WICL Wlvistf Iglrkfdlrihfmf pfrf bf Imvlstinfhiøm y lb Clsfrrkbbk Lcuhftivk L-IXXM? 700>->3:>
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Hlmtrk cl Lstuciks l Imvlstinfhikmls pfrf lb Clsfrrkbbk Ckhlmtl F.H. Déxihk
Dlcimf _ÿöinf, Df. Nufcfbupl Bf lcuhfhiøm virtufb hkdk elrrfdilmtf lm bf krilmtfhiøm lcuhftivf WICL Wlvistf Iglrkfdlrihfmf pfrf bf Imvlstinfhiøm y lb Clsfrrkbbk Lcuhftivk, vkb. 8, mÿd. - >3:>
tel bima sekubc gl gkte cicfhtih fs tel telkrltihfb suppkrt weihe dust fbb fht tk gfsl tlfhelr im lcuhftikm.
Aly wkrcs? Lcuhftikm, Zirtufb Lcuhftikm, Prkolht Bijl, Xaibbs Clvlbkpdlmt, Hkmstruhtivisd, dlfmimnjub blfrmimn, _kml kj prkxidfb clvlbkpdlmt, hkbbfgkrftivl blfrmimn.
Jlhef rlhlphiøm? Jlgrlrk 7067
Jlhef fhlptfhiøm? Oumik 7067
Imtrkcuhhiøm Imtrkcuhhiøm Lb idpfhtk cl bfs rlcls cl hkdumihfhiøm hkdumihfhiøm skgrl bf jkrdfhiøm y bf lcuhfhiøm, ef sick umk cl bks dfykrls hfdgiks qul efyf tlmick bunfr lm bfs imstituhikmls lcuhftivfs lm bks ÿbtidks tildpks, clgick f lstfs trfmsjkrdfhikmls qul sl bblvfm f hfgk lm bf lcuhfhiøm pkr bf idpbfmtfhiøm cl bks dlciks fucik fucikvisufbls visufbls y bks lquipks imjkrdæ imjkrdætihks tihks bks hufbls sl efm fckptfck hkdk rlhursks pfrf d dlokrfr lokrfr bks prkhlsks cl lmslöf lmslöfmzf-fprlmcizfol. mzf-fprlmcizfol.
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Wlvistf Iglrkfdlrihfmf pfrf bf Imvlstinfhiøm y lb Clsfrrkbbk Lcuhftivk
Fmtl lstf lstf mulvf situfhiøm,
IXXM 700> - >3:>
hkdilmzfm f fpfrlhlr térdimks hkdk bks cl "jkrdfhiøm "jkrdfhiøm
virtufb", "fubf virtufb" k "lmtkrmks virtufbls cl jkrdfhiøm", pfrf rljblofr hkm lbbks bf mulvf rlfbicfc qul sl vivl eky lm cäf. Hitfmck f Nis Nisglrt glrt y ktrks (699>-95,87) lb hufb lxprlsf? qul
"bfs p pksigibicfcls ksigibicfcls cl bbff
lmslöfmzf/fprlmcizfol lstæm gfsfcfs llm lmslöfmzf/fprlmcizfol m um ssistldf istldf cl hkdumihfhiøm dlcifc dlcifcff pkr um krclmfckr—. Lstks lmtkrmks tlhmkbønihks skm puls, dlciks cl jkrdfhiøm y hkdumihf hkdumihfhiøm, hiøm, pkr bk qul mk sl clgl cl plmsfr qul bk prlslmhifb ls bk ÿmihk lm lb ædgitk jkrdftivk, qul mks bblvf f hrllr qul lb fprlmcizfol mk sl prkcuhl lm lb lstucifmtl si lb prkjlskr mk sl lmhulmtrf lmjrlmtl cl lbbks. Blvy (6999,63). Pkr ktrf pfrtl, hkd hkdk k yf sl dlmhikmø, bf lcuhf lcuhfhiøm hiøm y primhipf primhipfbdlmtl bdlmtl bks ckhl ckhlmtls1 mtls1 sl lmjrlmtfm f bf mlhlsicfc cl lmhkmtr lmhkmtrfr fr pfrfcindfs lcuhftivks qul kjrl kjrlzhfm zhfm skbuhikmls f prkgbldfs gæsihks, lmtrl bks duheks duheks qul fqulofm f mulstrk sistldf lcuhftivk? •Lcuhfr f
•Lcuhfr
um mÿdlrk hfcf vlz dfykr cl plrskmfs
dlokr hkm dfykr ljihfhif.
•Lcuhfr f
dæs hkm dlmks hkstk.
Lm lstl slmtick, ls duy idpkrtfmtl hkmsiclrfr qul clmtrk cl lstf nrfm nfdf cl fbtlrmftivfs, sl lmhulmtrfm bfs qul tilmlm qul vlr hkm bf jkrdfhiøm virtufb cl bk bkss fbudmks pfrf lmriqulhlr su fprlmcizfol
Clsfrrkbbk? Clsfrrkbbk? Lm lb sinbk UUI,
lb slr eudfmk sl lmjrlmtf f umf slril cl rltks, bk hufb imcihf qul ls
mlhlsfrik lstfr prlpfrfck pfrf ir fb ritdk cl bks tildpks y cl bks hfdgiks qul sl rlquilrl lm lstf dkclrmicfc1 pkr bk qul clgl rljblxikmfr skgrl su situfhiøm hkdk plrskmf lm su clsfrrkbbk y hkmstruir su hfdimk, ls clhir1 mlhlsitf lbfgkrfr um prkylhtk cl vicf hbfrk qul bl plrditf fbhfmzfr sus dltfs, fqulbbk qul fmelbf k lsplrf lb hufb clgl cl hkmstruir y rlspkmclr pkr lbbk. Zkb. 8, Mÿd. <
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Ls idpkrtfmtl rlshftfr lmtkmhls, qul bf lcuhfhiøm ls um prkhlsk dlcifmtl lb hufb bfs plrskmfs fcquilrlm hkmkhidilmtks, vfbkrls, efgibicfcls, clstrlzfs y fhtitucls qul plrditlm su clsfrrkbbk imcivicufb y skhifb, y huyk jim prikritfrik ls qul pfrtihiplm cl dfmlrf imtlnrfcf y ljlhtivf lm bf hkmstruhhiøm cl su prkpif rlfbicfc, lb lmhulmtrk cl su iclmticfc pfrtihubfr y bf trfmsjkrdfhiøm skhifb. Pkr ktrk bfck, sl rlquilrl qul bf lcuhfhiøm vfyf lm hkmskmfmhif hkm bks rlqulridilmtks skhifbls, lhkmødihks y tlhmkbønihks pfrf hugrir hkm bfs cldfmcfs cl um dumck nbkgfbizfck. Lm lstl slmtick, sl pulcl clhir qul bf lcuhfhiøm cl um imcivicuk pfsf pkr civlrsfs ltfpfs qul bk hkmjkrdfm y bk fpkyfm lm lb rlhkmkhidilmtk cl su pktlmhifbicfc, cl su hfpfhicfc pfrf hrlhlr y hkmstruir hkmkhidilmtks, lquibigrfr ldkhikmls y prktlnlr su slr, lstfr lm hkmcihikmls cl iclmtijihfrsl tktfbdlmtl hkm tkcf umf plrskmfbicfc imtlnrfcf, um trfgfofckr ljihilmtl, um hkbfgkrfckr cl nrupks, um immkvfckr qul pulcf dlokrfr tfmtk lb lspfhik lm ckmcl vivl, hkdk lb hkmtlxtk lshkbfr lm lb qul sl clsfrrkbbf. Lstk sl cihl jæhib, plrk mk bk ls, pkr tfb rfzøm rfzøm sl clgl hkmsiclrfr f bf lcuhfhiøm hkdk um lspfhik qul bl plrditf fb ffbudmk budmk clsfrrkbbfr hkmkhidi hkmkhidilmtks, lmtks, efgibicfcls y fhtitucls cl dfmlrf sftisjfhtkrif. Pkr bk tfmtk, tfmtk, efhilmck rrljlrlmhif ljlrlmhif fb usk cl bf tl tlhmkbknäf hmkbknäf trfvés cl bf llcuhfhiøm cuhfhiøm virtufb, hkdk umk cl bks rlhursks rlhursks qul ls cl nrfm fpkyk pfr pfrff bknrfr dltfs cl fprlmcizfol lm bks fbudmks f trfvés cl bfs fhtivicfcls qul sl pu pulclm lclm cislöfr hkm lstfs elrrfdilmtfs, sl pulcl hkmhbuir qul bks fbudmks clsfrrkbbfm hk hkdpltlmhifs dpltlmhifs qu qull bls sirvlm tfmtk llm m su lmtkrmk fhfcédihk hkdk plrskmfb pkr bfs cijlrlmtls tldætihfs qul sl pulclm trfgfofr hkm lstks dlciks, silmck fbnumfs cl lstfs hkdpltlmhifs?
Xustlmtfr umf pksturf plrskmfb skgrl tldfs cl imtlrés y rlblvfmhif nlmlrfb,
hkmsiclrfmck ktrks pumtks cl vistf cl dfmlrf hrätihf y rljblxivf.
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Clsfrrkbbfr immkvfhikmls y prkpkmlr skbuhikmls f prkgbldfs f pfrtir cl détkcks
lstfgblhicks. Pfrtihipfr y hkbfgkrfr cl dfmlrf ljlhtivf lm lquipks civlrsks.
\tibizf bfs tlhmkbknäfs cl bf imjkrdfhiøm y hkdumihfhiøm pfrf prkcuhir civlrsks
dftlrifbls cl lstucik l imhrldlmtfr sus pksigibicfcls cl jkrdfhiøm. Lvfbÿf um tlxtk dlcifmtl bf hkdpfrfhiøm cl su hkmtlmick hkm lb cl ktrks, lm
jumhiøm cl sus hkmkhidilmtks prlviks, prlhkmhlphikmls y mulvks hkmkhidilmtks. Frnudlmtf um pumtk cl vistf lm pÿgbihk cl dfmlrf prlhisf, hkelrlmtl y hrlftivf.
Pfrf bknrfr bks kgoltivks fhfcédihks pbfmtlfcks, hkmsiclrk mlhlsfrik bf imhbusiøm cl bf cicæhtihf, pkr bk qul sl tlmcräf qul pfrtir clb krinlm cl éstf y slöfbfr bf idpkrtfmhif qul tilml lm bf frtihubfhiøm hkm bf præhtihf lm bf lmsl lmslöfmzf. öfmzf. Bf cicæhtihf (clb nrilnk (clb nrilnk ci cfsalim cfsalim, "lmslöfr, imstruir, lxpbihfr") ls bf cishipbimf hilmtäjihkplcfnønihf qul tilml hkdk kgoltk cl lstucik bks prkhlsks y lbldlmtks lxistlmtls lm bf bf lmslöfmzf y lb fprlmcizfol. lb fprlmcizfol.
Cäfz Gfrrinf bf cljiml hkdk? umf cishipbimf tlørihf, eistørihf y pkbätihf. Silml su prkpik hfræhtlr tlørihk pkrqul rlspkmcl f hkmhlphikmls skgrl bf lcuhfhiøm, bf skhilcfc, lb suoltk, lb sfglr, bf hilmhif. Ls eistørihf, yf qul sus prkpulstfs rlspkmclm f dkdlmtks eistørihks lsplhäjihks. Y ls pkbätihf pkrqul su prkpulstf lstæ clmtrk cl um prkylhtk skhifb (Cäfz Gfrrinf, 6997?78), hfgl clstfhfr qul lstf cishipbimf ls bf lmhfrnfcf cl frtihubfr bf tlkräf hkm bf præhtihf. Lm bk rljlrlmtl fb sskpkrtl kpkrtl tlørihk lm lb hufb clgl cl lstf lstfrr ssustlmtfck ustlmtfck lb
dkclbk
lcuhftivk qul prlckdimf prlckdimf lm lb hkmtlxtk eistørihk lm pfrtihubfr, sl lmhulmtrf bf tlkräf cl Zinktsay y bf cl Fusuglb,
yf qul fb rljlrirmks f bks mulvks lmjkquls qul clgldks cl
fsudir bks ckhlmtls, lmtrl bks hfdgiks dæs sinmijihftivks qul sl rlfbizfm, ls lb cl bks pfrfcindfs cl lmslöfmzf, éstks sl fpbihfm cl fhulrck f bfs mlhlsicfcls qul lstæm
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prlslmtls lm bf skhilcfc y qul rlquilrl mlhlsfrifdlmtl ktrk tipk cl fhhiøm pfrf skbuhikmfr bks prkgbldfs hkmstfmtls lm bf vicf cl bks lstucifmtls. Hitfmck bf
Slkräf eis eistørihk-skhifb tørihk-skhifb cl Zinktsay? lb clsfrrkbbk hknmitivk lstæ binfck f bf
imtlrfhhiøm skhifb lmtrl bfs plrskmfs
Prkpkml fb blmnufo blmnufoll hkdk elrrfdilmtf dlcifckrf
clb clsfrrkbbk lb clsfrrkbbk sl krinimf f pfrtir cl bfs rlbfhikmls skhifbls y bf hubturf. Bf zkmf cl Clsfrrkbbk Prøxidk (_CP) sl rljilrl f bf cistfmhif qul efy lmtrl bfs fhtivicfcls qul pulcl rlfbizfr um fprlmciz sim fyucf y bfs fhtivicfcls qul pulcl rlfbizfr lsl disdk fprlmciz gfok bf nuäf cl um lxplrtk. Bfs fhtivicfcls clmtrk cl bfs _CP skm cijähibls cl rlfbizfr pfrf bks miöks y rlquilrlm bf nuäf cl um lxplrtk pfrf pkclr rlfbizfrbfs. Bf _CP sl vf efhilmck dæs hkrtf f dlcicf qul lb miök rlquilrl dlmks fpkyk pfrf rlfbizfr bf tfrlf. Ls lmtkmhls qul tkdfmck lm hkmsiclrfhiøm lstl skpkrtl tlørihk, bks fbudmks skm hfpfhls cl dfmipubfr l imtlrfhhikmfr hkm sus inufbls f trfvés cl bfs cijlrlmtls rlcls imjkrdætihfs qul jumnlm hkdk elrrfdilmtfs idpkrtfmtls hkdk skm? lb usk cl jfhlgkka, gbkn,wiais, fubf virtufb lmtrl ktrfs. Hkmstruhtivisdk? slnÿm bf tlkräf cl Zinktsay lb hufb hkmhigl fb hkmkhidilmtk hkdk fbnk
qul sl hkmstruyl, fbnk qul hfcf imcivicuk lbfgkrf f trfvés cl um prkhlsk cl fprlmcizfol. Pfrf lb hkmstruhtivisdk, lb hkmkhidilmtk mk ls fbnk jiok y kgoltivk, simk fbnk qul bks slrls eudfmks hkmstruylm su prkpif hkmhlphiøm cl bf rlfbicf rlfbicfc c y clb dumck lm qul vivl vivlm m y, pkr hkmsinuilmtl, ls umf lbfgkrfhiøm imcivicufb rlbftivf y hfdgifmtl. hf dgifmtl. Lb fprlmcizfol, cihek lm jkrdf sidpbl, ls lb prkhlsk cl foustfr mulstrfs lstruhturfs dlmtfbls pfrf imtlrprltfr y rlbfhikmfrmks hkm lb fdgilmtl. Clscl lstf plrsplhtivf, lb fprlmclr sl hkmvilrtl lm bf gÿsqulcf cl slmticks y bf hkmstruhhiøm cl sinmijihfcks. .Lstl pfrfcindf lstæ hlmtrfck lm lb fprlmcizfol1 hkmstruyl fprlmcizfols sinmijihftivks1 lb hkmkhidilmtk plrdfmlhl, sl fpbihf y nlmlrf mulvks hkdpkrtfdilmtks. Clmtrk cl sus pumtks primhipfbls sl lmhulmtrfm bks sinuilmtls?
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Lbidimf bfs præhtihfs cl dldkrizfhiøm mk sinmijihftivfs y jfvkrlhl lb fprlmcizfol
sinmijihftivk. Fcldæs vfbkrf lb clsfrrkbbk clb fprlmcizfol futømkdk y lb trfgfok hkbfgkrftivk
Ls dæs idpkrtfmtl bf hfbicfc clb prkhlsk cl fprlmcizfol qul bf hfmticfc cl cftks
dldkrizfcks. Bks lstucifmtls hkdpltlmtls skm hfpfhls mk tfmtk cl fbdfhlmfr bks
hkmkhidilmtks simk cl sfglr cømcl y hødk gushfrbks y prkhlsfrbks. Bks dflstrks pfsfdks clb trfcihikmfb cihtfck cl hætlcrf f slr jfhibitfckrls clb
fprlmcizfol cl bks fbudmks.
Lm bk rljlrlmtl fb fprlmcizfol sinmijihftivk? Fusuglb pbfmtlf qul lb fprlmcizfol clb fbudmk clplmcl cl bf lstruhturf hknmitivf prlvif qul sl rlbfhikmf hkm bf mulvf imjkrdfhiøm, clgl lmtlmclrsl pkr "lstruhturf hknmitivf", fb hkmoumtk
cl
hkmhlptks,
iclfs
qul
um
imcivicuk
pksll
lm
um
cltlrdimfck hfdpk clb hkmkhidilmtk fsä hkdk su krnfmizfhiøm. Lm lb prkhlsk cl krilmtfhiøm clb fprlmcizfol, ls cl vitfb idpkrtfmhif hkmkhlr bf lstruhturf hknmitivf clb fbudmk1 mk søbk sl trftf cl sfglr bf hfmticfc cl imjkrdfhiøm qul pksll, simk huæbls skm bks hkmhlptks y prkpksihikmls qul dfmlof fsä hkdk cl su nrfck cl lstfgibicfc. Bks primhipiks cl fprlmcizfol prkpulstks pkr Fusuglb, kjrlhlm lb dfrhk pfrf lb cislök cl elrrfdilmtfs dltfhknmitivfs qul plrditlm hkmkhlr bf krnfmizfhiøm cl bf lstruhturf hknmitivf clb lcuhfmck, bk hufb plrditiræ umf dlokr krilmtfhiøm cl bf bfgkr lcuhftivf, éstf yf mk sl vlræ hkdk umf bfgkr qul clgf clsfrrkbbfrsl hkm "dlmtls lm gbfmhk" k qul lb fprlmcizfol cl bks fbudmks hkdilmhl cl "hlrk", puls mk ls fsä, simk qul, bks lcuhfmcks tilmlm umf slril cl lxplrilmhifs y hkmkhidilmtks qul fjlhtfm su fprlmcizfol y pulclm slr fprkvlhefcks pfrf su glmljihik. Jimfbdlmtl, dlcifmtl lb fprlmcizfol hhkbfgkrftivk, kbfgkrftivk, bks ffbudmks budmks lstæm dæs hlrhf lmtrl sä pkr bk qul rlsplhtf f su clsfrrkbbk su clsfrrkbbk hhknmitivk knmitivk y f bf lxplrilmhif lm bf bf dftlrif dftlrif c cll lstucik, cl Zkb. 8, Mÿd. <
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lstf jkrdf mk søbk lb hkdpfölrk qul fprlmcl sl glmljihif cl bf lxplrilmhif, simk tfdgiém lb lstucifmtl qul fpkrtf fbnk dæs
f
bf dftlrif y bk hkdpfrtl
f sus hkdpfölrks1
hkmsinul umf dfykr hkdprlmsiøm cl bks tldfs.
Hkmhbusikmls Hkmhbusikmls Pfrf hkmhbuir, bf utibizfhiøm cl nrupks cl nrupks hhkbfgkrftivks kbfgkrftivks lm lm hbfsl, lsplhifbdlmtl si bks nrupks skm eltlrknémlks, ls um dlhfmisdk iclfb pfrf fprkvlhefr lb pktlmhifb clb fprlmcizfol lmtrl fbudmks si sl hkdpbldlmtf hkmvlmilmtldlmtl hkm bf utibizfhiøm cl bf tlhmkbknäf imjkrdætihf, fumqul lm di kpimiøm sl clglm cl cfr bfs hkmcihikmls mlhlsfrif (imjrflstruhturf) lm bfs imstituhikmls sskgrl kgrl tkck cl hfræhtlr hfræhtlr pÿgbihk, pfrf pkclr bblvfr f hfgk cl dfmlrf ø øptidf, ptidf,
lb clsfrrkbbk c cll bks hkmtlmicks p prknrfdætihks rknrfdætihks cl umf jkrdf
immkvfckrf.
Gigbiknrfjäf Gigbiknrfjäf Gfrrinf, F. (700>). Cicæhtihf y Hurrihubud. Déxihk? Pficøs. HFDFHEK, W. (7005). Duhek qul nfmfr, mfcf qul plrclr? Hkdpltlmhifs Jkrdfhiøm Imtlnrfb cl Imcivicuks. Déxihk? XS Lcitkrifb. Cäfz Gfrrinf, Jricf & Elrmæmclz, N. (6999). Lstrftlnifs ckhlmtls pfrf um fprlmcizfol sinmijihftivk (\mf imtlrprltfhiøm hkmstruhtivistf). Déxihk? DhNrfw-Eibb. Bitwim Lcite (699). Eistkrif clb clsfrrkbbk cl bfs jumhikmls psäquihfs suplrikrls. Bf Efgfmf? Lc Hilmtäjihk. Zkb. 8, Mÿd. <
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