Artículo Del Río Abajo

 

Cjãedsds lk @cedlcl lke Cguc lke Váh Cfcmh Ehafcrlh ^. 3, Crdke C., Akldjc @., Krcsah K.3, Lhaájgukz, Yd``kelc 6 Ed`kj`dcturc kj Djgkjdkrác Cafdkjtce ‐ Pklk @kjtrce @capus Yd`thr Ekvd Pcssh ‐ [jdvkrsdlcl \k`jheðgd`c \k`jheðgd`c lk ^cjcaã

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Ke ;4 % lk ehs ráhs ahjdthrkclhs y eh`cedzclhs kj ec prhvdj`dc lk ^cjcaã, phskkj cgucs `hjtcadjclcs (acec `cedlcl). Eh `uce rkprkskjtc uj 3;% lke thtce lk ráhs ahjdthrkclhs kj thlh ke pcás. Ke prdj`dpce ic`thr quk dj`dlk shfrk ec `cedlcl lk ecs cgucs y ke rägdakj bdlrheðgd`h ks ec `hj`kjtrc`dðj lk ec phfec`dðj y ecs c`tdvdlclks k`hjðad`cs kj ecs `ukj`cs, kspk`áid`cakjtk kj ec vkrtdkjtk lke pc`áid`h pcjcakóh, y ke `uce `hjtrdfuyk `hj ecs lks`crgcs lk ecs cgucs rksdluceks `hj lkid`dkjtk h jueh trctcadkjth. Ec tkjlkj`dc lk ehs rksuetclhs aukstrc quk ec `cedlcl lk cguc sk lktkrdhrc c akldlc quk ke `cu`k lk ehs ráhs ks cik`tclh phr ecs c`tdvdlclks buacjcs, kj kstk skjtdlh ec ldsadju`dðj lk ec `cedlcl lk cguc sk hfskrvc lk ec `ukj`c cetc bc`dc ec `ukj`c fcmc. Ec `cpc`dlcl lk ldeu`dðj lke ráh, ke `culce, ecs prk`dpdtc`dhjks y ec pkjldkjtk, kjtrk htrhs ic`thrks, djieuykj kj ke grclh lk `hjtcadjc`dðj h `cedlcl lk cguc lke ráh. Pk lks`rdfk uj ahjdthrkh lk `cedlcl lke cguc lke Váh Cfcmh, pkrtkjk`dkjtk ce `hrrkgdadkjth `hj ke adsah jhafrk. ^hlkahs jhafrcr `dkrths cspk`ths shfrk ec `hj`kjtrc`dðj lk `hjtcadjc`dðj kj Váh Cfcmh. ^cecfrcs @ecvks=

Cgucs rksdluceks, `cedlcl lk cguc, `culce, `ukj`c, ahjdthrkh, trctcadkjth. Cfstrc`t=

;4% hi ahjdthrkl cjl eh`ctkl rdvkrs dj tbk prhvdj`k hi ^cjcac, bcvk pheeutkl wctkr (phhr qucedty), wbd`b rkprkskjts 3;% hi ahjdthrkl rdvkrs c`rhss tbk `hujtry. \bk acdj ic`thr tbct ciik`ts tbk qucedty hi wctkr cjl tbk bylrhehgd`ce rkgdak ds tbk `hj`kjtrctdhj hi phpuectdhj cjl k`hjhad` c`tdvdtdks dj wctkrsbkls, spk`did`ceey hj tbk sdlk hi tbk ^cjcacjdcj ^c`did`, cjl wbd`b `hjtrdfutks th lds`bcrgks hi wcstkwctkr wdtb phhr hr jh trkctakjt. \bk trkjl hi tbk rksuets sbhws tbct tbk wctkr qucedty lktkrdhrctks cs tbk rdvkrfkls ds ciik`tkl fy buacj c`tdvdtdks, djc`dty tbds tbkrdv lk`edjk dj wctkr qucedty dj tbk uppkr fcsdj theukj`k tbkj`k ehwkr lde ldeutd utdhj hj `cpc`d `cp ty skjsk hi tbk rdvkr kr ieh iehw, w, rcd rcdjic jicee ee cjl ds sehpk, sehhfskrvkl pk, cahjg cahjg htbkr htbkr ic` ic`thr thrs s dji djieuk tbk fcsdj. lkgrkk lkgrkk\bk hi  `hjtcadjctdhj hr wctkr qucedty hi tbk rdvkr. Dt—s lks`rdfkl c ahjdthrdjg hi wctkr qucedty dj tbk rdvkr `ceekl ― Vdh Cfcmh‑, fkehjgdjg th tbk sk`tdhj wdtb tbk scak jcak. Wk `cj jcak shak wcys tbct frdjg th edgbt tbk `hj`kjtrctdhj hi pheeutdhj dj Vdh Cfcmh rk`uafkjt. Okywhrls=

Pkwcgk wctkr, wctkr qucedty, iehw, fcsdj, ahjdthrdjg, trkctakjt.

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hrac cecrgclc, `hj uj ãrkc lk lrkjcmk lk 60.< Oa. _9Q

3. Djtrhlu` Djtrhlu``dðj `dðj=

  Ec Vkpýfed`c lk ^cjcaã `ukjtc `hj uj ãrkc lk 7;,; 7;,;6< 6< oa oa66 y sk bc ld ldvd vdld ldlh lh kj ;6 `u `ukj kj`c `css bdlrhgrã bdlrhg rãid` id`cs. cs. Lk kstcs kstcs `ukj`c `ukj`cs, s, 32 kstãj kstãj kj ec vk vkrt rtdk dkjt jtkk lk lkee acr acr @c @crd rdfk fk (0>% (0>% lk lkee tk tkrr rrdt dthr hrdh dh jc`dhjce) y 0< pkrtkjk`kj c ec vkrtdkjtk lke h`äcjh ^c`áid`h ^c`ái d`h (7>% lke tkrrdthr tkrrdthrdh dh jc`dhjce) jc`dhjce) _3Q. Ecs `ukj`cs bdlrhgrãid`cs lke pcás kj su acyhrác shj utdedzclcs pcrc ke akmhrcadkjth y fukjc `cedlcl lk vd vdlc lc lk ehs ehs `d `dul ulcl clcj cjhs hs,, kj kjtr trkk ec ecss `u `uce ceks ks sk kj`ukjtrc kj`uk jtrcj= j= Ke cfcstk`d cfcstk`dadkjt adkjthh lk cguc phtcfek, phtcfek,  pks`c, gkjkrc`dðj lk kjkrgác keä`trd`c, c`tdvdlclks rk` rk`rkc rkctdv tdvcs, cs, kt` kt`.,., lk cbá ec da daphr phrtcj tcj`dc `dc lk eh ehss ahjdthrkhs pcrc lktkradjcr ec `cedlcl lk ecs cgucs supkrid`dceks. Ehs rksuetclhs lk ksths ahjdthrkhs  fus`cj prhphr`dhjcr djihrac`dðj tä`jd`c y `hj rkspcelh `dkjtáid`h, c ehs thaclhrks lk lk`dsdhjks,  pcrc kstcfek`kr pheátd`cs lk gkstdðj cafdkjtce, lkscrrheeh shstkjdfek y klu`c`dðj cafdkjtce pcrc ke fukj acjkmh y ush lke rk`ursh bálrd`h lke pcás. 6. Hfm fmkt ktdv dvhs hs==

^uksth quk sk scfk quk ke Váh Cfcmh kstã kj ec edstc lk ehs ráhs aãs `hjtcadjclhs lk ^c ^cjc jcaã aã mujt ujths `h `hjj rá ráhs hs `h `ha ah ke Actcsjdeeh, Actács Bkrjãjlkz, @urujlý y kjtrk htrhs. Ke hfmktdvh lk kstk trcfcmh ks kj`hjtrcr  ujc akldlc lk ec `hj`kjtrc`dðj lk `dkrths cgkjtks `hjtcadjcjtks kj ke Váh Cfcmh y sus kik`ths thxd`heðgd`hs kj ec phfec`dðj.

Idgurc 3. Acpc lk ec `ukj`c lk kstuldh lke Váh  Cfcmh (rkgdhjce y gehfce). Ke pujth aãs ceth lk ec `ukj`c kstã c 67; asja. Ke rkedk kedkv vk lk ec `ukj` ukj`c c ks vcrdc rdclh, lh, aãs c``dlkjtclh kj su pcrtk cetc y aãs pecjh kj su pcrtk fcmc. Ks ujc `ukj`c cetcakjtk urfcjdzclc `hj cprhxdaclcakjtk ;>% lk ãrkc h`upclc phr urfcjdzc`dhjks. _3Q @csd lkslk su jc`dadkjth, kj su `ursh ceth, sk kj`ukjtr kj`u kjtrcj cj ufd` ufd`clcs clcs vcrd vcrdcs cs urfc urfcjdzc` jdzc`dhjks dhjks `hj sdstkacs lk trctcadkjth prdacrdks `hjvk `hj vkj`d j`dhjc hjceks eks,, tcjqu tcjquks ks säp säp` `hs hs y tcjqu tcjquks ks Dabh. _3Q

Ak Akth thlh lheh ehgá gác c= Pk ek0.prkskjtcrã tcfecs y grãid`hs quk lks`rdfkj ehs vce vcehrk hrkss hftkjd hftkjdlhs lhs rks rkspk` pk`th th c ec `ce `cedlc dlcll lke cguc kj kj uj pujth kspk`áid`h lke lke Váh Cfcmh= ec Kstc`dðj ^ukjtk Mcrláj ke Fhsquk  C `hjtdjuc`dðj ek ahstrcrkahs cegujcs lk ecs akld akld`d `dhj hjks ks rkce rkcedz dzcl clcs cs ph phrr ke Adjd Adjdst stkr krdh dh lk lkee Cafdkj Caf dkjtk tk bc`k bc`k ceg cegujh ujhss cóhs cóhs ctrãs, ctrãs, kjt kjtrk rk ehs  pcrãaktrhs akldlhs aãs daphrtcjtks phlkahs lkstc`cr ke LFH;, ^H>9 6>>7 Pk Pk`c `c

Eeuv Eeuvddhsc hsc

Pk` k`c c

Eeuv Eeuvddhsc hsc

^H,09

9,0

00,;3

LFH;

3>9, 69

64,6;

39,>>

27,23

0

6

 

Ec \cfec Jh. (3) ehs rksuetclhs lk ehs pcrãaktrhs lk `cedlcl lke cguc (`hj`kjtrc`dhjks) lk ihsicth (^H>9-6>>7. C) Lkacjlc Lkacjlc Fdhquáa Fdhquáad`c d`c lk Hxágkjh Hxágkjh (L (LFH FH;)=

Kj kstk grãid`h sk hfskrvc quk ec Lkacjlc Fdhquá Fdh quáad` ad`cc lk Hxágkj Hxágkjhh sk kj`ukj kj`ukjtrc trc phr  lkfcmh lke vcehr aãxdah rk`hakjlclh pcrc ke ush rk`rkctdvh phr `hjtc`th ldrk`th kj ke  pujth lk aukstrkh lk @hjlclh lke Vky. C akldlc quk sk cvcjzc c ehs pujths aãs fcmhs, ec Lka Lkacj cjllc Fd Fdhq hquuáad`c ad`c lk Hxág Hxágkkjh cuakjtcrã.

Idgurc 6. LFH; kj Váh Cfcmh

  LDP@ LDP@[P [PDÐ DÐJ= J= EHP EHP IHPI IHPIC\ C\HP HP T JD\VC\HP Ehs ihsicths shj ecs sceks sceks h  h eh ehss ästkrks lke ästkrks lke ã`dlh ihsiðrd`h.. ihsiðrd`h Ke dj`rkakjth lk ec `hj`kjtrc`dðj lk iðsihrh kj ecs cgucs supkrid`dceks cuakjtc ke `rk`dadkjth lk hrgcjdsahs lkpkjldkjtks lke iðsihrh, `hah shj ec ecss ce cegc gcs. s. Ksth Ksthss hrgc hrgcjd jdsa sahs hs uscj uscj grcj grcjlk lkss `cjtdlclks lk  hxágkjh y prkvdkjkj quk ehs rcyhs lk she kjtrkj kj ke cguc. Ksth bc`k quk ke cguc skc  ph`h clk`uclc pcrc ec vdlc lk htrhs hrgcjdsahs. Ke ikjðak ikjðakjh jh ks `haýja `haýjakjt kjtkk `hjh`d `hjh`dlh lh `hah `hah kut kutrhi rhidzc dzc`dð `dðj. j. Ehs jdt jdtrc rcths ths shj cjd cjdhjk hjkss quk `hjtdkjkj jdtrðgkjh (J) y hxágkjh (H). Kj ecs cgucs lk `hjsuah ec Hrgcjdzc`dðj Aujldce lk ec Pceu Pceull (HAP (HAP), ), sk skóc óceð eð `h `hah ah vc vceh ehrr aã aãxd xdah ah hr hrdk dkjt jtct ctdv dvhh ec `c `cjt jtdl dlcl cl lk ;> ag/E ag/E lk ―d ―dðj ðj jdtrcth‑ jdtr cth‑.. Ästk eáadtk eáadtk sk kstcfek kstcfek kstcfek` kstcfek`dð dð pcrc  prkvkjdr ke prdj`dpce   prhfekac  tð tðxd xd`h `h lk eh ehss jd jdtr trct cths hs/j /jdt dtrd rdth thss qu qukk sk prhl prhlu` u`kk kj eh ehss jd jdóh óhss akjhrks lk `uctrh aksks. F)

Kstc rkprkskj rkprkskjtc`dð tc`dðjj tcfuecr tcfuecr lkaukstr lkaukstrcc `hah kj tkaphrclc sk`c ehs trks pcrãaktrhs sufdkrhj lk `h `hj` j`kj kjtr trc` c`dð dðj, j, adkj adkjtr trcs cs qu qukk kj tk tkap aphr hrcl clcc eeuvdhsc fcmcfcj (ksth ýetdah puklk skr lkfdlh c ecs prk`dpdtc`dhjks `hjstcjtks lurcjtk ec kstc`dðj eeuvdhsc). Ke Lk`rkth Kmk`utdvh Kmk`utdvh 7;-6>>2 kstcfek`k kstcfek`k quk ke eáadtk aãxdah pkradsdfek quk puklk bcfkr  lk LFH; kj uj `ukrph lk cguc rk`kpthr ks lk 0;.>> ag/E, eáadtk quk jh sk pkr`dfdð cquá yc quk ke jdvke lk LFH ; supkrcrhj ksc `cjtdlcl lurcjtk ec tkaphrclc sk`c lke 6>>9 rklu`däjlhsk lurcjtk ec tkaphrclc eeuvdhsc, kj ke 6>>7 vdahs quk lurcjtk ec tkaphrclc sk`c kstcfc kj uj jdvke c`kptcfek skgýj ke Lk`rkth Kmk`utdvh 7;-6>>2 pkrh ce eekgcr  ec kstc`dðj eeuvdhsc sufdð lks`hjtrheclcakjtk phr  kj`dac lke eáadtk pkradsdfek. Pk aukstrc ujc dlkc aãs `ecrc lk äsths kj ke sdgudkjtk rkjgeðj.

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@HJ@E[PDHJKP= Bh Bhyy kj lác, lác, grc` grc`dc dcss c ec djih djihra rac` c`dð dðjj qu qukk hftu hftuvd vdah ahss lk lkee ADJPC JPC y ke ^rhy ^rhykk`t `thh lk scjkcadkjth lk ec fcbác lk ^cjcaã, kj fcsk ce trc trcah ah quk bkahs bkahs ke kekgd kgdlh lh pcrc pcrc kstk kstk prhyk` prhyk`th, th,  puldahs hfskrvcr quk ehs jdvkeks lk LFH; ahst ah strc rclh lhss kj ke dj djih ihra rakk lk lkee ^rhy ^rhyk` k`th th lk Pcjkcadkjth lk ec Fcbác kstãj phr lkfcmh lke eáadtk aãxdah pkradtdlh lk lks`crgc kstdpueclh  phr ec @H^CJD\, @H^ CJD\, sdj kafcrgh, `haped`c uj ph`h ke lkscrrheeh lk kstk crtá`ueh puksth quk ujh lk juks jukstr trhs hs hfmk hfmktd tdvh vhss ks cj cjce cedz dzcr cr ke da dapc pc`t `thh cafdkjtce kj ec fdhtc lk kstk trcah. Cbhrc, sk bc ld`bh cjtkrdhrakjtk, ecs akld`dhjks sk bcj bk`bh kj fcsk ce trcah quk sk bc ks`hgdlh y cpcrk`k kj ke acpc, jh ks ujc kstdpuec`dðj `hapektc lke jdvke lk LFH; kj thlh ke Váh Cfcmh, hfvdcakjtk kj sk``dh sk` `dhjks jks fcmcs fcmcs lke ráh bcfrã  ujc `hj`kjtrc`dðj `hjsdlkrcfek lk LFH; y uj acyhr dapc`th kj ec  fdhtc lke ãrkc, pkrh jukstrh crtá`ueh sheh kspk`did`c uj trcah lke ráh, quk kj kstk `csh skrác ujc sk``dðj akldc cetc. Clkaãs lk ecs lks`crgcs, cik`tc`dhjks kj ec fdhtc kj kstc sk``dðj puklkj lk lkfk fkrs rskk ce c`th c`th dr drrk rksp sphj hjsc scfe fekk lk lk lksk sk`b `bcr  cr  lkspkrld`dhs ldrk`tcakjtk c ehs lrkjcmks eh quk  puklk djieudr kj ec `hj`kjtrc`dðj lk `hjtcadjcjtks (Ästh ks shecakjtk ujc suphsd`dðj). [j prhfekac quk ks aãs lk ãafdth sh`dce y klu`ctdvh pcrc ec   phfec`dðj. phfec`dðj.

ee eekv kvcr cr c `c `cfh fh kstk kstk crtá crtá`u `ueh eh ec ecss `u `uce ceks ks sh shj= j= Adjdstkrdh Adjdstkr dh lk Cafdkjtk Cafdkjtk (AdCafdk (AdCafdkjtk) jtk) y `hah tcafdäj ke ^rhyk`th lk Pcjkcadkjth lk ec @dulcl lk ^cjcaã ^cjcaã y Fcbác lk ^cjcaã. ^cjcaã. Pdj Pdj aãs phr ke ahakjth eks cgrclk`kahs ke cphyh quk jhs bcj  frdjlclh lurcjtk thlh ke skakstrk y kspkrcahs `hjtcr `hj su cyulc pcrc prðxdahs cóhs.

VKIKVKJ@DC= _3Q \kr`kr Djihrak lk Ahjdthrkh lk @cedlcl ec @cedlc @ce dlcll lke Cguc, Cguc, cóhs cóhs 6>>9-6 6>>9-6>>7 >>7,, Cut Cuthrd hrdlcl lcl  Jc`dhjce lke Cafdkjtk. Cafdkjtk. _6Q Pds Pdstka tkacc Djtkgr Djtkgrclh clh lk Gkstdð Gkstdðj, j, Djihra Djihrakk lk @hjsuetcs @hjsu etcs y Cskshrács Cskshrács,, cghst cghsthh 6>3;, ^rhgrcac Pcjkcadkjth lk ^cjcaã. _0Q ^ãgdjcs Wkf Ldsphjdfeks=  www.adcafdkjtk.ghf.pc  bttp=//aupc.ghf.pc/ 

bttp=//www.`rdtd`c.`ha.pc

VK@HJH@DADKJ\H= ^hr ^hr akld akldhh lk ec pr prks kskj kjtk tk ke gr grup uphh lk Eh Ehaf afcr crlh lh,, Crdk Cr e y Akld Akceldjc jc,, cphrtk Kr Krccsah saquk h jhs jh jhss `hapec`kahs kjdkerk`hjh`kr grcj  frdjlcrhj ehs prhikshrks lk ec [jdvkrsdlcl \k`jheðgd`c lk ^c ^cjjcaã, akj`dhjcjlh  prdj`dpceakjtk c ecs prhikshrcs= Lrc. Yd``kelc Lhaájgukz, qudkj ks jukstrc prhikshrc y akjthrc kj kstk kstk `ursh `ursh lk K`hthx K`hthxd`h d`hehg ehgác ác bcfdäj bcfdäjlhj lhjhs hs  frdjlclh sus skrvd`dhs skrvd`dhs y su tdkaph tdkaph pcrc lkscrrheecr  lkscrrheecr  kstk crtá`ueh lk ec acjkrc aãs `hjgrukjtk y kid`cz  phsdfek? y c ec E`lc. Acrác Pdjgb qudäj jhs ld`tð ke `ursh lk Pdstkac lk Djihrac`dðj Gkhgrãid`h (PDG) `uycs kjskócjzcs jhs cyulcrhj c `hjstrudr  uj acpc lhjlk puldahs eh`cedzcr ke trcah kj ke `uce áfcahs c trcfcmcr pcrc kstk crtá`ueh. T phr  ýetdah lcrek aärdth c ecs djstdtu`dhjks quk jhs  frdjlcrhj ec djihrac`dðj jk`kscrdc pcrc phlkr 

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