Arte Romanica e Gotica

 

Nrtg Xckèlfen Glqunltc n Nrtg Hfznltfln jgsglvcmvfn-sg ln pnrtg crfgltnm jn Gurcpn, ukn erfnáåc qug eclefmfnvn gmgkgltcs jn Nrtg Xcknln eck nspgetcs mcenfs jg cutrcs pcvcs hîrhnrcs ― g kgskc cs kuáumknlcs qug tcknrnk n Tglëlsumn Fhærfen ― agrnvn n Nrtg Xckèlfen. Kuftcs nspgetcs såc gkpræstfkcs igftcs jn prõprfn Nrtg Hfznltfln, eckc c acstc pgmns ecrgs fltglsns. Cutrcs såc rgsumtnjcs jn arnljg kfsturn jg gmgkgltcs qug såc bustnpcstcs ln gjfifenáåc jg fargbns g ln sun crlnkgltnáåc, rgnmfznjn eck pflturns kurnfs g rgmgvcs gseumtõrfecs. N nrtg rckèlfen æ uk gstfmc kgjfgvnm qug sg eclifaurn gltrg cs sæeumcs PF g PFFF. C tgrkc ”icf gkprganjc, pgmn prfkgfrn vgz gk >08:, pgmc nrqugõmcac irnleâs Jg Enukclt, g mcac fkgjfntnkgltg njctnjc‛ (ECLZF, >60:, p. 5). Ln nrquftgturn, ns enrnetgrëstfens knfs knrenltgs såc2 n nhõhnjn jg hgrác (sgkfeëreumc), cs ecltrnicrtgs, ns pnrgjgs gspgssns, cs pfmnrgs arcsscs g c usc jg pcuens g pgquglns bnlgmns. C nspgetc ròstfec, qug npnrgltn tnltc lc sgu gxtgrfcr qunltc lc sgu gxtgrfcr, æ gvfjglefnjc pcr uk nenhnkgltc jg pnrgjgs qug agrnmkgltg jgfxnk gxpcstcs cs kntgrfnfs, ns pgjrns g cs tfbcmcs utfmfznjcs ln gjfifenáåc. Cs fltgrfcrgs såc kcjgstnkgltg jgecrnjcs. Xgmgvcs såc eckuls gk enpftæfs g pcrtnfs. Ns ine`njns jns fargbns såc mfsns, eck pcuen crlnkgltnáåc (qunljc gxfstg, eclegltrn-sg lc pcrtnm), g tcrrgs nmtns ifenk jfspcstns lns mntgrnfs jns ine`njns cu lc iuljc jns eclstruá÷gs.

Nssfkfmg Ecltrnicrtg  æ ukn gstruturn ln gjfifenáåc qug tgk eckc iflnmfjnjg sustgltnr ukn pnrgjg cu uk kurc. Kuftc eckuk ln Nrquftgturn Kgjfgvnm, pcjg npnrgegr gk eclstruá÷gs hfznltflns, kns æ enrnetgrëstfec lc gstfmc rckèlfec g tnkhæk lc aõtfec. Npgsnr jn utfmfznáåc gstruturnm jc ecltrnicrtg, `î jfigrgláns pcssëvgfs jg sgrgk chsgrvnjns gltrg ns eclstruá÷gs jcs vnrfnjcs pgrëcjcs, rgvgmnljc c jgsglvcmvfkgltc tæelfec cu ntæ jc pglsnkgltc jn æpcen. Ln Nrquftgturn Aõtfen `î n flsgráåc jc nrec cafvnm, pcr gxgkpmc, qug erfn eclstruá÷gs vgrtfenmfznjns g jfigrglefnjns gk rgmnáåc ä rckèlfen.

64

W8 - Fjnjg Kæjfn g Fjnjg Kcjgrln

 

N gseumturn rckèlfen gstnvn n sgrvfác jn nrquftgturn, fstc æ, sgkprg sg rgmnefcln jfrgtnkgltg eck pfmnrgs, pcrtnfs g pnrgjgs ― ifxnljc-sg lgmgs ― g tnkhæk eck n rgtcknjn jn gseumturn kclukgltnm gk pgjrn. Nprgsgltn icrtg gstfmfznáåc jns ifaurns ― c qug prcvcenvn særfns jfstcrá÷gs lns ifaurns rgprgsgltnjns. Cs agstcs g kcvfkgltcs jns ifaurns såc rëafjcs g cs rcstcs qunsg q unsg låc gshcánk gxprgss÷gs, nmæk jg sgrgk suefltnkgltg rgprgsgltnjcs. C rgmgvc tnkhæk æ fkpcrtnltg gk chbgtcs eckc eruefifxcs, rgmfeîrfcs g pmnens crlnkgltnjns. Gk kuftcs enscs, c acstc pcr icrkns vgagtnfs, nlfknfs inltîstfecs g kclstrcs vgk mfanjc n icrkns sflucsns, gspfrnmnjns g gltrgmnánjns, g gstnråc jfstrfhuëjcs pcr enpftæfs, nmtnrgs g pcrtnfs. Ifaurn 8.: | Tcrtnm jn Entgjrnm Ent gjrnm jg Unltfnac jg Eckpcstgmn

Icltg2 Tcrtnm jn Entgjrnm jg Unltfnac jg Eckpcstgmn, Qfofkgjfn Eckkcls. Mfeglefnjc sch Ergntfvg Eckkcls. Jfspclëvgm gk2 =`ttps2//pt.wfofpgjfn.cra/wfof/GseumturnSjcSrck%E5%N8lfec#/kgjfn/Ifmg2Upnfl. =`ttps2//pt.wfofpgjfn.cra/wfof/GseumturnSjcSrck%E5%N8lfec#/kgjfn/Ifmg2Upnfl. Unltfnac.jg.Eckpcstgmn.Entgjrnm.Tugrtn.Kgrfjfclnm.44>.bpa< Unltfnac.jg.Eckpcstgmn.Entgjrnm.Tugrtn.Kgrfjfclnm.44>.bpa < Negssc gk2 41 bul. 84>1.

N pflturn rckèlfen jgsglvcmvgu-sg prflefpnmkgltg sch n icrkn jg arnljgs kurnfs lcs fltgrfcrgs jns fargbns g kclnstærfcs g ln crlnkgltnáåc jg mfvrcs fmustrnjcs (knfs eckukgltg ecl`gefjns eckc fmukflurns). Gk nkhcs cs enscs, c gstfmc æ inefmkgltg rgecl`geëvgm2 vnmcrfzn ns ecrgs purns g vfhrnltgs, qug såc jfstrfhuëjns gk mnrans supgriëefgs jg knlgfrn ulficrkg ― c qug erfn ukn sglsnáåc jg ne`ntnkgltc gspnefnm, ukn nusâlefn jn sglsnáåc jg vcmukgs? c trnhnm`c eck ns ecrgs æ rgnmfznjc vnmcrfznljc c ecltrnstg icrtg gltrg gmns? mfl`ns hgk jgiflfjns ecltcrlnk ns ifaurns g jgmfkftnk rgaf÷gs pfltnjns, rgicránljc c gmgkgltc jc jgsgl`c? ns ifaurns såc erfnjns sgk prgceupnáåc W8 - Fjnjg Kæjfn g Fjnjg Kcjgrln

 

6>

 

nlntúkfen cu prcpcráåc gltrg ns pnrtgs jc ecrpc? cs kcvfkgltcs jns ifaurns såc jgsglaclánjcs g pcr vgzgs rëafjcs? cs nspgetcs inefnfs g jns gxprgss÷gs såc suefltcs. Cs tgkns qug prgjckflnk såc cs mfanjcs ä rgmfafcsfjnjg erfstå.

Gxgkpmfifenljc Tflturn jc nmtnr jn Fargbn jg Uåc Emgkgltg jg Zn`umm (Gspnl`n) Lc sum jn Gspnl`n, ln rgafåc jg Zn`umm, æ pcssëvgm glecltrnr fkpcrtnltgs gxgkpmnrgs jn pflturn kurnm jg gstfmc rckèlfec. Ln fargbn jg Uåc Emgkgltg icf pfltnjn n fknagk jg Erfstc lc trclc. Lgmn chsgrvnkcs n ifaurn jg Bgsus igftn jg irgltg pnrn lõs, eck ukn kåc mgvnltnjn g cutrn sgaurnljc uk mfvrc, sgu rcstc pnrgeg låc rgvgmnr icrtg gxprgssåc. Mfl`ns gseurns ecltcrlnk sgu ecrpc g suns vgstgs, c nzum fltglsc, hrnlec, eflzn g vgrkgm`c g nknrgmnjc cerg såc utfmfznjcs purcs, erfnljc ukn sglsnáåc jg nusâlefn jg vcmukgtrfn ln ifaurn. Låc `î lgl`ukn rgigrâlefn jg pnfsnagk cu eglîrfc ntrîs jn ifaurn. Erfstc npnrgeg jgltrc jg ukn icrkn nkgljcnjn, fljfenljc sun snltfjnjg, ecl`gefjn eckc knljcrmn. Ifaurn 8.7 | Nirgsec jg Uåc Emgkgltg jg Zn`umm

Icltg2 Nirgsec jg Uåc Emgkgltg jg Zn`umm, e. >>85. Kusgu Lnefclnm jg Nrtg jn Entnmul`n. Mfeglefnjc sch jckëlfc pòhmfec, vfn Qfofkgjfn Eckkcls. Jfspclëvgm gk2 =`ttps2//pt.wfofpgjfn.cra/wfof/FargbnSjgSUnltSEmfkgltSjgS =`ttps2//pt.wfofpgjfn.cra/wfof/FargbnSjgSUnltSEmfkgltSjgS Zn%E5%HEmm#/kgjfn/Ifmg2KgfstgrSnusSZn`ummS44>.bpa1

68

W8 - Fjnjg Kæjfn g Fjnjg Kcjgrln

 

N Nrtg Xckèlfen gstgljgu-sg pcr tcjn n Gurcpn cefjgltnm, g vceâ pcjg tcknr eckc rgigrâlefn jc gstfmc ns eclstruá÷gs jn Hnsëmfen jg Uåc Irnlefsec (Nssfs, Ftîmfn), n Hnsëmfen jg Unltc Nkhrõsfc (Kfmåc, Ftîmfn) g n Entgjrnm jg Unltfnac jg Eckpcstgmn (Gspnl`n).

Nrtg Aõtfen N Nrtg Aõtfen jfstnlefn-sg jcs gstfmcs nrtëstfecs kgjfgvnfs nltgrfcrgs nc erfnr scmuá÷gs lcvns pnrn n nrquftgturn, n qunm inrî jc nrec cafvnm (cu nrec qughrnjc) uk jg sgus gmgkgltcs knfs knrenltgs ― tnltc eckc gmgkgltc rgmnefclnjc ä sustgltnáåc jc gjfiëefc qunltc eckc gmgkgltc crlnkgltnm ln eclstruáåc. N pflturn gk supcrtgs kõvgfs tgrî sgu prgstëafc jfsputnjc pgmc fkpnetc qug cs arnljgs vftrnfs qug prggle`gk ns pnrgjgs jns entgjrnfs enusnrnk lc ifgm. Tflturn g gseumturn pnssnrnk pcr trnlsicrkná÷gs prciuljns qug npcltnk pnrn ukn husen pcr ukn rgprgsgltnáåc knfs lnturnmfstn jg pgsscns, nlfknfs g pnfsnagls. Ecltujc, n vnmcrfznáåc jg icrkns crlnkgltnfs, eckc pmnltns gstfmfznjns, pgrknlgeg tnltc gk gmgkgltcs nrquftgtúlfecs n rquftgtúlfecs qunltc gk jgtnm`gs jg rcupns g nkhfgltgs rgprgsgltnjcs gk pflturns. N Nrtg Aõtfen eckgán n sg prcpnanr pgmn Gurcpn n pnrtfr jn Irnlán, lc sæeumc PFF. Lgssg pgrëcjc, vfvfn-sg ukn rgtcknjn jns ntfvfjnjgs eckgrefnfs, g cs egltrcs urhnlcs pnssnvnk n jgsglvcmvgr-sg rnpfjnkgltg. Znm gstfmc rgprgsgltn gssns trnlsicrkná÷gs pcr kgfc jg flcvná÷gs tæelfens ln eclstruáåc jg entgjrnfs g pcr ukn vnmcrfznáåc jc kuljc lnturnm qug sgrvfrî jg rgigrâlefn pnrn gseumtcrgs g pfltcrgs qug husenk uk knfcr lnturnmfskc gk suns chrns. ^unltc nc tgrkc, æ utfmfznjc jgsjg c sæeumc PYF, qunljc Ynsnrf (pfltcr g gserftcr ftnmfnlc jc Xglnsefkgltc) utfmfzn-c jg icrkn jgprgefntfvn pnrn sg rgigrfr ä nrtg kgjfgvnm. N Nrtg Aõtfen ”grn ecl`gefjn eckc cpus  irnlefagluk, c qug sfalfifen ”chrn irnlegsn‛, tgrkc qug gvcen sun crfagk. Zcjnvfn, nssfk qug cs ftnmfnlcs jcs sæeumcs PY g PYF sg gltusfnsknrnk pgmn Nltfaufjnjg, eclsfjgrnrnk n Fjnjg Kæjfn ukn æpcen hîrhnrn, eubn prflefpnm erfnáåc

W8 - Fjnjg Kæjfn g Fjnjg Kcjgrln

 

65

 

grn uk gstfmc enrnetgrfznjc pgmc nrec gk cafvn. Eckc cs Acjcs grnk cs hîrhnrcs knfs ecl`gefjcs, c gstfmc icf e`nknjc aõtfec, fstc æ, hîrhnrc pcr gxegmâlefn.‛ (WTBC@L, >697, p. >6:)

N Nrtg Aõtfen icf prcjuzfjn jg kgnjcs jc sæeumc PFF ntæ ns prfkgfrns jæenjns jc PYF. N Nrquftgturn Aõtfen lnsegu ln Irnlán, knfs gspgefifenkgltg ln nhnjfn jg Unflt Jglfs, eck n rgicrkn rgnmfznjn gltrg >>:4 g >80>. Jgsjg gltåc gmn sgrvfu jg flspfrnáåc n tcjcs cs eclstrutcrgs aõtfecs. Gmgkgltcs qug eclifaurnk c gstfmc såc2 c nrec cafvnm g n nhõhnjn jg cafvns? c nrechctnltg? cs ecltrnicrtgs? c pfmnr efmëljrfec? n rcsîegn? c pflîeumc g c vftrnm. C nrec cafvnm æ enrnetgrfznjc pcr tgr ukn icrkn pcltfnaujn qug m`g pgrkftg jfstrfhufr kgm`cr ns icráns pnrn c scmc (jgsenrrganljc c pgsc lcs pfmnrgs) g lcs ecltrnicrtgs (npcfnjcs pgmcs nrechctnltgs). Gssn gstruturn rgvcmuefclcu cs kætcjcs jg eclstruáåc ln Fjnjg Kæjfn, pgrkftfljc qug ns fargbns tfvgssgk pnrgjgs knfs mgvgs g nhrfssgk gspnác pnrn glcrkgs bnlgmns, qug sgrfnk prggle`fjns eck ifaurns igftns eck vfjrc ecmcrfjc (cs vftrnfs)? tnkhæk sgrvfu eckc icrkn gssglefnm nc sgr eruznjc, icrknljc nhõhnjns lcs tgtcs (nhõhnjns cafvnfs). N eckhflnáåc jg tcjcs gssgs gmgkgltcs mfhgrcu n fknaflnáåc jcs kgstrgs-eclstrutcrgs, qug erfnrnk ukn vgrjnjgfrn jfsputn jg qunm eclsgaufrfn erfnr c prcbgtc jn entgjrnm knfs nmtn. N Nrquftgturn Aõtfen tnkhæk invcrgegu c jgsglvcmvfkgltc jn crlnkgltnáåc. Cs pcrtnfs rgeghgrnk ukn arnljg qunltfjnjg jg ifaurns gseumpfjns, g n ine`njn g ns mntgrnfs jns entgjrnfs pnssnrnk n sgr echgrtns jg icrkns gstfmfznjns flspfrnjns ln lnturgzn g jg erfnturns nssckhrcsns, eckc kclstrcs g jgkúlfcs. Arnljgs tcrrgs neckpnl`nk ns eclstruá÷gs, g cs tgtcs pnssnk pnssn k n tgr uk jgsgl`c knfs ëlargkg, gk nmauls enscs (lns tcrrgs, pcr gxgkpmc), nssukfljc n icrkn jg pcltns. Tcltfnaujcs tnkhæk såc cs pflîeumcs, qug tâk eckc iuláåc npcltnr pnrn c eæu rgicránljc n sglsnáåc jg vgrtfenmfjnjg jgssns eclstruá÷gs.

6:

W8 - Fjnjg Kæjfn g Fjnjg Kcjgrln

 

Jcfs gmgkgltcs jgstnenk-sg lc sgu pnpgm jgecrntfvc2 n rcsîegn g n aîraumn. Ns rcsîegns såc nhgrturns efreumnrgs qug bî gxfstfnk ln Nrquftgturn Xckèlfen ― pcræk lgssg gstfmc grnk jfsergtns g pgquglns bnlgmns. Eck ns pnrgjgs knfs mgvgs jns eclstruá÷gs aõtfens, pujgrnk sgr nkpmfnjns g prggle`fjns eck knalëifecs vftrnfs, inzgljc pnrtg jn eckpcsfáåc jn ine`njn prflefpnm jn fargbn. Bî n aîraumn æ ukn gstruturn kuftc nltfan utfmfznjn eckc pgán jg gsecnkgltc jn îaun ecm`fjn lcs tgtcs. Lns entgjrnfs aõtfens gmns tcrlnrnk-sg crlnkgltcs tnkhæk, icrkns kclstrucsns cu ifaurns `uknlns qug, eck sgus mclacs ecrpcs, pgrkftgk qug ns îauns sgbnk jgspgbnjns pcr suns hcens, mclag jns pnrgjgs. N Gsecmîstfen ― tgk gssg lckg pcr sgr n ifmcscifn glsflnjn pgmcs kgstrgs gsecmîstfecs lns gsecmns gltrg cs sæeumcs FP g PY ― rgtckn gmgkgltcs jn ifmcscifn argan, nprcxfknljc n rnzåc g c ecl`gefkgltc efgltëifec ncs prfleëpfcs jn fargbn entõmfen. N tgcmcafn prcpul`n gxpmfenr rnefclnmkgltg n gxfstâlefn jg Jgus g jn nmkn. Lgssn ifmcscifn erfstå gspgeumntfvn rgimgtg-sg schrg c eæu g c fligrlc g ns mfaná÷gs gltrg `ckgk, rnzåc g iæ. Eck Uåc Zckîs jg Nquflc (>887->81:), n rnzåc g c pglsnkgltc jg nrfstctæmfec såc vnmcrfznjcs.

Xgimftn Tnrn Uåc Zckîs jg Nquflc, c Hgmc sg enrnetgrfzn pcr2 prcpcráåc (cu `nrkclfn), fltgarfjnjg (cu pgrigfáåc) g emnrfjnjg (cu (cu gspmgljcr). Hgmc æ c ecl`gefkgltc, n rgmnáåc gltrg c Hck g c Ygrjnjgfrc. N rgmnáåc gltrg Hgmc, Hck g Ygrjnjgfrc tnkhæk icf jfseutfjn pcr Tmntåc lc sæeumc Y n.E., ln Aræefn. ^unm tgrfn sfjc n mgfturn jg Uåc Zckîs g sun fltgrprgtnáåc schrg cs iuljnkgltcs jg Tmntåc3 Zgrfn n iæ erfstå sg vnmfjc jn nraukgltnáåc pnaå pnrn n sun gstruturnáåc ifmcsõifen3 Tcjgrënkcs tgegr rgmná÷gs gltrg c prfleëpfc tgcmõafec jg hgmgzn g emnrfjnjg jg Uåc Zckîs eck ns rgnmfzná÷gs jn nrquftgturn aõtfen, prflefpnmkgltg, eck sgus mukflcscs vftrnfs3

N gseumturn aõtfen sg knlfigstn jg kuftns knlgfrns, eckc lcs pcrtnfs g ine`njns jns fargbns, gk fknagls jg nmtnrgs cu gk pgquglns pgáns jg knrifk.

W8 - Fjnjg Kæjfn g Fjnjg Kcjgrln

 

67

 

Wk tgkn eckuk æ c jc Buëzc Iflnm, rgprgsgltnjc lc tëkpnlc ― pnrtg eckprggljfjn gltrg c nrec cafvnm qug rnsan n pnrgjg g n pcrtn. Në vâ-sg Erfstc gltrclfznjc, egrenjc pcr nlbcs, npõstcmcs g snltcs. Mcac nhnfxc jgmg ifenk ns nmkns qug rgssuragk jg suns sgpumturns pnrn c bumankgltc g nlbcs g jgkúlfcs qug jfsputnk ns nmkns. ^unltc nc kcjc jg sg rgprgsgltnr ns ifaurns, n flcvnáåc æ n husen pcr uk lnturnmfskc gstfmfznjc. Ns ifaurns nmclanjns tâk knfs jgtnm`gs g vcmukg? c pnlgbnkgltc tgk uk enfkgltc sunvg qug kcjgmn jchrns knefns. C ecrpc pcr jghnfxc jcs tgefjcs anl`n kcvfkgltcs sflucscs g arnefcscs. Ns gxprgss÷gs inefnfs rgvgmnk enljurn, jgsgspgrc, trfstgzn g âxtnsg. Cecrrg ukn `uknlfznáåc jcs pgrsclnagls. Cs nlfknfs, kclstrcs g jgkúlfcs tâk nspgetcs knfs lnturnmfstns gk suns icrkns. Ifaurn 8.9 | Znhgrlîeumc2 Nlulefnáåc, Yfsftnáåc, Lntfvfjnjg, Njcrnáåc jcs knacs, Nprgsgltnáåc lc Zgkpmc

Icltg2 Znhgrlîeumc2 Nlulefnáåc, Yfsftnáåc, Lntfvfjnjg, Njcrnáåc jcs knacs, Nprgsgltnáåc lc Zgkpmc, ifk jc sæeumc PFY. Kusgu jc Mcuvrg. Mfeglefnjc sch jckëlfc pòhmfec, vfn Qfofkgjfn Qfofkgjfn Eckkcls. Jfspclëvgm gk2 =`ttps2// =`ttps2// eckkcls.wfofkgjfn.cra/wfof/Ifmg2FvcryStnhgrlnemgSMcuvrgSCN8701.bpa1.

69

W8 - Fjnjg Kæjfn g Fjnjg Kcjgrln

 

Lc enkpc jn pflturn, c aõtfec prcmclan n trnjfáåc jcs tgxtcs knluserftcs fmukflnjcs. Lgstgs, ns eglns såc gmnhcrnjns eck eckpmgxfjnjg g cs pgrsclnagls suragk flsgrfjcs gk eglîrfcs lnturnfs cu nrquftgtúlfecs, `nvgljc ukn arnljg prgceupnáåc qunltc nc trntc jns muzgs g sckhrns qug agrnk c gigftc jg vcmukg g gspnác. Ns ifaurns, sgkgm`nltgs äs gseumturns, såc mclafmëlgns g erfnk eck cs ecrpcs icrkns sflucsns, cs agstcs såc eckgjfjcs, kns lulen rëafjcs. Cs pgrsclnagls fltgrnagk gltrg sf, jnljc ä fknagk ukn eclctnáåc jg egln tgntrnm. Ns ecrgs npmfenjns lns pflturns jcs mfvrcs, nssfk eckc gk pnflæfs scmtcs jg knjgfrn, såc fltglsns g purns2 vfhrnltgs nzufs, vgrjgs g vgrkgm`cs? c jcurnjc tnkhæk æ utfmfznjc pnrn erfnr jgtnm`gs crlnkgltnfs lcs tgefjcs jns vgstgs, nrquftgturn g mgtrns. Nmæk jn pflturn gk mfvrcs g pnflæfs, cs vftrnfs rgicránk cs kgfcs jg jfiusåc jg fknagls snerns. Ns arnljgs bnlgmns jns entgjrnfs aõtfens såc prggle`fjns pcr ifaurns tfrnjns jg pnssnagls hëhmfens, snltcs g cutrcs pgrsclnagls enrcs ä iæ erfstå. Eck rfec ecmcrfjc, c gigftc jcs vftrnfs æ eckpmgtnjc pgmc ifmtrnr jn muz qug fluljn ns entgjrnfs jg pgjrn eck ukn fmukflnáåc qunsg këstfen. Gxgkpmcs knrenltgs jg eclstruá÷gs aõtfens såc2 n Entgjrnm En tgjrnm jg Lctrg Jnkg jg Tnrfs, n Entgjrnm jg Kfmåc, n Unflt E`npgmmg jg Tnrfs g Entgjrnm jg Nkfgls (Irnlán).

Xgimftn Inán ukn pgsqufsn jg fknagls ln fltgrlgt g eckpnrg gssns eclstruá÷gs aõtfens2 n Entgjrnm jg Ecmúlfn (Nmgknl`n), n Entgjrnm jg E`nrtrgs (Irnlán), n Entgjrnm jg Enltgrhury (Flamntgrrn), n Entgjrnm jg Amcuegstgr (Flamntgrrn) g n Entgjrnm jg Zcurs (Irnlán). Ugrfnk tcjns faunfs3 ^unfs jfigrgláns pcjgrfnk `nvgr gltrg gmns3 @nvgrfn ukn jfigrglefnáåc jgltrc jc prõprfc gstfmc aõtfec jgpgljgljc jn æpcen gk qug icf prcjuzfjc3

W8 - Fjnjg Kæjfn g Fjnjg Kcjgrln

 

61