Article 2142 2175 Quasi Contracts Paras
September 2, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
TJTOA \SJJ A\TPG-FMBTPGFTQGO M@OJKGTJMBV Flgptar 7 WQGVJ-FMBTPGFTV
Grt. 0740. Fartgjb ogwcuo, vmoubtgry gbd ubjogtargo gfts kjva rjsa tm tla nurjdjfgo raogtjmb mc qugsj-fmbtrgft tm tla abd tlgt bm mba slgoo `a ubnustoy abrjflad mr `aba tad gt tla axpabsa mc gbmtlar. FMHHABT> (7) Dabjtjmb mc “Wugsj-Fmbtrgfts‚
Wugsj-fmbtrgfts gra Wugsj-fmbtrgfts gra ogwcuo, vmoubtgry, gbd ubjogtargo gfts wljfl kabargooy raqujra g parsmb tm rajh`ursa mr fmhpabsgta gbmtlar jb gffmrdgbfa wjtl tla prjbfjpoa tlgt bm mba slgoo `a ubnustoy abrjflad mr `abatad gt tla axpabsa mc gbmtlar. gbmtlar. (Vaa Grt. 0740). Qbjmb Jbsurgbfa Vmfjaty mc Fgbtmb v. FG ;6 VFGD 736 7::3
Tm mrdar prjvgta raspmbdabt tm pgy patjtjmbar tla vgoua mc tla vassaos js mba wjtlmut oakgo `gsjs gbd fmuod rasuot jb ubnust abrjflhabt mc patjtjmbar. Cmr jt js arrmr tm hgea prjvgta raspmbdabt pgy patjtjmbar tla vgoua mc tlraa vassaos mr tm mrdar tla raturb mc tla vassaos tm patjtjmbar wjtlmut tla sgoa rst `ajbk rasfjbdad.
7716
Grt. 0740
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
HF Abkjbaarjbk v. FG KP 79494;, Gpr. 6, 0990
Avary parsmb wlm tlru gb gft mr parcmrhgbfa `y gbmtlar, mr `y gby mtlar hagbs, gfqujras mr fmhas jbtm pmssassjmb mc smhatljbk gt tla axpabsa mc tla ogttar wjtlmut nust mr oakgo krmubd, slgoo raturb tla sgha tm ljh. ljh . (Grt. 00, Fjvjo Fmda).
Twm (0) fmbdjtjmbs hust kabargooy fmbfur `acmra tla ruoa mb ubnust abrjflhabt abrjflhabt fgb gppoy, bghaoy> (7) g parsmb js ub nustoy `abatad5 gbd (0) sufl `abat js darjvad gt gbmtlar‚s axpabsa mr dghgka. (0) @gsas cmr Wugsj-Fmbtrgfts (g)
bm mba hust ubnustoy abrjfl ljhsaoc gt gbmtlar‚s axpabsa
(`)
jc mba `abats, la hust rajh`ursa
(f)
nustjfa gbd aqujty
(6) Axghpoas mc Wugsj-Fmbt Wugsj-Fmbtrgfts rgfts (g)
bakmtjmruh kastjm
(`) smoutjm jbda`jtj (4) Axghpoa mc g Vjtugtjmb [lab Tlara js Bm Wugsj-Fmbtrgft
G parsmb wlm hgeas fmbstruftjmbs mb gbmtlar‚s prmparty `y vjrtua mc g fmbtrgft abtarad jbtm `atwaab ljh gbd tla oassaa (BMT oassaa (BMT tla oassmr-mwbar oassmr-mwbar)) mc tla prmparty fgbbmt, daspjta tla oassa‚s jbsmovabfy, rafmvar tla vgoua mc sgjd fmbstruftjmbs crmh tla oassmr-mwbar mb tla krmubd mc ‟ubdua abrjflhabt‘ mb tla pgrt mc sufl oassmr-mwbar. oassmr-mwbar. Tljs js BMT g qugsj-fmbtrgft. Cjrstoy, tla fmbstruftjmb wgs bmt g ‟puraoy vmoubtgry gft‘ mr g ‟ubjogtargo gft‘ mb tla pgrt mc tla `ujodar, cmr la lgd fmbstruftad tlah jb fmhpojgbfa wjtl g `jogtargo m`ojkgtjmb la lgd ubdartgeab wjtl tla oassaa. Vafmbdoy, lgvjbk `afmha prjvy tm tla oassaa‚s rjklts ubdar tla oagsa fmbtrgft, ljs rjklts gs `ujodar wjoo `a kmvarbad `y tla prmvjsjmbs mc sgjd oagsa fmbtrgft, ubdar wlmsa tarhs, tla jhprmvahabts hgda mb tla prmparty wmuod `a kjvab tm tla oassmr. Tljrdoy, jc avar tlara wgs abrjflhabt mb tla pgrt mc tla oassmr-mwbar, jt wgs bmt ‟ubdua.‘ Cmr tla 7714
Grt. 0746
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
`ujodar fgb `ogha bm mba axfapt ljhsaoc. [lgt la slmuod lgva dmba gt tla `akjbbjbk wgs tm m`tgjb g `mbd crmh tla oassaa. La djd bmt. Bmw tlgt tla oassaa fgbbmt pgy, la slmuod bmt `a goomwad tm prmfaad gkgjbst tla oassmr. (Ogm Fljt v. Vafurjty @gbe gbd Trust Fm., at go., O-7790 Foahabtjbg Sdg. da Kujsmb ljrad Tamdmrm gbd CGFTV> Gssmfjgtas tm fmbstruft g `ujodjbk cmr lar cmr tla ouhp suh mc Y44,999. Tla fmbtrgftmr axpojfjtoy gkraad jb tla wrjttab fmbtrgft `atwaab tlah tlgt ‟goo mc tla og`mr gbd hgtarjgos slgoo `a suppojad `y ha.‘ Durjbk tla fmbstruftjmb, lmoomw `omfes wara suppojad `y g fmhpgby, tla Yarhgbabt Fmbfrata Yrmdufts, Jbf. [lab bm pgyhabt wgs rafajvad, tla suppojar suad `mtl Kujsmb (gs mwbar) gbd Tamdmrm (gs fmbtrgftmr) cmr tla purflgsa prjfa. Tamdmrm gooakas, ghmbk mtlar tljbks, tlgt jt slmuod `a tla mwbar wlm slmuod pgy cmr tla lmoomw `omfes sjbfa tla sgha radmubdad tm lar `abat, mtlarwjsa sla wmuod Jssua> `a ubnustoy abrjflad gt tla axpabsa mc tla suppojar. Jssua> [lm slmuod pgy cmr tla lmoomw `omfes=
LAOD> Tla fmbtrgftmr, Tamdmrm, hust pgy cmr jb tla LAOD> fmbtrgft la axprassoy gssuhad tla fmst mc goo hgtarjgos. [ljoa tla mwbar kmt tla `abat mc tla lmoomw `omfes, jt dmas bmt bafassgrjoy cmoomw tlgt sla wgs abrjflad gt tla axpabsa mc tla Yarhgbabt Fmbfrata Yrmdufts, Jbf. Gctar goo, sla pgjd tla Y44,999 gkraad upmb gs tla ouhp suh.
Grt. 0746. Tla prmvjs prmvjsjmbs jmbs cmr qugsj-fmbtrg qugsj- fmbtrgfts fts jb tljs Flgptar dm bm axfouda mtlar qugsj-fmbtrgfts wljfl hgy fmha wjtljb tla purvjaw mc tla prafadjbk grtjfoa. FMHHABT>
Abuhargtjmb jb tla Fjvjo Fmda Bmt Axfousjva Tla Grtjfoa axpogjbs jtsaoc. 7711
Grt. 0744
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
Vaftjmb 7 BAKMTJMPQH KAVTJM
Grt. Gr t. 074 0744. 4. [lm [lmava avar r vmo vmoubt ubtgrj grjoy oy tgeas tge as flg flgrka rka mc tla
gkabfy mr hgbgkahabt mc tla `usjbass mr prmparty mc gbmtlar, wjtlmut gby pmwar crmh tla ogttar, js m`ojkad tm fmbtjbua tla sgha ubtjo tla tarhjbgtjmb mc tla gccgjr gbd jts jbfjdabts, mr tm raqujra tla parsmb fmbfarbad tm su`stjtuta ljh, jc tla mwbar js jb g pmsjtjmb tm dm sm. Tljs nurjdjfgo raogtjmb dmas bmt grjsa jb ajtlar mc tlasa jbstgbfas> (7) [lab tla prmparty mr `usjbass js bmt bakoaftad mr g`gbdmbad5 (0) Jc jb cgft tla hgbgkar lgs `aab tgfjtoy gutlmrjzad `y tla mwbar.
Jbgbd tla 7494 rst fgsa, tla prmvjsjmbs mc Grtjfoas 767;, slgoo 7496, Bm. 7 rakgrdjbk ubgutlmrjzad fmbtrgfts kmvarb. Jb tla safmbd fgsa, tla ruoas mb gkabfy jb Tjtoa \ mc tljs @mme slgoo `a gppojfg`oa. FMHHABT> (7) Assabtjgo Paqujsjtas cmr ‟Bakmtjmruh Kastjm Kastjm‘ ‘ (g)
bm haatjbk mc tla hjbds
(`) (f)
tgejbk flgrka mc gbmtlar‚s `usjbass mr prmparty tla prmparty mr `usjbass hust lgva `aab G@GBDMBA G@GBDMBAD D MP BAKOAFTAD (mtlarwjsa, tla ruoa mb ubgutlmrjzad fmbtrgfts wmuod gppoy)
(d)
tla mc fjmus hgbgkar hust BMT lgva `aab axprassoy mr jhpojfjtoy gutlmrjzad (mtlarwjsa, tla ruoas mb GKABFZ wmuod gppoy)
(a)
tla mc fjmus hgbgkar (kastmr) hust lgva SMOQBTGPJOZ tgeab flgrka (tlgt js, tlara hust `a bm vjtjgtad fmbsabt, sufl gs arrmr jb tljbejbk tlgt la mwbad tla prmparty mr tla `usjbass). (TV, Bmv. 03, 7:03). 7713
Grts. 0741-0743
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
(0) Axghpoas (g)
(`)
Jc gb gttmrbay jb cgft cgft fmbtjbuas tm hgbgka tla prjbfjpgo‚s astgta gctar tla prjbfjpgo‚s dagtl, tla cmrhar gkabt `afmhas g kastmr. (Nuojgb, at go. v. Da Gbtmbjm UF.G.X 0 M.K. :33, Mft. 74, 7:46). Jc g fm-mwbarsljp js jooakgooy pgrtjtjmbad, tla pmssassmrs `afmha kastmrs kastmrs wjtl tla duty tm rabdar gb gffmubtjbk. (Da Kgog v. Da Kgog & Gog`gstrm, 39 Yljo. 677).
Grt. 0741. Tla mc fjmus hgbgkar slgoo parcmrh ljs dutjas wjtl tla djojkabfa mc g kmmd cgtlar mc g cghjoy, gbd pgy tla dghgkas wljfl tlrmukl ljs cguot mr bakojkabfa hgy `a succarad `y tla mwbar mc tla prmparty mr `usjbass ubdar hgbgkahabt. Tla fmurts hgy, lmwavar, jbfragsa mr hmdargta tla jbdahbjty gffmrdjbk tm tla fjrfuhstgbfas mc agfl fgsa. FMHHABT>
Djojkabfa Paqujrad mc tla Mc fjmus Hgbgkar (g)
Djojkabfa mc g kmmd cgtlar mc tla cghjoy.
(`)
Labfa g kastmr js ojg`oa cmr tla gfts mr bakojkabfa mc ljs ahpomyaas. (HPP Fm. v. Fmhpgbjg Trgbsgtogbtjfg, 6< Yljo. (7) Daoakgtjmb mc Dutjas mc Mc fjmus Hgbgkar
Tla
rst
pgrgkrgpl js saoc-axpogbgtmry. 771;
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
Grts. 074;-074:
(0) Vmojdgry Ojg`jo Ojg`jojty jty mc tla Kastmrs
Bmta tla smojdgry ojg`jojty ojg`jojty mc twm mr hmra kastmrs. Bmta gosm tla axfaptjmb.
Grt. 074;. Tla mc fjmus hgbgkar slgoo `a ojg`oa cmr gby cmrtujtmus avabt> (7) Jc la ubdartgeas rjsey mpargtjmbs wljfl tla mwbar wgs bmt gffustmhad tm ah`gre upmb5 (0) mwbar5
Jc l la a lg lgs s pracarrad ljs mwb jbtarast tm tlgt mc tla
(6) Jc la cgjos tm raturb tla prmparty mr `usjbass gctar dahgbd `y tla mwbar5 (4)
Jc la gssuhad tla hgbgkahabt jb `gd cgjtl.
FMHHABT>
Ojg`jojty cmr Cmrtujtmus Avabts
Tla Grtjfoa axpogjbs jtsaoc.
Grt. 074 (7) habt5
Jc la js hgbjcastoy ubt tm fgrry mb tla hgbgka-
(0) Jc `y ljs jbtarvabtjmb la pravabtad g hmra fmhpatabt parsmb crmh tgejbk up tla hgbgkahabt. FMHHABT>
Mtlar Jbstgbfas mc Ojg`jojty cmr Cmrtujtmus Avabts Tla Grtjfoas axpogjbs jtsaoc.
Grt. 074:. Tla rgtjfgtjmb mc tla hgbgkahabt `y tla mwbar mc tla `usjbass prmdufas tla accafts mc gb axprass gkabfy, avab jc tla `usjbass hgy bmt lgva `aab suffass cuo. 771<
Grts. 0719-0717
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
FMHHABT>
Accaft mc Pgtjfgtjmb @y tla Mwbar mc tla @usjbass (g)
Bmta tlgt rgtjfgtjmb prmdufas tla accafts mc gb A\YPAVV GKABFZ.
(`)
Tljs js trua trua avab jc tla `usjbass js bmt suffasscuo suffasscuo..
Grt. 0719. Gotlmukl tla mc fjmus hgbgkahabt hgy bmt lgva `aab axprassoy rgtjad, tla mwbar mc tla prmparty mr `usjbass wlm abnmys tla gdvgbtgkas mc tla sgha slgoo `a ojg`oa cmr m`ojkgtjmbs jbfurrad jb ljs jbtarast, gbd slgoo rajh`ursa tla mc fjmus hgbgkar cmr tla bafassgry gbd usacuo axpabsas gbd cmr tla dghgkas wljfl tla ogttar hgy lgva succarad jb tla parcmrhgbfa mc ljs dutjas. Tla sgha m`ojkgtjmb slgoo `a jbfuh`abt upmb ljh wlab tla hgbgkahabt lgd cmr jts purpmsa tla pravabtjmb mc gb jhhjbabt gbd hgbjcast omss, gotlmukl bm `abat hgy lgva `aab darjvad. FMHHABT> (7) Vpafjf Ojg`jojtjas mc tla Mwbar Avab jc Tlara Js Bm Pgtjfgtjmb (g)
Ojg`jojty cmr m`ojkgtjmb jbfurrad jb ljs jbtarast jbtarast..
(`)
cmr bafassgry bafassgry gbd axpabsas gbd cmr cmr dghOjg`jojty cmr Ojg`jojty gbd usacuo axpabsas gbd gkas.. gkas
(0) Puoa jc tla Mwbar Js g Hjbmr
Avab jc tla tla mwbar mwbar js js g hjbmr, la js stjoo ojg`oa ubdar tla grtjfoa cmr la slmuod bmt `a ubnustoy abrjflad gt gbmtlar‚s axpabsa. (Pmtag v. Daoupjm, 3; Yljo. 669).
Grt. 0717. Avab tlmukl tla mwbar djd bmt darjva gby `abat gbd tlara lgs `aab bm jhhjbabt gbd hgbjcast dgbkar tm tla prmparty mr `usjbass, tla mwbar js ojg`oa gs ubdar tla rst pgrgkrgpl mc tla prafadjbk grtjfoa, prmvjdad> (7)
Tla mc fjmus hgbgkar lgs gftad jb kmmd cgjtl, gbd
(0)
Tla prmparty mr `usjbass js jbtgft, ragdy tm `a
raturbad tm tla mwbar. 771:
Grts. 0710-0716
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
FMHHABT>
Ojg`jojty Avab jc Bm @abat mr Dgbkar
Bmta tlgt lara tla mwbar js ojg`oa avab jc tlara lgd `aab BM `abat tm ljh, cmr gctar goo tla kastmr gftad wjtl lmbast jbtabt. gb lmbast
Grt. 0710. Tla mc fjmus hgbgkar js parsmbgooy ojg`oa cmr fmbtrgfts wljfl la lgs abtarad jbtm wjtl tljrd parsmbs, avab tlmukl la gftad jb tla bgha mc tla mwbar, gbd tlara slgoo `a bm rjklt mc gftjmb `atwaab tla mwbar gbd tljrd parsmbs. Tlasa prmvjsjmbs slgoo bmt gppoy> (7) Jc tla mwbar lgs axprassoy mr tgfjtoy rgtjad tla hgbgkahabt, mr (0) [lab tla fmbtrgft racars ttm m tljbks partgjbjbk tm tla mwbar mc tla `usjbass. FMHHABT>
Yarsmbgo Ojg`jojty mc tla Mc fjmus Hgbgkar Tmwgrds Tljrd Yarsmbs
Tla Grtjfoa axpogjbs jtsaoc. Grt. 0716. Tla hgbgkahabt js axtjbkujslad> (7)) (7
[lab tla mwbar rapudjgtas jt mr puts gb abd
tlaratm5 (0) [lab tla mc fjmus hgbgkar wjtldrgws crmh tla hgbgkahabt, su`naft tm tla prmvjsjmbs mc Grtjfoa 07445 (6) @y tla dagtl, fjvjo jbtardjftjmb, jbsgbjty mr jbsmovabfy mc tla mwbar mr tla mc fjmus hgbgkar. FMHHABT>
Fgusa cmr tla Axtjbkujslhabt mc tla Mc fjmus Hgbgkahabt (g)
Tla fgusas gra abuhargtad jb tla Grtjfoa. 7739
Grt. 0714
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
(`)
Bmta tla accaft mc DJFJ (dagtl, jbsgbjty, fjvjo jbtardjftjmb, mr jbsmovabfy) mc AJTLAP tla M[BAP mr tla MCCJFJMQV HGBGKAP. Vaftjmb 0 VMOQTJM JBDA@JTJ
Grt. 0714. Jc smhatljbk js rafajvad wlab tlara js bm rjklt tm dahgbd jt, gbd jt wgs ubduoy daojvarad tlrmukl hjstgea, tla m`ojkgtjmb tm raturb jt grjsas. FMHHABT> (7) “Vmoutjm Jbda`jtj‚ Dabad
Vmoutjm jbda`jtj jbda`jtj js tla qugsj-fmbtrgft tlgt grjsas wlab g parsmb js m`ojkad tm raturb wlgtavar wgs rafajvad `y ljh tlrmukl arrmr mr hjstgea mr rafajvad `y ljh gotlmukl tlara wgs BM PJKLT tm dahgbd jt.
(0) Paqujsjtas ccmr mr Vmoutjm Jbda`jtj (g)
Pafajpt (bmt hara gfebmwoadkhabt) mc smhatljbk. (Grt. 0714).
(`)
Tlara wgs bm rjklt tm dahgbd jt (`afgusa tla kjvar lgd bm m`ojkgtjmb). (Lmseyb & Fm., Jbf. v. Kmmdyagr Tjra & Pu``ar Axpmrt Fm., FG., 49 M.K. Bm. 71 UJJsX, p. 041).
(f)
Tla ubdua daojvary wgs `afgusa mc hjstgea (ajtlar mc CGFT ULmseyb gbd Fm. v. Kmmdyagr, J`jd.X, J`jd.X, mr mc ogw, wljfl hgy `a dmu`tcuo mr djc fuot). (Grt. 0711).
U BMTA> [lab tla pgyhabt wgs bmt `y hjstgea mr vmoubtgry, `ut wgs hgda `afgusa mc tla fmarfjva prmfass jbda`jtj dmas BMT gppoy. mc tla wrjt mc axafutjmb, smoutjm axafutjmb, smoutjm jbda`jtj dmas (Hgbjog Vuraty & Cjdaojty Fm., Jbf. v. Ojh, O-:646, Daf. 0:, 7:1:).X
(6) Axghpoas mc Vmoutjm Jbda Jbda`jtj `jtj (g)
Arrmbamus pgyhabt mc jbtarast bmt dua. dua. (Tla jbtarast hust `a raturbad.) (Saoaz v. @gozgrzg, ;6 Yljo. 369). 7737
Grt. 0711
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
(`)
Arrmbamus pgyhabt mc rabtgo bmt fgooad cmr jb vjaw mc tla axpjrgtjmb mc tla oagsa fmbtrgft. (Zgbsmb v. Vjbk, F.G., 6< M.K. 046 Yogjbtjcc laod gb gftjmb cmr tla racubd mc CGFTV> ratgjo dagoar‚s tgxas pgjd `y jt [JTLMQT YPMTAVT tm tla Fjty mc Hgbjog. Hgy sufl g tgx (wljfl slmuod bmt lgva `aab pgjd gt goo) `a rafmvarad gotlmukl bm prmtast lgd `aab hgda=
LAOD> Zas. LAOD> Zas. Tla tgxas fmooaftad crmh tla pogjbtjcc `y tla Fjty mc Hgbjog wara pgjd tlrmukl arrmr mr hjstgea. Tljs js hgbjcast crmh tla rapoy mc tla dacabdgbt tlgt tla sgoas mc hgbucgfturad prmdufts gt tla cgftmry sjta bmt tgxg`oa gra bmt tgxg`oa ajtlar ubdar tla [lmoasgoar‚s Mrdjbgbfa mr ubdar tla Patgjoar‚s Mrdjbgbfa. Tljs hgeas tla gft mc pgyhabt ubdar tla fgtakmry mc smoutjm jbda`jtj jbda`jtj.. @ajbk sufl g fgsa, prmtast js bmt bmt raqujras gs g fmbdjtjm sjba qug bmb cmr jts gppojfgtjmb.
U BMTA> Ygyhabt `y g nmjbt fm-da`tmr cmr tla `abat mc gbmtlar fm-da`tmr mr fm-suraty js BMT smoutjm BMT smoutjm jbda`jtj `ut g pgyhabt `y g parsmb jbtarastad jb tla cuo oohabt mc tla m`ojkgtjmb ubdar Grt. 7063. (Hmbta da Yjadgd v. Pmdrjkm, 36 Yljo. 670).X
Grt. 0711. Ygyhabt `y ragsmb mc g hjstgea jb tla fmbstruftjmb mr gppojfgtjmb mc g dmu`tcuo mr djc fuot quastjmb mc ogw hgy fmha wjtljb tla sfmpa mc tla prafadjbk grtjfoa. FMHHABT>
Ygyhabt @afgusa mc Dmu`tcuo mr Djc fuot Wuastjmb mc Ogw
Gra tlara quastjmbs mc ogw wljfl gra BMT djc fuot mr dmu`tcuo= Jt wmuod saah tlgt goo gra lgrd gbd susfaptj`oa mr 7730
Grt. 0711
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
`mtl oj`argo gbd strjft jbtarpratgtjmbs. Yoagsa bmta, lmwavar, tlgt ubdar tla ogw, pgyhabt `afgusa mc ‟dmu`tcuo mr djc fuot jbda`jtj `afgusa mc tla quastjmb mc ogw‘ hgy oagd tm smoutjm jbda`jtj hjstgea fmhhjttad. Kom`a Hgfegy Fg`oa gbd Pgdjm Fmrp., at go. v. BOPF, at go. KP ;4713, Nub. 0:, 7: Kom`a Hgfegy usad tm fmhputa gbd pgy jts CGFTV> hmbtloy fmst-mc-ojvjbk goomwgbfa (FMOG) mb tla `gsjs mc 69 dgys g hmbtl avar sjbfa tla ogw hgbdgtad tla pgyhabt mc FMOG. Qpmb tla accaftjvjty mc [gka Mrdar 3, wljfl jbfragsad tla FMOG `y Y6 g dgy, stgrtjbk Mft. 6, 7: Cjrst Cjrst,, tla BOPF laod tlgt tla Y6 dgjoy FMOG ubdar [gka Mrdar 3 slmuod `a fmhputad gbd pgjd `gsad mb 69 dgys jbstagd mc 00, sjbfa ahpomyaas pgjd mb hmbtloy `gsjs gra abtjtoad tm FMOG mb Vgturdgys, Vubdgys, gbd oakgo lmojdgys ‟avab jc ubwmread.‘ ubwmread.‘ Vafmb Vafmbd, d, tla BOPF pmjbtad mut tlgt tla cuoo goomwgbfa abnmyad `y tla ahpomyaas `acmra tla F@G fmbstjtutad g vmoubtgry ahpomyar prgftjfa wljfl suppmsadoy fgb bmt `a ubjogtargooy wjtldrgwb. Tljrd, Tljrd, tla BOPF daahad jt prmpar tlgt tla prasjdabt gbd tla vjfaprasjdabt wara jhpoagdad. Hgbgkahabt rgjsad tla fgsa tm tla Vupraha Fmurt. Tla fmurt ravarsad tla BOPF gbd rajbstgtad tla gr`jtar‚s ruojbk. Tla fmurt fgooad gttabtjmb tm tla ubjcmrh prmvjsjmbs jb [gka Mrdars 0, 6, 1, gbd 3 wljfl dafograd tlgt ‟goo fmvarad ahpomy aas slgoo `a abtjtoad tm tlajr dgjoy ojvjbk goomwgbfa durjbk tla dgys tlgt tlay grafogrj pgjd wgka avab jc mc ubwmread.‘ Jt wgs tlaracmra adtlajr tlgt`gsjf ‟… tla ‟… pgyhabt FMOG js hgbdgtad mboy cmr tla dgys tlgt tla ahpomyaas gra pgjd tlajr `gsjf wgka.‘
LAOD> Yatjtjmbar fmrpmrgtjmb fgb bmt `a cguotad cmr arLAOD> rmbamus gppojfgtjmb mc tla ogw. Ygyhabt hgy `a sgjd tm lgva `aab hgda `y ragsmb mc g hjstgea jb tla fmbstruftjmb mr gppojfgtjmb mc ‟dmu`tcuo mr djc fuot quastjmb mc ogw.‘ (Grt. 0711 mc tla Fjvjo Fmda, jb raogtjmb tm Grt. 0714). Vjbfa jt js g pgst arrmr tlgt js `ajbk fmrraftad, bm vastad rjklt hgy `a sgjd tm lgva grjsab bmr gby djhjbutjmb mc `abat ubdar Grtjfoa 799 mc tla Og`mr Fmda, hgy `a sgjd tm lgva rasuotad `y vjrtua mc tla fmrraftjmb.
Grt. 0713. Jc tla pgyar wgs jb dmu`t wlatlar tla da`t wgs dua, la hgy rafmvar jc la prmvas tlgt jt wgs bmt dua. FMHHABT>
Ygyhabt Hgda @afgusa mc Dmu`t
Tla Grtjfoa axpogjbs jtsaoc.
Grt. 071;. 071;. T Tla la rasp raspmbsj mbsj`jo `jojty jty mc twm mr h hmra mra pgyaas, pgyaas, wla wlab b tlara lgs `aab pgyhabt mc wlgt js bmt dua, js smojdgry. 7734
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
Grts. 071
Vmojdgry Ojg`jojty mc tla Ygyaas
Jb kabargo, m`ojkgtjmbs gra nmjbt. nmjbt. Grt. 071; kjvas mba mc tla axfaptjmbs.
Grt. 071
Ojg`jojty mc g Ygyaa jb Kmmd Cgjtl (g)
Jb fgsa mc jhpgjrhabt jhpgjrhabt mr oms omss, s, oojg`jojty jg`jojty js mboy tm tla axtabt mc `aba t.
(`)
Jb fgsa mc gojabgtjmb, prjfa js tm `a rajh`ursad rajh`ursad,, mr jb fgsa mc fradjt, tla sgha slmuod `a gssjkbad.
Grt. 0737. Gs rakgrds tla rajh`ursahabt cmr jhprmvahabts gbd axpabsas jbfurrad `y ljh wlm ubduoy rafajvad tla tljbk, tla prmvjsjmbs mc Tjtoa S mc @mme JJ slgoo kmvarb.
FMHHABT> Pajh`ursahabt cmr Jhprmvahabt gbd Axpabsas (g)
Tla Grtjfoa js saoc-axpogbgtmry.
(`)
Tla ruoas cmr pmssassmrs jb kmmd cgjtl cgjtl mr `gd cgjtl cgjtl gra gppojfg`oa.
Grt . 0730. Grt. 073 0. La slgoo slgo o `a axah axahpt pt crmh tla m`ojkgtj m`oj kgtjmb mb tm rastmra wlm, `aojavjbk jb kmmd cgjtl tlgt tla pgyhabt wgs `ajbk hgda mc g oakjtjhgta gbd su`sjstjbk fogjh, dastrmyad tla dmfuhabt, mr goomwad tla gftjmb tm prasfrj`a, mr kgva up tla poadkas, mr fgbfaooad tla kugrgbtjas cmr ljs rjklt. La wlm 7733
Grts. 0736-0734
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
pgjd ubduoy hgy prmfaad mboy gkgjbst tla trua da`tmr mr tla kugrgbtmrs wjtl rakgrd tm wlmh tla gftjmb js stjoo accaftjva. FMHHABT>
Pjklt mc g Ygyaa [lm Dastrmys tla Avjdabfas mr Yrmmcs mc Ljs Pjklt Axghpoa>
Nmsa jb jbda`tad tm Ojwgywgy cmr Y7,999,999. Tla da`t js avjdabfad `y g prmhjssmry bmta. Nmsa‚s `rmtlar, Pjfgrdm, tljbejbk tlgt jt wgs la wlm wgs tla trua da`tmr pgjd tla Y7,999,999 tm Ojwgywgy. Tla ogttar tljbejbk jb kmmd cgjtl tlgt Pjfgrdm wgs tla trua da`tmr rafajvad tla Y7,999,999. Vla tlab dastrmyad tla prmhjssmry bmta. Jc jt slmuod turb mut ogtar tlgt tla pgyhabt `y Pjfgrdm wgs g hjstgea, js Ojwgywgy m`ojkad tm raturb tla Y7,999,999 tm Pjfgrdm=
GBV.> Bm, sla wjoo bmt `a sm m`ojkad, `y axprass prmvjGBV.> sjmb mc tla jbstgbt grtjfoa. Tla rahady mc Pjfgrdm wjoo `a tm kat rajh`ursahabt crmh Nmsa, tla trua da`tmr.
Grt. 0736. Jt js prasuhad tlgt tlara wgs g hjstgea jb tla pgyhabt jc smhatljbk wljfl lgd bavar `aab dua mr lgd goragdy `aab pgjd wgs daojvarad5 `ut la crmh wlmh tla raturb js fogjhad hgy prmva tlgt tla daojvary wgs hgda mut mc oj`argojty mr cmr gby mtlar nust fgusa. FMHHABT>
[lab Hjstgea Js Yrasuhad Tla Grtjfoa axpogjbs jtsaoc. Vaftjmb 6 MTLAP WQGVJ-FMBTPGFTV (Baw, axfapt Grtjfoas 0734 gbd 0731.)
Grt. 0734. [lab, wjtlmut tla ebmwoadka mc tla parsmb m`ojkad tm kjva suppmrt, jt js kjvab `y g strgbkar, tla ogttar slgoo lgva g rjklt tm fogjh tla sgha crmh tla cmrhar, uboass jt gppagrs tlgt la kgva jt mut mc pjaty gbd wjtlmut jbtabtjmb mc `ajbk rapgjd. 773;
Grts. 0731-0733
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
FMHHABT>
Vuppmrt Kjvab `y g Vtrgbkar
(g)
Lara, tla suppmrt wgs kjvab [JTLMQT tla ebmwoadka mc tla parsmb m`ojkad tm kjva suppmrt.
(`)
@acmra g wjca‚s raogtjvas wlm kjva suppmrt tm tla wjca fgb rafmvar crmh tla lus`gbd, tla lus`gbd slmuod rst `a kjvab g flgbfa tm suppmrt tla wjca. (Vaa Pghjraz & Da Hgrfgjdg v. Padcarb, 4: Yljo.
Cubargo Axpabsas @mrba @y g Tljrd Yarsmb Tla Grtjfoa js saoc-axpogbgtmry.
Grt. 0733. [lab tla parsmb m`ojkad tm suppmrt gb mrplgb, mr gb jbsgba mr mtlar jbdjkabt parsmb ubnustoy racusas tm kjva suppmrt tm tla ogttar, gby tljrd parsmb hgy curbjsl suppmrt tm tla baady jbdjvjdugo, wjtl rjklt mc rajh`ursahabt crmh tla parsmb m`ojkad tm kjva suppmrt. Tla prmvjsjmbs mc tljs grtjfoa gppoy wlab tla cgtlar mr hmtlar mc g fljod ubdar ajkltaab yagrs mc gka ubnustoy racusas tm suppmrt ljh. FMHHABT>
Puoa jc Vuppmrt js Qbnustoy Pacusad
Qbdar tljs Grtjfoa, gs djstjbkujslad crmh Grt. 0734, ‟tla m`ojkmr ubduoy racusas tm suppmrt tla parsmbs racarrad tm tlarajb. Tla ogw fragtas g prmhjsa mc rajh`ursahabt mb tla pgrt mc tla parsmb m`ojkad tm curbjsl suppmrt, jb spjta mc tla daoj`argta djsrakgrd mc ljs oakgo gbd hmrgo duty. Tla baw prmvjsjmb js dahgbdad `y nustjfa gbd pu`ojf pmojfy.‘ pmojfy .‘ (Papmrt mc tla Fmda Fmh., pp. ;9-;7). 773<
Grts. 073;-073:
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
Grt. 073;. [lab tlrmukl gb gffjdabt mr mtlar fgusa g parsmb js jbnurad mr `afmhas sarjmusoy joo, gbd la js tragtad mr laopad wljoa la js bmt jb g fmbdjtjmb tm kjva fmbsabt tm g fmbtrgft, la slgoo `a ojg`oa tm pgy cmr tla sarvjfas mc tla plysjfjgb mr mtlar parsmb gjdjbk ljh, uboass tla sarvjfa lgs `aab rabdarad mut mc pura kabarmsjty. FMHHABT>
Varvjfas Pabdarad @y g Ylysjfjgb mr Mtlar Yarsmbs
‟Tla ogw gosm fragtas g prmhjsa mb `algoc mc tla sjfe mr jbnurad parsmb, wlm, mb gffmubt mc ljs plysjfgo fmbdjtjmb, fgbbmt axprass ljs dasjra tm `a tragtad, gbd ljs prmhjsa tm pgy. Jt js prasuhad tlgt tla pgtjabt wmuod raquast tla sarvjfas jc la wara g`oa tm dm sm, gbd wmuod prmhjsa tm pgy.‘ (Papmrt mc tla Fmda Fmhhjssjmb, p. ;7).
Grt. 073
Puoa [lab Yrmparty Js Vgvad Durjbk g Fgoghjty
Tla Grtjfoa axpogjbs jtsaoc `ut bmta tlgt lara YPMYAPTZ (bmt bmt parsmbs) js sgvad.
Grt. 073:. [lab [lab tla kmvarbhabt kmvarbhabt,, upmb ttla la cgjou cgjoura ra mc gby parsmb tm fmhpoy wjtl lagotl mr sgcaty rakuogtjmbs fmbfarbjbk prmparty, ubdartgeas tm dm tla bafassgry wmre, avab mvar ljs m`naftjmb, la slgoo `a ojg`oa tm pgy tla axpabsas. FMHHABT>
Puoa [lab Kmvarbhabt Qbdartgeas Bafassgry [mre
‟Tla ogw fragtas g prmhjsa mb tla pgrt mc tla bakoaftcuo mr rafgofjtrgbt jbdjvjdugo. Tla fmhhmb waocgra raqujras tlgt g qugsj-fmbtrgft `a jhpmsad upmb ljh.‘ (Papmrt mc tla Fmda Fmhhjssjmb, p. ;7). 773:
Grts. 07;9-07;7
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
Grt. 07;9. [lab `y gffjdabt mr mtlar cmrtujtmus avabt, hmvg`oa sapgrgtaoy partgjbjbk tm twm mr hmra parsmbs gra fmhhjbkoad mr fmbcusad, tla ruoas mb fm-mwbarsljp slgoo `a gppojfg`oa. FMHHABT>
Puoa [lab Hmvg`oas gra Fmhhjbkoad mr Fmbcusad
Tla Grtjfoa axpogjbs jtsaoc.
Grt. 07;7. Tla rjklts gbd m`ojkgtjmbs mc tla bdar mc omst parsmbgo prmparty slgoo `a kmvarbad `y Grtjfoas ;7: gbd ;09. FMHHABT>
[lab Omst Yarsmbgo Yrmparty js Cmubd (g)
Grt. ;7:. [lmavar bds g hmvg`oa, wljfl js bmt tragsura, hust raturb jt tm jts pravjmus pmssassmr. Jc tla ogttar js ubebmwb, tla bdar slgoo jhhadjgtaoy dapmsjt jt wjtl tla hgymr mc tla fjty mr hubjfjpgojty wlara tla bdjbk lgs tgeab pogfa.
Tla bdjbk slgoo `a pu`ojfoy gbbmubfad `y tla hgymr cmr twm fmbsafutjva waaes jb tla wgy la daahs `ast.
Jc tla hmvg`oa fgbbmt `a eapt wjtlmut datarjmrgtjmb, mr wjtlmut axpabsas wljfl fmbsjdarg`oy djhjbjsl jts vgoua jt slgoo `a smod gt pu`ojf guftjmb ajklt dgys gctar tla pu`ojfgtjmb.
Vjx hmbtls crmh tla pu`ojfgtjmb lgvjbk aogpsad wjtlmut tla mwbar lgvjbk gppagrad, tla tljbk cmubd, mr jts vgoua, slgoo `a gwgrdad tm tla bdar. Tla bdar gbd tla mwbar slgoo `a m`ojkad, gs tla fgsa hgy `a tm rajh`ursa tla axpabsas.
(`)
Grt. ;09. JJcc tla mwbar slmuod gppagr jb tjha, la slgoo `a m`ojkad tm pgy, gs g rawgrd tm tla bdar, mba-tabtl mc tla suh mr mc tla prjfa mc tla tljbk cmubd. 77;9
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
Grts. 07;0-07;4
Grt. 07;0. Tla rjklt mc avary pmssassmr jb kmmd cgjtl tm rajh`ursahabt cmr bafassgry gbd usacuo axpabsas js kmvarbad `y Grtjfoa 143. FMHHABT>
Pajh`ursahabt cmr Bafassgry gbd Qsacuo Axpabsas
Grt. 143. Bafassgry axpabsas slgoo `a racubdad tm avary pmssassmr5 `ut mboy tla pmssassmr jb kmmd cgjtl hgy ratgjb tla tljbk ubtjo la lgs `aab rajh`ursad tlaracmr.
Qsacuo axpabsas slgoo `a racubdad mboy tm tla pmssassmr jb kmmd cgjtl wjtl tla sgha rjklt mc ratabtjmb, tla parsmb wlm lgs dacagtad ljh jb tla pmssassjmb lgvjbk tla mptjmb mc racubdjbk tla ghmubt mc tla axpabsas mr mc pgyjbk tla jbfragsa jb vgoua wljfl tla tljbk hgy lgva gfqujrad `y ragsmb tlaramc.
Grt. 07;6. [lab g tljrd parsmb, wjtlmut tla ebmwoadka mc tla da`tmr, pgys tla da`t, tla rjklts mc tla cmrhar gra kmvarbad `y Grtjfoas 7063 gbd 706;. FMHHABT>
Ygyhabt Hgda @y g Tljrd Yarsmb (g)
Grt. 7063. Tla fradjtmr js bmt `mubd tm gffapt pgyhabt mr parcmrhgbfa `y g tljrd parsmb wlm lgs bm jbtarast jb tla cuooohabt mc tla m`ojkgtjmb, uboass tlara js g stjpuogtjmb tm tla fmbtrgry.
[lmavar pgys cmr gbmtlar hgy dahgbd crmh tla da`tmr wlgt la lgs pgjd, axfapt tlgt jc la pgjd wjtlmut tla ebmwoadka mr gkgjbst tla wjoo mc tla da`tmr, la fgb rafmvar mboy jbsmcgr gs tla pgyhabt lgs `aab `abafjgo tm tla da`tmr.
(`)
Grt. 706;. [lmavar pgys mb `algoc mc tla da`tmr wjtlmut tla ebmwoadka mr gkgjbst tla wjoo mc tla ogttar, fgbbmt fmhpao tla fradjtmr tm su`rmkgta ljh jb ljs rjklts, sufl gs tlmsa grjsjbk crmh g hmrtkgka, kugrgbty, mr pabgoty.
Grt. 07;4. [lab jb g shgoo fmhhubjty g hgnmrjty mc tla jblg`jtgbts mc gka dafjda upmb g hagsura cmr prmtaftjmb 77;7
Grt. 07;1
FJSJO FMDA MC TLA YLJOJYYJBAV
gkgjbst ogwoassbass, ra, ffmmd, stmrh mr mtlar fgoghjty, gby mba wlm m`nafts tm tla pogb gbd racusas tm fmbtrj`uta tm tla axpabsas `ut js `abatad `y tla prmnaft gs axafutad slgoo `a ojg`oa tm pgy ljs slgra mc sgjd axpabsas. FMHHABT>
Hagsura cmr Yrmtaftjmb Dafjdad Qpmb @y g Fmhhubjty
‟Jt js ubnust cmr tla parsmb rafajvjbk tla `abat mc tla hatlmd mc prmtaftjmb tm racusa tm pgy ljs slgra mc tla axpabsa. Tla ogw tlaracmra hgeas g prmhjsa cmr ljh tm fmbtrj`uta tm tla pogb.‘ (Papmrt mc tla Fmda Fmhhjssjmb, p. ;7).
Grt. 07;1. Gby parsmb wlm js fmbstrgjbad tm pgy tla tgxas mc gbmtlar slgoo `a abtjtoad tm rajh`ursahabt crmh tla ogttar. FMHHABT>
[lab Vmhamba js Fmbstrgjbad tm Ygy Gbmtlar‚s Tgxas (g)
‟Tljs sjtugtjmb craquabtoy grjsas wlab tla pmssassmr mc ogbd, ubdar g fmbtrgft mc oagsa mr mtlarwjsa, lgs tm pgy tla tgxas tm pravabt g sajzura mc tla prmparty `y tla kmvarbhabt, tla mwbar lgvjbk `afmha daojbquabt jb tla pgyhabt mc tla ogbd tgx.‘ (Papmrt mc tla Fmda Fmhhjs sjmb, p. ;0).
(`)
Tla pgyhabt `y g parsmb mtlar tlgb tla daojbquabt tgxpgyar mc tla mvardua tgxas mb g pgrfao mc ogbd wljfl lgd `aab cmrcajtad `y tla Kmvarbhabt cmr daojbquabfy jb tla pgyhabt mc sgjd tgxas, HAPAOZ VQ@PMKGTAV tla pgymr jbtm tla rjklts mc tla Kmvarbhabt gs fradjtmr fradjtmr cmr sgjd daojbquabt tgxas. (Vaa Grt. 7063). 7063). Tla pgymr dmas bmt tlara`y gfqujra tla rjklts mc tla ogbdmwbar tm tla prmparty. (Sjoomrtg v. Futghmbg Sdg. da Fuybm, at go., O-093
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