As 1012.9 -199 -Specimen Compressive Strength (Security Removed)

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 Austra  Australia lian n Standa Standard rd

 AS 1012 1 012.9 .9—1999

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Methods of testing concrete Method 9: Determination of the compressive compressi ve strength of concrete specimens 1 SCOPE

This Standard sets out the method for determining the compressive strength of concrete test specimens pr epared in accordance accordan ce with wit h the provisions provis ions of AS 1012.8, 1012 .8, AS 1012.14 101 2.14 or AS 1012.19.  NOTE : Thi s Stan dar d may in volve haz ard ous mat eri als, al s, operati oper ati ons, and equi pmen t. The Stan dard dar d does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. The user of this Standard should establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulator y limitations prior to use.

2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 1012 Methods of testing concrete 1012.1 Method 1: Sampling of fresh concrete 1012.8 Method 8: Method for making making and curing concrete compression, compression, indirect tensile and flexure test specimens, in the laboratory or in the t he field 1012.14 Method 14: Method for securing and testing cores from hardened hardened concrete for compressive strength 1012.19 Method 19: Accelerated Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens specimens (laboratory or field) —   — Hot Hot water and warm water methods

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1523

Elastomeric Elastomeric bearings for use in structures

2193

Methods for calibration and grading of force-measuring force-measuring systems systems of of testing machines machines

3972

Portland and blended cements cements

3 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply. 3.1 Designer

The person, persons or organization responsible for the design of the structure. 3.2 Concrete supplier

The person, persons or organization responsible for the supply of the concrete mix. 4 ACCEPTANCE OF SPECIMENS 4.1 Moulded cylinder specimens

Moulded cylinder specimens shall be accepted for testing if they have been moulded in accordance with AS 1012.8, and are free from defects likely to affect their strength.

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Where specimens liable to rejection are tested, all apparent defects shall be noted in accordance with Clauses 11 and 12 herein. Uncapped specimens shall be liable to rejection if any of the following conditions exist: (a)

Either end of a cylinder is convex by more than 5 mm.

(b)

Aggregate or other bulges protrude from either end by more than 5 mm.

(c)

Any edge is broken away in such a manner that the radial or vertical break is more than 10 mm from the edge line and the corresponding circumferential break, or sum of circumferential breaks, exceeds 10% of the circumference of the cylinder.

(d)

Small depressions or other irregularities are present which would cause filled sulphur mixture caps complying with Clause 6.2.1 to be more than 6 mm thick over more than approximately 25% of the surface, except that such specimens shall not be liable to rejection if they are to be capped in accordance with Clause 6.2.4(a).

(e)

Either end of a cylinder is not at right angles to the axis and the departure from squareness exceeds 2 (approximately 5 mm in 150 mm).

(f)

The diameter at any cross-section deviates from either end diameter by more than 2 mm.

(g)

The height is less than 1.95 times the diameter.

(h)

Any apparent defect is considered liable to affect the test results.

4.2 Cored specimens

The relevant criter ia of AS 1012.14 shall be used t o determine acceptab ilit y of cored specimens. 5 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS

Test specimens shall be prepared as follows: (a)

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If the surfaces of test specimens that are to be brought into contact with the platens of the testing machine are not plane within 0.05 mm they shall be either   —  (i)

capped (moulded cylinders or cores); or

(ii)

ground plane within 0.05 mm.

The ends of the specimens that will be in contact with the platens shall be parallel within 2 . (b)

An uncapped end of a cylinder specimen, which is to be placed in contact with the testing machine platen that is not spherically seated, or the surface of a cap similarly placed, shall not depart from perpendicularity to the axis of the specimen by more than 0.5 (approximately 3 mm in 300 mm).

(c)

Before capping, all loose particles and laitance shall be removed from the ends of the cylinder.

(d)

Specimens that are to be tested in the wet condition shall be kept moist during the time taken for inspection, measuring, capping and crushing. The maximum period of time a specimen is kept outside standard moist-curing conditions shall not exceed 2 h.

(e)

Cored specimens that are to be tested in the dry condition shall be tested within 2 h of removal from the conditioning environment.

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AS 1012.9 — 1 999

6 CAPPING 6.1 General

Where capping is required, the specimens shall be tested using either   —  (a)

a moulded capping, prepared in accordance with Clause 6.2; or

(b)

a restrained natural rubber capping system complying with the requirements of Clause 6.3  provided that — 

6.2

(i)

approval of the designer and the concrete supplier has been obtained; and

(ii)

compressive strength is expected to be greater than 10 MPa and less than 80 MPa.

Moulded capping materi als

6.2.1 General 

Moulded caps shall be as thin as practicable but not thicker than 6 mm. Only one layer of capping material shall be used on each surface requiring capping, but small depressions may be filled prior to capping. Moulded capped surfaces shall not depart from a plane by more than 0.05 mm. 6.2.2  Preparati on of cappi ng materials

Moulded capping materials shall consist of one of the following, subject to the limitations on use set out in Clause 6.4: (a)

 Fill ed sulphur mixtures Mixtures of sulphur and at least 10% by volume of fine filler material such as fly ash, finely ground silica or fire clay, or cement may be  prepared. The sulphur mixture shall be used at a temp erature that ensur es a suit able viscosity for capping.

(b)

 Portl and cement mortar Mortar made from a mixture of one part of Portland cement and one part of fine sand, provided that the water-cement ratio does not exceed 0.35, may be prepared. The Portland cement shall be fresh, free from lumps, and shall comply with the requirements of AS 3972. The sand-cement mixture shall be mixed with water to form a stiff paste which shall  be allowed to sta nd for not less tha n 0.5 h and not more tha n 2 h before use, to minimize shrinkage of the cap.

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(c)

 High-alumina cement mortar Mortar made from one part of high-alumina cement and one part of fine sand, provided that the water-cement ratio does not exceed 0.35, may be prepared. The high-alumina cement shall be fresh and free from lumps. The sand-cement mixture shall be mixed with water to form a stiff paste which shall  be allowed to sta nd for not less tha n 0.5 h and not more tha n 2 h before use, to minimize shrinkage of the cap.

(d)

Cement pastes Portland cement or high-alumina cement paste or mixtures of these may be used to prepare caps if the cement used is fresh and free from lumps. The cement shall be mixed with water to form a stiff paste and used within 2 h.

(e)

Special gypsum plasters Special high-strength gypsum plaster may be used to  prepare a capping paste aft er being t ested in t he following manner : (i)

The plast er-water mixtur e, prepared in the same propor ti ons as those used for capping, shall be compacted into a cube mould using a spatula. The dimensions from the sides of the cube shall be between 50 mm and 75 mm.

(ii)

The specimen shall be demoulded after 0.5 h, stored in air, and tested 1 h after casting. COPYRIGHT

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6.2.3  Plates and equipment 

The plates and equipment used for moulded capping shall comply with the following requirements: (a)

Cement mortar or paste, and special gypsum plaster caps shall be formed against plate-glass, or a machined metal plane plate, at least 6 mm thick. The diameter of all such plates shall be at least 25 mm larger than the nominal diameter of the specimen, and the surfaces shall not depart from a plane by more than 0.05 mm.

(b)

Caps made from sulphur mixtures shall be formed against a metal plate in which a recess has  been machined. The thickness of the metal in the recessed area shall be at least 10 mm. The  base of the recess shall be a circle whose diameter is approximately 5 mm greater than the nominal diameter of the specimen. The side of the recess shall slope to facilitate removal. The recessed area shall not depart from a true plane to an extent that results in caps with surfaces which themselves depart from a plane by more than 0.05 mm.

(c)

Capping plates shall be thinly coated with mineral oil to prevent adhesion of the capping material to the plate.

(d)

Alignment devices shall be used in conjunction with the plates to ensure that the specified  perpendicularity of the cap to axis of the specimen is obtained.

6.2.4 Capping procedure

Concrete cylinders prepared in the laboratory may be capped with cement mortar after the concrete has ceased settling in the mould, generally 2 h to 4 h after moulding. Hardened concrete cylinders and cores shall be capped in accordance with the following  procedur e: (a)

If a cement mortar or paste, or special gypsum plaster cap is to be applied, ensure that the end of the cylinder is in the saturated surface-dry condition just prior to capping.  NOTE : A quantity of mortar (see Clause 6.2 .2( b)) is placed on the prep ar ed end of th e cylinder, carefully worked into the surface with a small trowel and then shaped to form a low dome. Care should be taken not to entrap any air in the mortar during the forming process. A  pla te is then pla ced on the mortar dome and fir mly for ced onto the cylinder sur face unt il complete coverage of the cylinder is obtained and a cap of suitable thinness is achieved. A glass plate may be used to detect air bubbles, which would lead to later rejection of the cap.

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If a cap of sulphur mixture is to be applied, dry the surface to be capped by blowing ambient or heated air across the surface. Ensure that the drying does not extend below the surface of the specimen by more than the minimum amount required to provide a dry surface for adhesion of the sulphur mixture.  NOTE : To assi st in bondi ng a sulp hur -mixtur e cap, a thin layer of shel lac solution may be applied to the end of th e specimen.

6.2.5 Cap inspection

The moulded cap shall be inspected as follows: (a)

Before each specimen is placed in the compression testing machine, lightly tap the cap with a suitable implement.  NOTE : The handle of a medi um- size scre wdriver has been f oun d t o be sui table.

(b)

Remove any cap that makes a hollow sound and replace it with a conforming cap before the specimen is tested.

(c)

Check the planeness and squareness of all mortar caps. Sulphur caps should be checked daily for planeness and squareness on a random basis. At least one cap in twenty from each set of moulding equipment shall be checked each working day.  NOTE : An engineer ’s square with a small notch cut in it to clear the edge of the cap may be used for this purpose. The long arm of the square should be placed parallel to the axis of the cylinder. COPYRIGHT

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6.3 Restrained natural rubber capping system 6.3.1 Capping system

Moulded concrete cylinders of nominal 150 mm and 100 mm diameter may be capped and tested with a restrained natural rubber pad. The capping system shall consist of a circular natural rubber pad inside a restraining device such as shown in Figure 1. Other materials may be used for the restraining device provided they give equivalent results. The pad shall be —  (a)

for a nominal 150 mm diameter cylinder   — 160 mm nom. dia. (e.g. snug fit to the restraining device) and a uniform thickness between 12 mm and 15 mm; and

(b)

for a nominal 100 mm diameter cylinder   — 110 mm nom. dia. (e.g. snug fit to t he restraining device) and a uniform thickness between 12 mm and 15 mm.  NOTE S: 1

Natur al rubber as described in AS 1523 with a nomin al Shore A Durometer hardness of 50 to 65 is satis factor y.

2

Under certain conditions and with certain testing machines, there may be an increase of sudden failures when the rubber capping system is used.

6.3.2  Procedure

Apply capping system immediately prior to testing. Ensure that the rubber pad, cylinder and steel restraining device are concentric. Ensure that the concrete cylinder is not in contact with the steel restraining device.  NOTE : Dimen sion s i n br acket s a ppl y to nomi nal 100 mm diamet er cylin der s.

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DIMENSIONS IN

FIGURE 1

MILLIMETRES

TYPICAL STEEL RESTRAINING DEVICE COPYRIGHT

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6.3.3  Inspection

The capping system shall be inspected regularly for damage or wear. The initial use of pads will cause some deformation and flow of the rubber. However this shall not be a reason for rejecting the pa d. The rubber pads may be reused provided that —  (a)

they are not torn or split; and

(b)

they are capable of providing contact over the whole area of the cylinder end.

6.4 Capping methods

Capping methods complying with Clause 6.2 or Clause 6.3 shall be used onl y under the conditions set out in Table 1.

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TABLE 1 CAPPING METHODS Capping method Capping

Expected compressive strength, Mpa

material 50

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>50

80

Cap shall be at least 2 h old and compressive strength of sulphur mixture shall exceed 35 MPa when tested as a 50 mm to 75 mm cube specimen after 2 h hardening*

> 80

Filled sulphur mixtures

Cap shall be at least 1 h old and compressive strength of sulphur mixture shall exceed 35 MPa when tested as a 50 mm to 75 mm cube specimen after 2 h hardening*

Cap shall be at least 2 h old and compressive strength of sulphur mixture shall exceed 50 MPa when tested as a 50 mm to 75 m cube specimen after 2 h hardening*

Portland cement mortar

Cap to be cured under standard Cap to be cured under standard Cap to be cured under standard moist-curing as in AS 1012.8, moist-curing as in AS 1012.8, moist-curing as in AS1012.8, for at least 6 days. for at least 72 h for at least 6 days Compressive strength of mortar shall exceed 50 MPa when tested as a 50 mm to 75 mm cube after 6 days moistcuring.†

High alumina cement mortar

Cap to be cured under standard  Not permitt ed moist curing as in AS 1012.8, for at least 24 h

Cement  past es

A cap of high-alumina cement and mixtures of high-alumina cement and Portland cement to  be cured for at least 18 h and a cap of Portland cement to be cured for at least 48 h under the standard moist-curing as in AS 1012.8

Special gypsum  plas ter s

Cap shall be at least 1 h old  Not permitt ed and compressive strength of the plaster mixture shall exceed 35 MPa when tested in accordance with Clause 6.2.2(e)

Not permitt ed

Restrained natural rubber capping system‡

Permitt ed for > 10 MPa

Not permitt ed

Not permitt ed

A cap of high-alumina cement  Not permitt ed and mixtures of high-alumina cement and Portland cement to  be cured for at least 18 h and a cap of Portland cement to be cured for at least 48 h under the standard moist-curing as in AS 1012.8

Permitt ed

*

To prepare a suitable cube specimen of sulphur mixture, it is advisable to place the molten mixture in thin layers (about 3 mm to 6 mm) in a mould that has been preheated to about 50 C allowing each layer to partly solidify before the next layer is added.

†

Where tests at early ages are required or non-standard curing conditions, such as steam-curing, are adopted, the mortar cappi ng material should be checked under the curin g conditions pr oposed to ensure that it achieves a strength in excess of 50 MPa. The cap should be applied to the specimen prior to the commencement of the curing.

‡

See Clause 6.1.

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7 TESTING MACHINES

The testing machine shall comply with the following r equirements: (a)

The machine shall meet the requir ements for Grade A machines defined in AS 2193 for the relevant range of compressive forces.

(b)

The machine shall be power operated and capable of applyi ng compressive forces increasing continuously at the rate of loading and in the manner specified in Clause 8.

(c)

The machine shall be fitted with a load pacer which can operate at a rate of loading specified in Clause 8.

(d)

The machine shall be fitted with two steel compression plat ens with hardened faces (see Note 1). The upper platen shall incorporate a spherical seat and the lower platen shall be movable along a vertical line only. The size of each platen shall be such that at least 10 mm clearance is provided between the edge of the specimen and the edge of the platen.

(e)

The bearing surface of each platen shall not depart from a plane by more than 0.02 mm at any time during service. It should not depart from a plane by more than 0.01 mm when new or after re-machining (see Note 2).

(f)

The centre of curvatur e of the spherical seat shall be on the vertical axis of the upper  plat en and shal l be within 6 mm of the platen face. The upp er plat en shall be capable of limited movement and tilting by at least 3 in any directi on. The spherical seat shall be free from grit and other foreign matter and shall be lubricated at all times (see Note 3). After the initial tilting of the upper platen to take up the end condition of the cylinders, the upper platen shall lock in place during subsequent loading.

(g)

The lower platen shall be provided with means for the accurat e centring of specimens. Finely scribed markings shall be provided for the centring of specimens. These markings shall be disregarded when a platen is examined for planeness. Auxiliary steel platens of thickness not less than 15 mm, which meet the requirements of normal platens in respect to hardness, planeness and lateral dimensions, may be interposed between the specimen and t he platen.  NOTE S:

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1

The bearin g faces of the platens used for compres sion testing of concret e should have a Rockwell hardness of not less than 55 HRC.

2

The planeness of a plat en may be deter mined by pla cing a toolmaker ’s straightedge on the  platen and a light on the side of th e st raight edge remote from the o bser ver ’s eye. A gap of 0.02 mm is clearly discernible in these circumstances. The gap may be measured by feeler gauges or shims.

3

Where the spherical seating is accessible, it should be cleaned regularly and lubricated with a thin film of light non-polar oil. A light mineral oil as used in sewing machines is an accepted lubricant for spherical seats. Where the spherical seating is sealed, the manufacturer ’s recommendations for correct maintenance of the seating should be followed.

4

Testing machines var y considerably with respect to both longitudinal and lateral stiffness. The effect of these characteristics on compressive test results has not been fully established and therefore requirements for longitudinal and lateral stiffness have not been specified in Clause 6.

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AS 1012.9 — 1 999

8 TESTING PROCEDURE

The test procedure shall be carried out as follows:

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(a)

Perform the measuring and testing operations as promptly as possible after removal of the test specimen from the curing environment.

(b)

Test all specimens in a wet condit ion unless other wise specified. Wipe surplus water off specimens before measuring and testing operations begin.

(c)

Unless the diameter and the height have been measured and recorded previously, determine the diameter of a cylinder or core specimen by measuring two diameters to the nearest 0.2 mm at right angles to each other, near the centre of the length of the specimen. If electronic measuring devices are used, the angle of measurement shall be in the range of 90 to 120 . In addit ion, measure the height over the full dimension, including moulded caps, to the nearest 1 mm.

(d)

Clean the plat ens of the testi ng machine with a clean rag and a suitabl e solvent at the  begi nning of each working day, and duri ng the day whenever necessar y, to ensur e that they are free from films of oil or any other material. Keep the platens free from  particl es of grit.

(e)

Wipe or brush free loose particles of grit from uncapped bearing surfaces of specimens.

(f)

Using a clean rag, wipe all trac es of lubri cant from the specimen faces which contact the platen.

(g)

Place the specimen in the machine. Carefully ali gn the axis of the specimen with the centre of thrust of the spherically seated platen. Where a rubber capping system is used, place it concentrically with the specimen.

(h)

Ensure that the hydraul ically activat ed platen is floating.

(i)

Bring the upper platen and the capped specimen toget her so that uniform bearing is obtained.

(j)

Apply the force without shock and increase conti nuously at a rate equivalent to 20 ±2 MPa compressive stress per minute until no increase in force can be sustained. Record the maximum force applied to the specimen as indicated by the testing machine.

(k)

If an abnor mal test result is obtained, fully break the specimen to facilitate further examination.

9 CALCULATION

The compressive strength of the specimen shall be calculated by dividing the maximum force applied to the specimen by the cross-sectional area. This area shall be calculated from the average of the two measured diameters. 10 PRECISION STATEMENT

For pairs of moulded cylinder specimens made from the same sample, cured in similar conditions and tested at 28 days, the repeatability expressed as a percentage of the mean of the strengths obtained is 10% at the 95% probability level. No precision data is available for concrete compacted by ramming or for cores.  NOTE : Thi s stat ement on repeatabil it y i s based on limited Australian data and may be amen ded when more data is collected.

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11 RECORDS

The following information concerning each test specimen shall be recorded: (a)

Identification of the concrete.

(b)

Job site or laboratory where tested.

(c)

Date and time of test.

(d)

Moisture condition of specimen, as received.

(e)

Any apparent defects of the specimen, as received.

(f)

Age of the specimen at the date of test, if known.

(g)

Height of specimen, to nearest 1 mm.

(h)

Each measured diameter of the specimen, to nearest 0.2 mm.

(i)

Maximum force applied to the specimen.

(j)

Compressive strength of the specimen calculated to the nearest 0.5 MPa, except where the strength is less than 10 MPa, in which case it shall be calculated to the nearest 0.1 MPa.

(k)

Type of cap used.

(l)

Any apparent defects of the caps after testing, or any other significant factors noted before, during or after testing.

(m)

Identification of testing operator.

(n)

Reference to this Standard, i.e. AS 1012.9.

12 REPORT

In the event of a report being prepared, the following information shall be included:

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(a)

Identification of the concrete.

(b)

Date and location of test.

(c)

Age of the specimen, if known.

(d)

Cylinder type (e.g. 100 mm or 150 mm).

(e)

Compressive strength of the specimen, calculated to the nearest 0.5 MPa, except where the strength is less than 10 MPa, in which case it shall be calculated to the nearest 0.1 MPa.

(f)

Type of cap used.

(g)

Any apparent defects of the specimen or the caps, any relevant comments on the moisture condition of the specimen, as received, or any other significant factor(s) noted before, during or after testing.

(h)

Reference to this Standard, i.e. AS 1012.9.

(i)

Such other infor mation contained in the sampling recor ds (see AS 1012. 1) as may be requested.

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 NOT ES

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This Australian Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee BD/42, Methods of Testing Concrete. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 4 March 1999 and published on 5 July 1999.

The following interests are represented on Committee BD/42: The Association of Consulting Engineers of Australia Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Pre-mixed Concrete Association AUSTROADS Cement and Concrete Association of Australia Concrete Institute of Australia CSIRO, Division of Building, Construction and Engineering  NationalAssociation of Testing Authorities Australia University of New South Wales University of Technology, Sydney

R eview

of  A ustr ali an  Standard s. To keep abreas t of  pr ogr e ss in industry,  Au str alian Standards are  sub jec t to  per  i odic revie w an d a re ke pt up to date by the issue o f amend ment s or ne w editions as necessary. It is impor  t ant there f ore tha t Standards user s ensure that th ey are in  pos ses s ion of the latest ed ition, and any amendmen ts there to.  Ful l de t ails o f a ll  Au str a lian Standards an d re lated  pub li cat ion s wil l be found in th e Standa rds Austr alia Ca talogue of  Publ ica tions ; this infor m ation is  sup p lemented each month by the magazine The  Aus t ralian S  tandard  , wh i ch  sub sc rib ing members rece ive, and which gives deta ils of ne w publications, ne w e ditions and a mendments, and of withdrawn Standards . Suggestions for improvements to  Aus t ralian S t andards, addressed to the head o f fice o f S  t andards  Aus tralia, are we l comed.  Not if ica tion of any inaccu racy o r amb iguity found in an  Aus t ralian S  t andard  sho u ld be made without delay in order that the ma tte r ma y be investigated and approp r iate ac tion tak en. ‘ 

’ 

Originated as AS A27 — 1934. Final edition AS 1012.9 — 1986. Third edition 1999.

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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 98191.

© Copyright – ST AND ARD S AUSTRALIA Users of Sta ndards are remi nded that copyright subsist s in all St a n dards Au stra lia  pu blications a nd softwa re. Except where the Copyright Act a llows and except wh ere provided for below no  pu bli ca tions or software  pro du ced by Sta n dards Au stralia ma y be re pr odu ced, stored i n a retrieva l system in any form or tr ansmitted by any mea ns withou t prior permission in writing from Sta nda rds Au stralia . Permission ma y be c onditi onal on a n a ppropriate royalty  pa yment. Request s for p ermission and information on commercial software royalties sh ould be directe d to the hea d of fice o f Sta n dards Au stralia . Sta nda rds Au stralia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pa ges of a Sta ndard to be copie d for use exclu s ively in-house by pu rchasers of th e Sta ndard withou t pa yment o f a ro yalty or advice to Sta n dards Australia. Sta nda rds Au stralia wi ll also permit the inclusion of it s c opyright material in compu ter software  pro gra ms for no roya lty  pa yment provided such  pro gra ms are u sed exclu s ively in-hou se b y th e creators of the  progr a ms. Care should be tak en to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Sta nda rd and tha t it is u pda ted whenever t he Sta nda rd is amended or r evised. The nu mber and date of t he Sta n dard shou ld therefor e be clear ly identified. The u se of material in p rint for m or in computer softwa re  pro gra ms to be u s ed commercia lly, with or withou t  pa yment, or in commercia l contra cts is subjec t to th e payment of a roya l ty. T his policy ma y be va ri ed by Sta n dards Austra lia at any t ime.

ISBN 0 7337 2801 4

Printed in Australia

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