn Ncqu`s`t`hg Vncmbt (AN^) >.>.1.>

9< 9.>.1.9   Sygclrhghus Antn St`duent`hg Vncmbt (SQ@D) >.>.1.9

9< 9.>.2   Qlb \ CV >.>.2 CV Vncmbt @abgt`j`brs

90 90  

>.>.2.>   Dnstbr  Senvb >.>.2.>

90 90  

>.>.2.9   Senvb Dnstbr >.>.2.9

90   90

>.9   Qnieb hj Bvbgt chabs (BZ) >.9

36  36 

>.3   Qnieb hj Sbrv`cb Ybqubst chabs (SBYZ) >.3

3>  3> 

>.1   Qnieb hj Chddnga chabs (CDA) >.1

39  39 

>.1.>   Stnganra chddngas (SQA) >.1.>

33 33  

>.1.9   Cne`irnt`hg chddngas (CNE) >.1.9

31 31  

>.1.3   Vnkb sw`tcl`gk chddngas (VNK) >.1.3

32 32  

>.1.1   Antn Ncqu`s`t`hg nga St`duent`hg chddngas (AN^) >.1.1

3: 3:  

>.1.2   Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk chddngas (VKD) >.1.2

3; 3;  

>.2   Qnieb hj i`t dnsm chaba pnrndbtbrs >.2

3.:.>   Stnganra chddngas (SQA) >.:.>

1.:.>.>   Dnganthry chddngas >.:.>.> Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

10 10   2

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.>.>.>  >.:.>.>.>  >.:.>.>.9   >.:.>.>.9 >.:.>.>.3   >.:.>.>.3 >.:.>.>.1   >.:.>.>.1

10 10   29 29   23 23   22 22  

Sbt up chggbct`hg w`tl senvb A`schggbct jrhd senvb Kbt currbgt sbss`hg stntus jrhd senvb Sygclrhg`zb chddnga bxbcut`hg njtbr t`db-hut

>.:.>.9  Hpt`hgne chddngas >.:.>.9  >.:.>.9.>   Kbt chddug`cnt`hg dhab `gjh >.:.>.9.> >.:.>.9.9   Kbt `abgt`j`cnt`hg jrhd senvb >.:.>.9.9 >.:.>.9.3  Ybqubst th snvb th ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry >.:.>.9.1   Kbt sbba jhr ugehcm`gk n prhtbctba rbshurcb >.:.>.9.1 >.:.>.9.2   Sbga mby jhr ugehcm`gk n prhtbctba rbshurcb >.:.>.9.2 >.:.>.9.:   Sbt Dbdhry Qrngsjbr Naarbss `g senvb >.:.>.9.: >.:.>.9.;   Rpehna jrhd senvb th dnstbr >.:.>.9.; >.:.>.9..:.>.9.< >.:.>.9.0   Iu`ea clbcmsud hvbr dbdhry rngkb >.:.>.9.0

2: 2:   2: 2:   2< 2.:.>.3  Nux`e`nry chddngas >.:.>.3  >.:.>.3.>   Ybjbr th trngsphrt enybr spbc`j`c chddnga >.:.>.3.> >.:.>.3.9   Ybjbr th usbr abj`gba chddnga >.:.>.3.9

;3 ;3   ;3 ;3   ;1 ;1  

>.:.9  Cne`irnt`hg chddngas (CNE) >.:.9 

;2 ;2  

>.:.9.>  Dnganthry chddngas >.:.9.>  >.:.9.>.>   Ahwgehna jrhd dnstbr th senvb >.:.9.>.>

;2 ;2   ;2 ;2  

>.:.9.9  Hpt`hgne chddngas >.:.9.9  >.:.9.9.>  Ahwgehna jrhd dnstbr th senvb (Iehcm Dhab) >.:.9.9.9   Ahwgehna jrhd dnstbr th senvb (j`xba s`zb) >.:.9.9.9 >.:.9.9.3   Ahwgehna jrhd dnstbr th senvb (slhrt vbrs`hg) >.:.9.9.3 >.:.9.9.1   Dha`jy i`ts >.:.9.9.1

;; ;;   ;;  ;< ;.:.3.>  Hpt`hgne chddngas >.:.3.>  >.:.3.>.>   Sbt cne`irnt`hg pnkb >.:.3.>.> >.:.3.>.9   Kbt cne`irnt`hg pnkb >.:.3.>.9 >.:.3.>.3   Kbt kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg VNK prhcbsshr >.:.3.>.3 >.:.3.>.1   Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr n SBKDBGQ >.:.3.>.1 >.:.3.>.2   Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr n VNKB >.:.3.>.2 >.:.3.>.:   Sbt dhab jhr n SBKDBGQ >.:.3.>.: >.:.3.>.;   Kbt dhab jhr n SBKDBGQ >.:.3.>.; >.:.3.>..:.3.>.<

         Dnganthry chddngas >.:.1.>.> >.:.1.>.>.>   Sbt ph`gtbr th HAQ bgtry >.:.1.>.>.> >.:.1.>.>.9   [r`tb bebdbgt `g HAQ bgtry >.:.1.>.>.9 >.:.1.>.>.3   Sbt dhab jhr AN^ e`st >.:.1.>.>.3 >.:.1.>.>.1   Stnrt /sthp/sbebct AN^ e`st >.:.1.>.>.1 >.:.1.>.>.2   Stnrt/sthp AN^ e`sts (sygclrhghusey) >.:.1.>.>.2 >.:.1.>.9   Hpt`hgne chddngas >.:.1.>.9 >.:.1.>.9.>   [r`tb duet`peb bebdbgts `g HAQ >.:.1.>.9.> >.:.1.>.9.9   Ybna bebdbgt jrhd HAQ bgtry >.:.1.>.9.9 >.:.1.>.9.3   Kbt AN^ cehcm jrhd senvb >.:.1.>.9.3 >.:.1.>.9.1   Kbt kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg AN^ prhcbsshr >.:.1.>.9.1 >.:.1.>.9.2   Kbt kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg AN^ prhcbss`gk rbsheut`hg >.:.1.>.9.2 >.:.1.>.9.:   Kbt dhab jrhd AN^ e`st >.:.1.>.9.: >.:.1.>.9.;   Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr ng bvbgt clnggbe >.:.1.>.9.; >.:.1.9  Stnt`c AN^ e`st chgj`kurnt`hg (stnt) >.:.1.9.>   Dnganthry chddnga >.:.1.9.> >.:.1.9.>.>   Cebnr AN^ e`st chgj`kurnt`hg >.:.1.9.>.>

:

  09 09  09  09 09   09 09   03 03   01 01   0: 0:   0; 0;   0< 066 >6> >6>   >62 >62   >6;   >6; >60  >60  >>9  >>9   >>9 >>9   >>9

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.9.9  Hpt`hgne chddnga >.:.1.9.9  >.:.1.9.9.>   Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr n AN^ e`st >.:.1.9.9.> >.:.1.3  Aygnd`c AN^ E`st Chgj`kurnt`hg (ayg) >.:.1.3  >.:.1.3.>   Dnganthry chddngas >.:.1.3.> >.:.1.3.>.>   Cebnr aygnd`c AN^ chgj`kurnt`hg >.:.1.3.>.> >.:.1.3.>.9   Neehcntb AN^ e`sts >.:.1.3.>.9 >.:.1.3.>.3   Neehcntb HAQs th n AN^ e`st >.:.1.3.>.3 >.:.1.3.>.1  Neehcntb HAQ bgtr`bs th ng HAQ >.:.2   Ghg-vhent`eb Dbdhry Vrhkrndd`gk (VKD) >.:.2

>>3  >>3  >>3  >>3  >>2   >>2 >>2  >>2  >>2  >>2  >>:   >>: >>;   >>; >>>0   >>0

>.:.2.>  Dnganthry chddngas >.:.2.>  >.:.2.>.>   @ga`cntb tlb ibk`gg`gk hj n prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb >.:.2.>.> >.:.2.>.9   Cebnr n pnrt hj ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry >.:.2.>.9 >.:.2.>.3   Vrhkrnd n ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry sbkdbgt >.:.2.>.3 >.:.2.>.1   @ga`cntb tlb bga hj n prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb >.:.2.>.1

>>0  >>0  >>0  >>0  >9>   >9> >93  >93  >92  >92 

>.:.2.9  Hpt`hgne chddngas >.:.2.9  >.:.2.9.>   Kbt kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg VKD prhcbsshr >.:.2.9.> >.:.2.9.9   Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr n SBCQHY >.:.2.9.9 >.:.2.9.3   Vrbpnrb ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk >.:.2.9.3 >.:.2.9.1   Sbt antn jhrdnt ibjhrb prhkrndd`gk >.:.2.9.1 >.:.2.9.2   Vrhkrnd n ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry sbkdbgt (Iehcm Dhab) >.:.2.9.2 >.:.2.9.:   Vrhkrnd n ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry sbkdbgt (j`xba s`zb) >.:.2.9.:

>9:  >9:  >9: >9:   >90  >90  >3>  >3>  >39   >39 >31 >31   >32  >32 

>.:.2.9.;  Vrhkrnd Zbr`jy >.;   Chddug`cnt`hg Brrhr Lngae`gk >.;

>3:  >3;   >3;

>.;.>   Abj`g`t`hgs >.;.>

>3;  >3; 

>.;.>.>   Brrhr >.;.>.>

>3;   >3;

>.;.>.9   Vrb-nct`hg >.;.>.9

>33<

>.;.>.3   Nct`hg >.;.>.3

>30   >30

>.;.>.1   Brrhr sbvbr`ty >.;.>.1

>16  >16 

>.;.9   Q`db-hut Lngae`gk >.;.9

>1>   >1>

>.;.9.>   Stnganra Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe >.;.9.>

>1>   >1>

>.;.9.9   Iehcm Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe >.;.9.9

>19  >19 

>.;.9.3   @gtbrebnvba Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe >.;.9.3

>13  >13 

>.;.9.1  Q`db-Hut dng`puent`hg >.;.9.1.>   Hvbrrue`gk Q`db-Hut vneubs >.;.9.1.> >.;.9.1.9   Ybstnrt`gk Q`db-Hut abtbct`hg >.;.9.1.9

>11  >11  >11  >12   >12

>.;.3   Brrhr Chab Lngae`gk >.;.3

>1:  >1: 

>.;.3.>   Qnieb hj Brrhr Chabs (BYYX*) >.;.3.>

>1;  >1; 

>.;.3.9  Qlb Brrhr Lngae`gk Dntr`x >.;.3.9  >.;.3.9.>   Stnganra chddngas (SQA) >.;.3.9.> >.;.3.9.9   Cne`irnt`hg chddngas (CNE) >.;.3.9.9 >.;.3.9.3   Vnkb sw`tcl`gk chddngas (VNK) >.;.3.9.3 >.;.3.9.1   Antn Ncqu`s`t`hg nga St`duent`hg chddngas (AN^) >.;.3.9.1 >.;.3.9.2   Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk chddngas (VKD) >.;.3.9.2

>11< >1126   >26 >2>   >2> >23 >23   >2:  >2: 

>..<

>22<

>.   Stnrt `g YBSRDB dhab >.

>22...20  >:6   >:6

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>..:>  >:> 

>..:9  >:9 

>..:3   >:3

>..:1   >:1

>...::  >:: 

>.6  Bgtbr`gk >.6 Bgtbr`gk SEBBV dhab

>:;  >:; 

>.>  Ebnv`gk >.> Ebnv`gk SEBBV dhab

>::<

>.9  Rsbr-abj`gba >.9 Rsbr-abj`gba bvbgt

>:0   >:0

>.3  Qrngsphrt >.3 Qrngsphrt enybr spbc`j`c bvbgt

>;6  >;6 

9  @gtbrjncb th NSND DCA 9DC abscr`pt`hg j`eb 9.>   NSND DCA 9DC NDE jhr \ CV 9.> CV (ChddhgXVnrndbtbrs)

<

>;>  >;>  >;> 

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Qnieb hj a`nkrnds ? A`nkrnd > ? Chddug`cnt`hg jehw ibtwbbg dnstbr nga senvb abv`cbs  abv`cbs  A`nkrnd 9 ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt jhrdnt  jhrdnt  A`nkrnd 3 ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea  J`bea  

>2 >2   >; >;   >< >6 ? QS hgey `g j`rst AQH Vncmbt hj sndpeb A`nkrnd >> ? Q`dbstndp J`bea Qypbs A`nkrnd >9 ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt Antn J`bea A`nkrnd >3 ? Qlb CQH Vncmbt A`nkrnd >1 ? Qlb AQH Vncmbt A`nkrnd >2 ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt @Abgt`j`brs jrhd Dnstbr th Senvb A`nkrnd >: ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt @Abgt`j`brs jrhd Senvb th Dnstbr

>0 >0  

A`nkrnd >< >; ?? ehgk slhrtKBQXSBBA+RGEHCM KBQXSBBA+RGEHCMsbqubgcb sbqubgcb A`nkrnd A`nkrnd >0 ? RVEHNA 3 iytbs A`nkrnd 96 ? RVEHNA ; iytbs  iytbs   A`nkrnd 9> ? RVEHNA >: iytbs `g iehcm dhab A`nkrnd 99 ? AH[GEHNA : iytbs A`nkrnd 93 ? AH[GEHNA >1 iytbs `g iehcm dhab A`nkrnd 91 ? Q`db-hut Lngae`gk `g Stnganra Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe A`nkrnd 92 ? Q`db-hut Lngae`gk `g Dnstbr Iehcm Qrngsjbr Dhab A`nkrnd 9: ? Q`db-hut Lngae`gk `g Senvb Iehcm Qrngsjbr Dhab A`nkrnd 9; ? Q`db-hut Lngae`gk `g @gtbrebnvba Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe A`nkrnd 9< ? Ybstnrt`gk Q`db-hut abtbct`hg w`tl BZXCDAXVBGA@GK

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

96   96 96  96  9> 9>   93 93   93 93   91 91   92 92   9: 9:   9< 9  >19  >19  >19 >19   >13  >13  >12  >12 

0

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>6

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

6 @GQYHARCQ@HG  6.> QLB \ CV CV VYHQHCHE JND@EP  Ql`s ahcudbgt `s insba hg bxpbr`bgcbs w`tl tlb CNG Cne`irnt`hg Vrhthche (CCV) vbrs`hg 9.> ns abscr`iba `g jbbaincm jrhd tlb chdpng`bs Nccurntb Qbclghehk`bs @gc., Chdpnct Aygnd`cs KdiL, An`debrClrysebr NK, aSVNCB KdiL, BQNS KdiL, Meb`gmgbclt Nuthdht`vb KdiL, Yhibrt Ihscl KdiL, S`bdbgs ZAH Nuthdht`vb NK nga Zbcthr @gjhrdnt`m KdiL. Qlb \ C CV V Spbc`j`cnt`hg ahcudbgts abscr`ib ng `dprhvba nga kbgbrne`zba vbrs`hg hj CCV. Qlb kbgbrne`zba prhthche abj`g`t`hg sbrvbs ns stnganra jhr n prhthche jnd`ey nga `s cneeba ― \ CV— CV— (Rg`vbrsne Dbnsurbdbgt nga Cne`irnt`hg Vrhthche). Qlb ―\ —  kbgbrne`zbs tlb ―vnr`hus— trngsphrtnt`hg enybrs tlnt nrb usba iy tlb dbdibrs hj tlb prhthche jnd`ey b.k ―\ CV CV hg CNG—, ―\ CV CV hg QCV/@V—, ― \ CV CV hg RAV/@V—, ― \ CV CV hg RSI— nga sh hg.

\ CV CV CNG

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

QCV/@V RAV/@V

RSI

...

 

>>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

6.9 AHCRDBGQNQ@HG HZBYZ@B[  Qlb \ C CV V spbc`j`cnt`hg chgs`sts hj 2 pnrts. Bncl pnrt `s n sbpnrntb ahcudbgt nga lns tlb jheehw`gk chgtbgts?

Vnrt > ―Hvbrv`bw— k`vbs ―Hvbrv`bw— k`vbs ng hvbrv`bw hvbr tlb \ CV CV prhthche jnd`ey, tlb \ CV CV jbnturbs nga tlb jugandbgtne prhthche abj`g`t`hgs. Vnrt 9 ―Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg— abj`gbs Spbc`j`cnt`hg— abj`gbs tlb kbgbr`c prhthche, wl`cl `s `gabpbgabgt jrhd tlb trngsphrtnt`hg enybr usba (tl`s ahcudbgt). Vnrt 3 ―Qrngsphrt Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg— abj`gbs Spbc`j`cnt`hg— abj`gbs tlb wny lhw tlb \ CV CV prhthche `s trngsphrtba iy n pnrt`cuenr trngsphrtnt`hg enybr e`mb CNG, QCV/@V nga RAV/@V. Vnrt 1 ―@gtbrjncb Spbc`j`cnt`hg— abj`gbs tlb `gtbrjncbs jrhd ng \ CV CV dnstbr th ng NSND DCA 9DC abscr`pt`hg j`eb nga jhr cnecuent`gk Sbba & Mby nekhr`tlds nga clbcmsuds. Vnrt 2 ―Bxndpeb Chddug`cnt`hg Sbqubgcbs— k`vbs bxndpeb sbqubgcbs jhr typ`cne nct`hgs pbrjhrdba w`tl \ CV. CV.

Bvbrytl`gk ght bxpe`c`tey dbgt`hgba `g tl`s ahcudbgt, slhuea ib chgs`abrba ns `dpebdbgtnt`hg spbc`j`c.

>9

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

6.3 ABJ@G@Q@HGS NGA NIIYBZ@NQ@HGS  Qlb jheehw`gk tnieb k`vbs ng hvbrv`bw nihut tlb dhst chddhgey usba abj`g`t`hgs nga niirbv`nt`hgs tlrhuklhut tl`s ahcudbgt.

Niirbv`nt`hg N9E NDE NSND IPV CNE CNG CCV CDA CS CQH CQY AN^

Abscr`pt`hg J`eb Bxtbgs`hg jhr ng NSND 9DC Engkunkb J`eb NSND 9 Dbtn Engkunkb Nsshc`nt`hg jhr Stnganra`znt`hg hj Nuthdnt`hg nga Dbnsur`gk Systbds IPVnss`gk IPV nss`gk   CNE`irnt`hg CNE `irnt`hg Chgtrheebr Nrbn Gbtwhrm btwhrm   Cng Cne`irnt`hg Vrhthche ChDdng dngA A  Clbcm lbcmS Sud Chddnga Qrngsjbr Hiobct Chug hugQ QbY  Antn Nc^u`s`t`hg, Antn Nc^u`s`t`hg Vncmbt  Vncmbt 

AQH BCR BYY BZ EBG DCA DQN HAQ VNK VKD V@A YBS SBYZ

Antn Qrngsjbr Hiobct iobct   Bebctrhg`c Chgtrhe Rg`t BYYhr BYY hr Vncmbt  Vncmbt  BZbgt BZ bgt Vncmbt  Vncmbt  EBGktl EBG ktl Dbnsurbdbgt Cne`irnt`hg nga A`nkghst`cs Dbdhry Qrngsjbr Naarbss Hiobct Abscr`pthr Qnieb nieb   VNK`gk VNK `gk Vrh rhK Krn rnD Dd`gk Vncmbt @Abgt`j`br @Abgt`j`br   chddnga YBS YBSphgsb phgsb pncmbt  pncmbt  SBYZ`cb SBYZ `cb rbqubst pncmbt  pncmbt 

SV@ SQA SQ@D QCV/@V QS RAV/@V RSI \CV

S br`ne br`plbrne @gtbrjncb SQ SQng ngA AVnra Antn SQ@D SQ@Duent`hg uent`hg pncmbt  pncmbt  Qrngsjbr rngsjbr C  Chgtrhe hgtrhe Vrhthche rhthche /  / @gtbrgbt @gtbrgbt Vrhthche rhthche   Q`db Stndp Rg`j`ba Antn Vrhthche / @gtbrgbt @gtbrgbt Vrhthche Rg`vbrsne Sbr`ne br`ne I  Ius us   Rg`vbrsne Cne`irnt`hg Vrhthche Qnieb >? Abj`g`t`hgs nga Niirbv`nt`hgs

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>3

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

6.1 DNVV@GK IBQ[BBG \CV ANQN QPVBS NGA NSND ANQN QPVBS  Qlb jheehw`gk tnieb abj`gbs tlb dnpp`gk ibtwbbg antn typbs usba `g tl`s spbc`j`cnt`hg nga NSND antn typbs abj`gba iy tlb Vrhobct Antn Lnrdhg`znt`hg Zbrs`hg 9.6 (rbj. www.nsnd.gbt). www.nsnd.gbt).

\CV Antn Qypb IPQB [HYA A[HYA AEHGK

>1

NSND Antn Qypb NXR@GQ< NXR@GQ>: NXR@GQ39 NXR@GQ:1

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

> QLB \ CV CV VYHQHCHE ENPBY  >.> QLB \ CV CV VNCMBQ  >.>.>

QLB LB  \ CV CV VNCMBQ QPVBS  Nee \ C CV V chddug`cnt`hg `s trngsjbrrba ns antn hiobcts cneeba \ CV CV Vncmbts. Qlbrb nrb 9 ins`c Vncmbt typbs? >) Vncmbt jhr trngsjbrr`gk kbgbr`c chgtrhe chddngas ? 9) Vncmbt jhr trngsjbrr`gk sygclrhghus antn ?

CQH  CQH  AQH   AQH

Qlb CQH CQH   (Chddnga Qrngsjbr Hiobct) `s usba jhr trngsjbrr`gk kbgbr`c chgtrhe chddngas. @t `s usba jhr cnrry`gk hut prhthche chddngas (CDA), trngsjbrr`gk chddnga rbsphgsbs (YBS), brrhr (BYY) pncmbts, bvbgt (BZ) pncmbts nga jhr sbrv`cb rbqubst pncmbts (SBYZ). Qlb AQH (Antn Qrngsjbr Hiobct) iobct)   `s usba jhr trngsd`tt`gk sygclrhghus antn ncqu`s`t`hg antn (AN^) nga jhr trngsd`tt`gk sygclrhghus antn st`duent`hg antn (SQ@D).

A`nkrnd > ? Chddug`cnt`hg jehw ibtwbbg dnstbr nga senvb abv`cbs

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>2

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

N Chddnga Vncmbt dust newnys ib ngswbrba iy n Chddnga Ybsphgsb Vncmbt hr ng Brrhr Vncmbt. Bvbgt, Sbrv`cb Ybqubst nga Antn Ncqu`s`t`hg Vncmbts nrb sbga nsygclrhghusey, tlbrbjhrb `t dny ght ib kunrngtbba tlnt tlb dnstbr abv`cb w`ee rbcb`vb tlbd wlbg us`gk n ghg ncmghwebakba trngsphrtnt`hg e`gm e`mb b.k. RAV/@V. Qlb \CV Lngaebr dny ght newnys lnvb nccbss th tlb rbshurcbs hj tlb \CV senvb. [`tl BYYXYBSHRYCBXQBDVHYNYPXGHQXNCCBS BYYXYBSHRYCBXQBDVHYNYPXGHQXNCCBSS@IEB S@IEB tlb \CV Lngaebr cng `ga`cntb `ga`cntb tl`s s`tunt`hg th tlb dnstbr.

>:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.>.9

QLB \ CV CV VNCMBQ JHYDNQ 

\ CV CV Dbssnkb (Jrndb) \ CV CV Lbnabr

\ CV CV Vncmbt V@A

J@EE

AN^

@abgt`j`cnt`hg  J`bea

Q@DBSQNDV

Q`dbstndp  J`bea

\ CV CV Qn`e ANQN

Antn J`bea  

A`nkrnd 9 ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt jhrdnt Qlb \ C CV V Vncmbt chgtn`gs tlb kbgbr`c pnrt hj tlb prhthche, wl`cl `s `gabpbgabgt jrhd tlb trngsphrt enybr usba. Ng \ CV CV Vncmbt chgs`sts hj ng @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea, ng hpt`hgne Q`dbstndp J`bea nga n Antn J`bea. DN\XCQH `ga`cntbs tlb dnx`dud ebgktl hj n CQH pncmbt `g iytbs. DN\XAQH `ga`cntbs tlb dnx`dud ebgktl hj n AQH pncmbt `g iytbs.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.>.9.>

QLB @ABGQ@J@CNQ@HG J@BEA 

\ CV CV Vncmbt

V@A

J@EE

AN^

Q@DBSQNDV

ANQN

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea

 

A`nkrnd 3 ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea [lbg bxclngk`gk \ CV CV Vncmbts, ihtl dnstbr nga senvb newnys lnvb th ib nieb th ugndi`kuhusey `abgt`jy ngy trngsjbrrba \ CV CV Vncmbt chgcbrg`gk `ts Qypb nga tlb chgtbgts hj `ts Antn J`bea.

Jhr tl`s purphsb, ng \ CV CV Vncmbt ins`cneey newnys stnrts w`tl ng @abgt`j`cnt`hg @ abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea wl`cl ns j`rst iytb chgtn`gs tlb Vncmbt @Abgt`j`br @Abgt`j`br (V@A).

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb ―CQH Vncmbt Chab— Jhr CQH Vncmbts, tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea slhuea ib nieb th `abgt`jy tlb pncmbts chgcbrg`gk tlb`r Qypb, a`st`gku`sl`gk ibtwbbg prhthche chddngas (CDA), chddnga rbsphgsbs (YBS), brrhr pncmbts (BYY), bvbgt pncmbts (BZ) nga sbrv`cb rbqubst pncmbts (SBYZ). Jhr CQH Vncmbts, tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea oust chgs`sts hj tlb V@A, chgtn`g`gk tlb CQH Vncmbt chab.

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea

V@A

CQH Vncmbt Chab

 

A`nkrnd 1 ? @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb "CQH Vncmbt Chab"

><

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Jhr AQH Vncmbts, tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea slhuea ib nieb th `abgt`jy tlb pncmbts chgcbrg`gk tlb`r Qypb, a`st`gku`sl`gk ibtwbbg AQH Vncmbts jhr Sygclrhghus Antn Ncqu`s`t`hg hr jhr Sygclrhghus Antn St`duent`hg Jhr AQH Vncmbts, tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea slhuea ib nieb th `abgt`jy ugndi`kuhusey tlb AN^ e`st nga tlb HAQ w`tl`g tl`s AN^ e`st, tlnt abscr`ib tlb chgtbgts hj tlb Antn J`bea. Jhr bvbry AN^ e`st tlb gudibr`gk hj tlb HAQs tlrhukl HAQXGRDIBY rbstnrts jrhd 6?

AN^ e`st 6

AN^ e`st >

…

HAQ 6

HAQ 6 

...

HAQ >

...

sh tlb schpb jhr HAQXGRDIBY `s ehcne jhr n AN^ e`st nga HAQ gudibrs nrb ght ug`qub w`tl`g hgb nga tlb sndb senvb abv`cb. @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb ―nisheutb HAQ gudibr— Hgb phss`i`e`ty th dnp tlb rbent`vb nga ght ug`qub HAQ gudibrs th ugndi`kuhusey `abgt`j`nieb AQH Vncmbts, `s th dnp tlb rbent`vb HAQ gudibrs th nisheutb HAQ gudibrs iy dbngs hj n ―J@YSQXV@A jhr tl`s AN^ e`st—, nga tlbg trngsjbr tlb nisheutb HAQ gudibrs w`tl`g tlb AQH Vncmbt. Qlb jheehw`gk dnpp`gk jrhd rbent`vbXHAQXGRDIBY th nisheutbXHAQXGRDIBY nppe`bs? nisheutbXHAQXGRDIBY(HAQ ` `g AN^ e`st o) 4 J@YSQXV@A(AN^ e`st o) + rbent`vbXHAQXGRDIBY(HAQ `) J@YSQXV@A  `s tlb V@A `g tlb AQH Vncmbt hj tlb j`rst HAQ trngsjbrrba iy tl`s AN^ e`st. J@YSQXV@A J@YSQXV@A `s abtbrd`gba iy tlb senvb abv`cb nga sbgt th tlb dnstbr uphg SQNYQXSQHVXAN^XE@SQ(AN^ e`st o). [lbg neehcnt`gk tlb J@YSQXV@As, tlb senvb lns th dnmb surb tlnt jhr bvbry HAQ tlbrb‐s n ug`qub nisheutb HAQ gudibr. Nee V@As nesh lnvb th ib `g tlb nvn`enieb rngkbs jhr V@A(AN^) nga V@A(SQ@D). Jhr AQH Vncmbts w`tl @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb ―nisheutb HAQ gudibr—, tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea oust chgs`sts hj tlb V@A, chgtn`g`gk tlb nisheutb HAQ gudibr.

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea

V@A nisheutb HAQ gudibr

 

A`nkrnd 2 ? @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb "nisheutb HAQ gudibr"

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>0

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb ―rbent`vb HAQ gudibr nga nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr— Nghtlbr phss`i`e`ty th dnp tlb rbent`vb nga ght ug`qub HAQ gudibrs th ugndi`kuhusey `abgt`j`nieb AQH Vncmbts, `s th trngsjbr tlb nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr thkbtlbr w`tl tlb rbent`vb HAQ gudibr w`tl`g tlb AQH Vncmbt. Jhr AQH Vncmbts w`tl @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypbs ―rbent`vb HAQ gudibr nga nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr—, @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea chgs`sts tlb V@A, rbent`vb AN^ i`ts, tlb chgtn`g`gk tlb nisheutb AN^ e`st hj gudibr, ngachgtn`g`gk ng hpt`hgnetlb J@EE iytb. HAQ gudibr,

Hgb phss`i`e`ty `s th trngsjbr tlb AN^ e`st gudibr ns IPQB, wl`cl rbaucbs tlb gudibr hj tlbhrbt`cneey phss`ieb Vncmbts s`gcb tlb AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY pnrndbtbr `s chaba ns [HYA.

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea

V@A

AN^

Nisheutb AN^ e`st Gudibr Ybent`vb HAQ Gudibr

 

A`nkrnd : ? @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb "rbent`vb HAQ gudibr nga nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr (IPQB)"

Jhr jueey bxpehr`gk tlb e`d`ts hj pbrjhrdngcb, tlbrb‐s tlb phss`i`e`ty th trngsjbr tlb AN^ e`st gudibr ns [HYA

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea

V@A

AN^

Nisheutb AN^ e`st Gudibr Ybent`vb HAQ Gudibr

 

A`nkrnd ; ? @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb "rbent`vb HAQ gudibr nga nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr ([HYA)"

96

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

@j jhr tlb \ CV CV Vncmbt cbrtn`g ne`kgdbgt chga`t`hgs lnvb th ib dbt, tlbrb‐s tlb phss`i`e`ty th trngsjbr ng bxtrn J@EE iytb.

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea V@A

J@EE

AN^

nisheutb AN^ e`st Gudibr jhr ne`kgdbgt rbent`vb HAQ Gudibr

 

A`nkrnd < ? @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb "rbent`vb HAQ gudibr nga nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr ([HYA, ne`kgba)"

[`tl tlb AN^XMBPXIPQB nt KBQXAN^XVYHCBSSHYX@GJH, tlb senvb `gjhrds tlb dnstbr d nstbr nihut tlb Qypb hj @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea tlb senvb w`ee usb wlbg trngsjbrr`gk AN^ Vncmbts th tlb dnstbr. Qlb dnstbr lns th usb tlb sndb Qypb hj @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea wlbg trngsjbrr`gk SQ@D Vncmbts th tlb senvb.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

9>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Bdpty @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea N AN^ e`st cng lnvb tlb prhpbrty tlnt `t cng trngsd`t AQH Vncmbts w`tlhut @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea (rbj. V@AXHJJXSRVVHYQBA jenk `g AN^XVYHVBYQ@BS nt KBQXAN^XVYHCBSSHYX@GJH).

Qurg`gk hjj tlb trngsd`ss`hg hj tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea `s hgey neehwba `j tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb `s ―nisheutb HAQ gudibr—. @j tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea `s g ght ht trngsjbrrba `g tlb \ CV CV Vncmbt, tlb ugndi`kuhus `abgt`j`cnt`hg lns th ib ahgb hg tlb ebvbe hj tlb Qrngsphrt Enybr. Ql`s cng ib ahgb b.k. hg CNG w`tl sbpnrntb CNG-@as jhr bncl AN^ e`st nga hgey hgb HAQ jhr bncl AN^ e`st. @g tl`s cnsb turg`gk hjj tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea whuea neehw tlb trngsd`ss`hg hj < iytb s`kgnes hg CNG.

99

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.>.9.9

QLB Q@DBSQNDV J@BEA 

\ CV CV Vncmbt

V@A

J@EE

AN^

Q@DBSQNDV

AN Q N

Q`dbstndp J`bea

 

A`nkrnd 0 ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt Q`dbstndp J`bea Ng \ CV CV Vncmbt hpt`hgneey d`klt chgtn`g n Q`dbstndp J`bea. Jhr CQH Vncmbts, tlb Q`dbstndp J`bea `s ght nvn`enieb. AQH Vncmbts a`rbctey njtbr tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea d`klt lnvb n Q`dbstndp J`bea wl`cl chgtn`gs n Q`db `dbS Stndp (QS). Qlb Q@DBSQNDVXSRVVHYQBA jenk nt KBQXAN^XVYHCBSSHYX@GJH `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb senvb supphrts t`db stndpba antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg. [`tl tlb Q@DBSQNDV jenk nt SBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB, tlb dnstbr cng sbt n AN^ e`st `gth t`db stndpba dhab. Qlb Q@DBSQNDVXJ@\BA jenk `g Q@DBSQNDVXDHAB nt KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH K BQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb Senvb newnys w`ee sbga AQH Vncmbts `g t`db stndpba dhab. Qlb Dnstbr cng ght sw`tcl hjj tlb t`db stndp w`tl SBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB. Jhr A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^, t`db stndpba dhab dbngs tlnt tlb senvb abv`cb trngsd`ts tlb currbgt vneub hj `ts cehcm `g tlb AQH Vncmbt jhr tlb j`rst HAQ hj n AN^ cyceb.

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`rst HAQ hj tl`s AN^ e`st @abgt`j`cnt`hg Gbxt HAQ hj tl`s AN^ e`st

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`rst HAQ hj tl`s AN^ e`st @abgt`j`cnt`hg Gbxt HAQ hj tl`s AN^ e`st

ANQN

Q@DBSQNDV

 hj tl`s AN^ e`st

ANQN

`gcrbdbgtba Q@DBSQNDV

J`rst sndpeb

ANQN ANQN

Gbxt sndpeb  hj tl`s AN^ e`st  

A`nkrnd >6 ? QS hgey `g j`rst AQH Vncmbt hj sndpeb Qlb Q@DBSQNDV jenk cng ib usba ns wbee jhr A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^ ns jhr A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

93

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Q`dbstndp J`bea Qypbs Qlb Q`dbstndp J`bea newnys chgs`sts hj tlb QS, chgtn`g`gk tlb currbgt vneub hj tlb sygclrhghus antn trngsjbr cehcm Qlb rbsbtsygclrhghus hr dha`j`ba. antn trngsjbr cehcm `s n jrbb rugg`gk chugtbr `g tlb senvb, wl`cl `s gbvbr Abpbga`gk hg tlb Q`dbstndp J`bea Qypb, tlb QS `s trngsjbrrba ns IPQB, [HYA hr A[HYA vneub.

Q`dbstndp J`bea

QS

QS QS   A`nkrnd >> ? Q`dbstndp J`bea Qypbs [`tl Q@DBSQNDVXDHAB nga Q@DBSQNDVXQ@CMS nt KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH, tlb senvb `gjhrds tlb dnstbr nihut tlb Qypb hj Q`dbstndp J`bea tlb senvb w`ee usb wlbg trngsjbrr`gk AN^ Vncmbts th tlb dnstbr. Qlb dnstbr lns th usb tlb sndb Qypb hj Q`dbstndp J`bea wlbg trngsjbrr`gk SQ@D Vncmbts th tlb senvb. Q@DBSQNDVXDHAB nga Q@DBVSQNDVXQ@CMS chgtn`g `gjhrdnt`hg hg tlb rbsheut`hg hj tlb antn trngsjbr cehcm.

91

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.>.9.3

QLB ANQN J@BEA 

\ CV CV Vncmbt

V@A

J@EE

AN^

Q@DBSQNDV

AN Q N

Antn J`bea

 

A`nkrnd >9 ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt Antn J`bea Ng \ CV CV Vncmbt j`gneey chgtn`gs n Antn J`bea. Jhr CQH Vncmbts, tlb Antn J`bea chgtn`gs tlb spbc`j`c pnrndbtbrs jhr tlb a`jjbrbgt typbs hj CQH pncmbt. Jhr AQH Vncmbts, tlb Antn J`bea chgtn`gs tlb antn jhr sygclrhghus ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

92

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.>.3

QLB CQH VNCMBQS   Qlb CQH CQH `s  `s usba jhr trngsjbrr`gk kbgbr`c chgtrhe chddngas.

\ CV CV CQH Vncmbt

V@A

AN Q N Antn J`bea

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Q`dbstndp J`bea bdpty jhr CQH

  A`nkrnd >3 ? Qlb CQH Vncmbt

Qlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea oust chgs`sts hj tlb V@A, chgtn`g`gk tlb CQH Vncmbt chab. Qlb Q`dbstndp J`bea `s ght nvn`enieb. Qlb Antn J`bea chgtn`gs tlb spbc`j`c pnrndbtbrs jhr tlb a`jjbrbgt typbs hj CQH pncmbt.

>.>.3.>

CHDDNGA VNCMBQ (CDA) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @abgt`j`br 4 CDA

>..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Chddnga Antn

6xC6...6xJJ

Qlb V@A chgtn`gs tlb Chd hdD Dng ngA A Vncmbt chab `g tlb rngkb 6xC6 54 CDA 54 6xJJ. 6xJJ . Nee phss`ieb chddnga chabs nrb abj`gba `g tlb sbct`hg ―Qnieb hj Chddnga Chabs (CDA)— `g tl`s pnpbr. Qlb structurb hj nee phss`ieb chddngas `s abj`gba `g tlb ―Abscr`pt`hg hj Chddngas— sbct`hg hj tl`s pnpbr.

>.>.3.9

CHDDNGA YBSVHGSB VNCMBQ (YBS) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @abgt`j`br 4 YBS 6xJJ

>..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Chddnga rbsphgsb antn

YBSphgsb 6xJJ. Qlb V@A chgtn`gs tlb Chddnga Vhs`t`vb YBS phgsb Vncmbt chab YBS 4 6xJJ. Qlb YBS `s sbgt ns ng ngswbr th n CDA `j tlb chddnga lns ibbg succbssjueey bxbcutba.

9:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.>.3.3

BYYHY VNCMBQ (BYY) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @abgt`j`br 4 BYY 6xJB

>

IPQB

Brrhr chab

9..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Hpt`hgne brrhr `gjhrdnt`hg antn

Qlb V@A chgtn`gs tlb BYY BYYhr hr Vncmbt chab BYY 4 6xJB. 6xJB. Qlb BYY `s sbgt ns ng ngswbr th n CDA `j tlb chddnga lns ght ibbg succbssjueey bxbcutba. Qlb sbchga iytb chgtn`gs tlb Brrhr chab. Brrhr chabs nrb abj`gba `g tlb sbct`hg ―Qnieb hj Brrhr chabs (BYYX*)— `g tl`s pnpbr. Qlb Brrhr chab 6x66 6x66 `s  `s usba jhr sygclrhg`znt`hg purphsbs (rbj. abscr`pt`hg hj chddnga SPGCL). Ng Brrhr chab BYYX* BYYX*  74 6x6> `s usba jhr Brrhr pncmbts. Brrhr pncmbts ghrdneey hgey chgtn`g ng brrhr chab. Lhwbvbr, `g shdb cnsbs tlb brrhr pncmbt chgtn`gs naa`t`hgne `gjhrdnt`hg. Nt IR@EAXCLBCMSRD tlb brrhr pncmbt w`tl brrhr brr hr chab 6x99 4 BYYXHRQXHJ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB XYNGKB chgtn`gs tlb dnx`dud neehwba iehcm s`zb ns A[HYA ns naa`t`hgne `gjhrdnt`hg. @j tlb brrhr chab `s 6x3> 4 BYYXKBGBY@C, tlb brrhr pncmbt chgtn`gs ng `dpebdbgtnt`hg spbc`j`c senvb abv`cb brrhr chab ns [HYA ns naa`t`hgne `gjhrdnt`hg. >.>.3.1

BZBGQ VNCMBQ (BZ) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @abgt`j`br 4 BZ 6xJA

>

IPQB

Bvbgt chab

9..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Hpt`hgne bvbgt `gjhrdnt`hg antn

BZbgt 6xJA. Qlb V@A chgtn`gs tlb BZ bgt Vncmbt chab BZ 4 6xJA. Qlb BZ `s sbgt `j tlb senvb wngts th rbphrt ng nsygclrhghus bvbgt pncmbt. Qlb sbchga iytb chgtn`gs tlb Bvbgt chab. Nee phss`ieb bvbgt chabs nrb abj`gba `g tlb sbct`hg ―Qnieb hj Bvbgt Chabs (BZ)— `g tl`s pnpbr. Qlb structurb hj nee phss`ieb bvbgts `s abj`gba `g tlb ―Abscr`pt`hg hj Bvbgts— sbct`hg hj tl`s pnpbr. Qlb `dpebdbgtnt`hg `s hpt`hgne. Bvbgt pncmbts sbgt jrhd tlb senvb abv`cb th tlb dnstbr abv`cb nrb ght ncmghwebakba, tlbrbjhrb tlb trngsd`ss`hg `s ght kunrngtbba. >.>.3.2

SBYZ@CB YB^RBSQ VNCMBQ (SBYZ) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @abgt`j`br 4 SBYZ 6xJC

>

IPQB

Sbrv`cb rbqubst chab

9..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Hpt`hgne sbrv`cb rbqubst antn

Qlb V@A chgtn`gs tlb SBYZ SBYZ`cb `cb Ybqubst Vncmbt chab SBYZ 4 6xJC. 6xJC. Qlb SBYZ rbqubsts shdb nct`hg th ib pbrjhrdba iy tlb dnstbr abv`cb. Qlb sbchga iytb chgtn`gs tlb sbrv`cb rbqubst chab. Vhss`ieb sbrv`cb rbqubst chabs nrb abj`gba `g `g tlb sbct`hg ―Qnieb hj Sbrv`cb Ybqubst chabs— `g tl`s pnpbr.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

9;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.>.1

QLB AQH VNCMBQS   Qlb AQH `s usba jhr trngsd`tt`gk sygclrhghus antn ncqu`s`t`hg antn (AN^), nga jhr trngsd`tt`gk sygclrhghus antn st`duent`hg antn (SQ@D).

\ CV CV AQH Vncmbt

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea

Q`dbstndp J`bea

Antn J`bea

V@A QS

V@A AN^ V@ A V@A

QS

AN^ J@EE

Q@DBSQNDV

AN^

ANQN  

A`nkrnd >1 ? Qlb AQH Vncmbt Qlb chgtbgts hj tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea vnr`bs abpbga`gk uphg tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb. Qlb chgtbgts hj tlb Q`dbstndp J`bea vnr`bs abpbga`gk uphg tlb Q`dbstndp J`bea Qypb. Ngy chdi`gnt`hg hj @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb nga Q`dbstndp J`bea Qypb `s phss`ieb. Qlb Antn J`bea chgtn`gs tlb antn jhr sygclrhghus ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg. >.>.1.>

ANQN NC^R@S@Q@HG VNCMBQ (AN^) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @abgt`j`br 4 AN^ 6x66...6xJI

>..g

IPQB

Ybst hj @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea

g+>..DN\XAQH->

IPQB

Antn

g 4 j(@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb, Q`dbstndp J`bea Qypb) Qlb V@A chgtn`gs tlb (nisheutb hr rbent`vb) HAQ gudibr `g tlb rngkb 6x66 54 AN^ 54 6xJI. 6xJI. Qlb HAQ gudibr rbjbrs th ng Hiobct iobct A  Abscr`pthr bscr`pthr Qnieb (HAQ) tlnt abscr`ibs wl`cl antn ncqu`s`t`hg bebdbgts nrb chgtn`gba `g tlb rbdn`g`gk antn iytbs. >.>.1.9

SPGCLYHGHRS ANQN SQ@DRENQ@HG VNCMBQ (SQ@D) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @abgt`j`br 4 SQ@D 6x66...6xIJ

>..g

IPQB

Ybst hj @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea

g+>..DN\XAQH->

IPQB

Antn

g 4 j(@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb, Q`dbstndp J`bea Qypb) Qlb V@A chgtn`gs tlb (nisheutb hr rbent`vb) HAQ gudibr `g tlb rngkb 6x66 54 SQ@D 54 6xIJ. 6xIJ . Qlb HAQ gudibr rbjbrs th n chrrbsphga`gk Hiobct iobct A  Abscr`pthr bscr`pthr Q  Qnieb nieb (HAQ) tlnt abscr`ibs wl`cl antn st`duent`hg bebdbgts nrb chgtn`gba `g tlb rbdn`g`gk antn iytbs.

9<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.>.2

QLB \ CV CV VNCMBQ @ABGQ@J@BYS  Qlb jheehw`gk tniebs k`vb ng hvbrv`bw hj nee phss`ieb Vncmbt @Abgt`j`brs jhr trngsjbrr`gk Vncmbts jrhd Dnstbr th Senvb nga jrhd Senvb th Dnstbr.

>.>.2.>

DNSQBY  SENZB 

6xJJ CDA

.. ..

6xC6 6xIJ nisheutb hr rbent`vb ..

HAQ gudibr jhr SQ@D

6x66   A`nkrnd >2 ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt @Abgt`j`brs jrhd Dnstbr th Senvb

>.>.2.9

SENZB DNSQBY 

6xJJ

YBS

6xJB

BYY

6xJA

BZ

6xJC

SBYZ

6xJI  .  .  .  .

nisheutb hr rbent`vb HAQ gudibr jhr AN^

6x66   A`nkrnd >: ? Qlb \ CV CV Vncmbt @Abgt`j`brs jrhd Senvb th Dnstbr

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

90

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.9 QNIEB HJ BZBGQ CHABS (BZ) Qlb Bvbgt pncmbt chabs `g tlb tnieb ibehw dny ib sbgt ns ng nsygclrhghus pncmbt w`tl V@A 6xJA. Qlb `dpebdbgtnt`hg `s hpt`hgne. Bvbgt pncmbts sbgt jrhd tlb senvb abv`cb th tlb dnstbr abv`cb nrb ght ncmghwebakba, tlbrbjhrb tlb trngsd`ss`hg `s ght kunrngtbba. Bvbgt

36

Chab

Abscr`pt`hg

Sbvbr`ty

BZXYBSRDBXDHAB

6x66

Senvb stnrt`gk `g YBSRDB dhab

S6

BZXCEBNYXAN^

6x6>

S6

BZXSQHYBXAN^

6x69

BZXSQHYBXCNE

6x63

BZXCDAXVBGA@GK

6x62

Qlb AN^ chgj`kurnt`hg `g ghgvhent`eb dbdhry lns ibbg cebnrba. Qlb AN^ chgj`kurnt`hg lns ibbg sthrba `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Qlb cne`irnt`hg antn lns ibbg sthrba `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Senvb rbqubst`gk th rbstnrt t`db-

BZXAN^XHZBYEHNA

6x6:

hut AN^ prhcbsshr hvbrehna.

S>

BZXSBSS@HGXQBYD@GNQBA

6x6;

S3

BZXQ@DBXSPGC

6x6<

BZXSQ@DXQ@DBHRQ

6x60

Sbss`hg tbrd`gntba iy senvb abv`cb. Qrngsjbr hj bxtbrgneey tr`kkbrba t`dbstndp @ga`cnt`hg hj n SQ@D t`dbhut

BZXSEBBV

6x6N

Senvb bgtbr`gk SEBBV dhab

S>

BZX[NMBXRV

6x6I

Senvb ebnv`gk SEBBV dhab

S>

BZXRSBY

6xJB

Rsbr-abj`gba bvbgt

S6

BZXQYNGSVHYQ

6xJJ

Qrngsphrt enybr spbc`j`c bvbgt

S6 S6 S>

S6 S6-S3

Ybj. Vnrt3

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.3 QNIEB HJ SBYZ@CB YB^RBSQ CHABS (SBYZ) Qlb sbrv`cb rbqubst pncmbt chabs `g tlb tnieb ibehw dny ib sbgt ns ng nsygclrhghus pncmbt w`tl V@A 6xJC. Qlb `dpebdbgtnt`hg `s hpt`hgne jhr tlb senvb abv`cb, iut dnganthry jhr tlb dnstbr abv`cb. Sbrv`cb rbqubst pncmbts sbgt jrhd tlb senvb abv`cb th tlb dnstbr abv`cb nrb ght ncmghwebakba, tlbrbjhrb tlb trngsd`ss`hg `s ght kunrngtbba. Sbrv`cb Ybqubst

Chab

Abscr`pt`hg

SBYZXYBSBQ

6x66

Senvb rbqubst`gk th ib rbsbt

SBYZXQB\Q

6x6>

Senvb trngsjbrr`gk n iytb strbnd hj pen`g NSC@@ tbxt. Qlb e`gb sbpnrnthr `s EJ hr CY/EJ. Qlb tbxt cng ib trngsjbrrba `g chgsbcut`vb pncmbts. Qlb bga hj tlb hvbrnee tbxt `s `ga`cntba iy tlb enst pncmbt chgtn`g`gk n Guee tbrd`gntba str`gk.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

3>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.1 QNIEB HJ CHDDNGA CHABS (CDA) Ng nttbdpt th bxbcutb n ght `dpebdbgtba hpt`hgne chddnga w`ee rbturg BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G nga ahbs ght lnvb ngy bjjbct. Ql`s ebts tlb dnstbr abv`cb abtbct ght `dpebdbgtba hpt`hgne chddngas bns`ey. @j KBQXSBBA `s `dpebdbgtba, RGEHCM `s rbqu`rba. @j SBQXCNEXVNKB `s `dpebdbgtba, KBQXCNEXVNKB `s rbqu`rba.

39

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.1.>

SQNGANYA CHDDNGAS (SQA)

Chddnga

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

CHGGBCQ

6xJJ

gh

A@SCHGGBCQ

6xJB

gh

KBQXSQNQRS

6xJA

gh

SPGCL

6xJC

gh

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

KBQXCHDDXDHABX@GJH

6xJI

ybs

KBQX@A

6xJN

ybs

SBQXYB^RBSQ

6xJ0

ybs

KBQXSBBA

6xJ<

ybs

RGEHCM

6xJ;

ybs

SBQXDQN

6xJ:

ybs

RVEHNA

6xJ2

ybs

SLHYQXRVEHNA

6xJ1

ybs

IR@EAXCLBCMSRD

6xJ3

ybs

Chddnga

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

QYNGSVHYQXENPBYXCDA

6xJ9

ybs

RSBYXCDA

6xJ>

ybs

Chddnga

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

33

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.1.9

CNE@IYNQ@HG CHDDNGAS (CNE)

Chddnga

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

6xJ6

gh

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

AH[GEHNAXGB\Q

6xBJ

ybs

AH[GEHNAXDN\

6xBB

ybs

SLHYQXAH[GEHNA

6xBA

ybs

DHA@JPXI@QS

6xBC

ybs

AH[GEHNA Chddnga

31

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.1.3

VNKB S[@QCL@GK CHDDNGAS (VNK) Chddnga

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

SBQXCNEXVNKB

6xBI

ybs

KBQXCNEXVNKB

6xBN

ybs

KBQXVNKXVYHCBSSHYX@GJH

6xB0

ybs

KBQXSBKDBGQX@GJH

6xB<

ybs

KBQXVNKBX@GJH

6xB;

ybs

SBQXSBKDBGQXDHAB

6xB:

ybs

KBQXSBKDBGQXDHAB

6xB2

ybs

CHVPXCNEXVNKB

6xB1

ybs

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

32

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.1.1

ANQN NC^R@S@Q@HG NGA SQ@DRENQ@HG CHDDNGAS (AN^)

Ins`cs Chddnga

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

SBQXAN^XVQY

6xB9

gh

[Y@QBXAN^

6xB>

gh

SBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB

6xB6

gh

SQNYQXSQHVXAN^XE@SQ

6xAB

gh

SQNYQXSQHVXSPGCL

6xAA

gh

Chddnga

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

[Y@QBXAN^XDREQ@VEB

6xC;

ybs

YBNAXAN^

6xAI

ybs

KBQXAN^XCEHCM

6xAC

ybs

KBQXAN^XVYHCBSSHYX@GJH

6xAN

ybs

KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH KBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB

6xA0 6xAJ

ybs ybs

KBQXAN^XBZBGQX@GJH

6xA;

ybs

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

6xB3

gh

Chddnga

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

KBQXAN^XE@SQX@GJH

6xA<

ybs

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

JYBBXAN^

6xA:

gh

NEEHCXAN^

6xA2

gh

NEEHCXHAQ

6xA1

gh

NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP

6xA3

gh

Stnt`c chgj`kurnt`hg Chddnga CEBNYXAN^XE@SQ

Aygnd`c chgj`kurnt`hg Chddnga

3:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.1.2

GHG-ZHENQ@EB DBDHYP VYHKYNDD@GK CHDDNGAS (VKD)

Chddnga

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

VYHKYNDXSQNYQ VYHKYNDXCEBNY

6xA9 6xA>

gh gh

VYHKYND

6xA6

gh

VYHKYNDXYBSBQ

6xCJ

gh

Chab

@s Hpt`hgne

KBQXVKDXVYHCBSSHYX@GJH

6xCB

ybs

KBQXSBCQHYX@GJH

6xCA

ybs

VYHKYNDXVYBVNYB

6xCC

ybs

VYHKYNDXJHYDNQ

6xCI

ybs

VYHKYNDXGB\Q

6xCN

ybs

VYHKYNDXDN\

6xC0

ybs

VYHKYNDXZBY@JP

6xC<

ybs

Chddnga

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

3;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.2 QNIEB HJ I@Q DNSM CHABA VNYNDBQBYS   YBSHRYCB pnrndbtbr `g CHGGBCQ nga KBQXSBBA I`t ; :

  x

2

1

3

   D x    K    V

x

9

>

6

   K    N    D    ^    @    V    Q    N   x    /    E    S    A    N    C

  CHDDXDHABXINS@C pnrndbtbr `g CHGGBCQ I`t ;

:

2

1

3

   > X    P    Q    @    Y    N    E    R    G x    N    Y    K X    S    S    B    Y    A    A    N

   B    A    E    N    G    H    @    Q    V    H

   H    D X    M    C    H   x    E    I X    B    Z    N    E    S

9

x

>

6

   6 X    P    Q    @    Y    N    E    R    G    N    Y    K X    S    S    B    Y    A    A    N

   Y    B    A    Y    H X    B    Q    P    I

  CHDDXDHABXHVQ@HGNE pnrndbtbr `g KBQXCHDDXDHABX@GJH I`t ;

  x

:

2

x

1

x

3

x

9

x

>

   B    A    H    D X    A    B x    Z    N    B    E    Y    B    Q    G    @

6

   B    A    H    D X    M    C    H    E    I X    Y    B    Q    S    N    D

 

3<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

CHDDXDHABXVKD pnrndbtbr `g VYHKYNDXSQNYQ I`t ;

:

2

1

   B    A    H    D X    M    C   x    H   x    E    I X    B    Z    N    E    S

3

x

9

>

   B    A    H    D X    A    B x    Z    N    B    E    Y    B    Q    G    @

x

6

   B    A    H    D X    M    C    H    E    I X    Y    B    Q    S    N    D

  Dhab pnrndbtbr `g KBQX@A I`t ;

:

   \   x

2

1

x

3

x

9

x

x

>

6

   A    B    Q    V    P    Y    C    G    B X    A    B    S    S    B    Y    V    D    H    C

   B    A    H    D X    Y    B    J    S    G    N    Y    Q

 

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

30

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Currbgt Ybshurcb Vrhtbct`hg Stntus pnrndbtbr `g KBQXSQNQRS nga RGEHCM I`t ;

:

2

1

3

9

>

6

   K   x

   @    N    V x    D    N   x    /    K    D    Q    ^    E    A    V    S    N    C

x

  Dhab pnrndbtbr `g SBQXYB^RBSQ I`t ;

:

   x

2

x

1

3

      ^     B     Y X     ^     N x     A X     Y

x

    N     B     E     C

9

    B     D     R     S     B     Y X     ^     B     Y X     ^     N     A X     B     Y     H     Q     S

>

6

    B     D     R     S     B     Y X     H     G X     ^     B     Y X

      ^     B     Y X     E     N     C X     B     Y     ^     H     N     A     Q X     S     B     Y     H     Q     S

Currbgt Sbss`hg Stntus pnrndbtbr `g KBQXSQNQRS I`t ;

    B     D     R     S     B     Y

:

   K    G    @    G    G    R   x    Y    ^    N    A

16

2

1

3

      ^     B     Y X     ^     N    x     A X     Y     N     B     E     C

9

>

6

        ^     ^     B     B     Y     Y X X     E     ^     N     N     A    x     C X X     B     B     Y     Y     H     H     Q     Q     S     S

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

\   C  V  Z   b r   s  `    h g >  .>  Y   b  b e    n  s   b

 

 

YBSRDB

;  I  `    t  

YRGG@GK

 :   

V@AXHJJ

 2   

Q@DBSQNDV

1   

x

 3   

x

9   

A@YBCQ@HG   A@YBCQ@HG

>   

SBEBCQBA

 6   

A  N   ^  X M  B  P   X I 

 

 

 C   u r  r   b g  t   D  h  a   b  p  n r   n d  b  t    b r  `   g  K B  Q   X A  N   ^  X E  @    S  Q   X D  H A  B 

D  h  a   b  p  n r   n d

;  I  `    t  

x x

 :   

V@AXHJJ

 2   

Q@DBSQNDV

1   

x

 3   

x

9   

A@YBCQ@HG   A@YBCQ@HG

>   

NEQBYGNQ@GK

 6   

 b  t    b r  `   g  S  B  Q   X A  N   ^  X E  @    S  Q   X D  H A  B 

;  I  `    t  

HZBYEHNAXBZBGQ HZBYEHNAXDSI

 :   

V@AXHJJXSRVVHYQBA

 2   

Q@DBSQNDVXSRVVHYQBA

1   

I@QXSQ@DXSRVVHYQBA

 3   

YBSRDBXSRVVHYQBA

9   

VYBSCNEBYXSRVVHYQBA

>   

AN^XCHGJ@KXQPVB

 6   

A  N   ^  X V  Y   H V  B  Y  Q  @   B   S   p  n r   n d  b  t    b r  `   g  K B  Q   X A  N   ^  X V  Y   H  C  B   S   S   H Y   X @   G  J   H  

@abgt`j`cnt`hgXJ`beaXQypbX> @abgt`j`cnt`hgXJ`beaXQypbX6

 :   

NaarbssXBxtbgs`hgXAN^

 2   

NaarbssXBxtbgs`hgXHAQ

1   

Hpt`d`snt`hgXQypbX3

 3   

Hpt`d`snt`hgXQypbX9

9   

Hpt`d`snt`hgXQypbX>

>   

Hpt`d`snt`hgXQypbX6

 6   

1  > 

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

AN^XE@SQXVYHVBYQ@BS pnrndbtbr `g KBQXAN^XE@SQX@GJH I`t ;

:

  x

2

x

1

3

9

>

   A    B    \    @    D    ^    J X x    @    Q    N    Q    S    A    G    B    Z    B

x

6

   A    B    G    @    J    B    A    B    Y    V

  AN^XBZBGQXVYHVBYQ@BS pnrndbtbr `g KBQXAN^XBZBGQX@GJH I`t ;

:

   Q    G    B    Z    B X

   ^    N    A X    P

2

1

3

9

>

6

;  I  `    t  

P  Q  B   p  n r   n d  b  t    b r  `   g  K B  Q   X A  N   ^  X V  Y   H  C  B   S   S   H Y   X @   G  J   H  

 

V   n r   t   9  V  r   h  t    h  c   h e   E   n  y   b r   S   p  b  c  `   j   `    c   n  t   `    h g

   P    C    G    B    Q    S    @    S    G    H    C

   C    G   x    B    Q    S    @    S    G    H    C

   D    ^ x    @    Q    N   x    S    A

x

 

19

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Q@DBSQNDVXDHAB pnrndbtbr `g KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH I`t ;

   3 X    t    `   g    R

 

:

   9 X    t    `   g    R

2

   > X    t    `   g    R

1

3

9

>

6

   6 X    t    `   g    R

   A    B    \    @    J X    V    D    N    Q    S    B    D    @    Q

   9 X   b   z    `    S

   > X   b   z    `    S

   6 X   b   z    `    S

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

13

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

VNKXVYHVBYQ@BS pnrndbtbr `g KBQXVNKXVYHCBSSHYX@GJH I`t ;

:

  x

2

x

1

x

3

x

9

x

>

6

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V x    R    S X    B    _    B    B    Y    J

x

  Dhab pnrndbtbr `g SBQXSBKDBGQXDHAB I`t ;

  x

:

2

x

1

x

3

x

9

x

>

x

6

   B    _ x    B    B    Y    J

  Currbgt Dhab pnrndbtbr `g KBQXSBKDBGQXDHAB I`t ;

  x

:

2

x

1

x

3

x

9

x

>

x

6

   B    _ x    B    B    Y    J

 

11

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

 

\   C  V  Z   b r   s  `    h g >  .>  Y   b e    b  n  s   b

 

x x

;  I  `    t    :   

 2   

\CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSX[@QLXBCR

1   2 

\CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSX[@QLHRQXBCR

1   

\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSX[@QLXBCR

 3   

\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSX[@QLHRQXBCR

9   

BCRXNCCBSSX[@QLX\CV

>   

BCRXNCCBSSX[@QLHRQX\CV

 6   

V  N   K B   X V  Y   H V  B  Y  Q  @   B   S   p  n r   n d  b  t    b r  `   g  K B  Q   X V  N   K B   X @   G  J   H  

 

V   n r   t   9  V  r   h  t    h  c   h e   E   n  y   b r  r   S   p  b  c  `   j   `    c   n  t   `    h g

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Dhab pnrndbtbr `g SBQXCNEXVNKB? I`t ;

:

   e    e   x    N

2

1

x

x

3

9

x

>

6

   V    R x    C    C    \    B

 

1:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

1:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

\   C  V  Z   b r   s  `    h g >  .>  Y   b  b e    n  s   b

 

 

;  I  `    t  

GHGXSB^XVKDXYB^R@YBA GHGXSB^XVKDXSRVVHYQBA

 :   

BGCYPVQ@HGXYB^R@YBA

 2   

BGCYPVQ@HGXSRVVHYQBA

1   

CHDVYBSS@HGXYB^R@YBA

 3   

CHDVYBSS@HGXSRVVHYQBA

9   

JRGCQ@HGNEXDHAB

>   

NISHERQBXDHAB

 6   

1  ; 

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.: ABSCY@VQ@HG HJ CHDDNGAS  Qlb jheehw`gk clnptbrs nrb n abscr`pt`hg hj nee phss`ieb \ CV CV chddnga pncmbts nga tlb`r rbsphgsbs. Rgusba antn iytbs, dnrmba ns ‗rbsbrvba—, dny lnvb nri`trnry vneubs. Chddnga pnrndbtbrs `g [HYA (9 Iytb) jhrdnt, nrb newnys ne`kgba th n phs`t`hg tlnt cng ib a`v`aba iy 9. Chddnga pnrndbtbrs `g A[HYA (1 Iytbs) jhrdnt, nrb newnys ne`kgba th n phs`t`hg tlnt cng ib a`v`aba iy 1. Qlb iytb jhrdnt (DHQHYHEN, @GQBE) hj duet` iytb pnrndbtbrs `s senvb abv`cb abpbgabgt.

Qlb structurb hj tlb chddnga abscr`pt`hg `s newnys ns jheehws? Chddnga CDA? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Vncmbt Chab CDA

>..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Chddnga spbc`j`c Vnrndbtbrs

Chddnga Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb YBS?

V   K D  X V  Y   H V  B  Y  Q  @   B   S   p  n r   n d  b  t    b r  `   g  K B  Q   X V   K D  X V  Y   H  C  B   S   S   H Y   X @   G  J   H  

 

V   n r   t   9  V  r   h  t    h  c   h e   E   n  y   b r   S   p  b  c  `   j   `    c   n  t   `    h g

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb Vncmbt Chab 4 YBS 6xJJ

>..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Chddnga spbc`j`c Vnrndbtbrs

Chddnga Gbknt`vb Ybsphgsb BYY? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Brrhr Vncmbt Chab 4 6xJB

>

IPQB

Brrhr chab

9..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Chddnga spbc`j`c Vnrndbtbrs

Qh s`dpe`jy tl`s ahcudbgtnt`hg, `g tlb jheehw`gk sbct`hgs hj tl`s ahcudbgt, phs`t`vb nga gbknt`vb rbsphgsbs nrb ght bxpe`c`tey abscr`iba ugebss tlby lnvb pnrndbtbrs.

1<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.>

SQNGANYA CHDDNGAS (SQA)

>.:.>.>

DNGANQHYP CHDDNGAS 

>.:.>.>.> Sbt up chggbct`hg w`tl senvb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, dnganthry CHGGBCQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJJ

>

IPQB

Dhab 66 4 Ghrdne 6> 4 usbr abj`gba

Ql`s chddnga bstnie`slbs n chgt`guhus, chgt`guhus,   ehk`cne, ph`gt-th-ph`gt chggbct`hg  w`tl   w`tl n senvb abv`cb. Aur`gk n rugg`gk \ C CV V sbss`hg (CHGGBCQBA) tl`s chddnga lns gh `gjeubgcb hg ngy chgj`kurnt`hg hj tlb \ CV CV senvb ar`vbr. N senvb abv`cb ahbs ght rbsphga th ngy htlbr chddngas (bxcbpt nuth abtbct`hg) ugebss `t `s

`g tlb stntb CHGGBCQBA. [`tl n CHGGBCQ(Dhab 4 Ghrdne), tlb dnstbr cng stnrt ng \ CV CV chddug`cnt`hg w`tl tlb senvb. [`tl n CHGGBCQ(Dhab 4 usbr abj`gba), tlb dnstbr cng stnrt ng \ CV CV chddug`cnt`hg w`tl tlb senvb nga nt tlb sndb t`db tbee tlb senvb tlnt `t slhuea kh `gth n spbc`ne (usbr abj`gba) dhab. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

YBSHRYCB

9

IPQB

CHDDXDHABXINS@C

3

IPQB

DN\XCQH, Dnx`dud CQH s`zb ]IPQBT

1

[HYA

DN\XAQH, Dnx`dud AQH s`zb ]IPQBT

:

IPQB

\CV Vrhthche Enybr Zbrs`hg Gudibr (dhst s`kg`j`cngt iytb hgey)

;

IPQB

\CV Zbrs`hg Gudibr (dhstQrngsphrt s`kg`j`cngtEnybr iytb hgey)

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

10

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb YBSHRYCB pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw ?

I`t ;

:

  x

2

x

1

   D x    K    V

3

9

>

6

   K    D    ^    @    N   x    N    V    /    Q    E    S    A    N    C

  Jenk

Abscr`pt`hg

CNE/VNK

CNE`irnt`hg nga VNK`gk 6 4 cne`irnt`hg/ pnk`gk ght nvn`enieb

AN^

> 4 cne`irnt`hg/ pnk`gk nvn`enieb AN^ e`sts supphrtba 6 4 AN^ e`sts ght nvn`enieb > 4 AN^ e`sts nvn`enieb

SQ@D

SQ@Duent`hg 6 4 st`duent`hg ght nvn`enieb > 4 st`duent`hg nvn`enieb antn st`duent`hg dhab hj n AN^ e`st nvn`enieb

VKD

VrhKrnDd`gk

6 4 Jensl prhkrndd`gk ght nvn`enieb > 4 Jensl prhkrndd`gk nvn`enieb @j n rbshurcb `s nvn`enieb, tlb dnganthry chddngas hj tl`s rbshurcb dust ib supphrtba. Jhr tlb neehcnt`hg hj chddngas th rbshurcbs pebnsb rbjbr th >.1 Qnieb hj Chddnga chabs (CDA). Ybknraebss hj tlb rbshurcb jenk sbt, `t dny lnppbg tlnt tlb \CV lngaebr cngght nccbss tlb rbqubstba rbshurcb. Ng Brrhr Vncmbt w`tl BYYXYBSHRYCBXQBDVHYNYPXGHQXNCCBSS BYYXYBSHRYCBXQBDVHYNYPXGHQXNCCBSS@IEB @IEB tlbg w`ee ib sbgt th tlb dnstbr th `ga`cntb tl`s s`tunt`hg. Qlb CHDDXDHABXINS@C pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw ? I`t ;

:

2

1

   B    A    H    E    D X    N    M    G    C   x    H    H    @    Q    E    V    I X    H    B    Z    N    E    S

3

x

9

   > X    P    Q    @    Y    N    E    R    G x    Y    N    K X    S    S    B    Y    A    A    N

>

6

   6 X    P    Q    @    Y    N    E    R    G    N    Y    K X    S    S    B    Y    A    A    N

   Y    B    A    Y    H X    B    Q    P    I

  IPQBXHYABY `ga`cntbs tlb iytb hrabr usba jhr trngsjbrr`gk duet`-iytb pnrndbtbrs `g ng \ CV CV Vncmbt. IPQBXHYABY 4 6 dbngs @gtbe jhrdnt, IPQBXHYABY 4 > dbngs Dhthrhen jhrdnt. Dhthrhen jhrdnt dbngs DSI hg ehwbr naarbss/phs`t`hg. 26

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

I`t 9

>

   > X    P    Q    @    Y    N    E    R    G    N    Y    K X    S    S    B    Y    A

   6 X    P    Q    @    Y    N    E    R    G    N    Y NAAYBSSX    K X KYNGRENY@QP    S    S    B    Y    A

 

NK ]IPQBT

   A    A    N    N

6

6

IPQB

>

6

>

[HYA

9

>

6

A[HYA

1

>

>

rbsbrvba

Qlb naarbss krnguenr`ty `ga`cntbs tlb s`zb hj ng bebdbgt chgtn`gba nt n s`gkeb naarbss. @t `s gbbaba `j tlb dnstbr lns th ah naarbss cnecuent`hg.

Krnguenr`ty

IPQB

[HYA

Naarbss g

Iytb 66

Iytb 66

Iytb 6>

Naarbss g+>

Iytb 6>

Iytb 69

Iytb 63

Qlb SENZBXIEHCMXDHAB jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb Senvb Iehcm Dhab `s nvn`enieb. Qlb HVQ@HGNE jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr naa`t`hgne `gjhrdnt`hg hg supphrtba typbs hj Chddug`cnt`hg dhab `s nvn`enieb. Qlb dnstbr cng kbt tlnt naa`t`hgne `gjhrdnt`hg w`tl KBQXCHDDXDHABX@GJH. DN\XCQH `s tlb dnx`dud CQH pncmbt s`zb `g iytbs. DN\XAQH `s tlb dnx`dud AQH pncmbt s`zb `g iytbs. Qlb jheehw`gk rbent`hgs dust newnys ib juej`eeba DN\XCQH dha NK 4 6 DN\XAQH dha NK 4 6

Nee ebgktl `gjhrdnt`hg wl`cl`gjhrdnt`hg rbjbrs th tlbrbjbrs naarbss rngkb tlb senvb `tsbej `s insba), hg NK (BEBDBGQS). @j tlb ebgktl th tlb antnhjstrbnd ( \ CV C V Vrhthche `t `stlb insba hg iytbs. Qlb \ CV CV Vrhthche Enybr Zbrs`hg Gudibr `ga`cntbs tlb dnohr vbrs`hg hj tlb Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg. Qlb \ CV CV Qrngsphrt Enybr Zbrs`hg Gudibr `ga`cntbs tlb dnohr vbrs`hg hj tlb Spbc`j`cnt`hg hj tlb currbgt Qrngsphrt Enybr.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

2>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.>.>.9 A`schggbct jrhd senvb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, dnganthry A@SCHGGBCQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJB

Ir`gks tlb senvb th tlb ―A@SCHGGBCQBA— stntb. Qlb ―A@SCHGGBCQBA— stntb `s abscr`iba `g Vnrt >, clnptbr ―stntb dncl`gb—. Gbknt`vb Ybsphgsb? @j A@SCHGGBCQ `s currbgtey ght phss`ieb, BYYXCDAXIRSP w`ee ib rbturgba. rbtur gba.

29

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.>.>.3 Kbt currbgt sbss`hg stntus jrhd senvb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, dnganthry KBQXSQNQRS

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJA

Ql`s chddnga rbturgs nee currbgt stntus `gjhrdnt`hg hj tlb senvb abv`cb. Ql`s `gceuabs tlb stntus hj tlb rbshurcb prhtbct`hg, pbga`gk sthrb rbqubsts nga tlb kbgbrne stntus hj antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A 4 6xJJ

>

IPQB

Currbgt sbss`hg stntus

9

IPQB

Currbgt rbshurcb prhtbct`hg stntus

3

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

1

[HYA

Sbss`hg chgj`kurnt`hg `a

Qlb Currbgt Sbss`hg Stntus pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

   B    D    R    S    B    Y

:

   K    G    @    G    G    R    Y X    ^    N    A

2

1

3

9  

    x

    ^     B     Y X     ^       N   x     A X     Y     N     B     E     C

   ^    B    Y X    ^    N    A X    B    Y    H    Q    S

>

6

    x

   ^    B    Y X    E    N    C X    B    Y    H    Q    S

 

Jenk

Abscr`pt`hg

SQHYBXCNEXYB^

YB^ubst th SQHYB CNE`irnt`hg antn 6 4 SQHYBXCNEXYB^ dhab `s rbsbt. > 4 SQHYBXCNEXYB^ dhab `s sbt

SQHYBXAN^XYB^

YB^ubst th SQHYB AN^ e`st

CEBNYXAN^XYB^

6 4 SQHYBXAN^XYB^ dhab `s rbsbt. > 4 SQHYBXAN^XYB^ dhab `s sbt YB^ubst th CEBNY AN^ chgj`kurnt`hg 6 4 CEBNYXAN^XYB^ `s rbsbt. > 4 CEBNYXAN^XYB^ `s sbt

AN^XYRGG@GK

Antn Qrngsjbr 6 4 Antn trngsjbr `s ght rugg`gk > 4 Antn trngsjbr `s rugg`gk.

YBSRDB

YBSRDB Dhab 6 4 Senvb `s ght `g YBSRDB dhab > 4 Senvb `s `g YBSRDB dhab

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

23

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb SQHYBXCNEXYB^ jenk `ga`cntbs n pbga`gk rbqubst th snvb tlb cne`irnt`hg antn `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Ns shhg ns tlb rbqubst lns ibbg juej`eeba, tlb senvb w`ee rbsbt tlb npprhpr`ntb i`t. Qlb senvb abv`cb dny `ga`cntb tl`s iy trngsd`tt`gk ng BZXSQHYBXCNE bvbgt pncmbt. Qlb SQHYBXAN^XYB^ jenk `ga`cntbs n pbga`gk rbqubst th snvb tlb AN^ e`st sbtup `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Ns shhg ns tlb rbqubst lns ibbg juej`eeba, tlb senvb w`ee rbsbt tlb npprhpr`ntb i`t. Qlb senvb abv`cb dny `ga`cntb tl`s iy trngsd`tt`gk ng BZXSQHYBXAN^ bvbgt pncmbt. Qlb CEBNYXAN^XYB^ jenk `ga`cntbs n pbga`gk rbqubst th cebnr nee AN^ e`sts `g ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Nee HAQ bgtr`bs rbsbt th naarbss 4 6, bxtbgs`hg 4 6, s`zb 4 6 nga i`tXhjjsbt 4 JJ. Sbss`hg chgj`kurnt`hg @A rbsbt th 6. Ns shhg ns tlb rbqubst lns ibbg juej`eeba, tlb senvb w`ee rbsbt tlb npprhpr`ntb i`t. Qlb senvb abv`cb dny `ga`cntb tl`s iy trngsd`tt`gk ng BZXCEBNYXAN^ bvbgt pncmbt. @j tlb senvb abv`cb ahbs ght supphrt tlb rbqubstba dhab, ng BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba. Qlb AN^XYRGG@GK jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt nt ebnst hgb AN^ e`st lns ibbg stnrtba nga `s `g YRGG@GK dhab. Qlb YBSRDB jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb senvb se nvb `s `g YBSRDB dhab. Qlb Currbgt Ybshurcb Vrhtbct`hg Stntus pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t

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:

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2

1

3

9

>

6

   K    N    D    D    ^    V    / x    K    @   x    Q    N    E    V    S    A    N    C

  Jenk

Vrhtbctba Chddngas

CNE/VNK

CNE`irnt`hg/VNK`gk chddngas 6 4 CNE`irnt`hg/VNK`gk chddngas nrb ght prhtbctba w`tl SBBA & Mby dbclng`sd > 4 CNE`irnt`hg/VNK`gk chddngas nrb prhtbctba w`tl SBBA & Mby dbclng`sd

AN^

AN^ e`st chddngas (A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^) 6 4 AN^ e`st chddngas nrb ght prhtbctba w`tl SBBA & Mby dbclng`sd > 4 AN^ e`st chddngas nrb prhtbctba w`tl SBBA & Mby dbclng`sd

SQ@D

AN^ e`st chddngas (A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D) 6 4 AN^ e`st chddngas nrb ght prhtbctba w`tl SBBA & Mby dbclng`sd > 4 AN^ e`st chddngas nrb prhtbctba w`tl SBBA & Mby dbclng`sd

VKD

VrhKrnDd`gk chddngas 6 4 VrhKrnDd`gk chddngas nrb ght prhtbctba w`tl SBBA & Mby dbclng`sd > 4 VrhKrnDd`gk chddngas nrb prhtbctba w`tl SBBA & Mby dbclng`sd

Qlb chddngas hj tlb stnganra krhup nrb GBZBY prhtbctba Qlb Ybshurcb prhtbct`hg jenks `ga`cntb tlnt nee chddngas neehcntba th tlb rbspbct`vb rbshurcb nrb prhtbctba nga w`ee rbturg ng BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA uphg ng nttbdpt th bxbcutb tlb chddnga w`tlhut n prbv`hus succbssjue KBQXSBBA/RGEHCM sbqubgcb. Jhr tlb neehcnt`hg hj chddngas th rbshurcbs pebnsb rbjbr th >.1 Qnieb hj Chddnga chabs (CDA). Sbss`hg chgj`kurnt`hg `a? Qlb sbss`hg chgj`kurnt`hg `a lns th ib sbt iy n pr`hr SBQXYB^RBSQ chddnga w`tl SQHYBXAN^XYB^ sbt. Ql`s neehws tlb dnstbr abv`cb th vbr`jy tlnt nuthdnt`cneey stnrtba AN^ e`sts chgtn`g tlb bxpbctba antn trngsjbr chgj`kurnt`hg. 21

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.>.>.1 Sygclrhg`zb chddnga bxbcut`hg njtbr t`db-hut Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, dnganthry SPGCL

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJC

Ql`s chddnga `s usba th sygclrhg`zb chddnga bxbcut`hg njtbr t`dbhut chga`t`hgs. Qlb SPGCL chddnga w`ee newnys lnvb n gbknt`vb rbsphgsb w`tl tlb brrhr chab BYYXCDAXSPGCL. Qlbrb `s gh htlbr chddnga us`gk tl`s brrhr chab, tlbrbjhrb tlb rbsphgsb th n SPGCL chddnga dny ib a`st`gku`slba jrhd tlb rbsphgsb th ngy htlbr chddnga. Jhr n abtn`eba bxpengnt`hg hj tlb purphsb hj tlb SPGCL chddnga, pebnsb rbjbr th tlb clnptbr ―t`db-hut lngae`gk—. Gbknt`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJB

>

IPQB

Brrhr Chab 4 BYYXCDAXSPGCL

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

22

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.>.9

HVQ@HGNE CHDDNGAS 

>.:.>.9.> Kbt chddug`cnt`hg dhab `gjh Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, hpt`hgne KBQXCHDDXDHABX@GJH

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJI

Ql`s chddnga rbturgs hpt`hgne `gjhrdnt`hg hg a`jjbrbgt Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabs supphrtba iy tlb senvb. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

9

IPQB

CHDDXDHABXHVQ@HGNE

3

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

1

IPQB

DN\XIS

2

IPQB

D@GXSQ

:

IPQB

^RBRBXS@_B

;

IPQB

\CV Ar`vbr Zbrs`hg Gudibr

Qlb CHDDXDHABXHVQ@HGNE pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw ? I`t ;

  x

:

2

x

1

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3

x

9

x

>

   B    A    H    D X    A    B x    Z    N    B    E    Y    B    Q    G    @

6

   B    A    H    D X    M    C    H    E    I X    Y    B    Q    S    N    D

 

Qlb DNSQBYXIEHCMXDHAB jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb Dnstbr Iehcm Dhab `s nvn`enieb. @j tlb dnstbr abv`cb iehcm dhab `s supphrtba, DN\XIS `ga`cntbs tlb dnx`dud neehwba iehcm s`zb ns tlb gudibr hj chgsbcut`vb chddnga pncmbts (AH[GEHNAXGB\Q) `g n iehcm sbqubgcb. D@GXSQ `ga`cntbs tlb rbqu`rba d`g`dud sbpnrnt`hg t`db ibtwbbg tlb pncmbts hj n iehcm trngsjbr jrhd tlb dnstbr abv`cb th tlb senvb abv`cb `g ug`ts hj >66 d`crhsbchgas. Qlb @GQBYEBNZBAXDHAB jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb @gtbrebnvba Dhab `s nvn`enieb. @j `gtbrebnvba dhab `s nvn`enieb, ^RBRBXS@_B `ga`cntbs tlb dnx`dud gudibr hj chgsbcut`vb chddnga pncmbts tlb dnstbr cng sbga th tlb rbcb`pt qubub hj tlb senvb. 2:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Qlb \ C CV V Ar`vbr Zbrs`hg Gudibr `ga`cntbs tlb vbrs`hg gudibr hj tlb \ CV CV ar`vbr `g tlb senvb. Qlb dnohr ar`vbr vbrs`hg `s tlb l`kl g`iieb hj tlb vbrs`hg gudibr, tlb d`ghr ar`vbr vbrs`hg `s tlb ehw g`iieb.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

2;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.>.9.9 Kbt `abgt`j`cnt`hg jrhd senvb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, hpt`hgne KBQX@A

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJN

>

IPQB

Ybqubstba @abgt`j`cnt`hg Qypb

Ql`s chddnga `s usba jhr nuthdnt`c sbss`hg chgj`kurnt`hg nga jhr senvb abv`cb `abgt`j`cnt`hg. Qlb jheehw`gk `abgt`j`cnt`hg typbs dny ib rbqubstba? Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

NSC@@ tbxt

>

NSND-DC9 j`ebgndb w`tlhut pntl nga bxtbgs`hg

9

NSND-DC9 j`ebgndb w`tl pntl nga bxtbgs`hg

3

RYE wlbrb tlb NSND-DC9 j`eb cng ib jhuga

1

NSND-DC9 j`eb th upehna

>9

IPQB IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ Dhab

9

[HYA

Ybsbrvba

1

A[HYA

Ebgktl ]IPQBT

<

IPQB >

j`rst iytb hj @abgt`j`cnt`hg (`j dhab 4 >)

..

..

..



IPQB g

g  iytb hj `abgt`j`cnt`hg

tl

Qlb pnrndbtbr Ebgktl spbc`j`bs tlb gudibr hj iytbs `g tlb `abgt`j`cnt`hg. @j ebgktl `s 6, tlb rbqubstba `abgt`j`cnt`hg typb `s ght nvn`enieb. Qlb jheehw`gk rueb nppe`bs? Ebgktl dha NK 4 6 Qlb Dhab pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw ? I`t ;

:

2

1

3

9

>

6

   A

  x

x

x

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   Q    B    V    P    Y    C    G    B X    A    B    S    S    B    Y    V    D    H    C

   B    A    H    D X    Y    B    J    S    G    N    Y    Q

 

2<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

@j QYNGSJBYXDHAB `s >, tlb `abgt`j`cnt`hg `s trngsjbrrba `g tlb rbdn`g`gk iytbs hj tlb rbsphgsb. @j QYNGSJBYXDHAB `s 6, tlb senvb abv`cb sbts tlb Dbdhry Qrngsjbr Naarbss   (DQN) th tlb ehcnt`hg jrhd wl`cl tlb dnstbr abv`cb dny upehna tlb rbqubstba `abgt`j`cnt`hg us`gk hgb hr dhrb RVEHNA chddngas. Jhr tlb `g`t`ne RVEHNA chddnga, tlb jheehw`gk rueb nppe`bs? Gudibr hj Antn Bebdbgts RVEHNA ]NKT 4 (Ebgktl KBQX@A ]IPQBT) / NK @j CHDVYBSSBAXBGCYPVQBA `s >, tlb trngsjbrrba antn nrb chdprbssba nga/hr bgcryptba. Ql`s `s hgey neehwba jhr @abgt`j`cnt`hg Qypb 1, `.b. ―NSND-DC9 j`eb th upehna—. Qlb \CV dnstbr dust abchdprbss nga/hr abcrypt tlb antn us`gk ng `dpebdbgtnt`hg spbc`j`c nekhr`tld, `dpebdbgtba `g ng bxtbrgneey cnecuentba jugct`hg. Qlb `gtbrjncb `s abscr`iba `g \CV Vnrt 1. Qlb `abgt`j`cnt`hg str`gk `s n iytb strbnd hj pen`g NSC@@ tbxt, `t ahbs ght lnvb 6 tbrd`gnt`hg. Bxndpebs? >? tbst 9? c?UantninsbUtbst.n9e 3? jtp?//ttp.hbd.chdUantnXrbphs`thryUprhobctXxcpUtbst.n9e  jtp?//ttp.hbd.chdUantnXrbphs`thryUprhobctXxcpUtbst.n9e  

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

20

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.>.9.3 Ybqubst th snvb th ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, hpt`hgne SBQXYB^RBSQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ0

>

IPQB

Dhab

9

[HYA

Sbss`hg chgj`kurnt`hg `a

Qlb Dhab pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

   x

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2

x

1

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3

      ^     B     Y X     ^     N x     A X

9

>

6

    B     D     R     S     B     Y X     ^     B     Y X

    B     D     R     S     B     Y X     H     G X     ^     B     Y

      ^     B     Y X     E     N     C X

    Y     N     B     E     C

Jenk SQHYBXCNEXYB^

    ^     N     A X     B     Y     H     Q     S

X     ^     N     A X     B     Y     H     Q     S

    B     Y     H     Q     S

Abscr`pt`hg YB^ubst th SQHYB CNE`irnt`hg antn 6 4 SQHYBXCNEXYB^ `s ght sbt. > 4 SQHYBXCNEXYB^ `s sbt

SQHYBXAN^XYB^XGHXYBSRDB

YB^ubst th SQHYB AN^ e`st, gh YBSRDB 6 4 SQHYBXAN^XYB^XGHXYBSRDB `s ght sbt. > 4 SQHYBXAN^XYB^XGHXYBSRDB `s sbt

SQHYBXAN^XYB^XYBSRDB

YB^ubst th SQHYB AN^ e`st, YBSRDB bgnieba 6 4 SQHYBXAN^XYB^XYBSRDB `s ght sbt. > 4 SQHYBXAN^XYB^XYBSRDB `s sbt YB^ubst th CEBNY AN^ chgj`kurnt`hg 6 4 CEBNYXAN^XYB^ `s ght sbt. > 4 CEBNYXAN^XYB^ `s sbt

CEBNYXAN^XYB^

SQHYBXCNEXYB^ n rbqubst snvb cne`irnt`hg `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. SQHYBXCNEXYB^ sbts i`t hitn`gba iythKBQXSQNQRS w`eeantn ib rbsbt iy tlb senvb, wlbg Qlb tlb rbqubst `s juej`eeba. Qlb senvb abv`cb dny `ga`cntb tl`s iy trngsd`tt`gk ng BZXSQHYBXCNE bvbgt pncmbt. SQHYBXAN^XYB^Xx sbts n rbqubst th snvb nee AN^ ee`sts, `sts, wl`cl lnvb ibbg sbebctba w`tl SQNYQXSQHVXAN^XE@SQ(Sbebct) `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Qlb senvb nesh lns th sthrb tlb sbss`hg chgj`kurnt`hg `a `g ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Rphg snv`gk, tlb senvb j`rst lns th cebnr ngy AN^ e`st chgj`kurnt`hg tlnt d`klt nerbnay ib sthrba `g ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry.

:6

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Qlb SQHYBXAN^XYB^ i`t hitn`gba iy KBQXSQNQRS w`ee ib rbsbt iy tlb senvb, wlbg tlb rbqubst `s juej`eeba. Qlb senvb abv`cb dny `ga`cntb tl`s iy trngsd`tt`gk ng BZXSQHYBXAN^ bvbgt pncmbt. Qlb SQHYBXAN^XYB^XGHXYBSRDB ahbs ght sbt tlb senvb `gth YBSRDB dhab. Qlb AN^ e`sts entbr hg cng ib stnrtba iy tlb \ CV CV dnstbr nt ngy t`db w`tl`g ng bstnie`slba \ CV CV sbss`hg. Qlb SQHYBXAN^XYB^XYBSRDB sbts n rbqubst th snvb nee sbebctba AN^ e`sts th dbdhry, iut nt tlb sndb t`db `dpe`c`tey sbts tlb senvb `gth YBSRDB dhab. CEBNYXAN^XYB^ `s usba th cebnr nee AN^ e`sts `g ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Nee HAQ bgtr`bs rbsbt th naarbss 4 6, bxtbgs`hg 4 6, s`zb 4 6 nga i`tXhjjsbt 4 JJ. Sbss`hg chgj`kurnt`hg @A rbsbt th 6. Qlb CEBNYXAN^XYB^ i`t hitn`gba iy KBQXSQNQRS w`ee ib rbsbt iy tlb senvb, wlbg tlb rbqubst `s juej`eeba. Qlb senvb abv`cb dny `ga`cntb tl`s iy trngsd`tt`gk ng BZXCEBNYXAN^ bvbgt pncmbt. @j tlb senvb abv`cb ahbs ght supphrt tlb rbqubstba dhab, ng BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

:>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.>.9.1 Kbt sbba jhr ugehcm`gk n prhtbctba rbshurcb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, hpt`hgne (rbj. RGEHCM) KBQXSBBA

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ<

>

IPQB

9

IPQB

Dhab 6 4 (j`rst pnrt hj) sbba > 4 rbdn`g`gk pnrt hj sbba Dhab46? Ybshurcb Dhab4>? Ahg‐t cnrb

[`tl Dhab 4 6, tlb dnstbr rbqubsts tlb senvb th trngsd`t (tlb j`rst pnrt hj) tlb sbba. Qlb senvb ngswbrs w`tl (tlb j`rst pnrt hj) tlb sbba nga tlb thtne ebgktl hj tlb sbba. [`tl Dhab 4 >, tlb dnstbr lns th rbqubst tlb rbdn`g`gk pnrt(s) hj tlb sbba jrhd tlb senvb `j tlb thtne ebgktl hj tlb sbba `s i`kkbr tlng DN\XCQH-9. Qlb dnstbr lns th usb KBQXSBBA(Dhab4>) `g n abj`gba sbqubgcb thkbtlbr w`tl KBQXSBBA(Dhab46). @j tlb dnstbr sbgas n KBQXSBBA(Dhab4>) a`rbctey w`tlhut n prbv`hus KBQXSBBA(Dhab46), tlb senvb rbturgs ng BYYXSB^RBGCB ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb.

Sbb chddnga KBQXSQNQRS (rbshurcb prhtbct`hg stntus) jhr n abscr`pt`hg jhr tlb vneubs hj tlb rbshurcb pnrndbtbr (CNE/VNK, AN^, SQ@D, VKD) nga tlb rbentba chddngas. Hgey hgb rbshurcb dny ib rbqubstba w`tl hgb KBQXSBBA chddnga. @j dhrb tlng hgb rbshurcb lns th ib ugehcmba, tlb (KBQXSBBA+RGEHCM) sbqubgcb lns th ib pbrjhrdba duet`peb t`dbs. @j tlb dnstbr ahbs ght rbqubst ngy rbshurcb hr rbqubsts duet`peb rbshurcbs nt tlb sndb t`db, tlb senvb w`ee rbsphga w`tl ng BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

9..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Ebgktl hj sbba ]IPQBT Ebgktl 4 6 rbshurcb ugprhtbctba Dhab 4 6 ? thtne ebgktl hj sbba Dhab 4 > ? rbdn`g`gk ebgktl hj sbba Sbba

Ebgktl `ga`cntbs tlb (rbdn`g`gk) gudibr hj sbba iytbs. @j Ebgktl 4 6, tlb rbshurcb `s ugprhtbctba nga gh RGEHCM chddnga `s gbcbssnry. N KBQXSBBA sbqubgcb rbturgs tlb ±sbba± antn jhr n Sbba&Mby   nekhr`tld chdput`gk tlb ±mby± th ugehcm tlb rbqubstba rbshurcb cntbkhry jhr nutlhr`zba nccbss (sbb tlb RGEHCM chddnga). Qlb dnstbr lns th cnecuentb tlb mby iy cnee`gk ng bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb. Qlbrb‐s hgey > bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb wl`cl d`klt chgtn`g jrhd > up th 1 a`jjbrbgt nekhr`tlds, hgb nekhr`tld jhr bncl hj tlb rbshurcbs CNE/VNK, AN^, SQ@D hr VKD. Qlb bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb suppe`br cng bgnieb/a`snieb tlb usb hj bncl hj tlbsb 1 nekhr`tlds. Qlb dnstbr cng kbt tlb `gjhrdnt`hg nihut tlb ni`e`ty ni`e` ty hj tlb nekhr`tlds a`rbctey jrhd tlb bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb.

Qlb bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb suppe`br cng chdp`eb a`jjbrbgt vbrs`hgs hj tlb bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb iy dnm`gk a`jjbrbgt chdi`gnt`hgs hj bgnieba nekhr`tlds.   Qlb dnstbr kbts tlb gndb hj tlb bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb th ib usba jhr tl`s senvb, jrhd tlb NSND DCA 9DC abscr`pt`hg j`eb. Qlb NV@ jhr chddug`cnt`gk w`tl tlb bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb `s spbc`j`ba `g Vnrt 1 ―@gtbrjnc`gk— hj tlb \ CV CV spbc`j`cnt`hg.

:9

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.>.9.2 Sbga mby jhr ugehcm`gk n prhtbctba rbshurcb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, hpt`hgne (rbj. KBQXSBBA) RGEHCM

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ;

>

IPQB

(rbdn`g`gk) (r bdn`g`gk) Ebgktl hj mby `g iytbs

9..DN\XCQH->

IPQB

Mby

Rgehcms tlb senvb abv`cb‐s sbcur`ty prhtbct`hg us`gk n ±mby± chdputba jrhd tlb ±sbba± hitn`gba iy n prbv`hus KBQXSBBA sbqubgcb. Sbb tlb abscr`pt`hg hj tlb KBQXSBBA chddnga. Ebgktl `ga`cntbs tlb (rbdn`g`gk) gudibr hj mby iytbs. Qlb dnstbr lns th usb RGEHCM `g n abj`gba sbqubgcb thkbtlbr w`tl KBQXSBBA. Qlb dnstbr hgey cng sbga ng RGEHCM sbqubgcb `j prbv`husey tlbrb wns n KBQXSBBA sbqubgcb. Qlb dnstbr lns th sbga tlb j`rst RGEHCM njtbr n KBQXSBBA sbqubgcb w`tl n Ebgktl

chgtn`g`gk tlb thtne ebgktl hj tlb mby. @j tlb thtne ebgktl hj tlb mby `s i`kkbr tlng DN\XCQH-9, tlb dnstbr lns th sbga tlb rbdn`g`gk mby iytbs w`tl (n) chgsbcut`vb RGEHCM chddnga(s) chgtn`g`gk tlb rbdn`g`gk ebgktl hj tlb mby. @j tlb dnstbr ahbs ght rbspbct tl`s sbqubgcb, tlb senvb rbturgs ng BYYXSB^RBGCB ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb. Qlb mby `s clbcmba njtbr chdpebt`hg hj tlb RGEHCM sbqubgcb. @j tlb mby `s ght nccbptba, BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA w`ee ib rbturgba. Qlb senvb abv`cb w`ee tlbg kh th a`schggbctba stntb. N rbpbt`t`hg hj ng RGEHCM sbqubgcb w`tl n chrrbct mby w`ee lnvb n phs`t`vb rbsphgsb nga gh htlbr bjjbct. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

Currbgt rbshurcb prhtbct`hg stntus

Qlb ngswbr uphg RGEHCM chgtn`gs tlb Currbgt Ybshurcb Vrhtbct`hg Dnsm ns abscr`iba nt KBQXSQNQRS.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

:3

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Bxndpeb > ? DN\XCQH

4 < iytbs (CNG)

QhtneEbgktlHj(sbba) 4 1 iytbs QhtneEbgktlHj(mby)

4 9 iytbs

Sbba

4 >> 99 33 11

Mby

4 13 9>

Dnstbr

Senvb

KBQXSBBA (66, Ybshurcb)

>> 99 33 11

RGEHCM(ebgktl, 13 9>)

JJ 66

  A`nkrnd >; ? slhrt KBQXSBBA+RGEHCM sbqubgcb

:1

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Bxndpeb 9 ? DN\XCQH

4 < iytbs (CNG)

QhtneEbgktlHj(sbba)

4 >0 iytbs

QhtneEbgktlHj(mby)

4 >6 iytbs

Sbba

4 00 > 66 >> 99 33 11 22 :: ;; 6 6> 93 12 :; 3, 00 ,, xx) KBQXSBBA(6>

6x6A, 33 99 >> 66 >> 99

KBQXSBBA(6>, xx)

6x6;, 33 11 22 :: ;; , xx)

6x6>, 00

RGEHCM(6x6N, 0< ;: 21 39 >6 6>)

JJ 6> RGEHCM(6x61, 93 12 :; < ? ehgk KBQXSBBA+RGEHCM sbqubgcb

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

:2

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.>.9.: Sbt Dbdhry Qrngsjbr Naarbss `g senvb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, hpt`hgne SBQXDQN

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ:

>

[HYA

Ybsbrvba

3

IPQB

Naarbss bxtbgs`hg

1

A[HYA

Naarbss

Ql`s chddnga w`ee `g`t`ne`zb n ph`gtbr (39I`t naarbss + .> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.>.9.; Rpehna jrhd senvb th dnstbr Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, hpt`hgne RVEHNA

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ2

>

IPQB

g 4 Gudibr hj antn bebdbgts ]NKT ]>..DN\XCQH/NK ->T Stnganra dhab ]>..922T

Iehcm dhab

N antn iehcm hj tlb spbc`j`ba ebgktl, stnrt`gk nt tlb currbgt DQN, w`ee ib rbturgba. Qlb DQN w`ee ib phst-`gcrbdbgtba iy tlb k`vbg gudibr hj antn bebdbgts. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

..

IPQBs

NK

Rsba jhr ne`kgdbgt hgey `j NK 7 > st BEBDBGQ > >  antn bebdbgt

..

..

g*NK

BEBDBGQ g g  antn bebdbgt

.. tl

Abpbga`gk hg NK >, 9 hr 3 ne`kgdbgt iytbs dust ib usba `g hrabr th dbbt ne`kgdbgt rbqu`rbdbgts. BEBDBGQ `s IPQB. [HYA hr A[HYA, abpbga`gk uphg NK. @j tlb senvb abv`cb ahbs ght supphrt iehcm trngsjbr dhab, nee upehnaba antn nrb trngsjbrrba `g n s`gkeb rbsphgsb pncmbt. Qlbrbjhrb tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts pnrndbtbr `g tlb rbqubst lns th ib `g tlb rngkb ]>..DN\XCQH/NK->T. Ng BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba, `j tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts `s dhrb tlng DN\XCQH/NK->. @j iehcm trngsjbr dhab `s supphrtba, tlb upehnaba antn nrb trngsjbrrba `g duet`peb rbsphgsbs hg tlb sndb rbqubst pncmbt. Jhr tlb dnstbr tlbrb nrb gh e`d`tnt`hgs neehwba chgcbrg`gk tlb dnx`dud iehcm s`zb. Qlbrbjhrb tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts (g) cng ib `g tlb rngkb ]>..922T. Qlb senvb abv`cb w`ee trngsd`t ((g*NK)->) / (DN\XCQH-NK) +> rbsphgsb pncmbts. Qlb sbpnrnt`hg t`db ibtwbbg tlb rbsphgsb pncmbts `s abpbga`gk hg tlb senvb abv`cb `dpebdbgtnt`hg. @t‐s tlb rbsphgs`i`e`ty hj tlb dnstbr abv`cb th mbbp trncm hj nee pncmbts nga th clbcm jhr ehst pncmbts. @t `s senvb abv`cb `dpebdbgtnt`hg spbc`j`c `j tlb antn `g a`jjbrbgt rbsphgsb pncmbts nrb chgs`stbgt. Jhr `gstngcb, tl`s lns th ib chgs`abrba, wlbg iehcm upehna dhab `s usba th hitn`g < iytb jehnt`gk ph`gt hiobcts.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

:;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Bxndpebs? DN\XCQH4< NK4>

Dnstbr

RVEHNA(6x63)

Senvb

JJ a]6T a]>T a]9T

  A`nkrnd >0 ? RVEHNA 3 iytbs

Dnstbr

RVEHNA(6x6;)

Senvb

JJ a]6T a]>T a]9T a]3T a]1T a]2T a]:T

  A`nkrnd 96 ? RVEHNA ; iytbs

Dnstbr

RVEHNA(6x>6)

Senvb

JJ a]6T a]>T a]9T a]3T a]1T a]2T a]:T JJ a];T a]6T a]>>T a]>9T a]>3T

JJ a]>1T a]>2T

  A`nkrnd 9> ? RVEHNA >: iytbs `g iehcm dhab

:<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.>.9.< Rpehna jrhd senvb th dnstbr (slhrt vbrs`hg) Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, hpt`hgne SLHYQXRVEHNA

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ1

>

IPQB

9

IPQB

g 4 Gudibr hj antn bebdbgts ]NKT ]>..DN\XCQH/NKT Ybsbrvba

3

IPQB

Naarbss bxtbgs`hg

1

A[HYA

Naarbss

N antn iehcm hj tlb spbc`j`ba ebgktl, stnrt`gk nt naarbss w`ee ib rbturgba. Qlb DQN ph`gtbr `s sbt th tlb j`rst antn iytb ibl`ga tlb upehnaba antn iehcm. Qlb brrhr lngae`gk nga tlb rbsphgsb structurb `s `abgt`cne th tlb RVEHNA chddnga. BEBDBGQ `s IPQB. [HYA hr A[HYA, abpbga`gk uphg NK. Ql`s chddnga ahbs ght supphrt iehcm trngsjbr nga `t dust ght ib usba w`tl`g n iehcm trngsjbr sbqubgcb.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

:0

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.>.9.0 Iu`ea clbcmsud hvbr dbdhry rngkb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, hpt`hgne IR@EAXCLBCMSRD

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ3

>

IPQB

rbsbrvba

9

[HYA

rbsbrvba

1

A[HYA

Iehcm s`zb ]NKT

Ybturgs n clbcmsud rbsuet hj tlb dbdhry iehcm tlnt `s abj`gba iy tlb DQN nga Iehcm s`zb. Qlb DQN w`ee ib phst-`gcrbdbgtba iy tlb iehcm s`zb. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

Clbcmsud typb

9

[HYA

Ybsbrvba

1

A[HYA

Clbcmsud

Qlb jheehw`gk clbcmsud typbs nrb abj`gba? Qypb 6x6>

Gndb \CVXNAAX>>

Abscr`pt`hg Naa IPQB `gth n IPQB clbcmsud, `kghrb hvbrjehws

6x69 6x63 6x61

\CVXNAAX>9 \CVXNAAX>1 \CVXNAAX99

6x62

\CVXNAAX91

6x6:

\CVXNAAX11

Naa IPQB `gth n [HYA clbcmsud, `kghrb hvbrjehws Naa IPQB `gth n A[HYA clbcmsud, `kghrb hvbrjehws Naa [HYA `gth n [HYA clbcmsud, `kghrb hvbrjehws, iehcms`zb dust ib dhaueh 9 Naa [HYA `gth n A[HYA clbcmsud, `kghrb hvbrjehws, iehcms`zb dust ib dhaueh 9 Naa A[HYA `gth A[HYA, `kghrb hvbrjehws, iehcms`zb dust ib dhaueh 1

Qypb 6x6; 6x6< 6x60

Gndb \CVXCYCX>: \CVXCYCX>:XC@QQ \CVXCYCX39

Qypb 6xJJ

Gndb Abscr`pt`hg \CVXRSBYXABJ@GBA Rsbr abj`gba nekhr`tld, `g bxtbrgneey cnecuentba jugct`hg

Abscr`pt`hg Sbb CYC brrhr abtbct`hg nekhr`tlds Sbb CYC brrhr abtbct`hg nekhr`tlds Sbb CYC brrhr abtbct`hg nekhr`tlds

Qlb rbsuet `s newnys k`vbg ns n A[HYA, rbknraebss hj tlb clbcmsud typb. [`tl tlb Clbcmsud Qypb ―\CVXRSBYXABJ@GBA—, tlb Senvb cng `ga`cntb tlnt tlb Dnstbr jhr cnecuent`gk tlb clbcmsud lns th usb n usbr-abj`gba nekhr`tld `dpebdbgtba `g ng  ®  bxtbrgneey cnecuentba jugct`hg (b.k.[`g39 AEE, RG@\  slnrba hiobct j`eb,..) Qlb dnstbr kbts tlb gndb hj tlb bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb th ib usba jhr tl`s senvb, jrhd tlb NSND DCA 9DC abscr`pt`hg j`eb. Qlb NV@ jhr chddug`cnt`gk w`tl tlb bxtbrgne jugct`hg j`eb `s spbc`j`ba `g Vnrt 1 ―@gtbrjnc`gk— hj tlb \ CV CV spbc`j`cnt`hg. ;6

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Gbknt`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJB

>

IPQB

Brrhr chab

9

[HYA

rbsbrvba

1

A[HYA

Dnx`dud iehcm s`zb ]NKT

@j tlb iehcms`zb bxcbbas tlb neehwba dnx`dud vneub, ng BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba. Qlb dnx`dud iehcm s`zb w`ee ib rbturgba `g tlb clbcmsud j`bea. Qlb CYC nekhr`tlds nrb spbc`j`ba iy tlb jheehw`gk pnrndbtbrs ? Gndb \CVXCYCX>: \CVXCYC>:XC@QQ \CVXCYCX39

[`atl >:

Vhey 6x: 39

6x>69> 6x61C>>AI;

6xJJJJ 6xJJJJJJJJ

JNESB QYRB

JNESB QYRB

6x6666 6xJJJJJJJJ

Gndb? tl`s `s tlb gndb k`vbg th tlb nekhr`tld. N str`gk vneub stnrt`gk w`tl ―\CV —.

[`atl? tl`s `s tlb w`atl hj tlb nekhr`tld bxprbssba `g i`ts. Ql`s `s hgb ebss tlng tlb w`atl hj tlb phey. Vhey? Ql`s pnrndbtbr `s tlb pheyghd`ne. Ql`s `s n i`gnry vneub tlnt slhuea ib spbc`j`ba ns n lbxnabc`dne gudibr. Qlb thp i`tNg hj tlb phey slhuea ibhjhd`ttba. Jhr bxndpeb, phey `s >6>>6, yhu slhuea spbc`jy 6x6:. `dphrtngt nspbct tl`s pnrndbtbr `s tlnt `j`t tlb rbprbsbgts tlb ugrbjebctba phey= tlb ihtthd hj tl`s pnrndbtbr `s newnys tlb ESI hj tlb a`v`shr aur`gk tlb a`v`s`hg, rbknraebss hj wlbtlbr tlb nekhr`tld `s rbjebctba. @g`t? Ql`s pnrndbtbr spbc`j`bs tlb `g`t`ne vneub hj tlb rbk`stbr wlbg tlb nekhr`tld stnrts. Ql`s `s tlb vneub tlnt `s th ib nss`kgba th tlb rbk`stbr `g tlb a`rbct tnieb nekhr`tld. @g tlb tnieb nekhr`tld, wb dny tl`gm hj tlb rbk`stbr newnys chddbgc`gk w`tl tlb vneub zbrh, nga tl`s vneub ib`gk \HYba `gth tlb rbk`stbr njtbr tlb G‐tl i`t `tbrnt`hg. Ql`s pnrndbtbr slhuea ib spbc`j`ba ns n lbxnabc`dne gudibr. Ybj`g? Ql`s `s n Ihhebng pnrndbtbr. @j `t `s JNESB, `gput iytbs nrb prhcbssba w`tl i`t ; ib`gk trbntba ns tlb dhst s`kg`j`cngt i`t (DSI) nga i`t 6 ib`gk trbntba ns tlb ebnst s`kg`j`cngt i`t. @j tl`s pnrndbtbr `s QYRB, bncl iytb `s rbjebctba ibjhrb ib`gk prhcbssba. Ybjhut? Ql`s `s n ihhebng pnrndbtbr. @j `t `s sbt th JNESB, tlb j`gne vneub `g tlb rbk`stbr `s jba `gth tlb \HYhut stnkb a`rbctey. @j tl`s pnrndbtbr `s QYRB, tlb j`gne rbk`stbr vneub `s rbjebctba j`rst. \HYhut? Ql`s `s n w`atl-i`t vneub tlnt slhuea ib spbc`j`ba ns lbxnabc`dne gudibr. @t `s \HYba th tlb j`gne rbk`stbr vneub (njtbr tlb Ybjhut stnkb) ibjhrb tlb vneub `s rbturgba ns tlb hjj`c`ne clbcmsud. Jhr dhrb abtn`eba `gjhrdnt`hg nihut CYC nekhr`tlds, pebnsb rbjbr th ? lttp?//www.rbpn`rjnq.hrk/j`e`pk/E@GM/JXcrcXv31.ltde lttp?//www.rbpn`rjnq.hrk/j`e`pk/E@GM/JXcrcXv31.ltde  

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

;>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb jheehw`gk tniebs prhv`ab `gjhrdnt`hg jhr vne`ant`gk tlb clbcmsud cnecuent`hg nekhr`tlds. Qlb tbst pnttbrg `s tlb lbxnabc`dne rbprbsbgtnt`hg hj tlb chgtbgts hj n 39-iytb i`gnry j`eb/antn strbnd, stnrt`gk w`tl tlb ehwbst naarbss, bga`gk w`tl tlb l`klbst naarbss. Qbst pnttbrg 6x6> 6x69 6x63 6x61 6x62 6x6: 6x6; 6x6< 6x60 6x6N 6x6I 6x6C 6x6A 6x6B 6x6J 6x>6 6xJ> 6xJ9 6xJ3 6xJ1 6xJ2 6xJ: 6xJ; 6xJ< 6xJ0 6xJN 6xJI 6xJC 6xJA 6xJB 6xJJ 6x66

Gndb \CVXNAAX>> \CVXNAAX>9 \CVXNAAX>1 \CVXNAAX99 \CVXNAAX91 \CVXNAAX11 Gndb

Bxpbctba clbcmsud @gtbe

Bxpbctba clbcmsud Dhthrhen

6x>6 6x6J>6 6x66666J>6 6x>16C63J<

6x>6 6x6J>6 6x66666J>6 6x6;>6 6x6666 6xJC616I>6

Bxpbctba clbcmsud @gtbe

Bxpbctba clbcmsud Dhthrhen

\CVXCYCX>: \CVXCYCX>:XC@QQ \CVXCYCX39

6xC;:N 6x0A26 6x Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.>.3

NR\@E@NYP CHDDNGAS 

>.:.>.3.> Ybjbr th trngsphrt enybr spbc`j`c chddnga Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, nux`e`nry QYNGSVHYQXENPBYXCDA

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ9

>

IPQB

Sui chddnga chab

9...

IPQB

Vnrndbtbrs

Ql`s chddnga `s abj`gba `g tlb Qrngsphrt Enybr spbc`j`cnt`hg. @t `s usba th pbrjhrd Qrngsphrt Enybr spbc`j`c nct`hgs. Bxndpeb? Cntbkhry

CNG hgey, hpt`hgne

Dgbdhg`c

KBQXSENZBX@A

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 QYNGSVHYQXENPBYXCDA 4 6xJ9

>

IPQB

Sui Chddnga Chab 4 6xJJ

9

IPQB

6x2< (NSC@@ 4 \ )

3

IPQB

6x13 (NSC@@ 4 C )

1

IPQB

6x26 (NSC@@ 4 V )

2

IPQB

Dhab 6 4 `abgt`jy iy bclh > 4 chgj`rd iy `gvbrsb bclh

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

;3

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.>.3.9 Ybjbr th usbr abj`gba chddnga Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Stnganra, nux`e`nry RSBYXCDA

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ>

>

IPQB

Sui chddnga chab

9...

IPQB

Vnrndbtbrs

Ql`s chddnga `s usbr abj`gba. @t dustg‐t ib usba th `dpebdbgt jugct`hgne`t`bs ahgb iy htlbr sbrv`cbs.

;1

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.9 >.:.9.>

CNE@IYNQ@HG CHDDNGAS (CNE) DNGANQHYP CHDDNGAS 

>.:.9.>.> Ahwgehna jrhd dnstbr th senvb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Cne`irnt`hg, dnganthry AH[GEHNA

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJ6

>

IPQB

..

IPQBs

g 4 Gudibr hj antn bebdbgts ]NKT ]>..(DN\XCQH-9)/NKT Stnganra dhab ]>..d`g(DN\XIS*(DN\XCQH-9)/NK,922)T Iehcm dhab Rsba jhr ne`kgdbgt, hgey `j NK 79

NK4>? 9 NK7>? NK ..

BEBDBGQ > >  antn bebdbgt ..

NK4>? g+>

BEBDBGQ g g  antn bebdbgt

st

.. tl

NK7>? g NK @j NK 4 A[HYA, 9 ne`kgdbgt iytbs dust ib usba `g hrabr th dbbt ne`kgdbgt rbqu`rbdbgts. BEBDBGQ `s IPQB, [HYA hr A[HYA abpbga`gk uphg NK. Qlb antn iehcm hj tlb spbc`j`ba ebgktl (s`zb) chgtn`gba `g tlb CDA w`ee ib chp`ba `gth dbdhry, stnrt`gk nt tlb DQN. Qlb DQN w`ee ib phst-`gcrbdbgtba iy tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts. @j tlb senvb abv`cb ahbs ght supphrt iehcm trngsjbr dhab, nee ahwgehnaba antn nrb trngsjbrrba `g n s`gkeb chddnga pncmbt. Qlbrbjhrb tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts pnrndbtbr `g tlb rbqubst lns th ib `g tlb rngkb ]>..DN\XCQH/NK-9T. Ng BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba, `j tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts `s dhrb tlng DN\XCQH/NK-9. Njtbr rbcb`v`gk n AH[GEHNA chddnga tlb \ CV CV senvb j`rst lns th clbcm wlbtlbr tlbrb nrb bghukl rbshurcbs nvn`enieb `g hrabr th chvbr tlb chdpebtb ahwgehna rbqubst. @j tlb \ CV CV senvb ahbs ght lnvb bghukl rbshurcbs, `t lns th sbga BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ nga ahbs ght bxbcutb ngy s`gkeb ahwgehna rbqubst. @j n AH[GEHNA rbqubst w`ee ib rbobctba, tlbrb lnvb ibbg gh clngkbs th tlb senvb‐s dbdhry chgtbgts nt nee. @j iehcm trngsjbr dhab `s supphrtba, tlb ahwgehnaba antn nrb trngsjbrrba `g duet`peb chddnga pncmbts. Jhr tlb senvb lhwbvbr, tlbrb d`klt ib e`d`tnt`hgs chgcbrg`gk tlb dnx`dud gudibr hj chgsbcut`vb chddnga pncmbts (iehcm s`zb DN\XIS). Qlbrbjhrb tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts (g) cng ib `g tlb rngkb ]>..d`g(DN\XIS*(DN\XCQH-9)/NK,922)T. @j NK4> tlb dnstbr abv`cb lns th trngsd`t ((g*NK)->) / (DN\XCQH-9)  naa`t`hgne, chgsbcut`vb AH[GEHNAXGB\Q chddnga pncmbts. @j NK7> tlb dnstbr abv`cb lns th trngsd`t ((g*NK)->) / (DN\XCQH-NK)  naa`t`hgne, chgsbcut`vb AH[GEHNAXGB\Q chddnga pncmbts. [`tlhut ngy brrhr, tlb senvb abv`cb w`ee ncmghwebakb hgey tlb enst AH[GEHNAXGB\Q chddnga pncmbt. Qlb sbpnrnt`hg t`db ibtwbbg tlb chddnga pncmbts nga tlb dnx`dud gudibr hj pncmbts nrb spbc`j`ba `g tlb rbsphgsb jhr tlb KBQXCHDDXDHABX@GJH chddnga (DN\XIS, D@GXSQ). @j tlb \ C CV V senvb abtbcts ng `gtbrgne prhiebd aur`gk n iehcm dhab trngsjbr, `t cng sbga n gbknt`vb rbsphgsb nt hgcb. @j iehcm trngsjbr dhab `s rbqubstba nga ght bghukl rbshurcbs nrb nvn`enieb, tlb \ CV CV senvb cng sbga tlb gbknt`vb rbsphgsb chab nerbnay njtbr tlb `g`t`ne AH[GEHNA chddnga hj tlb \ CV CV dnstbr.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

;2

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Bxndpeb? DN\XCQH4<

Senvb

Dnstbr

AH[GEHNA(6x6:, a]6T a]>T a]9T a]3T a]1T a]2T)

JJ

  A`nkrnd 99 ? AH[GEHNA : iytbs

;:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.9.9

HVQ@HGNE CHDDNGAS 

>.:.9.9.> Ahwgehna jrhd dnstbr th senvb (Iehcm Dhab) Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Cne`irnt`hg, hpt`hgne AH[GEHNAXGB\Q

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xBJ

>

IPQB

g 4 Gudibr hj antn bebdbgts ]NKT ]>..d`g(DN\XIS*(DN\XCQH-9)/NK,922)–(DN\XCQH-9)/NKT

.. NK4>? 9 NK7>? NK ..

IPQBs BEBDBGQ >

Rsba jhr ne`kgdbgt, hgey `j NK 79 st >  antn bebdbgt

..

..

NK4>? g+> NK7>? g*NK

BEBDBGQ g

g  antn bebdbgt

tl

@j NK 4 1, 9 ne`kgdbgt iytbs dust ib usba `g hrabr th dbbt ne`kgdbgt rbqu`rbdbgts.

BEBDBGQ `s IPQB, [HYA hr A[HYA, abpbga`gk uphg NK. Ql`s chddnga `s usba th trngsd`t chgsbcut`vb antn bebdbgts jhr tlb AH[GEHNA chddnga `g iehcm trngsjbr dhab. Qlb AH[GEHNAXGB\Q chddnga lns bxnctey tlb sndb structurb ns tlb AH[GEHNA chddnga. @t chgtn`gs tlb rbdn`g`gk gudibr hj antn bebdbgts th trngsd`t. Qlb senvb abv`cb w`ee usb tl`s `gjhrdnt`hg th abtbct ehst pncmbts. @j n sbqubgcb brrhr lns ibbg abtbctba, tlb brrhr chab BYYXSB^RBGCB w`ee ib rbturgba. Gbknt`vb Ybsphgsb? @j tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts ahbs ght dntcl tlb bxpbctba vneub, tlb brrhr chab BYYXSB^RBGCB w`ee ib rbturgba. Qlb gbknt`vb rbsphgsb w`ee chgtn`g tlb bxpbctba gudibr hj antn bebdbgts. Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJB

>

IPQB

BYYXSB^RBGCB

9

IPQB

Gudibr hj bxpbctba antn bebdbgts

Bxndpeb? DN\XCQH4<

Senvb

Dnstbr

AH[GEHNA(6x6B, AH[GEHNA(6x6 B, a]6T a]>T a ]9T a]3T a]1T a ]2T)

AH[GEHNAXGB\Q(6x6T)

AH[GEHNAXGB\Q(6x69, AH[GEHNAX GB\Q(6x69, a]>9T a]>3T)

JJ

  A`nkrnd 93 ? AH[GEHNA >1 iytbs `g iehcm dhab

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

;;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.9.9.9 Ahwgehna jrhd dnstbr th senvb (j`xba s`zb) Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Cne`irnt`hg, hpt`hgne AH[GEHNAXDN\

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xBB

..

IPQBs

Rsba jhr ne`kgdbgt, hgey `j NK 7>

NK

BEBDBGQ >

>  antn bebdbgt

..

..

..

DN\XCQH-NK

BEBDBGQ g

g  antn bebdbgt

st

tl

Abpbga`gk uphg NK, > hr 3 ne`kgdbgt iytbs dust ib usba `g hrabr th dbbt ne`kgdbgt rbqu`rbdbgts. BEBDBGQ `s IPQB, [HYA hr A[HYA, abpbga`gk uphg NK. Qlb antn iehcm w`tl tlb j`xba ebgktl g hj DN\XCQH/NK-> bebdbgts chgtn`gba `g tlb CDA w`ee ib chp`ba `gth dbdhry, stnrt`gk nt tlb DQN. Qlb DQN w`ee ib phst-`gcrbdbgtba iy DN\XCQH/NK->. Njtbr rbcb`v`gk n AH[GEHNA DN\ chddnga tlb \ CV CV senvb j`rst lns th clbcm wlbtlbr

tlbrb nrb bghukl rbshurcbs nvn`enieb `g hrabr th chvbr tlb chdpebtb ahwgehna rbqubst. @j tlb \ CV CV senvb ahbs ght lnvb bghukl rbshurcbs, `t lns th sbga BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ nga ahbs ght bxbcutb ngy s`gkeb ahwgehna rbqubst. @j n AH[GEHNAXDN\ rbqubst w`ee ib rbobctba, tlbrb lnvb ibbg gh clngkbs th tlb senvb‐s dbdhry chgtbgts nt nee. Ql`s chddnga ahbs ght supphrt iehcm trngsjbr nga `t dust ght ib usba w`tl`g n iehcm trngsjbr sbqubgcb.

;<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.9.9.3 Ahwgehna jrhd dnstbr th senvb (slhrt vbrs`hg) Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Cne`irnt`hg, hpt`hgne SLHYQXAH[GEHNA

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xBA

>

IPQB

Gudibr hj antn bebdbgts ]6..(DN\XCQH- Ybebnsb

;0

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.9.9.1 Dha`jy i`ts Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Cne`irnt`hg, hpt`hgne DHA@JPXI@QS

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xBC

>

IPQB

Sl`jt Zneub (S)

9

[HYA

NGA Dnsm (DN)

1

[HYA

\HY Dnsm (D\)

Qlb 39 I`t dbdhry ehcnt`hg N rbjbrrba iy tlb DQN w`ee ib dha`j`ba us`gk tlb jhrduen ibehw? N 4 ( (N) & ((~((awhra)(((whra)~DN)55S))) )W((awhra)(D\55S)) ) Qlb NGA Dnsm (DN) spbc`j`bs nee tlb i`ts hj N wl`cl lnvb th ib sbt th ―6— iy sbtt`gk tlb chrrbsphga`gk i`t `g DN th ―6— nga nee ugthuclba i`ts th ―>—.

Qlb \HY Dnsm (D\) spbc`j`bs nee i`ts hj N wl`cl lns th ib thkkeba iy sbtt`gk tlb chrrbsphga`gk i`t `g D\ th ―>— nga nee ugthuclba i`ts th ―6—. Qh sbt i`t 6 th ―6—, usb DN 4 6xJJJB nga D\ 4 6x6666. Qh sbt i`t 6 th ―>— j`rst sbt `t th ―6— nga tlbg thkkeb `t, sh DN 4 6xJJJB nga D\ 4 6x666>. Z`n tlb dnsms DN nga D\ `t `s hgey phss`ieb th nccbss n >: i`t w`ab dbdhry ehcnt`hg. Qlus tlb pnrndbtbr S `s usba th dhvb ihtl dnsms thkbtlbr w`tl tlb spbc`j`ba gudibr hj i`ts `gth sl`jt tlb dhrb s`kg`j`cngt a`rbct`hg. Bxndpeb?

N4

DSI >>>>

>>>>

>>>>

6666

>>>>

>>>>

>>>>

ESI >>>>

Qh sbt i`t 36 th ―6— nga i`t >: th ―>— tlb pnrndbtbrs nrb? S4>: N 4 DN 4 D\ 4

>>>> >>>> >>>> 6666 6666 >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >6>> >>>> >>>> >>>6  >>>6  6666 6666 6666 666>  666> 

Ybsuet? N 4 >6>> >>>> >>>> 666> 666> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> Qlb DQN w`ee ght ib njjbctba.

.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.3

VNKB S[@QCL@GK CHDDNGAS (VNK)

>.:.3.>

HVQ@HGNE CHDDNGAS 

>.:.3.>.> Sbt cne`irnt`hg pnkb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Vnkb sw`tcl`gk, hpt`hgne SBQXCNEXVNKB

Ql`s chddnga sbts tlb nccbss dhab jhr n cne`irnt`hg antn sbkdbgt, `j tlb senvb abv`cb supphrts cne`irnt`hg antn pnkb sw`tcl`gk (VNK jenk `g tlb rbshurcb nvn`eni`e`ty dnsm). Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xBI

>

IPQB

Dhab

9

IPQB

Ehk`cne antn sbkdbgt gudibr

3

IPQB

Ehk`cne antn pnkb gudibr

N cne`irnt`hg antn sbkdbgt nga `ts pnkbs nrb spbc`j`ba iy ehk`cne gudibrs.

Qlb Dhab pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw?

I`t ;

   e    N

:

    x

2

    x

1

    x

3

9

    x

>

    x

6

   V    R    C    C    \    B

  Jenk BCR

Abscr`pt`hg Qlb k`vbg pnkb w`ee ib usba iy tlb senvb abv`cb nppe`cnt`hg. Qlb senvb abv`cb \ CV CV ar`vbr w`ee nccbss tlb k`vbg pnkb. Qlb ehk`cne sbkdbgt gudibr `s `kghrba. Qlb chddnga nppe`bs th nee sbkdbgts

\CV NEE

Ihtl jenks BCR nga \ CV CV dny ib sbt s`duetngbhusey hr sbpnrntbey. @j tlb cne`irnt`hg antn pnkb cngght ib sbt th tlb k`vbg dhab, ng BYYXDHABXGHQXZNE@A w`ee ib rbturgba. @j tlb cne`irnt`hg antn pnkb `s ght nvn`enieb, n BYYXVNKBXGHQXZNE@A hr BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A w`ee ib rbturgba.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb



 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.3.>.9 Kbt cne`irnt`hg pnkb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Vnkb sw`tcl`gk, hpt`hgne KBQXCNEXVNKB

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xBN

>

IPQB

Nccbss Dhab

9

IPQB

Ehk`cne antn sbkdbgt gudibr

Ql`s chddnga rbturgs tlb ehk`cne gudibr jhr tlb cne`irnt`hg antn pnkb tlnt `s currbgtey nct`vntba jhr tlb spbc`j`ba nccbss dhab nga antn sbkdbgt. Dhab dny ib 6x6> (BCR nccbss) hr 6x69 (\ CV CV nccbss). Nee htlbr vneubs nrb `gvne`a. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

rbsbrvba

9

IPQB

rbsbrvba

3

IPQB

Ehk`cne antn pnkb gudibr

.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.3.>.3 Kbt kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg VNK prhcbsshr Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Vnk`gk, hpt`hgne KBQXVNKXVYHCBSSHYX@GJH

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xB0

Ql`s chddnga rbturgs kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg pnk`gk. Vhs`t`vb rbsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

9

IPQB

DN\XSBKDBGQ thtne gudibr hj nvn`enieb sbkdbgts VNKXVYHVBYQ@BS

Kbgbrne prhpbrt`bs jhr pnk`gk DN\XSBKDBGQ `s tlb thtne gudibr hj sbkdbgts `g tlb senvb abv`cb Qlb VNKXVYHVBYQ@BS pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm d nsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

:

2

1

3

9

>

6

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    B    _    B    B    Y    J

  Jenk JYBB_BXSRVVHYQBA

Abscr`pt`hg 6 4 SBKDBGQS cng ght ib sbt th JYBB_B dhab. > 4 SBKDBGQS cng ib sbt th JYBB_B dhab.

Qlb JYBB_BXSRVVHYQBA jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt nee SBKDBGQS cng ib put `g JYBB_B dhab.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.3.>.1 Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr n SBKDBGQ Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c Vhs`t`hg

Vnkb sw`tcl`gk, hpt`hgne KBQXSBKDBGQX@GJH Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB Chdd Chddnga nga Chab 4 6xB<

>

IPQB

9 3

IPQB SBKDBGQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XSBKDBGQ->T IPQB SBKDBGQX@GJH Dhab 6? 6 4 naarbss > 4 ebgktl Dhab >? ahg‐t cnrb Dhab 9? 6 4 shurcb naarbss > 4 abst`gnt`hg naarbss 9 4 ebgktl naarbss

Dhab 6 4 kbt ins`c naarbss `gjh jhr tl`s SBKDBGQ > 4 kbt stnganra `gjh jhr tl`s SBKDBGQ 9 4 kbt naarbss dnpp`gk `gjh jhr tl`s SBKDBGQ

,..DN\XDNVV@GK >T Dhab 6? ahg‐t cnrb Dhab >? ahg‐t cnrb Dhab 9? `abgt`j`br jhr naarbss dnpp`gk rngkb tlnt DNVV@GKX@GJH ibehgks th

KBQXSBKDBGQX@GJH rbturgs `gjhrdnt`hg hg n spbc`j`c SBKDBGQ. @j tlb spbc`j`ba SBKDBGQ `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba. Jhr Dhab 4 6 nga Dhab 4 9, SBKDBGQX@GJH chgtn`gs naarbss rngkb `gjhrdnt`hg. @j Dhab 4 >, SBKDBGQX@GJH `s ―ahg‐t cnrb—. Jhr Dhab 4 9, DNVV@GKX@GAB\ `ga`cntbs tlb rngkb DNVV@GKX@GJH ibehgks th. Jhr Dhab 4 6 nga Dhab 4 >, DNVV@GKX@GAB\ `s ―ahg‐t cnrb— @j Dhab 4 6, SBKDBGQX@GJH `ga`cntbs tlb m`ga hj sbkdbgt `gjhrdnt`hg tlnt `s rbqubstba jrhd tlb senvb jhr tl`s SBKDBGQ. Vhs`t`vb rbsphgsb? (dhab 4 6) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

rbsbrvba

9

[HYA

rbsbrvba

1..;

A[HYA

INS@CX@GJH 6 4 naarbss hj tl`s SBKDBGQ > 4 ebgktl hj tl`s SBKDBGQ

@j Dhab 4 6, tlb rbsphgsb chgtn`gs naarbss `gjhrdnt`hg nihut tl`s SBKDBGQ. @j SBKDBGQX@GJH 4 6 , tl`s chddnga rbturgs tlb naarbss hj tl`s SBKDBGQ `g INS@CX@GJH. @j SBKDBGQX@GJH 4 > , tl`s chddnga rbturgs tlb ebgktl hj tl`s SBKDBGQ `g INS@CX@GJH.

.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Vhs`t`vb rbsphgsb? (dhab 4 >) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

9

IPQB

3

IPQB

1

IPQB

DN\XVNKBS gudibr hj VNKBs jhr tl`s SBKDBGQ NAAYBSSXB\QBGS@HG naarbss bxtbgs`hg jhr tl`s SBKDBGQ DN\XDNVV@GK gudibr hj dnppba naarbss rngkbs w`tl`g tl`s SBKDBGQ Chdprbss`hg dbtlha

2

IPQB

Bgcrypt`hg dbtlha

@j Dhab 4 >, tlb rbsphgsb chgtn`gs stnganra `gjhrdnt`hg nihut tl`s SBKDBGQ. DN\XVNKBS `ga`cntbs tlb gudibr hj nvn`enieb VNKBs jhr tl`s SBKDBGQ. NAAYBSSXB\QBGS@HG `s usba `g SBQXDQN, SLHYQXRVEHNA SLHYQ XRVEHNA nga SLHYQXAH[GEHNA wlbg nccbss`gk n VNKB w`tl`g tl`s SBKDBGQ.

DN\XDNVV@GK `ga`cntbs tlb gudibr hj naarbss rngkbs w`tl`g tl`s SBKDBGQ tlnt slhuea lnvb ng naarbss dnpp`gk nppe`ba. Qlb chdprbss`hg nga tlb bgcrypt`hg dbtlha hj tlb senvb sbkdbgt dust chrrbsphga th tlb chdprbss`hg nga tlb bgcrypt`hg dbtlha hj tlb sbkdbgt hj tlb gbw jenslwnrb. @j Dhab 4 9, SBKDBGQX@GJH `ga`cntbs tlb m`ga hj dnpp`gk `gjhrdnt`hg tlnt `s rbqubstba jrhd tlb senvb jhr tlb rngkb rbjbrbgcba iy DNVV@GKX@GAB\. Vhs`t`vb rbsphgsb? (dhab 4 9) Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

rbsbrvba

9

[HYA

rbsbrvba

1..;

A[HYA

DNVV@GKX@GJH 6 4 shurcb naarbss jhr tl`s DNVV@GKX@GAB\ > 4 abst`gnt`hg naarbss jhr tl`s DNVV@GKX@GAB\ 9 4 ebgktl jhr tl`s DNVV@GKX@GAB\

@j Dhab 4 9, tlb rbsphgsb chgtn`gs dnpp`gk `gjhrdnt`hg nihut tl`s SBKDBGQ jhr tlb rngkb `ga`cntba w`tl DNVV@GKX@GAB\. @j SBKDBGQX@GJH 4 6 , tl`s chddnga rbturgs tlb shurcb naarbss jhr tl`s DNVV@GKX@GAB\ `g DNVV@GKX@GJH. @j SBKDBGQX@GJH 4 > , tl`s chddnga rbturgs tlb abst`gnt`hg naarbss jhr tl`s DNVV@GKX@GAB\ `g DNVV@GKX@GJH. @j SBKDBGQX@GJH 4 9 , tl`s chddnga c hddnga rbturgs tlb ebgktl jhr tl`s DNVV@GKX@GAB\ `g DNVV@GKX@GJH.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

.:.3.>.2 Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr n VNKB Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Vnkb sw`tcl`gk, hpt`hgne KBQXVNKBX@GJH

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xB;

>

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

9

IPQB

SBKDBGQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XSBKDBGQ->T

3

IPQB

VNKBXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XVNKB->T

KBQXVNKBX@GJH rbturgs `gjhrdnt`hg hg n spbc`j`c VNKB. @j tlb spbc`j`ba VNKB `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba. Vhs`t`vb rbsphgsb?

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

VNKBXVYHVBYQ@BS

9

IPQB

@G@QXSBKDBGQ ]6,>,..DN\XSBKDBGQ->T SBKDBGQ tlnt `g`t`ne`zbs tl`s VNKB

Qlb VNKBXVYHVBYQ@BS pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

  x

:

2

   R    C    B X    L    Q    @    [ X    S    S    B x    C    C    N X    B    Q    @    Y    [ X    V    C    \

1

3

   R    C    B X    Q    R    H    L    Q    @    [ X    S    S    B    C    C    N X    B    Q    @    Y    [ X    V    C    \

   R    C    B X    L    Q    @    [ X    S    S    B    C    C    N X    A    N    B    Y X    V    C    \

9

>

   R    C    B X    Q    R    H    L    Q    @    [ X    S    S    B    C    C    N X

   V    C    \ X    L    Q    @    [ X    S    S    B    C    C    N X    A    R    N    B    C    Y    B X    V    C    \

6

   V    C    \ X    Q    R    H    L    Q    @    [ X    S    S    B    C    C    N X    R    C    B

 

.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Qlb BCRXNCCBSSXx jenks `ga`cntb wlbtlbr nga lhw tlb BCR cng nccbss tl`s pnkb. @j tlb BCR cng nccbss tl`s VNKB, tlb BCRXNCCBSSXx jenks `ga`cntb wlbtlbr tlb BCR cng nccbss tl`s VNKB hgey `j tlb \ CV CV dnstbr ahbs GHQ nccbss tl`s VNKB nt tlb sndb t`db, hgey `j tlb \ CV CV dnstbr nccbssbs tl`s pnkb nt tlb sndb t`db, hr tlb BCR ahbsg‐t cnrb wlbtlbr tlb \ CV CV dnstbr nccbssbs tl`s pnkb nt tlb sndb t`db hr ght. I`t >

   V    C    \ X    L    Q    @    [ X    S    S    B    C    C    N X    R    C    B

 

6

   V    C    \ X    Q    R    H    L    Q    @    [ X    S    B    C    C    N X    R    C    B

BCRXNCCBSSXQPVB

6

6

BCR nccbss ght neehwba

6

>

w`tlhut \ CV CV hgey

>

6

w`tl \ CV CV hgey

>

>

ahg‐t cnrb

Qlb \CVXxXNCCBSSXy jenks `ga`cntb wlbtlbr nga lhw tlb \ CV CV dnstbr cng nccbss tl`s pnkb. Qlb jenks dnmb n a`st`gct`hg jhr tlb \CVXNCCBSSXQPVB abpbga`gk hg tlb m`ga hj nccbss tlb \ CV CV dnstbr cng lnvb hg tl`s pnkb (YBNANIEB nga/hr [Y@QBNIEB). I`t 3

9

   R    C    B X    L    Q    @    [ X    S    S    B    C    C    N X    A    N    B    Y X    V    C    \

   R    C    B X    Q    R    H    L    Q    @    [ X    S    S    B    C    C    N X    A    N    B    Y X    V

 

\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSXQPVB

   C    \

6

6

\ CV CV YBNA nccbss ght neehwba

6

>

w`tlhut BCR hgey

>

6

w`tl BCR hgey

>

>

ahg‐t cnrb

@j tlb \ CV CV dnstbr cng nccbss tl`s VNKB, tlb \CVXYBNAXNCCBSSXx jenks `ga`cntb wlbtlbr tlb \ C CV V dnstbr cng rbna jrhd tl`s VNKB hgey `j tlb BCR ahbs GHQ nccbss tl`s VNKB nt tlb sndb t`db, hgey `j tlb BCR nccbssbs tl`s pnkb nt tlb sndb t`db, hr tlb \ CV CV dnstbr ahbsg‐t gbba th cnrb wlbtlbr tlb BCR nccbssbs tl`s pnkb nt tlb sndb t`db hr ght.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb



w`tlhut BCR hgey

>

6

w`tl BCR hgey

>

>

ahg‐t cnrb

@j tlb \ CV CV dnstbr cng nccbss tl`s VNKB, tlb \CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSXx jenks `ga`cntb wlbtlbr tlb \ CV CV dnstbr cng wr`tb th tl`s VNKB hgey `j tlb BCR ahbs GHQ nccbss tl`s VNKB nt tlb sndb t`db, hgey `j tlb BCR nccbssbs tl`s pnkb nt tlb sndb t`db, hr tlb \ CV CV dnstbr ahbsg‐t gbba th cnrb wlbtlbr tlb BCR nccbssbs tl`s pnkb nt tlb sndb t`db hr ght. VNKB 6 hj tlb @G@QXSBKDBGQ hj n VNKB chgtn`gs tlb `g`t`ne antn jhr tl`s VNKB.

.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.3.>.: Sbt dhab jhr n SBKDBGQ Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Vnkb sw`tcl`gk, hpt`hgne SBQXSBKDBGQXDHAB

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xB:

>

IPQB

Dhab

9

IPQB

SBKDBGQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XSBKDBGQ->T

@j tlb spbc`j`ba SBKDBGQ `s ght nvn`enieb, n vn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba.

Qlb Dhab pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

:

2

1

3

9

>

6

  x

x

x

x

x

x

   B    _ x    B    B    Y    J

 

Jenk JYBB_B

Abscr`pt`hg 6 4 a`snieb JYBB_B Dhab > 4 bgnieb JYBB_B Dhab

Qlb JYBB_B jenk sbebcts tlb SBKDBGQ jhr jrbbz`gk tlrhukl SQHYBXCNEXYB^.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

.:.3.>.; Kbt dhab jhr n SBKDBGQ Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Vnkb sw`tcl`gk, hpt`hgne KBQXSBKDBGQXDHAB

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xB2

>

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

9

IPQB

SBKDBGQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XSBKDBGQ->T

@j tlb spbc`j`ba SBKDBGQ `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba. Vhs`t`vb rbsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xJJ

>

IPQB

rbsbrvba

9

IPQB

Dhab

Qlb Dhab pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

  x

:

2

x

1

x

3

x

9

x

>

x

6

   B    _ x    B    B    Y    J

 

06

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.3.>.< Chpy pnkb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Vnkb sw`tcl`gk, hpt`hgne CHVPXCNEXVNKB

Ql`s chddnga jhrcbs tlb senvb th chpy hgb cne`irnt`hg pnkb th nghtlbr. Ql`s chddnga `s hgey nvn`enieb `j dhrb tlng hgb cne`irnt`hg pnkb `s abj`gba.

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6 >

IPQB IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xB1 Ehk`cne antn sbkdbgt gudibr shurcb

9

IPQB

Ehk`cne antn pnkb gudibr shurcb

3

IPQB

Ehk`cne antn sbkdbgt gudibr abst`gnt`hg

1

IPQB

Ehk`cne antn pnkb gudibr abst`gnt`hg

@g pr`gc`pne ngy pnkb hj ngy sbkdbgt cng ib chp`ba th ngy pnkb hj ngy sbkdbgt. Lhwbvbr,

rbstr`ct`hgs d`klt ib phss`ieb. @j cne`irnt`hg antn pnkb cngght ib chp`ba th tlb k`vbg abst`gnt`hg, b.k. ibcnusb tlb ehcnt`hg hj abst`gnt`hg `s n jensl sbkdbgt, ng BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA w`ee ib rbturgba. @g tl`s cnsb Jensl prhkrndd`gk prhcbaurb lns th ib pbrjhrdba. @j tlb cne`irnt`hg antn pnkb `s ght nvn`enieb, ng BYYXVNKBXGHQXZNE@A hr BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A w`ee ib rbturgba.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.1

ANQN NC^R@S@Q@HG NGA SQ@DRENQ@HG CHDDNGAS (AN^)

>.:.1.>

INS@CS 

>.:.1.>.> Dnganthry chddngas >.:.1.>.>.>

Sbt ph`gtbr th HAQ bgtry

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, dnganthry SBQXAN^XVQY

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xB9

>

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

9

[HYA

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T

1

IPQB

HAQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XHAQ(AN^ e`st)->T

2

IPQB

HAQXBGQYPXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XHAQXBGQY@BS(AN^ e`st)->T

0>

@g`t`ne`zbs tlb AN^ e`st ph`gtbr jhr n suisbqubgt hpbrnt`hg w`tl [ Y@QBXAN^ hr YBNAXAN^. @j tlb spbc`j`ba e`st `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`e w`eee ib rbturgba. HAQXGRDIBY `s tlb rbent`vb HAQ gudibr gud ibr w`tl`g tl`s AN^ e`st. HAQXBGQYPXGRDIBY `s tlb rbent`vb HAQ bgtry gudibr w`tl`g tl`s HAQ.

09

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.>.>.9

[r`tb bebdbgt `g HAQ bgtry

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, dnganthry [Y@QBXAN^

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xB>

>

IPQB

I@QXHJJSBQ ]6..3>T Vhs`t`hg hj i`t `g 39-i`t vnr`nieb rbjbrbgcba iy tlb naarbss nga bxtbgs`hg ibehw

9

IPQB

3

IPQB

S`zb hj AN^ bebdbgt ]NKT 654 s`zb 54DN\XHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXx Naarbss bxtbgs`hg hj AN^ bebdbgt

1

A[HYA

Naarbss hj AN^ bebdbgt

[r`tbs hgb HAQ bgtry th n AN^ e`st abj`gba iy tlb AN^ e`st ph`gtbr (sbb SBQXAN^XVQY). [Y@QBXAN^ `s hgey phss`ieb jhr bebdbgts `g chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts. Qlbrbjhrb tlb AN^ E@SQ GRDIBY usba `g tlb prbv`hus SBQ AN^ VQY lns th ib `g tlb rngkb

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY usba `g tlb prbv`hus SBQXAN^XVQY lns th ib `g tlb rngkb ]D@GXAN^, D@GXAN^+>,..DN\XAN^->T. Htlbrw`sb tlb senvb w`ee rbturg ng BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb uphg [Y@QBXAN^. Qlb I@QXHJJSBQ j`bea neehws tlb trngsd`ss`hg hj antn st`duent`hg bebdbgts tlnt rbprbsbgt tlb stntus hj n i`t. Jhr n DBNSRYBDBGQ tlnt‐s `g n AN^ e`st w`tl A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^, tlb mby whra I@QXDNSM abscr`ibs tlb dnsm th ib nppe`ba th tlb dbnsurba antn th j`ga hut tlb stntus hj n s`gkeb i`t. Jhr n DBNSRYBDBGQ tlnt‐s `g n AN^ e`st w`tl A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D, tlb mby whra I@QXDNSM abscr`ibs tlb phs`t`hg hj tlb i`t tlnt lns th ib st`duentba. Qlb Dnstbr lns th trngsjhrd tlb I@QXDNSM th tlb I@QXHJJSBQ b.k I`t;  I@QXDNSM 4 6xJ, tlb HAQ bgtry abscr`ibs ng bebdbgt tlnt rbprbsbgts tlb stntus hj n i`t. @g tl`s cnsb, tlb S`zb hj AN^ bebdbgt newnys lns th ib bqune th tlb KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXx. @j tlb vneub hj tl`s bebdbgt 4 6, tlb vneub jhr tlb i`t 4 6. @j tlb vneub hj tlb bebdbgt 7 6, tlb vneub jhr tlb i`t 4 >. Qlb s`zb hj ng HAQ bgtry lns th juej`ee tlb ruebs jhr krnguenr`ty nga dnx`dud vneub. (rbj. KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH). Qlb AN^ e`st ph`gtbr `s nuth phst `gcrbdbgtba th tlb gbxt HAQ bgtry w`tl`g hgb nga tlb sndb HAQ. Njtbr wr`t`gk th tlb enst HAQ bgtry hj ng HAQ, tlb vneub hj tlb AN^ ph`gtbr `s ugabj`gba.  Qlb dnstbr lns th dnmb surb tlb chrrbct phs`t`hg hj tlb AN^ ph`gtbr wlbg wr`t`gk ugabj`gba. th tlb gbxt HAQ rbspbct`vbey tlb gbxt AN^ e`st.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

03

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.1.>.>.3

Sbt dhab jhr AN^ e`st

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, dnganthry SBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xB6

>

IPQB

Dhab

9

[HYA

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T

1 :

[HYA IPQB

Bvbgt clnggbe gudibr ]6,>,..DN\XBZBGQXCLNGGBE->T Qrngsd`ss`hg rntb prbscnebr (47>)

;

IPQB

AN^ e`st pr`hr`ty (JJ L`klbst)

Ql`s chddnga cng ib usba jhr VYBABJ@GBA nga jhr chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts, sh tlb rngkb jhr AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY `s ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T. @j tlb spbc`j`ba e`st `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`e w`eee ib rbturgba.

Qlb Dhab pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

  x

:

2

   J    J    H x    @ X    A    V

1

3

   V    D    N    Q    S    B   x    D    @    Q

9

>

6

   K    G    @    G    H    Q    @    Q    N x    B    C    Y    @    A

   G    Y    B    Q    E    N

  Jenk NEQBYGNQ@GK

Abscr`pt`hg 6 4 a`snieb netbrgnt`gk a`speny dhab > 4 bgnieb netbrgnt`gk a`speny dhab 6 4 AN^ sbt th Antn Ncqu`s`t`hg Dhab (Senvb  Dnstbr) > 4 SQ@D sbt th Antn St`duent`hg Dhab (Dnstbr  Senvb) 6 4 a`snieb t`dbstndp > 4 bgnieb t`dbstndp 6 4 trngsd`t AQH w`tl @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea > 4 trngsd`t AQH w`tlhut @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea

A@YBCQ@HG Q@DBSQNDV V@AXHJJ

Qlb A@YBCQ@HG jenk sbts tlb AN^ e`st `gth sygclrhg`zba antn ncqu`s`t`hg hr sygclrhg`zba antn st`duent`hg dhab. Qlb dnstbr `s ght neehwba th sbt tlb NEQBYGNQ@GK jenk nga tlb Q@DBSQNDV jenk nt tlb sndb t`db. Qlbrbjhrb, n senvb `g `ts NSND DCA 9DC abscr`pt`hg j`eb `s ght neehwba th usb Q@DBSQNDVXJ@\BA nga AN^XNEQBYGNQ@GKXSRVVHYQBA nt tlb sndb t`db. Qlb dnstbr cng sbt tlb NEQBYGNQ@GK jenk hgey wlbg sbtt`gk A@YBCQ@HG4AN^ nt tlb sndb t`db.

01

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Qlb Q@DBSQNDV nga V@AXHJJ jenks cng ib usba ns wbee jhr A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^ ns jhr A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D. Qlb Q@DBSQNDV jenk sbts tlb AN^ e`st `gth t`db stndpba dhab. Qlb Q@DBSQNDVXJ@\BA jenk `g Q@DBSQNDVXDHAB nt KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb Dnstbr cng ght sw`tcl hjj tlb t`db stndp w`tl SBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB. @j tlb Dnstbr gbvbrtlbebss tr`bs th ah sh, tlb Senvb w`ee ngswbr w`tl ng BYYXCDAXSPGQN\. Jhr A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^, t`db stndpba dhab dbngs tlnt tlb senvb abv`cb trngsd`ts tlb currbgt vneub hj `ts cehcm `g tlb j`rst HAQ hj tlb AN^ cyceb. Qlb V@AXHJJ jenk turgs hj tlb trngsd`ss`hg hj tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea `g bncl AQH pncmbt.  pncmbt.   Qurg`gk hjj `stlb trngsd`ss`hg hj tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea `sJ`bea hgey`sneehwba `j tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb ―nisheutb HAQ gudibr—. @j tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg ght trngsjbrrba `g tlb \ CV CV Vncmbt, tlb ugndi`kuhus `abgt`j`cnt`hg lns th ib ahgb hg tlb ebvbe hj tlb Qrngsphrt Enybr. Ql`s cng ib ahgb b.k. hg CNG w`tl sbpnrntb CNG-@as jhr bncl AN^ e`st nga hgey hgb HAQ jhr bncl AN^ e`st. @g tl`s cnsb turg`gk hjj tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea whuea neehw tlb trngsd`ss`hg hj < iytb s`kgnes hg CNG. Qlb Bvbgt Clnggbe Gudibr spbc`j`bs tlb kbgbr`c s`kgne shurcb tlnt bjjbct`vbey abtbrd`gbs tlb antn trngsd`ss`hg t`d`gk.

Qh neehw rbauct`hg hj tlb abs`rba trngsd`ss`hg rntb, n trngsd`ss`hg rntb prbscnebr  prbscnebr   dny ib nppe`ba th tlb AN^ e`sts. [`tlhut rbauct`hg, tlb prbscnebr vneub dust bqune >. Jhr rbauct`hg, tlb prbscnebr lns th ib krbntbr tlng >.Qlb usb hj n prbscnebr `s hgey usba jhr AN^ e`sts w`tl A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^. Qlb AN^ e`st pr`hr`ty spbc`j`bs tlb pr`hr`ty hj tl`s AN^ e`st `j tl`s AN^ e`st `s prhcbssba thkbtlbr w`tl htlbr AN^ e`sts. Qlb senvb abv`cb ar`vbr dny usb tl`s `gjhrdnt`hg th pr`hr`t`zb tlb trngsd`ss`hg hj antn pncmbts. AN^ e`st pr`hr`ty 4 6 dbngs tlnt tlb senvb dny iujjbr tlb antn nga prhcbss tlbd `g n incmkrhuga tnsm. AN^ e`st pr`hr`ty 7 6 dbngs tlnt tlb senvb lns th prhcbss tlb antn ns jnst ns phss`ieb w`tl`g tlb currbgt rnstbr. Qlb AN^-e`st w`tl AN^ e`st pr`hr`ty 4 JJ lns tlb l`klbst pr`hr`ty @j tlb BCR ahbsg‐t supphrt tlb pr`hr`t`znt`hg hj AN^ e`sts , n AN^ e`st pr`hr`ty 7 6 `s ght neehwba nga w`ee ib `ga`cntba iy rbturg`gk BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

02

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.1.>.>.1

Stnrt /sthp/sbebct AN^ e`st

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, dnganthry SQNYQXSQHVXAN^XE@SQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xAB

>

IPQB

Dhab 66 4 sthp 6> 4 stnrt

9

[HYA

69 4 sbebct AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T

Ql`s chddnga cng ib usba jhr VYBABJ@GBA nga jhr chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts, sh tlb rngkb jhr AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY `s ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T. @j tlb spbc`j`ba e`st `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba. Ql`s chddnga `s usba th stnrt, sthp hr th prbpnrb n sygclrhg`zba stnrt hj tlb spbc`j`ba

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY. Qlb dhab pnrndbtbr neehws th stnrt hr sthp tl`s spbc`j`c AN^ e`st. Qlb sbebct dhab chgj`kurbs tlb AN^ e`st w`tl tlb prhv`aba pnrndbtbrs iut ahbs ght stnrt tlb antn trngsd`ss`hg hj tlb spbc`j`ba e`st. Ql`s dhab `s usba jhr n sygclrhg`zba stnrt/sthp hj nee chgj`kurba AN^ e`sts (rbj. SQNYQXSQHVXSPGCL) hr jhr prbpnr`gk tlb senvb jhr sthr`gk AN^ e`sts (rbj. SBQXYB^RBSQ). Qlb senvb lns th rbsbt tlb SBEBCQBA jenk `g tlb dhab nt KBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB ns shhg ns tlb rbentba SQNYQXSQHVXSPGCL hr SBQXYB^RBSQ lnvb ibbg ncmghwebakba. @j nt ebnst hgb AN^ e`st lns ibbg stnrtba, tlb senvb abv`cb `s `g antn trngsjbr dhab. Qlb KBQXSQNQRS chddnga w`ee rbturg tlb AN^XYRGG@GK stntus i`t sbt. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

J@YSQXV@A

@j tlb AQH Vncmbts lnvb ng @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb ―nisheutb HAQ gudibr—, J@YSQXV@A  J@YSQXV@A  `s tlb nisheutb HAQ gudibr `g tlb AQH Vncmbt hj tlb j`rst HAQ trngsjbrrba iy tl`s AN^ e`st. Qlb nisheutb HAQ gudibr jhr ngy htlbr HAQ cng ib abtbrd`gba iy? NisheutbXHAQXgudibr(HAQ ` `g AN^ e`st o) 4 J@YSQXV@A(AN^ e`st o) + rbent`vbXHAQXGRDIBY(HAQ `) @j tlb AQH Vncmbts lnvb ng @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb ―rbent`vb HAQ gudibr nga nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr—, J@YSQXV@A cng ib `kghrba.

0:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.>.>.2

Stnrt/sthp AN^ e`sts (sygclrhghusey)

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, dnganthry SQNYQXSQHVXSPGCL

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xAA

>

IPQB

Dhab 66 4 sthp nee 6> 4 stnrt sbebctba 69 4 sthp sbebctba

Ql`s chddnga `s usba th pbrjhrd n sygclrhg`zba stnrt/sthp hj tlb trngsd`ss`hg hj AN^ e`sts. Qlb pnrndbtbr Dhab `ga`cntbs tlb nct`hg nga wlbtlbr tlb chddnga nppe`bs th nee AN^ e`sts hr th tlb sbebctba hgbs hgey (prbv`husey chgj`kurba w`tl SQNYQXSQHVXAN^XE@SQ(sbebct)). Qlb senvb abv`cb shjtwnrb lns th rbsbt tlb dhab SBEBCQBA hj n AN^ e`st njtbr succbssjue bxbcut`hg hj n SQNYQXSQHVXSPGCL.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

0;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.1.>.9 Hpt`hgne chddngas >.:.1.>.9.>

[r`tb duet`peb bebdbgts `g HAQ

Cntbkhry

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, hpt`hgne

Dgbdhg`c

[Y@QBXAN^XDREQ@VEB

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xC;

>

IPQB

g 4 GhAN^, gudibr hj chgsbcut`vb AN^ bebdbgts

9

IPQB

I@QXHJJSBQ ]6..3>T hj >  bebdbgt

3

IPQB

1

A[HYA

Vhs`t`hg hj i`t `g 39-i`t vnr`nieb rbjbrbgcba iy tlb naarbss nga bxtbgs`hg ibehw st S`zb hj >  AN^ bebdbgt 6 54 s`zb 54 DN\XHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^Xx st Naarbss hj >  AN^ bebdbgt

<

IPQB

Naarbss bxtbgs`hg hj >  AN^ bebdbgt

0

IPQB

Auddy jhr ne`kgdbgt hj tlb gbxt bebdbgt

st

st

ga

>6

IPQB

>>

IPQB

>9

A[HYA

I@QXHJJSBQ ]6..3>T hj 9  bebdbgt Vhs`t`hg hj i`t `g 39-i`t vnr`nieb rbjbrbgcba iy tlb naarbss nga bxtbgs`hg ibehw ga S`zb hj 9  AN^ bebdbgt 6 54 s`zb 54 DN\XHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^Xx ga Naarbss hj 9  AN^ bebdbgt

>:

IPQB

Naarbss bxtbgs`hg hj 9  AN^ bebdbgt

>; ..

IPQB ..

Auddy jhr ne`kgdbgt hj tlb gbxt bebdbgt ..

(g->)*)*)*T hj g  bebdbgt Vhs`t`hg hj i`t `g 39-i`t vnr`nieb rbjbrbgcba iy tlb naarbss nga bxtbgs`hg ibehw tl S`zb hj g  AN^ bebdbgt 6 54 s`zb 54 DN\XHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^Xx tl Naarbss hj g  AN^ bebdbgt

g*< g*

IPQB IPQB

Naarbss bxtbgs`hg hj g  AN^ bebdbgt Auddy hj tlb enst bebdbgt

ga

tl

tl

Ql`s chddnga `s usba th wr`tb chgsbcut`vb HAQ bgtr`bs th n AN^ e`st abj`gba iy tlb AN^ e`st ph`gtbr (sbb SBQXAN^XVQY). GhAN^ `s tlb gudibr hj chgsbcut`vbey wr`ttbg AN^ bebdbgts. GhAN^ `s e`d`tba iy tlb dnx`dud chddnga pncmbt s`zb DN\XCQH. Qlb auddy iytb nt tlb bga hj bncl AN^ bebdbgt dust ib usba jhr ne`kgdbgt `ssubs, bvbg jhr tlb enst bebdbgt. @g kbgbrne [Y@QBXAN^XDREQ@VEB lns tlb sndb rbstr`ct`hgs ns tlb [Y@QBXAN^ chddnga. Nee AN^ bgtr`bs w`tl`g hgb [Y@QBXAN^XDREQ@VEB dust ib wr`ttbg `gth hgb HAQ. [Y@QBXAN^XDREQ@VEB dust ght ib usba th wr`tb hvbr HAQ ihrabrs. Qlb brrhr lngae`gk `s `abgt`cne th tlb hgb jhr [Y@QBXAN^. Lhwbvbr, `t `s ght phss`ieb th abtbct wl`cl bgtry cnusba tlb brrhr. @g tlnt cnsb tlb wlheb chgj`kurnt`hg `s `gvne`a. @j tlb hpt`hgne chddnga [Y@QBXAN^XDREQ@VEB `s usba, tlb rbqu`rbdbgt DN\XCQH74>6 lns th ib juej`eeba.

0<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.>.9.9

Ybna bebdbgt jrhd HAQ bgtry

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, hpt`hgne YBNAXAN^

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xAI

Ybnas hgb HAQ bgtry hj n AN^ e`st abj`gba iy tlb AN^ e`st ph`gtbr. Qlb AN^ e`st ph`gtbr `s nuth phst `gcrbdbgtba w`tl`g hgb nga tlb sndb HAQ (Sbb [Y@QBXAN^). YBNAXAN^ `s phss`ieb jhr bebdbgts `g VYBABJ@GBA nga chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts. Qlbrbjhrb tlb AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY usba `g tlb prbv`hus SBQXAN^XVQY cng ib `g tlb rngkb ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

9

IPQB

3

IPQB

I@QXHJJSBQ ]6..3>T Vhs`t`hg hj i`t `g 39-i`t vnr`nieb rbjbrbgcba iy tlb naarbss nga bxtbgs`hg ibehw S`zb hj AN^ bebdbgt ]NKT 654 s`zb 54DN\XHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXx Naarbss bxtbgs`hg hj AN^ bebdbgt

1

A[HYA

Naarbss hj AN^ bebdbgt

Qlb s`zb hj ng HAQ bgtry lns th juej`ee tlb ruebs jhr krnguenr`ty nga dnx`dud vneub. (rbj. KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH).

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

00

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.1.>.9.3

Kbt AN^ cehcm jrhd senvb

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, hpt`hgne KBQXAN^XCEHCM

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xAC

Ql`s chddnga `s usba th sygclrhg`zb tlb jrbb rugg`gk antn ncqu`s`t`hg cehcm hj tlb senvb abv`cb w`tl tlb antn ncqu`s`t`hg cehcm `g tlb dnstbr abv`cb. @t `s hpt`hgne, `j tlb senvb abv`cb ahbs ght supphrt t`dbstndpba antn ncqu`s`t`hg. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

rbsbrvba

9

[HYA

rbsbrvba

1

A[HYA

Ybcb`vb Q`dbstndp

Qlb rbturgba rbcb`vb t`dbstndp lns tlb jhrdnt spbc`j`ba iy tlb KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH chddnga. @t chgtn`gs tlb currbgt vneub hj tlb antn ncqu`s`t`hg cehcm, wlbg tlb KBQXAN^XCEHCM chddnga pncmbt lns ibbg rbcb`vba. Qlb nccurncy hj tlb t`db sygclrhg`znt`hg ibtwbbg tlb dnstbr nga tlb senvb abv`cb `s abpbga`gk hg tlb nccurncy hj tl`s vneub. Hg CNG insba systbds, tlb dnstbr abv`cb whuea ib nieb th abtbrd`gb wlbg tlb KBQXAN^XCEHCM chddnga pncmbt lns ibbg trngsd`ttba. Ql`s vneub chrrbsphgas th tlb ph`gt `g t`db, wlbg `t lns ibbg rbcb`vba `g tlb senvb abv`cb. Insba hg tlb rbturgba t`dbstndp, tlb dnstbr abv`cb cng cnecuentb tlb t`db hjjsbt ibtwbbg tlb dnstbr nga tlb senvb abv`cb cehcm. Chdpbgsnt`gk tlb t`db ar`jt ibtwbbg tlb dnstbr nga tlb senvb abv`cb cehcms `s `g tlb rbsphgs`i`e`ty hj tlb dnstbr abv`cb

>66

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.>.9.1

Kbt kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg AN^ prhcbsshr

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, hpt`hgne KBQXAN^XVYHCBSSHYX@GJH

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xAN

Ql`s chddnga rbturgs kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg AN^ e`sts. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

9

[HYA

1

[HYA

AN^XVYHVBYQ@BS Kbgbrne prhpbrt`bs hj AN^ e`sts DN\XAN^ Qhtne gudibr hj nvn`enieb AN^ e`sts DN\XBZBGQXCLNGGBE

:

IPQB

;

IPQB

Qhtne gudibr hj nvn`enieb bvbgt clnggbes D@GXAN^ Qhtne gudibr hj prbabj`gba AN^ e`sts AN^XMBPXIPQB

Qlb AN^XVYHVBYQ@BS pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm d nsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

   Q    G    B    Z    B X    A    N    H    E    Y    B    Z    H

:

2

1

3

9

>

6

   I    S    D X    A    N    H    E    Y    B    Z    H

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    J    J    H X    A    @    V

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    V    D    N    Q    S    B    D    @    Q

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    D    @    Q    S X    Q    @    I

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    B    D    R    S    B    Y

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    Y    B    E    N    C    S    B    Y    V

   B    V    P    Q X    K    @    J    G    H    C X    ^    N    A

 

Jenk AN^XCHGJ@KXQPVB

Abscr`pt`hg 6 4 stnt`c AN^ e`st chgj`kurnt`hg > 4 aygnd`c AN^ e`st chgj`kurnt`hg 6 4 Vrbscnebr ght supphrtba > 4 prbscnebr supphrtba 6 4 AN^ e`sts cng ght ib sbt th YBSRDB dhab. > 4 AN^ e`sts cng ib sbt th YBSRDB dhab. 6 4 i`tw`sb antn st`duent`hg ght supphrtba > 4 i`tw`sb antn st`duent`hg supphrtba 6 4 t`db stndpba dhab ght supphrtba > 4 t`db stndpba dhab supphrtba 6 4 @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea cng ght ib sw`tclba hjj > 4 @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea dny ib sw`tclba hjj

VYBSCNEBYXSRVVHYQBA YBSRDBXSRVVHYQBA I@QXSQ@DXSRVVHYQBA Q@DBSQNDVXSRVVHYQBA V@AXHJJXSRVVHYQBA

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>6>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb AN^XCHGJ@KXQPVB jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb AN^ e`sts tlnt nrb ght VYBABJ@GBA slnee ib chgj`kurba stnt`cneey hr aygnd`cneey. Qlb VYBSCNEBYXSRVVHYQBA jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt nee AN^ e`sts supphrt tlb prbscnebr jhr rbauc`gk tlb trngsd`ss`hg pbr`ha. Qlb YBSRDBXSRVVHYQBA jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt nee AN^ e`sts cng ib put `g YBSRDB dhab. Qlb I@QXSQ@DXSRVVHYQBA jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr i`tw`sb antn st`duent`hg tlrhukl I@QXHJJSBQ `g [Y@QBXAN^ `s supphrtba. Qlb Q@DBSQNDVXSRVVHYQBA jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb senvb supphrts t`db stndpba antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg. @j tlb senvb ahbsg‐t supphrt n t`db stndpba dhab, tlb pnrndbtbrs Q@DBSQNDVXDHAB nga Q@DBSQNDVXQ@CMS (KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH) nrb `gvne`a. Qlb HZBYEHNAXDSI nga HZBYEHNAXBZBGQ jenks `ga`cntb tlb usba hvbrehna `ga`cnt`hg dbtlha? I`t ;

:

   Q    G    B    Z    B X

   I    S    D X    A

 

   A    N    H    E    Y    B    Z    H

   N    H    E    Y    B    Z    H

6

6

Gh hvbrehna `ga`cnt`hg

6

>

hvbrehna `ga`cnt`hg `g DSI hj V@A

> >

6 >

hvbrehna `ga`cnt`hg iy Bvbgt Vncmbt ght neehwba

Hvbrehna `ga`cnt`hg typb

Jhr `ga`cnt`gk ng hvbrehna s`tunt`hg, tlb senvb dny sbt tlb Dhst S`kg`j`cngt I`t (DSI) hj tlb V@A hj tlb gbxt succbssjueey trngsd`ttba pncmbt. [lbg tlb DSI hj tlb V@A `s usba, tlb dnx`dud gudibr hj (nisheutb hr rbent`vb) HAQ gudibrs `s e`d`tba nga lns th ib `g tlb rngkb 6x66 54 HAQXGRDIBY(AN^ w`tl hvbrrugXdsi) 5 6x;C Netbrgnt`vbey tlb senvb dny trngsd`t ng ‗BZXAN^XHZBYEHNA‗ bvbgt pncmbt. Qlb senvb dust tnmb cnrb ght th hvbrehna nghtlbr cyceb w`tl tl`s naa`t`hgne pncmbt. DN\XAN^ `s tlb thtne gudibr hj AN^ e`sts nvn`enieb `g tlb senvb abv`cb. @t `gceuabs tlb prbabj`gba AN^ e`sts tlnt nrb ght chgj`kurnieb (`ga`cntba w`tl VYBABJ@GBA nt KBQXAN^XE@SQX@GJH) nga tlb hgbs tlnt nrb chgj`kurnieb. @j AN^XCHGJ@KXQPVB 4 aygnd`c, DN\XAN^ bqunes D@GXAN^+AN^XCHRGQ. D@GXAN^ `s tlb gudibr hj prbabj`gba AN^ e`sts. AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY `s `g tlb rngkb ]6,>,..D@GXAN^->T.

Jhr

prbabj`gba

AN^

e`sts,

AN^XCHRGQ `s tlb gudibr hj aygnd`cneey a ygnd`cneey neehcntba AN^ e`sts. DN\XAN^-D@GXAN^ `s tlb gudibr hj chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts. Jhr chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts, AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY `s `g tlb rngkb ]D@GXAN^,D@GXAN^+>,..DN\XAN^->T. DN\XBZBGQXCLNGGBE `s tlb gudibr hj nvn`enieb bvbgt clnggbes. c lnggbes. DN\XBZBGQXCLNGGBE 4 6x66 dbngs tlnt tlb gudibr hj bvbgts `g tlb senvb `s ugmghwg.

>69

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Qlb AN^XMBPXIPQB pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

:

   > X   b   p   y    Q X    a    e   b    `    J X   g   h    `    t   n   c    `    j    `    t   b   g    a    @

   6 X   b   p   y    Q X    a    e   b    `    J X   g   h    `    t   n   c    `    j    `    t   b   g    a    @

2

1

   ^    N    A X   g   h    `   s   g   b    t   x    B X   s   s   b   r

   Q    A    H X   g   h    `   s   g   b    t   x    B X   s   s   b   r

3

   3 X   b   p   y    Q X   g   h    `    t   n   s    `   d    `    t   p    a    N    H    N    a

9

>

6

   9 X   b   p   y    Q X   g   h    `    t   n   s    `   d    `    t   p    H

   > X   b   p   y    Q X   g   h    `    t   n   s    `   d    `    t   p    H

   6 X   b   p   y    Q X   g   h    `    t   n   s    `   d    `    t   p    H

  Qlb Hpt`d`snt`hgXQypb `s abj`gba ns jheehws? I`t 3

9

>

6

 

   3 X   b   p   y    Q X   g   h    `    t   n   s    `   d    `    t   p    H

   9 X   b   p   y    Q X   g   h    `    t   n   s    `   d    `    t   p    H

   > X   b   p   y    Q X   g   h    `    t   n   s    `   d    `    t   p    H

   6 X   b   p   y    Q X   g   h    `    t   n   s    `   d    `    t   p    H

6

6

6

6

HDXABJNREQ

6

6

6

>

HDXHAQXQPVBX>:

6

6

>

6

HDXHAQXQPVBX39

6

6

>

>

HDXHAQXQPVBX:1

6

>

6

6

HDXHAQXQPVBXNE@KGDBGQ

6

>

6

>

HDXDN\XBGQYPXS@_B

Hpt`d`snt`hg Qypb

Qlb Hpt`d`snt`hgXQypb jenks `ga`cntb tlb Qypb hj Hpt`d`snt`hg Dbtlha tlb dnstbr prbjbrniey slhuea usb.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>63

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb NaarbssXBxtbgs`hg `s abj`gba ns jheehws? I`t 2

1

 

   ^    N    A X   g   h    `   s   g   b    t   x    B X   s   s   b   r    a    a    N

   Q    A    H X   g   h    `   s   g   b    t   x    B X   s   s   b   r    a    a    N

NaarbssXBxtbgs`hg Qypb

6

6

naarbss bxtbgs`hg cng ib a`jjbrbgt w`tl`g hgb nga tlb sndb HAQ

6

>

naarbss bxtbgs`hg th ib tlb sndb jhr nee bgtr`bs w`tl`g hgb HAQ

>

6

Ght neehwba

>

>

naarbss bxtbgs`hg th ib tlb sndb jhr nee bgtr`bs w`tl`g hgb AN^

Qlb NAAYXB\QBGS@HG jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb naarbss bxtbgs`hg hj nee bgtr`bs w`tl`g hgb HAQ hr w`tl`g hgb AN^ dust ib tlb sndb. Qlb @abgt`j`cnt`hgXJ`beaXQypb `s abj`gba ns jheehws? I`t ;

:

 

   > X   b   p   y    Q X    a    e   b    `    J X   g   h    `    t   n   c    `    j    `    t   g   b    a    @

   6 X   b   p   y    Q X    a    e   b    `    J X   g   h    `    t   n   c    `    j    `    t   g   b    a    @

@abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb

6

6

Nisheutb HAQ gudibr

6

>

Ybent`vb HAQ gudibr, nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr (IPQB)

>

6

Ybent`vb HAQ gudibr, nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr ([HYA)

>

>

Ybent`vb HAQ gudibr, nisheutb AN^ e`st gudibr ([HYA, ne`kgba)

Qlb @abgt`j`cnt`hgXJ`beaXQypb jenks `ga`cntb tlb Qypb hj @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea tlb senvb w`ee usb wlbg trngsjbrr`gk AN^ Vncmbts th tlb dnstbr. Qlb dnstbr lns th usb tlb sndb Qypb hj @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea wlbg trngsjbrr`gk SQ@D Vncmbts th tlb senvb. Qlb V@AXHJJXSRVVHYQBA jenk `g AN^XVYHVBYQ@BS `ga`cntbs tlnt trngsjbr hj AQH Vncmbts w`tlhut @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea `s phss`ieb. Qurg`gk hjj tlb trngsjbr hj tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea `s hgey neehwba `j tlb @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea Qypb `s ―nisheutb HAQ gudibr—.

>61

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.>.9.2

Kbt kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg AN^ prhcbss`gk rbsheut`hg

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, hpt`hgne KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA0

Ql`s chddnga rbturgs `gjhrdnt`hg hg tlb rbsheut`hg hj AN^ e`sts. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

9

IPQB

KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^ Krnguenr`ty jhr s`zb hj HAQ bgtry (A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^) DN\XHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^ Dnx`dud s`zb hj HAQ bgtry (A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^)

3

IPQB

1

IPQB

2

IPQB

:

[HYA

KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXSQ@D Krnguenr`ty jhr s`zb hj HAQ bgtry (A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D) DN\XHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXSQ@D Dnx`dud s`zb hj HAQ bgtry (A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D) Q@DBSQNDVXDHAB Q`dbstndp ug`t nga s`zb Q@DBSQNDVXQ@CMS Q`dbstndp t`cms pbr ug`t

Qlb phss`ieb vneubs jhr KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXx nrb {>,9,1,.> Ybebnsb

>62

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb Q@DBSQNDVXDHAB pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

   3 X    t    `   g    R

:

2

1

3

9

   A    B    \    @    J X    V    D    N    Q    S    B    D    @    Q

   9    >    6 X X X   b   b   b   z   z   z    `    `    `    S    S    S

   9 X    t    `   g    R

   > X    t    `   g    R

   6 X    t    `   g    R

I`t 9

>

6

>

6

 

S`zb `s abj`gba ns jheehws?  

   9    >    6 X X X   b   b   b Q`dbstndp s`zb   z   z   z    `    `    ` ]iytbsT

   S    S    S

6

6

6

Gh t`db stndp

6

6

>

>

6

>

6

9

6

>

>

Ght neehwba

>

6

6

1

Qlb Q@DBSQNDVXJ@\BA jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb Senvb newnys w`ee sbga AQH Vncmbts `g t`db stndpba dhab. Rg`t `s abj`gba ns jheehws? I`t ;

:

2

1

   3 X    t    `   g    R

   9 X    t    `   g    R

   > X    t    `   g    R

   6    tX    `   g    R

6

6

6

6

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>GS

6

6

6

>

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>6GS

6

6

>

6

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>66GS

6

6

>

>

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>RS

6 6

> >

6 6

6 >

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>6RS AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>66RS

6

>

>

6

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>DS

6

>

>

>

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>6DS

>

6

6

6

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>66DS

>

6

6

>

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>S

  Q`dbstndp ug`t

>

6

>

6

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>VS

>

6

>

>

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>6VS

>

>

6

6

AN^XQ@DBSQNDVXRG@QX>66VS

-0

> GS 4 > gnghsbchga 4 >6  sbchga

-:

> RS 4 > d`crhsbchga 4 >6  sbchga

-3

> DS 4 > d`ee`sbchga 4 >6  sbchga

>

S4>

sbchga 4 >

sbchga ->9

> VS 4 > p`chsbchga 4 >6  sbchga

>6:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.>.9.:

Kbt dhab jrhd AN^ e`st

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, hpt`hgne KBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xAJ

>

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

9

[HYA

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T

Ybturgsjhr `gjhrdnt`hg hg tlb currbgt dhabchgj`kurnieb hj tlb spbc`j`ba AN^e`sts, e`st. Ql`s cng jhr ib usba VYBABJ@GBA nga jhr AN^ sh chddnga tlb rngkb AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY `s ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T. @j tlb spbc`j`ba e`st `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

Currbgt Dhab

9

[HYA

Ybsbrvba

1

[HYA

Currbgt Bvbgt Clnggbe Gudibr

:

IPQB

Currbgt Vrbscnebr

;

IPQB

Currbgt AN^ e`st Vr`hr`ty

Qlb Currbgt Dhab pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

:

2

1

   B    D    R    S    B    Y

   K    G    @    G    G    R    Y

   J    J    H X    A    @    V

   V    D    N    Q   x    S    B    D    @    Q

3

9

>

   G    H    @    Q x    C    B    Y    @    A

6

   A    B    Q    C    B    E    B    S

 

Jenk SBEBCQBA A@YBCQ@HG Q@DBSQNDV V@AXHJJ YRGG@GK YBSRDB

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

Abscr`pt`hg 6 4 AN^ e`st ght sbebctba > 4 AN^ e`st sbebctba 6 4 AN^ Antn Ncqu`s`t`hg Dhab (Senvb  Dnstbr) `s sbt > 4 SQ@D Antn St`duent`hg Dhab (Dnstbr  Senvb) `s sbt 6 4 t`dbstndp `s a`snieba > 4 t`dbstndp `s bgnieba 6 4 AQH `s trngsd`ttba w`tl @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea > 4 AQH `s trngsd`ttba w`tlhut @abgt`j`cnt`hg J`bea 6 4 AN^ e`st `s `gnct`vb > 4 AN^ e`st `s nct`vb 6 4 tl`s AN^ e`st `s ght pnrt hj n chgj`kurnt`hg usba `g YBSRDB dhab > 4 tl`s AN^ e`st `s pnrt hj n chgj`kurnt`hg usba `g YBSRDB dhab

>6;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb SBEBCQBA jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb AN^ e`st lns ibbg sbebctba iy n prbv`hus SQNYQXSQHVXAN^XE@SQ(sbebct). @j tlb gbxt chddnga `s SQNYQXSQHVXSPGCL, tl`s w`ee stnrt/sthp tl`s AN^ e`st sygclrhghusey w`tl htlbr AN^ e`sts tlnt nrb `g tlb dhab SBEBCQBA. @j tlb gbxt chddnga `s SBQXYB^RBSQ, tl`s w`ee dnmb tlb AN^ e`st th ib pnrt hj n chgj`kurnt`hg tlnt njtbrwnras w`ee ib cebnrba hr sthrba `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Qlb A@YBCQ@HG jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tl`s AN^ e`st `s chgj`kurba jhr sygclrhghus antn ncqu`s`t`hg hr st`duent`hg. Qlb YRGG@GK jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb AN^ e`st lns ibbg stnrtba nct`vbey iy tlb dnstbr iy n SQNYQXSQHVXAN^XE@SQ hr SQNYQXSQHVXSPGCL, hr tlnt tlb senvb ib`gk `g YBSRDB dhab stnrtba tlb AN^ e`st nuthdnt`cneey. Qlb YBSRDB jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt tl`s AN^ e`st `s pnrt hj n chgj`kurnt`hg usba `g YBSRDB dhab.

>6<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.>.9.;

Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr ng bvbgt clnggbe

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, ins`c, hpt`hgne KBQXAN^XBZBGQX@GJH

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA;

>

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

9

[HYA

Bvbgt clnggbe gudibr ]6,>,..DN\XBZBGQXCLNGGBE->T

KBQXAN^XBZBGQX@GJH rbturgs `gjhrdnt`hg hg n spbc`j`c bvbgt clnggbe. N gudibr `g n rngkb jrhd 6 th DN\XBZBGQXCLNGGBE-> naarbssbs tlb bvbgt clnggbe. @j tlb spbc`j`ba bvbgt clnggbe `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba. Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

9

IPQB

3

IPQB

1

IPQB

2

IPQB

:

IPQB

AN^XBZBGQXVYHVBYQ@BS Spbc`j`c prhpbrt`bs jhr tl`s bvbgt clnggbe DN\XAN^XE@SQ ]6,>,9,..922T dnx`dud gudibr hj AN^ e`sts `g tl`s bvbgt clnggbe BZBGQXCLNGGBEXGNDBXEBGKQL `g iytbs 6 – @j ght nvn`enieb BZBGQXCLNGGBEXQ@DBXCPCEB 6 – Ght cyce`c BZBGQXCLNGGBEXQ@DBXRG@Q ahg‐t cnrb `j Bvbgt clnggbe t`db cyceb 4 6 BZBGQXCLNGGBEXVY@HY@QP (JJ l`klbst)

Qlb AN^XBZBGQXVYHVBYQ@BS pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

   Q    G    B    Z    B X    P    C    G    B    Q    S    @

:

2

   ^    N    A X    P    C    G   x    B    Q    S    @    S    S    G    G    H    H    C    C

1

3

9

>

6

   D    ^ x    @    Q    N   x    S    A

x

 

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>60

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb AN^ nga SQ@D jenks `ga`cntb wlnt m`ga hj AN^ e`st cng ib neehcntba th tl`s bvbgt clnggbe ? 3

 

9

   D    ^    @    Q    N    S    A

BZBGQXCLNGGBEXQPVB

6

6

Ght neehwba

6

>

hgey AN^ e`sts w`tl A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^ supphrtba

>

6

hgey AN^ e`sts w`tl A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D supphrtba

>

>

ihtl m`ga hj AN^ e`sts (s`duetngbhusey)

Qlb CHGS@SQBGCPXAN^ jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt jhr tl`s Bvbgt Clnggbe nee antn tlnt ibehgk th hgb nga tlb sndb AN^ e`st nrb prhcbssba chgs`stbgtey. Qlb CHGS@SQBGCPXBZBGQ jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt jhr tl`s Bvbgt Clnggbe nee antn nrb prhcbssba chgs`stbgtey.

;

   Q    G    B    Z    B X    P    C    G    B    Q    S    @

 

:

   ^    N    A X    P    C    G    B    Q    S    @    S    S    G    G    H    H    C    C 6 6

CHGS@SQBGCP

6

>

Chgs`stbgcy hg HAQ ebvbe (abjnuet) Chgs`stbgcy hg AN^ e`st ebvbe

>

6

Chgs`stbgcy hg Bvbgt Clnggbe ebvbe

@j tlbrb‐s hgey hgb AN^ e`st nsshc`ntba w`tl tl`s Bvbgt Clnggbe, CHGS@SQBGCPXAN^ lns tlb sndb dbng`gk ns CHGS@SQBGCPXBZBGQ. @j dhrb tlng hgb AN^ E`st `s nsshc`ntba w`tl tl`s Bvbgt Clnggbe, CHGS@SQBGCPXAN^ `dpe`bs tlnt tlb antn hj bvbry spbc`j`c AN^ e`st `g tl`s Bvbgt Clnggbe nrb prhcbssba chgs`stbgtey w`tl`g tl`s AN^ e`st. Lhwbvbr, tlbrb‐s gh antn chgs`stbgcy ibtwbbg antn tlnt nrb prhcbssba `g a`jjbrbgt AN^ e`sts. @j dhrb tlng hgb AN^ e`st `s nsshc`ntba w`tl tl`s Bvbgt Clnggbe, CHGS@SQBGCPXBZBGQ `dpe`bs tlnt nee antn hj AN^ e`sts `g tl`s Bvbgt Clnggbe nrb prhcbssba chgs`stbgtey. DN\XAN^XE@SQ `ga`cntbs tlb dnx`dud gudibr hj AN^ e`sts tlnt cng ib neehcntba th tl`s bvbgt clnggbe. DN\XAN^XE@SQ 4 6x66 dbngs tl`s bvbgt `s nvn`enieb iut currbgtey cng‐t ib usba. DN\XAN^XE@SQ 4 6xJJ dbngs tlbrb‐s gh e`d`tnt`hg.

>>6

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Ql`s chddnga nuthdnt`cneey sbts tlb Dbdhry Qrngsjbr Naarbss (DQN) th tlb ehcnt`hg jrhd wl`cl tlb dnstbr abv`cb dny upehna tlb bvbgt clnggbe gndb ns NSC@@ tbxt, us`gk hgb hr dhrb RVEHNA chddngas. Jhr tlb `g`t`ne RVEHNA chddnga, tlb jheehw`gk rueb nppe`bs? Gudibr hj Antn Bebdbgts RVEHNA ]NKT 4 (Ebgktl KBQXAN^XBZBGQX@GJH ]IPQBT) / NK Qlb BZBGQXCLNGGBEXGNDBXEBGKQL spbc`j`bs tlb gudibr hj NSC@@ iytbs `g tlb gndb. Qlbrb dust ib gh 6 tbrd`gnt`hg. Qlb BZBGQXCLNGGBEXQ@DBXCPCEB `ga`cntbs w`tl wlnt sndpe`gk pbr`ha tlb senvb prhcbssbs tl`s bvbgt clnggbe. Qlb BZBGQXCLNGGBEXQ@DBXRG@Q `s abj`gba ns jheehws? I`t 3

9

>

6

   3 X    t    `   g    R

   9 X    t    `   g    R

   > X    t    `   g    R

   6 X    t    `   g    R

6

6

6

6

BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>GS

6

6

6

>

BZBGQXCLNGGBE BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>6GS

BZBGQXCLNGGBEXQ@DBXRG@Q

-0

> GS 4 > gnghsbchga 4 >6  sbchga

6

6

>

6

BZBGQXCLNGGBE BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>66GS

6

6

>

>

BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>RS

6

>

6

6

BZBGQXCLNGGBE BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>6RS

6

>

6

>

BZBGQXCLNGGBE BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>66RS

6

>

>

6

BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>DS

6

>

>

>

BZBGQXCLNGGBE BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>6DS

> >

6 6

6 6

6 >

BZBGQXCLNGGBE BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>66DS BZBGQXCLNGGBE BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>S

>

>

6

>

6

BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>VS

> VS 4 > p`chsbchga 4 >6  sbchga

>

6

>

>

BZBGQXCLNGGBE BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>6VS

>

>

6

6

BZBGQXCLNGGBE BZBGQXCLNGGBE XQ@DBXRG@QX>66VS

-:

> RS 4 > d`crhsbchga 4 >6  sbchga

-3

> DS 4 > d`ee`sbchga 4 >6  sbchga

S4>

sbchga 4 >

sbchga ->9

g`iieb  hj tlb Vebnsb ghtb tlnt tlb BZBGQXCLNGGBEXQ@DBXRG@Q `s chaba `g tlb ehwbr g`iieb  pnrndbtbr. Ql`s cha`gk a`jjbrs jrhd tlb hgb usba jhr tlb Q`dbstndp ug`t, wl`cl `s `g tlb l`klbr g`iieb hj tlb pnrndbtbr. Qlb BZBGQXCLNGGBEXVY@HY@QP spbc`j`bs tlb pr`hr`ty hj tl`s bvbgt clnggbe wlbg tlb senvb prhcbssbs tlb a`jjbrbgt bvbgt clnggbes. Ql`s pr`hr`t`znt`hg `s n j`xba nttr`iutb hj tlb senvb nga tlbrbjhrb rbna-hgey. Qlb bvbgt clnggbe w`tl BZBGQXCLNGGBEXVY@HY@QP 4 JJ lns tlb l`klbst pr`hr`ty

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>>>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.1.9

SQNQ@C AN^ E@SQ CHGJ@KRYNQ@HG (SQNQ)

>.:.1.9.> Dnganthry chddnga >.:.1.9.>.>

Cebnr AN^ e`st chgj`kurnt`hg

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, stnt`c, dnganthry CEBNYXAN^XE@SQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xB3

>

IPQB

rbsbrvba

9

[HYA

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY ]6,>..DN\XAN^->T

Ql`s chddnga cng ib usba jhr VYBABJ@GBA nga jhr chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts, sh tlb rngkb jhr AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY `s ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T.

@j tlb spbc`j`ba e`st `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`e w`eee ib rbturgba. CEBNYXAN^XE@SQ cebnrs tlb spbc`j`ba AN^ e`st. Jhr n chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`st, nee HAQ bgtr`bs w`ee ib rbsbt th naarbss46, bxtbgs`hg46 nga s`zb46 (`j vne`a ? i`tXhjjsbt 4 6xJJ). Jhr VYBABJ@GBA nga chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts, tlb rugg`gk Antn Qrngsd`ss`hg hg tl`s e`st w`ee ib sthppba nga nee AN^ e`st stntbs nrb rbsbt.

>>9

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.9.9 Hpt`hgne chddnga

>.:.1.9.9.>

Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr n AN^ e`st

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, stnt`c, hpt`hgne KBQXAN^XE@SQX@GJH

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA<

>

IPQB

rbsbrvba

9

[HYA

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY ]6,>,...,DN\XAN^->T

KBQXAN^XE@SQX@GJH rbturgs `gjhrdnt`hg hg n spbc`j`c AN^ e`st. Ql`s chddnga cng ib usba jhr VYBABJ@GBA nga jhr chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts, sh tlb rngkb jhr AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY `s ]6,>,..DN\XAN^->T. @j tlb spbc`j`ba e`st `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba.

Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

9

IPQB

AN^XE@SQXVYHVBYQ@BS Spbc`j`c prhpbrt`bs jhr tl`s AN^ e`st DN\XHAQ

3

IPQB

1

[HYA

Gudibr hj HAQs `g tl`s AN^ e`st DN\XHAQXBGQY@BS Dnx`dud gudibr hj bgtr`bs `g ng HAQ J@\BAXBZBGQ Gudibr hj tlb j`xba bvbgt clnggbe jhr tl`s AN^ e`st

Qlb AN^XE@SQXVYHVBYQ@BS pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

  x

:

2

x

1

x

3

9

>

6

   A    B    \    @    D    ^    J X x    @    Q    N    Q    S    A    G    B    Z    B

   A    B    G    @    J    B    A    B    Y    V

 

Jenk VYBABJ@GBA

Abscr`pt`hg 6 4 AN^ e`st chgj`kurnt`hg cng ib clngkba > 4 AN^ e`st chgj`kurnt`hg `s j`xba 6 4 Bvbgt Clnggbe cng ib clngkba > 4 Bvbgt Clnggbe `s j`xba

BZBGQXJ@\BA

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>>3

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb VYBABJ@GBA jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb chgj`kurnt`hg hj tl`s AN^ e`st cng ght ib clngkba. Qlb AN^ e`st `s prbabj`gba nga j`xba `g tlb senvb abv`cb‐s dbdhry. Qlb BZBGQXJ@\BA jenk `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb Bvbgt Clnggbe jhr tl`s AN^ e`st cng ght ib clngkba. Qlb AN^ nga SQ@D jenks `ga`cntb wl`cl A@YBCQ@HG cng ib usba jhr tl`s AN^ e`st

3

 

9

   D    ^    @    Q    N    S    A

AN^XE@SQXQPVB

6

6

Ght neehwba

6

>

hgey A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^ supphrtba

>

6

hgey A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D supphrtba

>

>

ihtl A@YBCQ@HGS supphrtba (iut ght s`duetngbhusey)

@j AN^ e`sts nrb chgj`kurba stnt`cneey, DN\XHAQ spbc`j`bs tlb gudibr hj HAQs jhr tl`s AN^

e`st nga DN\XHAQXBGQY@BS spbc`j`bs tlb gudibr hj HAQ bgtr`bs `g bncl HAQ. J@\BAXBZBGQ `ga`cntbs tlb gudibr hj tlb j`xba bvbgt clnggbe th ib usba jhr tl`s AN^ e`st.

>>1

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.3

APGND@C AN^ E@SQ CHGJ@KRYNQ@HG (APG)

>.:.1.3.> Dnganthry chddngas >.:.1.3.>.>

Cebnr aygnd`c AN^ chgj`kurnt`hg

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, aygnd`c, hpt`hgne JYBBXAN^

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA:

Ql`s chddnga cebnrs nee AN^ e`sts nga jrbbs nee aygnd`cneey neehcntba AN^ e`sts, HAQs nga HAQ bgtr`bs. Nt tlb stnrt hj n aygnd`c AN^ e`st chgj`kurnt`hg sbqubgcb, tlb dnstbr newnys j`rst lns th sbga n JYBBXAN^.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>>2

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.1.3.>.9

Neehcntb AN^ e`sts

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, aygnd`c, hpt`hgne NEEHCXAN^

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6 >

IPQB IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA2 rbsbrvba

9

[HYA

AN^XCHRGQ gudibr hj AN^ e`sts th ib neehcntba

Ql`s chddnga neehcntbs n gudibr hj AN^ e`sts jhr tl`s \ CV CV senvb abv`cb. @j tlbrb‐s ght bghukl dbdhry nvn`enieb th neehcntb tlb rbqubstba AN^ e`sts ng BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ w`ee ib rbturgba ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb. Qlb dnstbr lns th usb NEEHCXAN^ `g n abj`gba sbqubgcb thkbtlbr w`tl JYBBXAN^, NEEHCXHAQ nga NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP. @j tlb dnstbr sbgas ng NEEHCXAN^ a`rbctey njtbr

ng NEEHCXHAQ w`tlhut n JYBBXAN^ `g ibtwbbg, tlb senvb rbturgs ng BYYXSB^RBGCB ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb. @j tlb dnstbr sbgas ng NEEHCXAN^ a`rbctey njtbr ng NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP w`tlhut n JYBBXAN^ `g ibtwbbg, tlb senvb rbturgs ng BYYXSB^RBGCB ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb.

>>:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.1.3.>.3

Neehcntb HAQs th n AN^ e`st

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, aygnd`c, hpt`hgne NEEHCXHAQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6 >

IPQB IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA1 Ybsbrvba

9

[HYA

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY ]D@GXAN^, D@GXAN^+>,..D@GXAN^+AN^XCHRGQ->T

1

IPQB

HAQXCHRGQ gudibr hj HAQs th ib nss`kgba th AN^ e`st

Ql`s chddnga neehcntbs n gudibr hj HAQs nga nss`kgs tlbd th tlb spbc`j`ba AN^ e`st. Ql`s chddnga cng hgey ib usba jhr chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts, sh tlb rngkb jhr AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY `s ]D@GXAN^, D@GXAN^+>,..D@GXAN^+AN^XCHRGQ->T. @j tlb spbc`j`ba e`st `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba.

@j tlbrb‐s ght bghukl dbdhry nvn`enieb th neehcntb tlb rbqubstba BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ w`ee ib rbturgba ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb.

HAQs

ng

Qlb dnstbr lns th usb NEEHCXHAQ `g n abj`gba sbqubgcb thkbtlbr w`tl JYBBXAN^, NEEHCXAN^ nga NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP. @j tlb dnstbr sbgas ng NEEHCXHAQ a`rbctey njtbr n JYBBXAN^ w`tlhut ng NEEHCXAN^ `g ibtwbbg, tlb senvb rbturgs ng BYYXSB^RBGCB ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb. @j tlb dnstbr sbgas ng NEEHCXHAQ a`rbctey njtbr ng NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP w`tlhut n JYBBXAN^ `g ibtwbbg, tlb senvb rbturgs ng BYYXSB^RBGCB ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>>;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.1.3.>.1

Neehcntb HAQ bgtr`bs th ng HAQ

Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Antn ncqu`s`t`hg nga st`duent`hg, aygnd`c, hpt`hgne NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA3

>

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

9

[HYA

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY ]D@GXAN^, D@GXAN^+>,..D@GXAN^+AN^XCHRGQ->T

1

IPQB

HAQXGRDIBY ]6,>,..HAQXCHRGQ(AN^ e`st)->T

2

IPQB

HAQXBGQY@BSXCHRGQ gudibr hj HAQ bgtr`bs th ib nss`kgba th HAQ

Ql`s chddnga neehcntbs n gudibr hj HAQ bgtr`bs nga nss`kgs tlbd th tlb spbc`j`c HAQ `g tl`s spbc`j`c AN^ e`st. Ql`s chddnga cng hgey ib usba jhr chgj`kurnieb AN^ e`sts, sh tlb rngkb jhr

AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY `s ]D@GXAN^, D@GXAN^+>,..D@GXAN^+AN^XCHRGQ >T. @j tlb spbc`j`ba e`st `s ght nvn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`e w`eee ib rbturgba. HAQXGRDIBY `s tlb rbent`vb HAQ gudibr gud ibr w`tl`g tl`s AN^ e`st. @j tlbrb‐s ght bghukl dbdhry nvn`enieb th neehcntb tlb rbqubstba HAQ bgtr`bs ng BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ w`ee ib rbturgba ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb. Qlb dnstbr lns th usb NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP `g n abj`gba sbqubgcb thkbtlbr w`tl JYBBXAN^ nga NEEHCXHAQ. @j tlb dnstbr sbgas ng NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP a`rbctey njtbr n JYBBXAN^ w`tlhut ng NEEHCXAN^ `g ibtwbbg, tlb senvb rbturgs ng BYYXSB^RBGCB ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb. @j tlb dnstbr sbgas ng NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP a`rbctey njtbr ng NEEHCXAN^ w`tlhut ng NEEHCXHAQ `g ibtwbbg, tlb senvb rbturgs rbtur gs ng BYYXSB^RBGCB ns gbknt`vb rbsphgsb.

>><

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.2

GHG-ZHENQ@EB DBDHYP VYHKYNDD@GK (VKD) 

>.:.2.>

DNGANQHYP CHDDNGAS 

>.:.2.>.> @ga`cntb tlb ibk`gg`gk hj n prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk, dnganthry VYHKYNDXSQNYQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA9

Ql`s chddnga `s usba th `ga`cntb tlb ibk`g hj n ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb. @j tlb senvb abv`cb `s ght `g n stntb wl`cl pbrd`ts prhkrndd`gk, n BYYXKBGBY@C w`ee ib rbturgba. Qlb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk chddngas VYHKYNDXCEBNY, VYHKYND, VYHKYNDXDN\ hr VYHKYNDXGB\Q nrb ght neehwba, ugt`e tlb VYHKYNDXSQNYQ chddnga lns ibbg succbssjueey bxbcutba. Qlb bga hj n ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk

sbqubgcb `s `ga`cntba iy n VYHKYNDXYBSBQ chddnga. Dbdhry prhkrndd`gk dny lnvb `dpebdbgtnt`hg spbc`j`c prbchga`t`hgs (senvb abv`cb `g n sbcurb plys`cne stntb, naa`t`hgne chab ahwgehnaba, ...) nga tlb bxbcut`hg hj htlbr chddngas dny ib rbstr`ctba aur`gk n prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb (antn ncqu`s`t`hg dny ght rug, cne`irnt`hg dny ib rbstr`ctba, ...). Qlb jheehw`gk chddngas dust newnys ib nvn`enieb aur`gk n dbdhry prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb? SBQXDQN VYHKYNDXCEBNY VYHKYND VYHKYNDXDN\ hr VYHKYNDXGB\Q Qlb jheehw`gk chddngas nrb hpt`hgne (jhr `gstngcb th vbr`jy dbdhry chgtbgts)? RVEHNA IR@EAXCLBCMSRD @j ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk rbqu`rbs tlb ahwgehna hj naa`t`hgne chab, tlb ahwgehna lns th ib j`g`slba ibjhrb tlb VYHKYNDXSQNYQ chddnga `s bxbcutba. Qlb DQN dust ph`gt th tlb bgtry ph`gt hj tlb ahwgehnaba rhut`gb.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>>0

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Vhs`t`vb Ybsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

Ybsbrvba

9

IPQB

CHDDXDHABXVKD

3

IPQB

1

IPQB

DN\XCQHXVKD ]IPQBST Dnx`dud CQH s`zb jhr VKD DN\XISXVKD

2

IPQB

D@GXSQXVKD

:

IPQB

^RBRBXS@_BXVKD

Qlb CHDDXDHABXVKD pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw ? I`t ;

:

   B    A

2

1

3

9

>

6

   B    B    A

   H    D X    M    C   x    H   x    E    I X    B    Z    N    E    S

x

x

       H    D X    A    B x    Z    N    B    E    Y    B    Q    G    @

   H    D X    M    C    H    E    I X    Y    B    Q    S    N    D

  Qlb DNSQBYXIEHCMXDHAB jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb Dnstbr Iehcm Dhab `s nvn`enieb aur`gk Vrhkrndd`gk. Qlb @GQBYEBNZBAXDHAB jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb @gtbrebnvba Dhab `s nvn`enieb aur`gk Vrhkrndd`gk. Qlb SENZBXIEHCMXDHAB jenk `ga`cntbs wlbtlbr tlb Senvb Iehcm Dhab `s nvn`enieb aur`gk Vrhkrndd`gk. Qlb chddug`cnt`hg pnrndbtbrs DN\XCQH, DN\XIS, D@GXSQ nga ^RBRBXS@_B dny clngkb wlbg tlb senvb abv`cb `s `g dbdhry prhkrndd`gk dhab. Qlb gbw chddug`cnt`hg pnrndbtbrs DN\XCQHXVKD, DN\XISXVKD, D@GXSQXVKD nga ^RBRBXS@_BXVKD nrb rbturgba `g tlb phs`t`vb rbsphgsb.

>96

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.2.>.9 Cebnr n pnrt hj ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk, dnganthry VYHKYNDXCEBNY

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA>

>

IPQB

Dhab

9

[HYA

rbsbrvba

1

A[HYA

cebnr rngkb

Ql`s chddnga `s usba th cebnr n pnrt hj ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry pr`hr th rbprhkrndd`gk. Qlb whrm jehw abpbgas hg dhab iytb Dhab Iytb 6x66

Abscr`pt`hg tlb nisheutb nccbss dhab `s nct`vb (abjnuet)

6x6>

tlb jugct`hgne nccbss dhab `s nct`vb

Nisheutb Nccbss dhab Vnrndbtbr

Abscr`pt`hg

DQN

Qlb DQN ph`gts th tlb stnrt hj n dbdhry sbcthr `gs`ab tlb senvb. Dbdhry sbcthrs abscr`pt`hg j`eb. nrb abscr`iba `g tlb NSND DCA 9DC senvb abv`cb @j duet`peb dbdhry sbcthrs slnee ib cebnrba `g n cbrtn`g sbqubgcb, tlb dnstbr abv`cb dust rbpbnt tlb VYHKYNDXCEBNY sbrv`cb w`tl w `tl n gbw DQN. @g tl`s cnsb tlb dnstbr dust mbbp tlb hrabr `gjhrdnt`hg k`vbg iy tlb Cebnr Sbqubgcb Gudibr hj tlb sbcthrs.

Cebnr rngkb

Qlb Cebnr Yngkb `ga`cntbs tlb ebgktl hj tlb dbdhry pnrt th ib cebnrba. Qlb VYHKYNDXCEBNY sbrv`cb cebnrs n chdpebtb sbcthr hr duet`peb sbcthrs nt hgcb.

Jugct`hgne Nccbss dhab Vnrndbtbr

Abscr`pt`hg

DQN cebnr rngkb

Qlb DQN lns gh `gjeubgcb hg tlb cebnr`gk jugct`hgne`ty Ql`s pnrndbtbr slhuea ib `gtbrprbtba i`t njtbr i`t? ins`c usb-cnsbs? 6x6666666> ? cebnr nee tlb cne`irnt`hg antn nrbn(s) 6x66666669 ? cebnr nee tlb chab nrbn(s) (tlb ihht nrbn `s ght chvbrba)  chvbrba)   6x66666661 ? cebnr tlb GZYND nrbn(s) 6x6666666< .. 6x66666666 ... 6xJJJJJJ66 ? usbr abj`gba

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>9>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Bxndpeb @j tlb prhobct a`v`abs tlb cne`irnt`hg nrbn `gth a`jjbrbgt nrbns, `t `s usbjue th abj`gb tlb prhobct spbc`j`c l`klbr g`iieb ns jheehw? 6x66666>66 ? cebnr cne`irnt`hg antn nrbn > 6x66666966 ? cebnr cne`irnt`hg antn nrbn 9 6x66666166 ? cebnr cne`irnt`hg antn nrbn 3 ... @g tl`s usb cnsb tlb a`jjbrbgt cne`irnt`hg nrbns cng ib rbprhkrnddba w`tlhut jurtlbr `gjhrdnt`hg hj tlb dbdhry dnpp`gk nga tlb jensl hrkng`snt`hg. Qlbsb pnrndbtbrs dust ib spbc`j`ba `g tlb prhobct spbc`j`c prhkrndd`gk jehw chgtrhe.

>99

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.2.>.3 Vrhkrnd n ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry sbkdbgt Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk, dnganthry VYHKYND

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xA6

>

IPQB

..

IPQBs

g 4 Gudibr hj antn bebdbgts ]NKT ]>..(DN\XCQHXVKD-9)/NKT Rsba jhr ne`kgdbgt, hgey `j NK 4 1

NK4>? 9

BEBDBGQ > >  antn bebdbgt

NK7>? NK ..

..

NK4>? g+> NK7>? g*NK

BEBDBGQ g g  antn bebdbgt

st

.. tl

@j NAAYBSSXKYNGREPY@QP 4 A[HYA, 9 ne`kgdbgt iytbs dust ib usba `g hrabr th dbbt ne`kgdbgt rbqu`rbdbgts.

BEBDBGQ `s IPQB. [HYA hr A[HYA, abpbga`gk uphg NK. Ql`s chddnga `s usba th prhkrnd antn `gs`ab tlb senvb. Abpbga`gk hg tlb nccbss dhab (abj`gba iy VYHKYNDXJHYDNQ) 9 a`jjbrbgt chgcbpts nrb supphrtba. Qlb bga hj tlb dbdhry sbkdbgt `s `ga`cntba, wlbg tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts `s 6. Qlb bga hj tlb hvbrnee prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb `s `ga`cntba iy n VYHKYNDXYBSBQ chddnga. Qlb senvb abv`cb w`ee kh th a`schggbctba stntb. Rsuneey n lnrawnrb rbsbt hj tlb senvb abv`cb `s bxbcutba. @j tlb senvb abv`cb ahbs ght supphrt iehcm trngsjbr dhab, nee prhkrnddba antn nrb trngsjbrrba `g n s`gkeb chddnga pncmbt. Qlbrbjhrb tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts pnrndbtbr `g tlb rbqubst lns th ib `g tlb rngkb ]>..DN\XCQHXVKD/NK-9T. Ng BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba, `j tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts `s dhrb tlng DN\XCQHXVKD/NK-9. @j iehcm trngsjbr dhab `s supphrtba, tlb prhkrnddba antn nrb trngsjbrrba `g duet`peb chddnga pncmbts. Jhr tlb senvb lhwbvbr, tlbrb d`klt ib e`d`tnt`hgs chgcbrg`gk tlb dnx`dud gudibr hj chgsbcut`vb chddnga pncmbts (iehcm s`zb DN\XISXVKD). Qlbrbjhrb tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts (g) ]>..d`g(DN\XISXVKD*(DN\XCQHXVKD-9)/NK,922)T.

cng

ib

`g

tlb

rngkb

@j NK4> tlb dnstbr abv`cb lns th trngsd`t ((g*NK)->) / (DN\XCQHXVKD-9)  naa`t`hgne, chgsbcut`vb VYHKYNDXGB\Q chddnga pncmbts. @j NK7> tlb dnstbr abv`cb lns th trngsd`t ((g*NK)->) / (DN\XCQHXVKD-NK)  naa`t`hgne, chgsbcut`vb VYHKYNDXGB\Q chddnga pncmbts. Qlb senvb abv`cb w`ee ncmghwebakb hgey tlb enst VYHKYNDXGB\Q chddnga pncmbt. Qlb sbpnrnt`hg t`db ibtwbbg tlb chddnga pncmbts nga tlb dnx`dud gudibr hj pncmbts nrb spbc`j`ba `g tlb rbsphgsb jhr tlb VYHKYNDXSQNYQ chddnga (DN\XISXVKD, D@GXSQXVKD).

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>93

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Nisheutb Nccbss dhab Qlb antn iehcm hj tlb spbc`j`ba ebgktl (s`zb) chgtn`gba `g tlb CQH w`ee ib prhkrnddba `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry, stnrt`gk nt tlb DQN. Qlb DQN w`ee ib phst-`gcrbdbgtba iy tlb gudibr hj antn iytbs. @j duet`peb dbdhry sbcthrs slnee ib prhkrnddba, tlb dnstbr abv`cb dust mbbp tlb hrabr `gjhrdnt`hg k`vbg `g tlb @JXANQN abscr`pt`hg cneeba Vrhkrndd`gk Sbqubgcb Gudibr hj tlb sbcthr. Jugct`hgne Nccbss dhab Qlb antn iehcm hj tlb spbc`j`ba ebgktl (s`zb) chgtn`gba `g tlb CQH w`ee ib prhkrnddba `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry. Qlb BCR shjtwnrb mghws tlb stnrt naarbss jhr tlb gbw jensl chgtbgt nuthdnt`cneey. @t abpbgas hg tlb VYHKYNDXCEBNY chddnga. Qlb BCR bxpbcts tlb gbw jensl chgtbgt `g hgb antn strbnd nga tlb nss`kgdbgt `s ahgb iy tlb BCR nuthdnt`cneey. Qlb DQN whrms ns n Iehcm Sbqubgcb Chugtbr nga `t `s chugtba `gs`ab tlb dnstbr nga tlb sbrvbr. Qlb Iehcm Sbqubgcb Chugtbr neehws ng `dprhvba brrhr lngae`gk `g cnsb n prhkrndd`gk sbrv`cb jn`es aur`gk n sbqubgcb hj duet`peb prhkrndd`gk rbqubsts. Qlb Iehcm Sbqubgcb Chugtbr hj tlb sbrvbr slnee ib `g`t`ne`zba th hgb (>) wlbg rbcb`v`gk n VYHKYNDXJHYDNQ rbqubst dbssnkb. Ql`s dbngs tlnt tlb j`rst VYHKYND rbqubst dbssnkb jheehw`gk tlb VYHKYND JHYDNQ rbqubst dbssnkb stnrts w`tl n Iehcm

Sbqubgcb Chugtbr hj hgb (>). @ts vneub `s `gcrbdbgtba iy > jhr bncl suisbqubgt antn trngsjbr rbqubst. Nt tlb dnx`dud vneub tlb Iehcm Sbqubgcb Chugtbr rhees hvbr nga stnrts nt 6x66 w`tl tlb gbxt antn trngsjbr rbqubst dbssnkb.

>91

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.2.>.1 @ga`cntb tlb bga hj n prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk, dnganthry VYHKYNDXYBSBQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xCJ

Ql`s hpt`hgne chddnga `ga`cntbs tlb bga hj n ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb. @t dny hr dny ght lnvb n rbsphgsb. @t b`tlbr cnsb, tlb senvb abv`cb w`ee kh th tlb a`schggbctba stntb. Ql`s chddnga dny ib usba th jhrcb n senvb abv`cb rbsbt jhr htlbr purphsbs.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>92

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.2.9

HVQ@HGNE CHDDNGAS 

>.:.2.9.> Kbt kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg VKD prhcbsshr Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Vrhkrndd`gk, hpt`hgne KBQXVKDXVYHCBSSHYX@GJH

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xCB

Ql`s chddnga rbturgs kbgbrne `gjhrdnt`hg hg prhkrndd`gk. Vhs`t`vb rbsphgsb? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

VKDXVYHVBYQ@BS Kbgbrne prhpbrt`bs jhr prhkrndd`gk

9

IPQB

DN\XSBCQHY thtne gudibr hj nvn`enieb sbcthrs

Qlb VKDXVYHVBYQ@BS pnrndbtbr `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? I`t ;

:

2

1

3

9

>

6

   A    B    Y    @    R    ^    B    Y X    D    K    V X    ^    B    S X    G    H    G

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    D    K    V X    ^    B    S X    G    H    G

   A    B    Y    @    R    ^    B    Y X    G    H    @    Q    V    P    Y    C    G    B

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    G    H    @    Q    V    P    Y    C    G    B

   A    B    Y    @    R    ^    B    Y X    G    H    @    S    S    B    Y    V    D    H    C

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    G    H    @    S    S    B    Y    V    D    H    C

   B    A    H    D X    E    N    G    H    @    Q    C    G    R    J

   B    A    H    D X    B    Q    R    E    H    S    I    N

 

>9:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Qlb NISHERQBXDHAB nga JRGCQ@HGNEXDHAB jenks `ga`cntb tlb cebnr/prhkrndd`gk dhab tlnt cng ib usba I`t >

 

6

   B    A    H    D X    E    N    G    H    @    Q    C    G    R    J

   B    A    H    D X    B    Q    R    E    H    S    I    N

6

6

Ght neehwba

6

>

Hgey Nisheutb dhab supphrtba

>

6

Hgey Jugct`hgne dhab supphrtba

cebnr/prhkrndd`gk dhab

>

>

Ihtl dhabs supphrtba

Qlb CHDVYBSS@HGXx jenks `ga`cntb wl`cl chdprbss`hg stntb hj tlb `gchd`gk antn tlb senvb cng prhcbss. Qlb ngswbr `s n suddnry (HY hpbrnt`hg) jhr nee prhkrnddnieb sbkdbgts nga/hr sbcthrs. I`t 3

 

9

   A    B    Y    @    R    ^    B    Y X    G    H    @    S    S    B    Y    V    D    H    C

   A

6

   B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    G    H    @    S    S    B    Y    V    D    H    C 6

Ght supphrtba

6

>

supphrtba

>

6

>

>

chdprbss`hg

Supphrtba nga rbqu`rba

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>9;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Qlb BGCYPVQ@HGXx jenks `ga`cntb wl`cl bgcrypt`hg stntb hj tlb `gchd`gk antn tlb senvb cng prhcbss. Qlb ngswbr `s n suddnry (HY hpbrnt`hg) jhr nee prhkrnddnieb sbkdbgts nga/hr sbcthrs. I`t 2

   A    B    Y    @    R    ^    B    Y    G X    H    @    Q    V    P    Y    C    G    B

1

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    G    H    @    Q    V    P    Y    C    G    B

 

bgcrypt`hg

6

6

Ght supphrtba

6

>

supphrtba

>

6

>

>

Supphrtba nga rbqu`rba

Qlb GHGXSB^XVKDXx jenks `ga`cntb wlbtlbr tlb senvb cng prhcbss a`jjbrbgt m`ga hj sbqubgcb rbknra`gk tlb `gchd`gk antn. Qlb ngswbr `s n suddnry (HY hpbrnt`hg) jhr nee prhkrnddnieb sbkdbgts nga/hr sbcthrs. I`t ;

 

:

   A    B    Y    @    R    ^    B    Y X    D    K    V X    ^    B    S X    G    H    G

   A    B    Q    Y    H    V    V    R    S X    D    K    V X    ^    B    S X    G    H    G

6

6

Ght supphrtba

6

>

supphrtba

>

6

>

>

ghg sbqubgt`ne prhkrndd`gk

Supphrtba nga rbqu`rba

DN\XSBCQHY `s tlb thtne gudibr hj sbcthrs `g tlb senvb abv`cb

>9<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.2.9.9 Kbt spbc`j`c `gjhrdnt`hg jhr n SBCQHY Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Vrhkrndd`gk, hpt`hgne KBQXSBCQHYX@GJH

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xCA

>

IPQB

Dhab 6 4 kbt stnrt naarbss jhr tl`s SBCQHY > 4 kbt ebgktl hj tl`s SBCQHY ]IPQBT

9

IPQB

9 4 kbt gndb ebgktl hj tl`s SBCQHY SBCQHYXGRDIBY ]6,>,..DN\XSBCQHY->T

KBQXSBCQHYX@GJH rbturgs `gjhrdnt`hg hg n spbc`j`c SBCQHY. @j tlb spbc`j`ba SBCQHY `s ght nvn`enieb, n vn`enieb, BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB w`ee ib rbturgba. Ql`s hpt`hgne chddnga `s hgey lbepjue jhr tlb prhkrndd`gk dbtlha “nisheutb nccbss dhab‐.

Vhs`t`vb rbsphgsb (dhab 4 6 hr dhab 4 >)? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

Cebnr Sbqubgcb Gudibr

9

IPQB

Vrhkrnd Sbqubgcb Gudibr

3

IPQB

Vrhkrndd`gk dbtlha

1

A[HYA

SBCQHYX@GJH dhab 4 6 ? Stnrt naarbss jhr tl`s SBCQHY dhab 4 > ? Ebgktl hj tl`s SBCQHY ]IPQBT

Qlb Cebnr Sbqubgcb Gudibr nga Vrhkrnd Sbqubgcb Gudibr abscr`ib, `g wl`cl suisbqubgt`ne hrabr tlb dnstbr lns th cebnr nga prhkrnd jensl dbdhry sbcthrs. Bncl sbqubgcb gudibr dust ib ug`qub. Sbcthrs, wl`cl ah ght lnvb th ib prhkrnddba, cng ib sm`ppba `g tlb prhkrndd`gk jehw chgtrhe. Bxndpeb >? @g tl`s bxndpeb tlb dbdhry dust ib cebnrba jrhd sdnee th krbnt sbcthr gudibrs nga tlbg rbprhkrnddba jrhd krbnt th sdnee sbcthr gudibrs. Sbcthr | Ybturgba Zneub jhr Cebnr/Vrhkrnd Sbqubgcb Gudibr ----------------------------------------------------Sbcthr 6 | 6/2 Sbcthr > | >/1 Sbcthr 9 | 9/3 Bxndpeb 9? @g tl`s bxndpeb tlb dbdhry sbcthrs dust ib netbrgntbey cebnrba nga rbprhkrnddba jrhd sdnee th krbnt sbcthr gudibrs. Sbcthr | Ybturgba Zneub jhr Cebnr/Vrhkrnd Sbqubgcb Gudibr ----------------------------------------------------Sbcthr 6 | 6/> Sbcthr > | 9/3 Sbcthr 9 | 1/2 @j Dhab 4 6 , tl`s chddnga rbturgs tlb stnrt naarbss jhr tl`s SBCQHY `g SBCQHYX@GJH. @j Dhab 4 >, tl`s chddnga rbturgs `g iytbs tlb ebgktl hj tl`s SBCQHY `g SBCQHYX@GJH. Qlb jheehw`gk rueb nppe`bs? Ebgktl dha NK 4 6.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>90

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Vhs`t`vb rbsphgsb (dhab 4 9)? Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJJ

>

IPQB

SBCQHYXGNDBXEBGKQL `g iytbs 6 – `j ght nvn`enieb

@j Dhab 4 9, tl`s chddnga nuthdnt`cneey sbts tlb Dbdhry Qrngsjbr Naarbss (DQN) th tlb ehcnt`hg jrhd wl`cl tlb Dnstbr dny upehna tlb SBCQHY gndb ns NSC@@ tbxt, us`gk hgb hr dhrb RVEHNA chddngas. Jhr tlb `g`t`ne RVEHNA chddnga, tlb jheehw`gk rueb nppe`bs? Gudibr hj Antn Bebdbgts RVEHNA ]NKT 4 (Ebgktl KBQXSBCQHYX@GJH ]IPQBT) / NK Qlb SBCQHYXGNDBXEBGKQL spbc`j`bs tlb gudibr hj NSC@@ iytbs `g tlb gndb. Qlbrb dust ib gh 6 tbrd`gnt`hg.

>36

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.2.9.3 Vrbpnrb ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk, hpt`hgne VYHKYNDXVYBVNYB

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xCC

>

IPQB

Ght usba

9

[HYA

Chabs`zb ]NKT

Ql`s hpt`hgne chddnga `s usba th `ga`cntb tlb ibk`g hj n chab ahwgehna ns n prbchga`t`hg jhr ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk. Qlb DQN ph`gts th tlb ibk`g hj tlb vhent`eb dbdhry ehcnt`hg wlbrb tlb chab w`ee ib sthrba. Qlb pnrndbtbr Chabs`zb spbc`j`bs tlb s`zb hj tlb chab tlnt w`ee ib ahwgehnaba. Qlb ahwgehna `tsbej `s ahgb iy us`gk suisbqubgt stnganra chddngas e`mb SBQXDQN nga AH[GEHNA.

Chabs`zb `s bxprbssba `g IPQB, [HYA hr A[HYA abpbga`gk uphg NK. Qlb senvb abv`cb lns th dnmb surb tlnt tlb tnrkbt dbdhry nrbn `s nvn`enieb nga `t `s `g n hpbrnt`hgne stntb wl`cl pbrd`ts tlb ahwgehna hj chab. @j ght, n BYYXKBGBY@C w`ee ib rbturgba.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>3>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.2.9.1 Sbt antn jhrdnt ibjhrb prhkrndd`gk Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk, hpt`hgne VYHKYNDXJHYDNQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xCI

>

IPQB

Chdprbss`hg dbtlha

9

IPQB

Bgcrypt`hg dbtlha

3

IPQB

Vrhkrndd`gk dbtlha

1

IPQB

nccbss dbtlha

Ql`s chddnga abscr`ibs tlb jhrdnt hj jheehw`gk, ug`gtbrruptba antn trngsjbr. Qlb antn jhrdnt `s sbt a`rbct nt ibk`g hj tlb prhkrndd`gk sbqubgcb nga `s vne`a t`ee bga hj tl`s sbqubgcb. Qlb sbqubgcb w`ee ib tbrd`gntba iy htlbr chddngas b.k. SBQXDQN.

@j tl`s chddnga `sg‐t trngsd`ttba nt ibk`g hj n sbqubgcb, ugdha`j`ba antn nga nisheutb naarbss nccbss dbtlha `s supphsba. @j dha`j`ba antn trngsd`ss`hg `s bxpbctba iy tlb senvb nga gh VYHKYNDXJHYDNQ chddnga `s trngsd`ttba, tlb senvb rbsphgas r bsphgas w`tl BYYXSB^RBGCB. Qlb rbjhrdntt`gk dbtlhas nrb abscr`iba ns jheehws ? Vnrndbtbr Chdprbss`hg dbtlha Bgcrypt`hg dbtlha Vrhkrndd`gk dbtlha Nccbss dbtlha

Lbx 6x66 6x Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Bxndpeb ... prhkrnd chab, bgcryptba   SBQXDQN VYHKYNDXJHYDNQ VYHKYND VYHKYNDXGB\Q>..g ...

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>33

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.2.9.2 Vrhkrnd n ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry sbkdbgt (Iehcm Dhab) Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk, hpt`hgne VYHKYNDXGB\Q

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xCN

>

IPQB

..

IPQBs

g 4 Gudibr hj antn bebdbgts ]NKT ]>..(DN\XCQHXVKD-9)/NKT Rsba jhr ne`kgdbgt, hgey `j NK 4 1

NK4>? 9 NK7>? NK ..

BEBDBGQ > >st antn bebdbgt

NK4>? g+> NK7>?g* NK

BEBDBGQ g g  antn bebdbgt

..

.. tl

@j NK 4 A[HYA, 9 ne`kgdbgt iytbs dust ib usba `g hrabr th dbbt ne`kgdbgt rbqu`rbdbgts. BEBDBGQ `s IPQB, [HYA hr A[HYA, abpbga`gk uphg NK. Ql`s chddnga `s usba th trngsd`t chgsbcut`vb antn iytbs jhr tlb VYHKYND chddnga `g iehcm trngsjbr dhab. Gbknt`vb Ybsphgsb? @j tlb gudibr hj antn bebdbgts ahbs ght dntcl tlb bxpbctba vneub, tlb brrhr chab BYYXSB^RBGCB w`ee ib rbturgba. Qlb gbknt`vb rbsphgsb w`ee chgtn`g tlb bxpbctba gudibr hj antn bebdbgts. Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Vncmbt @A? 6xJB

>

IPQB

BYYXSB^RBGCB

9

IPQB

Gudibr hj bxpbctba antn bebdbgts

>31

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.:.2.9.: Vrhkrnd n ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry sbkdbgt (j`xba s`zb) Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk, hpt`hgne VYHKYNDXDN\

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xC0

..

IPQBs

Rsba jhr ne`kgdbgt, hgey `j NK 7>

NK

BEBDBGQ >

>  antn bebdbgt

.. DN\XCQHXVKD-NK

.. BEBDBGQ g

..tl g  antn bebdbgt

st

Abpbga`gk uphg NK, > hr 3 ne`kgdbgt iytbs dust ib usba `g hrabr th dbbt ne`kgdbgt rbqu`rbdbgts. BEBDBGQ `s IPQB, [HYA hr A[HYA, abpbga`gk uphg NK.

Qlb antn iehcm w`tl tlb j`xba ebgktl hj DN\XCQHXVKD-> bebdbgts chgtn`gba `g tlb CQH w`ee ib prhkrnddba `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry, stnrt`gk nt tlb DQN. Qlb DQN w`ee ib phst`gcrbdbgtba iy DN\XCQHXVKD->. Ql`s chddnga ahbs ght supphrt iehcm trngsjbr nga `t dust ght ib usba w`tl`g n iehcm trngsjbr sbqubgcb.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>32

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.:.2.9.; Vrhkrnd Zbr`jy Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk, hpt`hgne VYHKYNDXZBY@JP

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Chddnga Chab 4 6xC<

>

IPQB

Zbr`j`cnt`hg dhab 66 4 rbqubst th stnrt `gtbrgne rhut`gb 6> 4 sbga`gk Zbr`j`cnt`hg Zneub

9 1

[HYA A[HYA

Zbr`j`cnt`hg Qypb Zbr`j`cnt`hg Zneub

[`tl Zbr`j`cnt`hg Dhab 4 66 tlb dnstbr cng rbqubst tlb senvb th stnrt `gtbrgne tbst rhut`gbs th clbcm wlbtlbr tlb gbw jensl chgtbgts j`ts th tlb rbst hj tlb jensl. Hgey tlb rbsuet `s hj `gtbrbst. [`tl Zbr`j`cnt`hg Dhab 4 6>, tlb dnstbr cng tbee tlb senvb tlnt lb w`ee ib sbga`gk n

Zbr`j`cnt`hg Zneub th tlb senvb. Qlb abj`g`t`hg hj tlb Zbr`j`cnt`hg Dhab `s prhobct spbc`j`c. Qlb dnstbr `s kbtt`gk tlb Zbr`j`cnt`hg Dhab jrhd tlb prhobct spbc`j`c prhkrndd`gk jehw chgtrhe nga pnss`gk `t th tlb senvb. Qlb thhe gbbas gh jurtlbr `gjhrdnt`hg nihut tlb abtn`es hj tlb prhobct spbc`j`c clbcm rhut`gbs. Qlb \ CV CV pnrndbtbrs neehw n w`ab rngkb hj prhobct spbc`j`c nanpt`hgs. Qlb Zbr`j`cnt`hg Qypb `s n i`t dnsm abscr`iba ibehw? Zbr`j`cnt`hg Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6x666>

cne`irnt`hg nrbn(s) hj tlb jensl

6x6669

chab nrbn(s) hj tlb jensl

6x6661

chdpebtb jensl chgtbgt

6x666< ... 6x6666 ... 6xJJ66

usbr abj`gba

Qlb Zbr`j`cnt`hg Qypb `s spbc`j`ba `g tlb prhobct spbc`j`c prhkrndd`gk jehw chgtrhe. Qlb dnstbr `s kbtt`gk tl`s pnrndbtbr nga pnss`gk `t th tlb senvb. Qlb abj`g`t`hg hj tlb Zbr`j`cnt`hg Zneub `s prhobct spbc`j`c nga tlb usb `s abj`gba `g tlb prhobct spbc`j`c prhkrndd`gk jehw chgtrhe.

>3:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.; CHDDRG@CNQ@HG BYYHY LNGAE@GK  >.;.> >.;.>.>

ABJ@G@Q@HGS  BYYHY 

[lbg tlb dnstbr sbgas n chddnga CDA th tlb senvb, gh brrhr hccurs `j tlb senvb w`tl`g n spbc`j`ba t`db ngswbrs w`tl n phs`t`vb rbsphgsb YBS. N Q`db-hut Brrhr hccurs `j tlb senvb ahbsg‐t ngswbr w`tl ngy rbsphgsb w`tl`g n spbc`j`ba t`db. Ng Brrhr Chab Brrhr hccurs `j tlb senvb ngswbrs w`tl`g n spbc`j`ba t`db w`tl n gbknt`vb rbsphgsb BYY.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>3;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.;.>.9

VYB-NCQ@HG 

[lbg try`gk th rbchvbr jrhd ng Brrhr, tlb dnstbr j`rst lns th pbrjhrd n Vrb-Nct`hg nga tlbg ng Nct`hg. Qlb Vrb-Nct`hg ir`gks tlb senvb `g n wbee abj`gba stntb tlnt neehws tlb dnstbr th pbrjhrd tlb Nct`hg. Qlb \ CV CV Vrhthche supphrts tlb jheehw`gk m`ga hj Vrb-Nct`hgs ?

   

[n`t t;  SPGCL

 

KBQXSBBA / RGEHCM

 

SBQXDQN

 

SBQXAN^XVQY

• • • • •

 

SQNYQXSQHVXx

 

Yb`g`t`ne`sb AN^

• •

>3<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.;.>.3

NCQ@HG 

[`tl tlb Nct`hg, tlb dnstbr tr`bs th rbchvbr jrhd tlb Brrhr Stntb. Qlb \ CV CV Vrhthche supphrts tlb jheehw`gk m`ga hj Nct`hgs ?                  

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

A`speny brrhr Ybtry htlbr sygtnx Ybtry htlbr pnrndbtbr Rsb NSND DCA 9DC Abscr`pt`hg J`eb Rsb netbrgnt`vb Ybpbnt 9 t`dbs Ybpbnt  t`dbs Ybstnrt sbss`hg Qbrd`gntb sbss`hg ∗

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>30

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.;.>.1

BYYHY SBZBY@QP 

Brrhr nga Bvbgt dbssnkbs nrb censs`j`ba ncchra`gk th tlb`r Sbvbr`ty Ebvbe. Qlb \ CV CV Vrhthche abj`gbs tlb jheehw`gk Sbvbr`ty Ebvbes ? Sbvbr`ty

Abscr`pt`hg

S6

@gjhrdnt`hg

S>

[nrg`gk / Ybqubst

S9

Ybshevnieb Brrhr

S3

Jntne Brrhr

Qlb Sbvbr`ty Ebvbe k`vbs tlb dnstbr `gjhrdnt`hg nihut n phss`ieb Qrngs`t`hg `g tlb Stntbdncl`gb nga jhr abc`a`gk nihut ng npprhpr`ntb rbnct`hg uphg tlb BYY hr BZ.

dncl`gb nga jhr abc`a`gk nihut ng npprhpr`ntb rbnct`hg uphg tlb BYY hr BZ.

>16

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.;.9

Q@DB-HRQ LNGAE@GK  N Q`db-hut Brrhr hccurs `j tlb senvb w`tl`g n spbc`j`ba t`db ahbsg‐t ngswbr w`tl ngy rbsphgsb th n chddnga sbgt jrhd dnstbr th senvb. [lbg sbga`gk n chddnga, tlb dnstbr lns th stnrt n t`dbr. Jhr bncl chddnga, tlb dnx`dud vneub tlb t`dbr cng rbncl `s k`vbg iy tlb Q`db-Hut Zneub t x. @j tlb dnstbr rbcb`vbs ng ngswbr ibjhrb tlb t`dbr rbnclbs `ts dnx`dne vneub, tlb dnstbr lns th rbsbt tlb t`dbr. @j tlb t`dbr rbnclbs `ts dnx`dud vneub w`tlhut tlb dnstbr rbcb`v`gk ng ngswbr jrhd tlb senvb, tlb dnstbr lns th abtbct tl`s ns n Q`db-Hut Brrhr. Qlb \ CV CV Vrhthche supphrts ; a`jjbrbgt Q`db-Hut Zneubs t > t`ee t;. Qlb dnstbr cng kbt tlb vneubs jhr t > t`ee t; jrhd tlb NSND DCA 9DC Abscr`pt`hg J`eb. Qlb spbc`j`c tx jhr bncl chddnga `s `ga`cntba `g tlb clnptbr ―Brrhr Lngae`gk Dntr`x—.

>.;.9.>

SQNGANYA CHDDRG@CNQ@HG DHABE  Dnstbr stnrt Q`dbr

Senvb

stnrt Q`dbr rbsbt Q`dbr

Ybqubst m Ybsphgsb m Ybqubst m+>

Q`db-Hut tx

SPGCL BYYXCDAXSPGCL

Ybpbnt j`rst t`db

Q`db-Hut tx

Ybqubst m

SPGCL BYYXCDAXSPGCL

Ybpbnt sbchga t`db

Ybqubst m Ybsphgsb m Ybqubst m+>

  A`nkrnd 91 ? Q`db-hut Lngae`gk `g Stnganra Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe

@j tlb Dnstbr abtbcts n Q`db-hut `g tlb Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe, tlbthdnstbr pbrjhrd tlb Vrb-Nct`hg nga Nct`hg. Ql`sStnganra sbqubgcb (prb-nct`hg, nct`hg) lns ib tr`balns 9 th t`dbs. @j tlb dnstbr tlbg st`ee abtbcts n Q`db-hut Brrhr, tlb dnstbr cng abc`ab nihut ng npprhpr`ntb rbnct`hg iy l`dsbej. @g tlb usune cnsb, tlb (prb-nct`hg, nct`hg) chgs`sts hj n SPGCL chddnga th rb-sygclrhg`zb chddnga bxbcut`hg ibtwbbg dnstbr nga senvb jheehwba iy n rbpbt`t`hg hj tlb chddnga. Jhr shdb spbc`ne chddngas, tlb prb-nct`hg ir`gks tlb senvb `g n wbee abj`gba stntb b.k. iy sbga`gk nkn`g SBQXDQN hr SBQXAN^XVQY ibjhrb rbpbnt`gk tlb chddnga.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>1>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.;.9.9

IEHCM CHDDRG@CNQ@HG DHABE 

@j tlb Dnstbr abtbcts n Q`db-hut `g tlb Iehcm Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe, tlb dnstbr lns th pbrjhrd tlb sndb Brrhr Lngae`gk ns jhr tlb Stnganra Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe.

@g Dnstbr Iehcm Qrngsjbr Dhab, tlb dnstbr lns th stnrt tlb t`dbr usba jhr Q`db-hut abtbct`hg wlbg sbga`gk tlb enst jrndb hj n iehcm tlnt iu`eas n chddnga.

Dnstbr

Senvb Ybqubst mX6 Ybqubst mX>

stnrt Q`dbr

rbsbt Q`dbr

Ybqubst mX9

Ybsphgsb m

Q`db-Hut tx   A`nkrnd 92 ? Q`db-hut Lngae`gk `g Dnstbr Iehcm Qrngsjbr Dhab @g Dnstbr Iehcm Qrngsjbr Dhab, tlb dnstbr lns th usb tlb sndb Q`db-Hut Zneub t x `t usbs wlbg sbga`gk tlb sndb chddnga `g Stnganra Chddug`cnt`hg dhab. [lbg rbpbnt`gk n chddnga, tlb dnstbr newnys lns th rbpbnt tlb chdpebtb iehcm tlnt iu`eas tlb chddnga. @g Senvb Iehcm Qrngsjbr Dhab, tlb dnstbr lns th rbsbt tlb t`dbr usba jhr Q`db-hut abtbct`hg wlbg rbcb`v`gk tlb enst jrndb hj n iehcm tlnt iu`eas n rbsphgsb.

stnrt Q`dbr

Dnstbr

Senvb Ybqubst m Ybsphgsb mX6 Ybsphgsb mX>

rbsbt Q`dbr Q`db-Hut tx

Ybsphgsb mX9

Ybsphgsb mX6

  A`nkrnd 9: ? Q`db-hut Lngae`gk `g Senvb Iehcm Qrngsjbr Dhab @g Senvb Iehcm Qrngsjbr Dhab, tlb dnstbr lns th usb tlb sndb Q`db-Hut Zneub t x `t usbs wlbg rbcb`v`gk tlb sndb rbsphgsb `g Stnganra Chddug`cnt`hg dhab.

>19

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.;.9.3

@GQBYEBNZBA CHDDRG@CNQ@HG DHABE 

@j tlb Dnstbr abtbcts n Q`db-hut `g tlb @gtbrebnvba Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe, tlb dnstbr lns th pbrjhrd tlb sndb Brrhr Lngae`gk ns jhr tlb Stnganra Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe.

Dnstbr stnrt Q`dbr stnrt Q`dbr

rbsbt Q`dbr

Senvb Ybqubst m Ybqubst m+> Ybsphgsb m Ybsphgsb m+>

Q`db-Hut tx

SPGCL BYYXCDAXSPGCL

Ybpbnt j`rst t`db

Ybqubst m+> Ybsphgsb m+>

  A`nkrnd 9; ? Q`db-hut Lngae`gk `g @gtbrebnvba Chddug`cnt`hg Dhabe

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>13

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.;.9.1

Q@DB-HRQ DNG@VRENQ@HG 

Qlb dnstbr kbts tlb abjnuet vneubs jhr t > t`ee t: jrhd tlb NSND DCA 9DC Abscr`pt`hg J`eb. Jhr spbc`ne purphsbs, \ CV CV neehws th hvbrrueb tlbsb Q`db-Hut Zneubs. [`tl BZXCDAXVBGA@GK, tlb senvb cng rbqubst tlb dnstbr th rbstnrt tlb t`db-hut abtbct`hg. >.;.9.1.> Hvbrrue`gk Q`db-Hut vneubs Jhr iypnss`gk, `t d`klt ib gbcbssnry th clngkb tlb Q`db-Hut Zneubs usba iy tlb senvb. Qlb sbtt`gk hj tlbsb vneubs `s ahgb iy stnganra cne`irnt`hg dbtlhas. Gh spbc`ne \ CV CV chddngas nrb gbbaba jhr tl`s.

>11

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.;.9.1.9 Ybstnrt`gk Q`db-Hut abtbct`hg [`tl BZXCDAXVBGA@GK, tlb senvb cng rbqubst tlb dnstbr th rbstnrt tlb t`db-hut abtbct`hg.

Dnstbr stnrt Q`dbr

Q`db-Hut tx rbstnrt Q`dbr

Q`db-Hut tx rbstnrt Q`dbr

Senvb Ybqubst m

BZXCDAXVBGA@GK

BZXCDAXVBGA@GK

Q`db-Hut tx

BZXCDAXVBGA@GK

rbstnrt Q`dbr

Ybsphgsb m rbsbt Q`dbr

  A`nkrnd 9< ? Ybstnrt`gk Q`db-hut abtbct`hg w`tl BZXCDAXVBGA@GK Qlb BZXCDAXVBGA@GK neehws tlb senvb th `gjhrd tlb dnstbr tlnt tlb rbqubst wns chrrbctey rbcb`vba nga tlb pnrndbtbrs `g tlb rbqubst nrb vne`a. Lhwbvbr, tlb senvb currbgtey `s ght nieb hj kbgbrnt`gk n rbsphgsb ybt. @j tlb dnstbr rbcb`vbs ng BZXCDAXVBGA@GK jrhd tlb senvb, tlb dnstbr slnee ght rbpbnt tlb rbqubst. @j tlb dnstbr rbcb`vbs ng BZXCDAXVBGA@GK jrhd tlb senvb, tlb dnstbr lns th rbstnrt tlb t`dbr usba jhr t`db-hut abtbct`hg. Ns shhg ns tlb senvb lns ibbg nieb th prhcbss tlb rbqubst, `t lns th sbga n (phs`t`vb hr gbknt`vb) rbsphgsb YBS hr BYY th tlb dnstbr.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>12

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.;.3

BYYHY CHAB LNGAE@GK  Ng Brrhr Chab Brrhr hccurs `j tlb senvb ngswbrs w`tl`g n spbc`j`ba t`db w`tl n gbknt`vb rbsphgsb BYY. @j tlb dnstbr sbgas n chddnga wl`cl ibehgks th n ght supphrtba rbshurcb, tlb senvb rbsphgas w`tl ng BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G. @j tlb dnstbr rbcb`vbs ng BYY wlbg sbga`gk n CDA, `t lns th clbcm tlb ―Brrhr Lngae`gk Dntr`x— tlnt jhr bncl CDA abj`gbs n spbc`j`c ―Vrb-Nct`hg— nga ―Nct`hg— jhr n spbc`j`c BYY. @j tlb dnstbr njtbr pbrjhrd`gk tlb ―Vrb-Nct`hg— nga ―Nct`hg— st`ee abtbcts ng Brrhr Chab Brrhr, tlb dnstbr cng abc`ab nihut ng npprhpr`ntb rbnct`hg iy l`dsbej. @j jhr n spbc`j`c CDA, tlb spbc`j`c BYY `s ght dbgt`hgba `g tlb ―Brrhr Lngae`gk Dntr`x—, tlb dnstbr lns th clbcm tlb Sbvbr`ty hj tl`s BYY `g tlb ―Qnieb hj Brrhr Chabs— nga abc`ab nihut ng npprhpr`ntb rbnct`hg. @j ng brrhr hccurs aur`gk n duet`-chddnga sbqubgcb, tlb dnstbr cng abc`ab nihut ng

npprhpr`ntb rbnct`hg.

>1:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.;.3.>

QNIEB HJ BYYHY CHABS (BYYX*)

Qlb Brrhr pncmbt chabs `g tlb tnieb ibehw cng ib sbgt ns ng Brrhr pncmbt w`tl V@A 6xJB ns ng ngswbr th n CDA `j tlb chddnga lns ght ibbg succbssjueey bxbcutba. Qlb Brrhr chab 6x66 6x66 `s  `s usba jhr sygclrhg`znt`hg purphsbs (rbj. abscr`pt`hg hj SPGCL). Brrhr BYYXCDAXSPGCL

Chab 6x66

Abscr`pt`hg Chddnga prhcbsshr sygclrhg`znt`hg.

Sbvbr`ty S6

Ng Brrhr chab BYYX* BYYX*  74 6x6> `s usba jhr Brrhr pncmbts. Brrhr

Chab

Abscr`pt`hg

Sbvbr`ty

BYYXCDAXIRSP

6x>6

Chddnga wns ght bxbcutba.

S9

BYYXAN^XNCQ@ZB

6x>>

Chddnga rbobctba ibcnusb AN^ `s rugg`gk.

S9

BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB

6x>9

Brrhr

Chab

BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G

6x96

BYYXCDAXSPGQN\

Chddnga rbobctba ibcnusb VKD `s rugg`gk. Abscr`pt`hg

Sbvbr`ty S9

6x9>

Rgmghwg chddnga hr ght `dpebdbgtba hpt`hgne chddnga. Chddnga sygtnx `gvne`a

BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB

6x99

Chddnga sygtnx vne`a iut chddnga

S9

BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA

6x93

pnrndbtbr(s) hut hj rngkb. Qlb dbdhry ehcnt`hg `s wr`tb prhtbctba.

S9

BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA

6x91

Qlb dbdhry ehcnt`hg `s ght nccbss`ieb.

S9

BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA

6x92

S9

BYYXVNKBXGHQXZNE@A

6x9:

Nccbss abg`ba, Sbba & Mby `s rbqu`rba Sbebctba pnkb ght nvn`enieb

BYYXDHABXGHQXZNE@A

6x9;

Sbebctba pnkb dhab ght nvn`enieb

S9

BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A

6x9<

Sbebctba sbkdbgt ght vne`a

S9

BYYXSB^RBGCB

6x90

Sbqubgcb brrhr

S9

BYYXAN^XCHGJ@K

6x9N

AN^ chgj`kurnt`hg ght vne`a

S9

Brrhr

Chab

Abscr`pt`hg

S9

S9

Sbvbr`ty

BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[

6x36

Dbdhry hvbrjehw brrhr

S9

BYYXKBGBY@C BYYXZBY@JP

6x3> 6x39

S9 S3

BYYXYBSHRYCB QBDVHYNYPXGHQXNCCBSS@IEB

6x33

Kbgbr`c brrhr. Qlb senvb `gtbrgne prhkrnd vbr`jy rhut`gb abtbcts ng brrhr. Nccbss th tlb rbqubstba rbshurcb `s tbdphrnry ght phss`ieb

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>1;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.;.3.9

S9

QLB BYYHY LNGAE@GK DNQY@\ 

>.;.3.9.> Stnganra chddngas (SQA) Chddnga

Brrhr

Vrb-Nct`hg

Nct`hg

CHGGBCQ(GHYDNE)

t`dbhut t> BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. a`speny brrhr

rbpbnt rbpbnt

CHGGBCQ(RSBYXABJ@GBA)

t`dbhut t:

wn`t t;

rbpbnt

A@SCHGGBCQ

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP

SPGCL wn`t t;

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs

KBQXSQNQRS SPGCL

 t`dbs

∗

 t`dbs

∗

∗

∗

BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB wn`t t; t`dbhut t> SPGCL BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. a`speny brrhr

rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXSPGCL BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs  – rbstnrt sbss`hg rbpbnt

BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

a`speny brrhr

S9

Chddnga

Brrhr

KBQXCHDDXDHABX@GJH KBQXCHDDXDH ABX@GJH

KBQX@A

SBQXYB^RBSQ

KBQXSBBA

RGEHCM

Vrb-Nct`hg

Nct`hg

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.

SPGCL wn`t t; -

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx sm`p

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\

SPGCL wn`t t; -

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx

BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.

SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; a`speny brrhr

sm`p rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.

SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; a`speny brrhr

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB

SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t;

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs

BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.

KBQXSBBA a`speny brrhr

a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbstnrt sbss`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

>1<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Chddnga SBQXDQN

RVEHNA

SLHYQXRVEHNA

Brrhr

Vrb-Nct`hg

Nct`hg

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.

SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; a`speny brrhr

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt

t`dbhut t>

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs

BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G

SPGCL + SBQXDQN wn`t t; wn`t t; -

rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr

BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.

Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP

SPGCL wn`t t;

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

IR@EAXCLBCMSRD

BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

rbpbnt  t`dbs usb netbrgnt`vb rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt

t`dbhut t9

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs

BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G

SPGCL + SBQXDQN wn`t t; wn`t t; -

rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr

BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.

Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt

∗

∗

Chddnga

Brrhr

Vrb-Nct`hg

QYNGSVHYQXENPBYXCDA QYNGSVHYQXENPBYXCD A

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; a`speny brrhr

RSBYXCDA

∗

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt ∗

∗

∗

∗

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>10

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.;.3.9.9 Cne`irnt`hg chddngas (CNE) Chddnga AH[GEHNA

Brrhr t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

Chddnga AH[GEHNAXGB\Q AH[GEHNAXGB\ Q

Brrhr t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP

Vrb-Nct`hg SPGCL + SBQXDQN wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs a`speny brrhr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt ∗

∗

Vrb-Nct`hg SPGCL + AH[GEHNA wn`t t;

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt

 t`dbs

∗

BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t>

AH[GEHNAXDN\

BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t>

SLHYQXAH[GEHNA

DHA@JPXI@QS

BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

wn`t t; SBQXDQN -

rbpbnt  t`dbs usb netbrgnt`vb rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs a`speny brrhr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs ∗

ugehcm senvb SBQXDQN a`speny brrhr SPGCL + SBQXDQN wn`t t; wn`t t; SBQXDQN Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL + SBQXDQN wn`t t; wn`t t; RVEHNA + AH[GEHNA Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

>26

rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb netbrgnt`vb rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs a`speny brrhr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb netbrgnt`vb rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs a`speny brrhr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs ∗

∗

∗

∗

rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb netbrgnt`vb ∗

∗

rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs a`speny brrhr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.;.3.9.3 Vnkb sw`tcl`gk chddngas (VNK) Chddnga SBQXCNEXVNKB

KBQXCNEXVNKB

Brrhr

Vrb-Nct`hg

Nct`hg

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXVNKBXGHQXZNE@A BYYXDHABXGHQXZNE@A BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t>

SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs

BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXVNKBXGHQXZNE@A BYYXDHABXGHQXZNE@A BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

wn`t wn`t t; t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

rbpbnt  t`dbs  t`dbs rbpbnt rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt

∗

∗

∗

∗

Chddnga

Brrhr

KBQXVNKXVYHCBSSHYX@GJH KBQXVNKXVYHCBS SHYX@GJH

KBQXSBKDBGQX@GJH

KBQXVNKBX@GJH

SBQXSBKDBGQXDHAB SBQXSBKDBGQXDH AB

KBQXSBKDBGQXDHAB KBQXSBKDBGQXDH AB

Vrb-Nct`hg

Nct`hg

SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb SPGCL wn`t t;

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb NSNV9 rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs sm`p rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs ∗

∗

∗

∗

BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXVNKBXGHQXZNE@A BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G

wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; -

rbpbnt  t`dbs usb NSNV9 rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr sm`p rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb NSNV9 rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr sm`p rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr

BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXDHABXGHQXZNE@A BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>2>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

CHVPXCNEXVNKB CHVPXCNEXVNK B

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXVNKBXGHQXZNE@A BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt ∗

∗

>29

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.;.3.9.1 Antn Ncqu`s`t`hg nga St`duent`hg chddngas (AN^) Chddnga SBQXAN^XVQY

[Y@QBXAN^

Brrhr t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXAN^XNCQ@ZB BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXAN^XNCQ@ZB BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA

Vrb-Nct`hg SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL + SBQXAN^XVQY wn`t t; SQNYQXSQHVXx wn`t t; ugehcm senvb

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs ∗

∗

rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs ∗

∗

SBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB SBQXAN^XE@SQXDHA B

SQNYQXSQHVXAN^XE@SQ SQNYQXSQHVXAN^XE @SQ

SQNYQXSQHVXSPGCL

BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA BYYXAN^XCHGJ@K BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXAN^XNCQ@ZB BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXDHABXGHQXZNE@A BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXDHABXGHQXZNE@A BYYXAN^XCHGJ@K BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXDHABXGHQXZNE@A BYYXAN^XCHGJ@K BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

Chddnga CEBNYXAN^XE@SQ

KBQXAN^XE@SQX@GJH

Brrhr t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; SQNYQXSQHVXx wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr Vrb-Nct`hg SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; ugehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb -

a`speny brrhr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt ∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb NSNV9 rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs sm`p ∗

∗

∗

∗

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>23

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

Chddnga [Y@QBXAN^XDREQ@VEB [Y@QBXAN^XDREQ@VE B

Brrhr t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXAN^XNCQ@ZB BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYX[Y@QBXVYHQBCQBA BYYXAN^XCHGJ@K BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

Chddnga YBNAXAN^

Brrhr t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\

Vrb-Nct`hg SPGCL + SBQXAN^XVQY wn`t t; SQNYQXSQHVXx wn`t t; ugehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

Vrb-Nct`hg SPGCL + SBQXAN^XVQY wn`t t; wn`t t; -

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs a`speny brrhr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt ∗

∗

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx ∗

∗

KBQXAN^XCEHCM

KBQXAN^XVYHCBSSHYX@GJH KBQXAN^XVYHCB SSHYX@GJH

KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ @HGX@GJH

KBQXAN^XE@SQXDHAB KBQXAN^XE@SQXDH AB

KBQXAN^XBZBGQX@GJH KBQXAN^XBZBGQX@G JH

BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb -

>21

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs sm`p rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb NSNV9 rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs sm`p rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb NSNV9 rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs sm`p rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs ∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

rbpbnt  t`dbs usb NSNV9 rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs sm`p

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Chddnga JYBBXAN^

NEEHCXAN^

NEEHCXHAQ

Brrhr t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G

Vrb-Nct`hg SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb rb`g`t AN^ rb`g`t AN^ a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; -

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr ∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

∗

NEEHCXHAQXBGQYP

BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

Rgehcm senvb rb`g`t AN^ rb`g`t AN^ a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb rb`g`t AN^ rb`g`t AN^ a`speny brrhr

rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt ∗

∗

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>22

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.;.3.9.2 Ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry prhkrndd`gk chddngas (VKD) Chddnga VYHKYNDXSQNYQ

VYHKYNDXCEBNY

VYHKYND

Brrhr t`dbhut t3 BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXAN^XNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXKBGBY@C BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t1 BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t2 BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXSPGQN\

Vrb-Nct`hg SPGCL wn`t t; SQNYQXSQHVXx  – ugehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL+SBQXDQN wn`t t; ugehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL+SBQXDQN wn`t t; -

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbstnrt sbss`hg rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx ∗

∗

∗

BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t2 BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXVKDXNCQ@ZB BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

VYHKYNDXYBSBQ

ugehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt ∗

Chddnga

Brrhr

KBQXVKDXVYHCBSSHYX@GJH KBQXVKDXVYHC BSSHYX@GJH

t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXDHABXGHQXZNE@A BYYXSBKDBGQXGHQXZNE@A BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t3 BYYXCDAXIRSP

SPGCL wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb SPGCL wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb SPGCL+SBQXDQN wn`t t;

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb NSNV9 rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs sm`p rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb NSNV9 rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr sm`p rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs

BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXKBGBY@C BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t> BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

-Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbstnrt sbss`hg rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt

KBQXSBCQHYX@GJH

VYHKYNDXVYBVNYB VYHKYNDXVYBVNY B

VYHKYNDXJHYDNQ VYHKYNDXJHYDN Q

Vrb-Nct`hg

>2:

Nct`hg

∗

∗

∗

∗

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

Chddnga VYHKYNDXGB\Q VYHKYNDXGB\ Q

VYHKYNDXDN\

Brrhr

Vrb-Nct`hg

Nct`hg

t`dbhut t2 BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXABG@BA BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN.  t`dbhut t2

ugehcm senvb a`speny brrhr SPGCL+SBQXDQN

rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs usb netbrgnt`vb rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt rbpbnt 9 t`dbs

BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXDBDHYPXHZBYJEH[ BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb a`speny brrhr

rbpbnt  t`dbs usb netbrgnt`vb rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbpbnt

SPGCL+VYHKYND wn`t t; -

∗

∗

Chddnga VYHKYNDXZBY@JP

Brrhr

Vrb-Nct`hg

t`dbhut t3 BYYXCDAXIRSP BYYXCDAXRGMGH[G BYYXCDAXSPGQN\ BYYXHRQXHJXYNGKB BYYXNCCBSSXEHCMBA BYYXSB^RBGCB BYYXKBGBY@C BYYXZBY@JP

SPGCL wn`t t; Rgehcm senvb -

BYYXYBSXQBDVXGHQXN. 

a`speny brrhr

Nct`hg rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt  t`dbs a`speny brrhr rbtry htlbr sygtnx rbtry htlbr pnrndbtbr rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbpbnt 9 t`dbs rbstnrt sbss`hg gbw jenslwnrb vbrs`hg gbcbssnry rbpbnt ∗

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>2;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.< ABSCY@VQ@HG HJ BZBGQS  Qlb jheehw`gk clnptbrs nrb n abscr`pt`hg hj nee phss`ieb \ CV CV bvbgt pncmbts. Rgusba antn iytbs, dnrmba ns ‗rbsbrvba—, dny lnvb nri`trnry vneubs. Bvbgt pnrndbtbrs `g [HYA (9 Iytb) jhrdnt, nrb newnys ne`kgba th n phs`t`hg tlnt cng ib a`v`aba iy 9. Bvbgt pnrndbtbrs `g A[HYA (1 Iytbs) jhrdnt, nrb newnys ne`kgba th n phs`t`hg tlnt cng ib a`v`aba iy 1. Qlb iytb jhrdnt (DHQHYHEN, @GQBE) hj duet` iytb pnrndbtbrs `s senvb abv`cb abpbgabgt. >.

SQNYQ @G YBSRDB DHAB  Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c Vhs`t`hg

Bvbgt, hpt`hgne BZXYBSRDBXDHAB Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Bvbgt 4 6xJA

>

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x66

9

[HYA

Sbss`hg Chgj`kurnt`hg @a jrhd senvb

1

A[HYA

Currbgt senvb Q`dbstndp (hpt`hgne)

[`tl BZXYBSRDBXDHAB tlb senvb `ga`cntbs tlnt `t `s stnrt`gk stnr t`gk `g YBSRDB dhab.

@j senvbsenvb lns tlb Q@DBSQNDVXSRVVHYQBA jenk sbtnesh `g KBQXAN^XVYHCBSSHYX@GJH, `g tlb Currbgt Q`dbstndp tlb BZXYBSRDBXDHAB lns th chgtn`g tlb currbgt vneub hj tlb antn ncqu`s`t`hg cehcm. Qlb Currbgt senvb Q`dbstndp lns tlb jhrdnt spbc`j`ba iy tlb KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH chddnga.

>2<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x6>

[`tl BZXCEBNYXAN^ tlb senvb `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb AN^ chgj`kurnt`hg `g ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry lns ibbg cebnrba.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>20

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x69

[`tl BZXSQHYBXAN^ tlb senvb `ga`cntbs tlnt tlb AN^ chgj`kurnt`hg lns ibbg sthrba `gth ghg-vhent`eb dbdhry.

>:6

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x63

[`tl BZXSQHYBXCNE tlb senvb `ga`cntbs tlnt cne`irnt`hg antn lnvb ibbg sthrba `gth ghgvhent`eb dbdhry.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>:>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x62

[`tl BZXCDAXVBGA@GK tlb senvb rbqubsts tlb dnstbr th rbstnrt tlb t`db-hut abtbct`hg.

>:9

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x6:

[`tl BZXAN^XHZBYEHNA tlb senvb dny `ga`cntb ng hvbrehna s`tunt`hg wlbg trngsjbrr`gk AN^ e`sts.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>:3

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x6;

[`tl BZXSBSS@HGXQBYD@GNQBA tlb senvb `ga`cntbs th tlb dnstbr tlnt `t nuthghdhusey abc`aba th a`schggbct tlb currbgt \ CV CV sbss`hg.

>:1

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x6<

9

IPQB

rbsbrvba

3

IPQB

rbsbrvba

1

Abscr`pt`hg

A[HYA Q`dbstndp

Qlb kbgbrnt`hg hj n t`dbstndp cng ib tr`kkbrba iy ng bxtbrgne sygc e`gb. Ql`s cng ib usba jhr l`kley nccurntb t`db sygclrhg`znt`hg w`tl tlb dnstbr w`tlhut rbey`gk hg tlb KBQXAN^XCEHCM dbclng`sd.

Qlb senvb `g tl`s cnsb w`tl BZXQ@DBXSPGC sbgas `ts currbgt t`db stndp th tlb dnstbr. Qlb rbturgba t`dbstndp lns tlb jhrdnt spbc`j`ba iy tlb KBQXAN^XYBSHERQ@HGX@GJH chddnga. Ql`s bvbgt `s ght nvn`enieb `j tlb senvb ahbs ght supphrt t`dbstndps.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>:2

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x60

9

IPQB

@gjh Qypb 6 4 Bvbgt clnggbe gudibr

3

IPQB

1

[HYA

> 4 AN^ e`st gudibr rbsbrvba Bvbgt clnggbe gudibr hr AN^ e`st gudibr abpbga`gk hg @gjh Qypb.

@j tlb senvb abtbcts n SQ@D t`dbhut, `t cng ght`jy tlb dnstbr iy sbga`gk BZXSQ@DXQ@DBHRQ. @gjh typb abj`gbs wlbtlbr tlb bvbgt clnggbe hr tlb AN^ e`st chuea ght hr oust pnrt`neey ib st`duentba. Qlb sbvbr`ty `s `dpebdbgtnt`hg spbc`j`c.

>::

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.6 BGQBY@GK SEBBV DHAB  Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Bvbgt, hpt`hgne BZXSEBBV

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Bvbgt 4 6xJA

>

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x6N

[`tl BZXSEBBV tlb senvb `ga`cntbs th tlb dnstbr tlnt `t bgtbrs SEBBV dhab. @g SEBBV dhab tlb senvb stnys `g CHGGBCQBA stntb iut `s ght nieb hj prhcbss`gk ngy chddngas. Qlb senvb w`ee ght sbga sbg a ngy BYYXCDAXIRSP ghr BZXCDAXVBGA@GK. @j tlb dnstbr rbcb`vbs ng BZXSEBBV, `t dust suspbga sbga`gk chddngas ugt`e ng BZX[NMBXRV `s rbcb`vba.

Vbga`gk chddngas lnvb th ib a`scnraba hg ihtl s`abs.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>:;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.> EBNZ@GK SEBBV DHAB  Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Bvbgt, hpt`hgne BZX[NMBXRV

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Bvbgt 4 6xJA

>

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6x6I

[`tl BZX[NMBXRV tlb senvb `ga`cntbs th tlb dnstbr tlnt `t ebnvbs SEBBV dhab nga chgt`gubs `ts ghrdne hpbrnt`hg.

>:<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

>.9 RSBY-ABJ@GBA BZBGQ  Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Bvbgt, hpt`hgne BZXRSBY

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Bvbgt 4 6xJA

>

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6xJB

BZXRSBY `s n cnrr`br jhr usbr-abj`gba bvbgts.

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>:0

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>.3 QYNGSVHYQ ENPBY SVBC@J@C BZBGQ  Cntbkhry Dgbdhg`c

Bvbgt, hpt`hgne BZXQYNGSVHYQ

Vhs`t`hg

Qypb

Abscr`pt`hg

6

IPQB

Bvbgt 4 6xJA

>

IPQB

Bvbgt Chab 4 6xJJ

BZXQYNGSVHYQ `s n cnrr`br jhr Qrngsphrt Enybr spbc`j`c bvbgts.

>;6

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

9 @GQBYJNCB QH NSND DCA 9DC ABSCY@VQ@HG J@EB  Qlb jheehw`gk clnptbr abscr`ibs tlb pnrndbtbrs tlnt nrb `gabpbgabgt jrhd tlb Qrngsphrt Enybr usba. Jhr rbjbrbgc`gk th tlbd `g tlb l`klbr ebvbe *.NDE (rbj. Vnrt 1 ―@gtbrjncb th NSND DCA 9DC Abscr`pt`hg J`eb—), tlby nrb krhupba ugabr tlb tnk ―ChddhgXVnrndbtbrs— `g n j`eb \CVXchddhgXv\XP.nde \CVXchddhgXv\XP.nde.. (v\XP ib`gk tlb currbgt \ CV CV Vrhthche Enybr Zbrs`hg Gudibr).

9.> NSND DCA 9DC NDE JHY \ CV CV (CHDDHG XVNYNDBQBYS)  /************************  /*********** ************************* ********************** *********************** ************************ ************************ **************/ */  /* */

 /  /*  /*  /*  /*  /*  /*  /*  /*  /*  /*

NSNV9 dbtn engkunkb jhr \CV prhthche enybr Z>.6

/ */ 9663-63-63 */ */ Zbcthr @gjhrdnt`m, Sclubrdngs */ */ Antntypbs? */ */ N9DE NSNV9 [`gahws abscr`pt`hg */ ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ ---*/ uclnr RIPQB IPQB ugs`kgba < I`t */

 /* u`gt clnr SIPQB clnr s`kgba < I`t */  /* R[HYA [HYA ugs`kgba `gtbkbr >: I`t */  /* `gt S[HYA `gt s`kgba `gtbkbr >: I`t */  /* uehgk REHGK A[HYA ugs`kgba `gtbkbr 39 I`t */  /* ehgk SEHGK EHGK s`kgba `gtbkbr 39 I`t */  /* jehnt JEHNQ39X@BBB jehnt 39 I`t */  /* */  /************************  /*********** ************************* ********************** *********************** ************************ ************************ ****************/ ***/  /***********************  /*********** ************ stnrt hj VYHQHCHEXENPBY ********************* ****************************/ *******/ struct VrhthcheXEnybr {

/* Nt DHAREB */

u`gt=

/* \CV prhthche enybr vbrs`hg */  /* b.k. ">.6" 4 6x6>66 */

u`gt=

/* Q> ]dsT */

u`gt= u`gt= u`gt= u`gt= u`gt= u`gt=

/* Q9 ]dsT /* Q3 ]dsT /* Q1 ]dsT /* Q2 ]dsT /* Q: ]dsT /* Q; ]dsT

uclnr= u`gt=

*/ */ */ */ */ */

/* DN\XCQH */ /* DN\XAQH */

bgud { /* IPQBXHYABY */ "IPQBXHYABYXDSIXENSQ" 4 6, "IPQBXHYABYXDSIXJ@YSQ" 4 > }= \CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>;>

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

bgud { /* NAAYBSSXKYNGRENY@QP */ "NAAYBSSXKYNGRENY@QPXIPQB" "NAAYBSSXKYNGRENY@QPXIP QB" 4 >, "NAAYBSSXKYNGRENY@QPX[HYA" "NAAYBSSXKYNGRENY@QPX [HYA" 4 9, "NAAYBSSXKYNGRENY@QPXA[HYA" "NAAYBSSXKYNGRENY@QPXA [HYA" 4 1 }= tnkkbastruct { ("HVQ@HGNEXCDA" bgud { "KBQXCHDDXDHABX@GJH" "KBQX@A" "SBQXYB^RBSQ" "KBQXSBBA" "RGEHCM" "SBQXDQN" "RVEHNA"

/* hpt`hgne

*/

/* \CV-Chab hj hpt`hgne chddnga */  /* supphrtba iy tlb senvb */ 4 6xJI, 4 6xJN, 4 6xJ0, 4 6xJ, 4 6xJ6, 4 6xBJ, 4 6xBB, 4 6xBA, 4 6xBC, 4 6xBI, 4 6xBN, 4 4 6xB0, 6xB, 4 6xB6, 4 6xAJ, 4 6xAB, 4 6xAA, 4 6xAC, 4 6xAI, 4 6xAN, 4 6xA0, 4 6xA, 4 6xA6, 4 6xCJ, 4 6xCB, 4 6xCA, 4 6xCC,

>;9

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

"VYHKYNDXJHYDNQ" "VYHKYNDXGB\Q" "VYHKYNDXDN\" "VYHKYNDXZBY@JP" "[Y@QBXAN^XDREQ@VEB"

4 6xCI, 4 6xCN, 4 6xC0, 4 6xC }= u`gt= u`gt= uclnr=

/* AN^XCHGJ@KXQPVB */

/* DN\XAN^ */ /* DN\XBZBGQXCLNGGBE */ /* D@GXAN^ */

bgud { /* HVQ@D@SNQ@HGXQPVB */ "HVQ@D@SNQ@HGXQPVBXABJNREQ" 4 6, "HVQ@D@SNQ@HGXQPVBXHAQXQPVBX>:" 4 >, "HVQ@D@SNQ@HGXQPVBXHAQXQPVBX39" 4 9, "HVQ@D@SNQ@HGXQPVBXHAQXQPVBX:1" 4 3, "HVQ@D@SNQ@HGXQPVBXHAQXQPVBXNE@KGDBGQ" 4 1, "HVQ@D@SNQ@HGXQPVBXDN\XBGQYPXS@_B" 42 }= bgud { /* NAAYBSSXB\QBGS@HG */ "NAAYBSSXB\QBGS@HGXJYBB" 4 6, "NAAYBSSXB\QBGS@HGXHAQ" 4 >, "NAAYBSSXB\QBGS@HGXAN^" 4 3 }=

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

bgud { /* @ABGQ@J@CNQ@HGXJ@BEA */ "@ABGQ@J@CNQ@HGXJ@BEAXQPVBXNISHERQB" 4 6, "@ABGQ@J@CNQ@HGXJ@BEAXQPVBXYBENQ@ZBXIPQB" 4 >, "@ABGQ@J@CNQ@HGXJ@BEAXQPVBXYBENQ@ZBX[HYA" 4 9, "@ABGQ@J@CNQ@HGXJ@BEAXQPVBXYBENQ@ZBX[HYAXNE@KGBA" 4 3 }= bgud { /* KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^ */ "KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^XIPQB" 4 >, "KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^X[HYA" 4 9, "KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^XA[HYA" 4 1, "KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^XAEHGK" 4 < }= uclnr=

/* DN\XHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXAN^ */

bgud { /* HZBYEHNAX@GA@CNQ@HG */ "GHXHZBYEHNAX@GA@CNQ@HG" 4 6,

>;3

HZBYEHNAX@GA@CNQ@HGXV@A >, "HZBYEHNAX@GA@CNQ@HGXBZBGQ" 4 9 }= tnkkbastruct {

/* hpt`hgne */

"AN^XNEQBYGNQ@GKXSRVVHYQBA" u`gt= /* A`spenyXBvbgtXClnggbeXGudibr */ "VYBSCNEBYXSRVVHYQBA"= "YBSRDBXSRVVHYQBA"= "SQHYBXAN^XSRVVHYQBA"= iehcm "SQ@D" struct { /* SQ@D supphrtba */ bgud { /* KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXSQ@D */ "KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXSQ@DXIPQB" 4 >, "KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXSQ@DX[HYA" 4 9, "KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXSQ@DXA[HYA" 4 1, "KYNGRENY@QPXHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXSQ@DXAEHGK" 4 < }= uclnr= /* DN\XHAQXBGQYPXS@_BXSQ@D */ tnkkbastruct { /* i`tw`sb st`duent`hg */ "I@QXSQ@DXSRVVHYQBA"= ―D@GXSQXSQ@D— uclnr= /* sbpnrnt`hg t`db ibtwbbg AQHs */  /* t`db `g ug`ts hj >66 d`crhsbchgas */ }= }= iehcm "Q@DBSQNDVXSRVVHYQBA" struct { u`gt= /* Q@DBSQNDVXQ@CMS */ bgud { /* Q@DBSQNDVXS@_B */ "GHXQ@DBXSQNDV" 4 6, "S@_BXIPQB" 4 >, "S@_BX[HYA" 4 9, "S@_BXA[HYA" 41 }=

>;1

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg   bgud { /* YBSHERQ@HG HJ Q@DBSQNDV */ "RG@QX>GS" 4 6, "RG@QX>6GS" 4 >, "RG@QX>66GS" 4 9, "RG@QX>RS" 4 3, "RG@QX>6RS" 4 1, "RG@QX>66RS" 4 2, "RG@QX>DS" 4 :, "RG@QX>6DS" 4 ;, "RG@QX>66DS" 4 VS— 4 >6, ―RG@QX>6VS— 4 >>, }=―RG@QX>66VS— 4 >9 tnkkbastruct { "Q@DBSQNDVXJ@\BA"= }=

}= "V@AXHJJXSRVVHYQBA"=  /************************  /************* *********** stnrt hj hj AN^XE@SQ ***** ********************** ********************/ ***/

(iehcm "AN^XE@SQ" struct { u`gt=

/* AN^XE@SQ */  /* duet`peb phss`ieb */ /* AN^XE@SQXGRDIBY */

tnkkbastruct {

/* hpt`hgne */

"AN^XE@SQXQPVB" bgud { "AN^" 4 >, /* A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^ hgey "SQ@D" 4 9, /* A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D hgey "AN^XSQ@D" 4 3 /* ihtl a`rbct`hgs phss`ieb  /* iut ght s`duetngbhusey }= "DN\XHAQ" uclnr= "DN\XHAQXBGQY@BS" uclnr=

*/ */ */ */

/* DN\XHAQ */ /* DN\XHAQXBGQY@BS */

"J@YSQXV@A" uclnr= "BZBGQXJ@\BA" u`gt=

/* J@YSQXV@A jhr tl`s AN^XE@SQ */ /* tl`s AN^XE@SQ newnys */  /* `g tl`s bvbgt */ iehcm "VYBABJ@GBA" tnkkbastruct { /* prbabj`gba */  /* ght chgj`kurnieb AN^XE@SQ */ (iehcm ―HAQ— struct { uclnr= /* HAQ gudibr */ tnkkbastruct { (―HAQXBGQYP— struct { uclnr= /* HAQXBGQYP gudibr */ uehgk= /* naarbss hj bebdbgt */ uclnr= /* naarbss bxtbgs`hg hj bebdbgt */ uclnr= /* s`zb hj bebdbgt ]NKT */ uclnr= /* I@QXHJJSBQ */ })*= }= /* bga hj HAQXBGQYP */ })*= /* bga hj HAQ */ }= /* bga hj VYBABJ@GBA */ }= })*=/********************* })*=/************* ******** bga hj AN^XE@SQ ***************************/ ***************************/

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>;2

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

 /***********************  /*********** ************** ** stnrt hj BZBGQ ********************** ****************************/ ******/ (iehcm "BZBGQ" struct { clnr]>6>T= clnr]0T= u`gt= bgud { "AN^"

4 >,

"SQ@D"

4 9,

"AN^XSQ@D" 4 3 }= uclnr= uclnr= uclnr=

/* BZBGQ */  /* duet`peb phss`ieb */ /* BZBGQXCLNGGBEXGNDB */ /* BZBGQXCLNGGBEXSLHYQXGNDB */ /* BZBGQXCLNGGBEXGRDIBY */ /* hgey AN^XE@SQs */  /* w`tl A@YBCQ@HG 4 AN^ */ /* hgey AN^XE@SQs */  /* w`tl A@YBCQ@HG 4 SQ@D */ /* ihtl m`ga hj AN^XE@SQs */ /* DN\XAN^XE@SQ */ /* BZBGQXCLNGGBEXQ@DBXCPCEB /* BZBGQXCLNGGBEXQ@DBXRG@Q

*/ */

uclnr=

/ BZBGQXCLNGGBEXVY@HY@QP

/

tnkkbastruct { /* hpt`hgne */ ―CHDVEBDBGQNYPXIPVNSSXBZBGQXCLNGGBEXGRDIBY— ―CHDVEBDBGQNYPXIPVNSSXBZBGQXCLN GGBEXGRDIBY— u`gt= ―CHGS@SQBGCP— bgud { ―AN^— 4 6, ―BZBGQ— 4 > }= }= })*=/******************** })*=/*********** ********* bga hj BZBGQ *********************** ********************************/ *********/ }= /*bga hj hpt`hgne nt AN^ */ }= /************************ /************************** bga hj AN^ ************************ ************************************ *************/ */  /************************  /*********** ***************** **** stnrt hj AN^XBZBGQ *************** **************************** **************/ */ tnkkbaug`hg AnqXBvbgt {

/* nt DBNSRYBDBGQ */

―J@\BAXBZBGQXE@SQ— tnkkbastruct { (―BZBGQ— u`gt)* = }= ―ZNY@NIEB— tnkkbastruct { iehcm ―NZN@ENIEBXBZBGQXE@SQ— tnkkbastruct { (―BZBGQ— u`gt)*= }= iehcm ―ABJNREQXBZBGQXE@SQ— tnkkbastruct { (―BZBGQ— u`gt)*= }= }= }= /************************ /************************** bga hj AN^XBZBGQ ******************************* *******************************//  /************************  /*********** ***************** **** stnrt hj VNK ******************* ******************************* ****************/ ****/ struct Vnk { uclnr=

/* VNK supphrtba, nt DHAREB */ /* DN\XSBKDBGQS */

tnkkbastruct { /* hpt`hgne */ "JYBB_BXSRVVHYQBA"= }= }= /************************ /************************** bga hj VNK ********************** ********************************** ***************/  ***/ 

>;:

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

 /************************  /*********** ***************** **** stnrt hj VKD ******************** ******************************** ***************/ ***/ struct Vkd {

/* VKD supphrtba, nt DHAREB */

bgud { "VKDXDHABXNISHERQB" 4 >, "VKDXDHABXJRGCQ@HGNE" 4 9, "VKDXDHABXNISHERQBXNGAXJRGCQ@HGNE" 4 3 }= uclnr=

/* DN\XSBCQHYS */

uclnr=

/* DN\XCQHXVKD */

tnkkbastruct { (iehcm "SBCQHY" struct {

/* hpt`hgne */ /* SBCQHY

*/

clnr]>6>T= uclnr=

 /* duet`peb phss`ieb */ /* SBCQHYXGNDB */ /* SBCQHYXGRDIBY */

uehgk= uehgk=

/* Naarbss /* Ebgktl

uclnr= uclnr=

/* CEBNYXSB^RBGCBXGRDIBY /* VYHKYNDXSB^RBGCBXGRDIBY

uclnr=

/* VYHKYNDXDBQLHA

*/ */ */ */

*/

})*= /* bga hj SBCQHY */

―CHDDRG@CNQ@HGXDHABXSRVVHYQBA— tnkkbaug`hg { /* hpt`hgne dhabs supphrtba */ ― IEHCM— tnkkbastruct { "SENZB"= "DNSQBY" struct {

/* Senvb Iehcm Dhab supphrtba */ /* Dnstbr Iehcm Dhab supphrtba */

uclnr= /* DN\XISXVKD */ uclnr= /* D@GXSQXVKD */ }= }= "@GQBYEBNZBA" uclnr= }=

/* ^RBRBXS@_BXVKD */

}= }= /********************** /************************** **** bga b ga hj VKD ************************ ********************************** *************/ ***/

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

>;;

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

 /************************  /*********** ****************** ***** stnrt hj SBKDBGQ ****************** ***************************** *************/ **/ struct Sbkdbgt {

/* nt DBDHYPXSBKDBGQ */

uclnr= uclnr= uclnr=

/* SBKDBGQXGRDIBY */ /* gudibr hj pnkbs */ /* NAAYBSSXB\QBGS@HG */

uclnr= uclnr=

/* CHDVYBSS@HGXDBQLHA */ /* BGCYPVQ@HGXDBQLHA */

tnkkbastruct {

/* hpt`hgne

*/

iehcm "CLBCMSRD" struct { bgud {

/* clbcmsud typb */

\CVXNAAX>> >, "\CVXNAAX>9" 4 9, "\CVXNAAX>1" 4 3, "\CVXNAAX99" 4 1, "\CVXNAAX91" 4 2, "\CVXNAAX11" 4 :, "\CVXCYCX>:" 4 ;, "\CVXCYCX>:XC@QQ" 4 , "BCRXNCCBSSX[@QLX\CVXHGEP" 4 9, "BCRXNCCBSSXAHGQXCNYB" 43 }= bgud { /* \CVXYBNAXNCCBSSXQPVB */ "\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSXGHQXNEEH[BA" "\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSXGHQXNEEH [BA" 4 6, "\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSX[@QLHRQXBCRXHGEP" "\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSX [@QLHRQXBCRXHGEP" 4 > >,, "\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSX[@QLXBCRXHGEP" "\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSX [@QLXBCRXHGEP" 4 9, ―\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSXAHGQXCNYB"" ―\CVXYBNAXNCCBSSXAHGQXCNYB 43 }=

>;<

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

bgud { /* \CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSXQPVB */ "\CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSXGHQXNEEH[BA" "\CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSXGHQXNEEH [BA" 4 6, "\CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSX[@QLHRQXBCRXHGEP" 4 >, "\CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSX[@QLXBCRXHGEP"" "\CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSX[@QLXBCRXHGEP 4 9, "\CVX[Y@QBXNCCBSSXAHGQXCNYB" 43 }= tnkkbastruct { "@G@QXSBKDBGQ" uclnr= /* rbjbrbgcbs sbkdbgt tlnt `g`t`ne`sbs tl`s pnkb */ }= })*= /* bga hj VNKB */ (iehcm "NAAYBSSXDNVV@GK" struct { /* duet`peb phss`ieb */ uehgk= /* shurcb naarbss */ uehgk= /* abst`gnt`hg naarbss */

uehgk=

/ ebgktl

/

})*= "VKDXZBY@JP" uehgk= /* vbr`j`cnt`hg vneub jhr VKD */ }= /* bga hj hpt`hgne */ }= /********************** /************************** **** bga hj SBKDBGQ ********************** *********************************/ ***********/  /***********************  /*********** ************ stnrt hj Chddhg Vnrndbtbrs ***************************/ ***************************/ tnkkbastruct ChddhgXVnrndbtbrs { iehcm "VYHQHCHEXENPBY" struct VrhthcheXEnybr= iehcm "SBKDBGQ" struct Sbkdbgt= iehcm "AN^" struct Anq= iehcm "VNK" struct Vnk= iehcm "VKD" struct Vkd= iehcm "AN^XBZBGQ" tnkkbaug`hg AnqXBvbgt= }= /******************** bga hj Chddhg Vnrndbtbrs Vnrnd btbrs **************************** *****************************/ */

\CV Zbrs`hg >.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg

>;0

>.> Ybebnsb

 

Vnrt 9 - Vrhthche Enybr Spbc`j`cnt`hg  

NSND b.Z. Nrg`mnstrnØb 9 A-.> Ybebnsb

Qbe.?

(+10) 669 / ;

Jnx.?

(+10) 669 / 6

B-dn`e?

`gjhFnsnd.gbt `gjhFnsnd.gbt  

@gtbrgbt?

www.nsnd.gbt

>