Arte Contemporanea

 

DCU]ÕZC M Z]N  Qoimlkc Flrl Jotcsto

 

Ortn elktnfplrê elktnfplrêkno kno Ljbntcvls mn oprnkmczo`nf

Ol ackoi mnstn tnxtl, vleâ mnvn oprnsnktor ls sn`ucktns oprnkmczomls2

  Mnsernvnr os prckecpocs eoroetnræstceos n tnkmâkecos mo ortn elktnfplrêkno.   Okoicsor ls sc`kcaceomls mo ortn elkenctuoi.   Cmnktcaceor l usl mn mcanrnktns mcanrnktns ick`uo`nks elfl nxprnssþns ortæstceos elktnfplrêknos. 

Cktrlmuàål Qleâ bï vcsctlu ufo Jcnkoi mn Ortn< Nssn nvnktl ã ufo õtcfo lplrtukcmomn lplr tukcmomn poro elkdnenr o ortn elktnfplrêkno qun nstï snkml prlmuzcmo dlbn. Nktrntoktl, vcsctï-io kål ã ufo tornao trokqucio, elfl lidor pckturos nf uf fusnu. @rokmn portn mos prlmuàþns prnsnktns kos jcnkocs lro sål edleoktns n oprnsnktof uf klvl flml mn vcvnr n pnrenjnr l fukml, lro kls elkvc elkvcmof mof o nxpnrcfnktor nxp nrcfnktor l nspoàl. Uål prlmuàþns qun nxc`nf ufo klvo plsturo ml nspnetomlr, nspne tomlr, qun mncxo mn snr opnkos uf ljsnrvomlr poro portcecpor, ckeiuscvn, ko elkstctucàål ml prlenssl ortæstcel. Nktrntoktl, Nktrntok tl, o ortn elktnfplrêkno kål aceo icfctomo ès jcnkocs, vcstl qun

leupo tofjãf os ruos, ls porquns, os fæmcos. O ortcsto Zljnrto Eorvoidl erclu l Xrlbntl Uyfjclscs, kl quoi rnoiczlu eurtos acifo`nks mn rcjncrckdls n prlbntlu-os ko koturnzo. Ol cktnric`or ls flromlrns ol ofjcnktn lkmn vcvcof, o ortcsto oprnsnktlu uf klvl lidor sljrn os rnioàþns mn fnfõrco n cmnktcmomn mls flromlrns mo Cido mn Elfju, kl Xorï. Knstn eopætuil, vleâ elkdnenrï os eoroetnræstceos mo ortn or tn elktnfplelktnfplrêkno n snus prckecpoc prckecpocss mnsmljrofnktls nf trojoidls mn ortcstos, jnf elfl pnrenjnrï elfl o ortn elkenctuoi ckaiunkeclu `rokmn portn mo ortn elktnfplrêkno ol rlfpnr elf oi`uks elkenctls tromceclkocs kl enkïrcl ortæstcel.

 

:

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

Ortn elktnfplrêkno2 oi`ufos eoroetnræstceos n tnkmâkecos Qleâ mnvn sojnr qun l elktnfplrêknl elktnfplr êknl mnforeo l tnfpl prnsnktn. Kl nktoktl, nkt oktl,  pnksor os ortns or tns qun ﬏`urof slj l tnrfl elktnfplrêknl ã ufo tornao mcaæeci, mca æeci,  plcs, plr focs qun utcicznfls mn﬏kcàþns mn﬏k càþns elkenctuocs qun plssof rnprnsnktor  jlo portn mo prlmuàål ortcsto ort csto elktnfplrêkno, elktnfplrêkno , snfprn elrrnfls l rcsel mn kål mor elkto mn lutros, qun supnrof tocs pnrspnetcvos. pnrspnet cvos. O﬏koi, o ortn elktnfplrêkno kål ã opnkos o ortn or tn prlmuzcmo kl tnfpl prnsnktn, prnsn ktn, ufo vnz qun oprnsnkto ufo klvo rnioàål elf o prlmuàål ortæstceo, mcstckto mcstc kto moqunio pnrsn`ucmo pnils ortcstos flmnrkcstos. Xoro mor elkto mos klvos prlmuàþns ortæstceos sur`cmos o portcr mls okls ?348, ?3 48, alc alc ckvnktoml l tnrfl tnr fl ortn põs-flmnrko. põs-flmnr ko. Moktl (:881) oacrfo oacr fo qun o utciczoàål mnssn tnrfl tnr fl plmnrco mncxor mn ioml mcvnrsos prlmuàþns elktnfplrêknos, mnvcml è aoito mn ukcmomn nstciæstceo kos ljros mls ortcstos qun kål sn`unf focs ls prckeæpcls mo ortn flmnrko. Mn oelrml elf Eoktlk (:883o, p. =3)2 Mcanrnktnfnktn mo tromcàål tr omcàål ml klvl, qun nk`nkmrlu nxpnrcâkecos qun tlforof elrpl o portcr ml sãeuil TT elf os vok`uormos, o ortn elktnfplrêkno

qun sur`n ko elktckucmomn mo nro flmnrko sn fotnrcoiczo o portcr mn ufo kn`lecoàål elkstoktn nktrn ortn n vcmo, vcmo n ortn. Knssn eofpl mn alràos, ortcstos ortcst os elktnfplrêknls juseof uf snktcml, fos l qun ackeo snus voilrns n  pltnkecoic  pltnk ecoiczo zo o ort ortnn elktnfpl elk tnfplrêkn rêknoo sål så l os cktn cktnr-rnioàþns r-rnioàþns nktrn os m canrnktn canrnktnss ïrnos ml elkdnecfnktl dufokl.

Os nxpnrcâkecos mo Xlp Ort, ’W...V eubos ljros utciczovof tnfos nxtroæmls mo jokoicmomn mls Nstomls ^kcmls urjokl W...V‖ (OZEDNZ, :8?:, p. 1), qun rlfpco elf o cmnco mn ortn elfl nxprnssål ol juseor uf orrokbl ortæstcel fneokczoml fneokcz oml toktl ko tãekceo quoktl ko alrfo. Osscf elfl os prlmuàþns mls ortcstos elkenctuocs, elfl, plr nxnfpil, o ljro O ljro  O Josn  (Ac`uro Jo sn ml Fukml Fukml (Ac`uro ?), mn Xcnrl Fokzlkc, mcaceuitorof o mcstckàål nktrn ls ljbntls mo ortn n ls ljbntls ml fukml. Nsso ljro elkscstn nf uf pnmnstoi, elfufnktn utciczoml elfl josn poro nseuituros. L pnmnstoi mn Fokzlkc, opornktnfnktn, nstï snf ufo nseuituro  poro tlrkï-il òtci, fos, nf suo aoen, dï o sn`uc sn`ucktn ktn arosn2 ’Josn ml fukml, josn fï`ceo k¸ 5 mn Xcnrl Fokzlk Fo kzlkc, c, ?31?, ?31?, Dlfnko`nf o @oicinu @oic inu W... W...V‖ V‖ (ANZQNKRO, (ANZQNKRO , :881, p. 45). 45). Il`l, pnrenjnfls qun o ljro elkenctuoi mn Fokzlkc, ol utciczor utcicz or ufo josn nseuituro elf l tætuil ’Josn ml Fukml‖, nstïplrêkno, troksalrfokml l fukml nfmn ortn. Mn aotl, ol rnaintcrfls rna intcrfls sljrn o ortn elktnf elktnfplrêkno, tlrko-sn mcaæeci mcstck`ucr o ortn mo vcmo, plcs ofjos nstål cktcfofnktn cktnric`omos.

 

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

Ac`uro ?. Josn ml Fukml (?  (?31? 31?),), anrrl n jrlkzn, 4: Ð ?88 Ð ?88 ef, Xcnrl Fokzlkc, Fusnu mn Dnrkck`, Mckoforeo. ml eufnktl lk-ickn). Alktn2 Fokzlkc (:881, mleufnktl

O cfplsscjcicmomn mn acxor icfctns poro o ortn elktnfplrêkno ” oackoi, kål nxcstnf focs fotnrcocs lu tãekceos qun aoàof ufo prlmuàål snr quoicaceomo elfl ortn ” aoz a oz os otcvcmomns n ls ljbntls kål ortæstcels snrnf elkaukmcmls elf ortn. ^f nxnfpil lelrrnu nf :8?1, :8?1, quokml uf omlinsenktn, nktnmcoml elf oi`ufos ljros ml fusnu,

rnslivnu elileor elile or ls õeuils kl edål, n ls vcsctoktns, oernmctokml qun sn trotovo mn ortn, tcrorof vïrcos altls n sn elileorof ko plscàål mn oprnecomlrns.

Nf elksnquâkeco mo ofpicoàål ml elkenctl ortæstcel, rnsuitoktn mos elrrnktns flmnrkcstos, dlbn, kål dï ’W...V knkdufo icfctoàål o prclrc  mn elfl os ljros mn ortn mnvnf pornenr ― nios plmnf ossufcr o oporâkeco mn quoiqunrr elcso. Cssl plr sc sõ sn mnu plr nkenrrom quoiqun nkenr romoo o o`nkmo flmnrkcst flmnr kcstoo W.. W....V‖ (MOK]L, :881, p. ?3) ?3).. Nkquoktl o or ortn tn oeomâfceo oeomâf ceo elktovo elf prckeæpcls prc keæpcls nstãtcels n tnfïtcels poro mnackcr quoi nro o ortn, o ortn flmnrkcsto, plr suo vnz, elkstruæo l elkenctl mn ortn o portcr mn korrotcvos mn `rupl, lu snbo, ls ortcstos prlmuzcof o por tcr mn prckeæp prc keæpcls cls nstãtcels nstãtcels elfuks ko ortn elktnfplrêkno, tls toktl oktl elfks. o klrfotczoàål klrfotcz oàål nstãtceo quoktl elf o nincàål mn  prc  prckeæpcls keæpcls nstãtce ns tãtcels elfu elfuks.

5

 

=

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

Moktl (:881), ol ciustror os mnselktckucmomns ko ortn, oacrfo qun l rnkosecfnktl kosecfnkt l ckou`urlu o nro mo ortn ol ercor er cor o ac`uro ml or tcsto n os tnlrcos qun mcstokecovof l aoznr ortæstcel ort æstcel (ortns (ortns icjnrocs icjnrocs)) ml aoznr ortnsokoi, or tnsokoi, qun kål nxc`co rnainxþns acilsõaceos. Cssl kål sc`kcaceo qun oktns mo nro mo ortn kål nxcstcssn ortn. Ko vnrmomn, l qun kål nxcstco nro n ro l elkenctl mn ortn, ort n, vcstl qun os cfo`nks niojlromos nrof nro f purofnktn rnic`clsos n ls flk`ns n pomrns qun os os elkstruæof elkstr uæof sn`ucof rn`ros celkl`rïaceo celkl`rïaceos. s. Lutro mnselktckucmomn mnselktckucmo mn lelrrnu ko mãeomo mn ?348, ?348, o quoi eouslu o flrtn mo ortn or tn ckou`uromo ckou`u romo kl Znkosecfnktl. Os ac`uros ml ortcsto `nkcoi, mo ljro prcfo, mo lrc`ckoicmomn lrc`ckoicmomn,, mo pnrancàål tãekceo, mnktrn lutros aoentos, sål ojokmlkomos pnio foclrco mls ortcstos. Osscf elfl nxcstn ortn oktns mo nro mo ortn, tofjãf ã c`uoifnktn vïicmo o oacrfotcvo mn qun nxcstn ortn opõs o nro mo ortn. Nktrntoktl, suo rupturo ã tål mrïstceo qun tlrko o elkstctucàål mn ortn cfprnecso, elkvnr`ckml poro ’W...V uf pnrælml mn ckerævni prlmutcvcmomn nxpnrcfnktoi kl eofpl mos ortns vcsuocs, snf knkdufo mcrnàål korrotcvo òkceo o portcr mo quoi lutros lutr os pumnssnf snr nxei nxeiuæmos, uæmos, nstojciczokmlnst ojciczokml-sn sn elfl klrfo W... W...V‖ V‖ (MOK]L, :881, p. ?1). Nktrntoktl, o aoito mn mnackcàål ml qun snbo lu kål ortn kål tlrko o  prlmuà  prl muàål ål ortæ or tæst stceo ceo mo otuoi ot uoicmo cmomn mn uf elfpintl elfpin tl eols, eo ls, ufo uf o vnz qun ls ortc or tcst stos os cktnr-rnioeclkof snus trojoidls elf os prlmuàþns mos vok`uormos n mål elktckucmomn o oi`uks prnenctls nstãtcels sur`cmls kos mãeomos oktnrclrns. O ortn elktnfplrêkno, ol elktrïrcl mls flvcfnktls flmnrkcstos n,  prck  pr ckecpo ecpoif ifnkt nktn, n, mls flvc flvcfnkt fnktls ls mn vok vok`u `uorm ormos os,, kål kn`o l po posso ssoml ml mo dcstõrco mo or tn. Ol kål oprnsnktor rupturos n nstor nf mnsnkvlivcfnktl nf uf pnrælml mn icjnrmomns, snbo ko tnfïtceo lu ko tãekceo, o ortn elktnfplrêkno elktnfplrê kno sn utciczo mn prlmuàþns mn mcanrnktns pnrælmls mo dcstõrco ol prlmuzcr elio`nks. ]ocs elio`nks sn oprlprcof mn ljros eokýkceos snf foktnr quoiqunr rnioàål nktrn os rnanrâkecos utciczomos, oiãf mo cktnksål ml ortcsto. O ortn elktnfplrêkno otrcjuc otr cjuc ’W.. ’W....V uf voilr plsctcvl ol rnfogn, mn ortceuio or tceuiorr usls, rnioeclkor alrfos, alrfo s, nf iu`or mo dnrlceo juseo ml ckãmctl n ml sujicfn qun eoroetnrczo eoroetnr czo l flmnrkcsfl flmnrkc sfl W...V‖ (JL^ZZCO^M, :883o, p. =>). L ortcsto jroscincrl Qcg Fukcz utciczlu fotnrcocs ckusctomls poro rnprlmuzcr ljros mn ortn ort n fukmcoifnktn rnelkdnecmo. Ko ljro Fnmuso Forckoro  (Ac`uroo :), :), Forckoro (Ac`ur l ortcsto utciczlu foeorrål foeor rål poro rnprlmuzcr o ljro Fnmuso , mn Eorovo``cl. Eorovo`` cl. Nin Nin kål ckvnktlu o cfo`nf, opnkos opnko s opicelu uf klvl orrokbl ol mcsplr ninfnktls ckelfuks è ljro mn Eorovo``cl, aoflsl ortcsto jorrlel.

 

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

Ac`uro :. Fnmuso Forckoro (?330), mn Qcg

Fukcz. Alktn2 Anrroz

(:885, mleufnktl lk-ickn).

Un`ukml Jlurr Jlu rrcoum coum (:883j, p. ?5)2 ?5)2

W...V nssos prïtceos ortæstceos W...V flstrof ufo vlktomn mn cksernvnr o ljro mn

ortn kufo kuf o rnmn mn sc`kls n sc`kcaceoàþns, sc`kca ceoàþns, nf vnz mn elkscmnrï-io elfl alrfo alrfo outýklfo lu lrc`ckoi. Kål sn troto focs mn aoznr tïjuio roso lu mn ercor o  portcr  por tcr mn uf u f fotnrcoi fotnr coi vcr`nf, vcr `nf, n scf mn nkelkt ror uf u f flml mn cksnràþns cks nràþns kls kl s ckòfnrls aiuxls mo prlmuàål.

Lutrl ospnetl rninvoktn ko ortn elktnfplrêkno ã o portcecpoàål ml pòjicel ko elkstctucàål mn oi`ufos prlplstos. Knssn tcpl mn ortn, l pòjicel ojokmlko

l popni posscvl mn oprnecomlr poro cktn`rornf n troksalrfornf o mckêfceo ortæstceo. or tæstceo. Knsso prlplsto, eojn ol or ortcsto tcsto o tornao mn ercor nspoàls/sctuoàþns qun ckstc`unf os rnioàþns nktrn os pnsslos. O ortn or tn rnioeclkoi nstï prnsnktn kos ljros ml ortcsto @lkzoins-]lrrns, elfl plmn snr vcstl ko prlplsto ^ktctinm ( Xlrtroct  Xlrtroct la Zlss ck I.O.), I.O.), mn ?33?, nf qun l ortcsto mcspýs nf ufo soio l snu pnsl n l mn snu elfpokdncrl nf joios. L pòjicel plmnrco sn snrvcr mos joios, qun nrof rnplstos mcorcofnktn, tltoiczokml ?0> qucils. _uokml os pnsslos sn snrvcof, nrof ckalrfomos mn qun nstovof ck`nrckml joios mn plrtomlrns mn Ocms.  Knsso prlplsto, o prlmuàål ort ortæstceo æstceo kål ã l oflktloml mn joios, fos scf l  prlenssl mn portcecpoàål ml pòjice pòjicel. l. ]oi portcecpoàål oelktnen nf uf flfnk flfnktl tl nspneæacel ol elktrïrcl pckturos, nseuituros, altl altl`roacos, nte.,, prnecsof nte. sn snrvcr mln,rn`cstrl elflmos alrfo mn mleufnktoàål. Ko`roacos, elktnfplrokncmomn, fuctos ljros sål naâfnros n suo muroàål sõ ã cflrtoiczomo pnil rn`cstrl.

>

 

1

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

altl`roaco L usl mo altl`roa co elfl or ortn tn tofjãf ã elfuf nktrn ls or ortcstos tcstos elktnf plrêknls.  plrêkn ls. Xlr tnr ufo rnioàål elf o vnrmo vnrmomn, mn, oeojo eouso eousokml kml focs ckeýflml kl pòjicel, plcs nssn ã uf mls ljbntcvls mo ortn elktnfplrêkno. O ortn kål ã utciczomo poro elkalrtor, n poro eousor nstrokdofnktl n elileor os pnsslos nf elkmcàþns mnselkalrtïvncs. O ljro altl`rïaceo L Ercstl ml fcbl (?340), fcbl (?340), mn Okmrns Unrrokl (?3>8), eouslu fucto rnvlito, plcs l ortcsto nxpilrlu vïrcos cfo`nks altl`rïaceos nkvlivnkml aiucmls dufokls. Knsso ljro, l ortcsto anz ufo altl`roaco mn uf erueca cxl sujfnrsl nf ur urcko. cko. Dluvn Dluvn ufo sãrcn mn qunstclkofnktls plr port portnn mo slecnmomn, qun mcseutcro mcse utcro sljrn ’W... ’W...V os qunstþns ml roecsfl n ml foedcsfl foedcs fl  jnf elfl jiosaâfco n dlflaljco dlflaljco W... W...V‖ V‖ (OZEDNZ, (OZEDNZ, :8?:, :8?:, p. :?> :?>). ). Lutrl aotlr cfplrtoktn ko prlmuàål mn ortn elktnfplrêkno ã o utciczoàål mn fncls tnekliõ`cels poro o fokcpuioàål mn cfo`nks n væmnls lu poro o fokcpuioàål mn nspoàls vcrtuocs, elfl lelrrn kl sctn kl sctn BLMC,  BLMC, ercoml plr Blok Dnnfsgnrg n Mcrg Xons Xon s Fok, nf ?33=. ?33=. Nssn sctn Nssn sctn rlfpn  rlfpn elf tlmos os nxpnetotcvos mn uf ofjcnktn vcrtuoi vcrt uoi elkvnkeclkoi, elkvnkeclkoi, prlpcecokml prlpcecokml ufo vcsål mo ick`uo`nf i ck`uo`nf elfputoeclkoi, oicomo è nxpnrcâkeco mn uf mnvcr nf qun l cktnrkouto oensso ls ickgs ickgs snf  snf sojnr o qun ileoi vcrtuoi snrï rnfntcml.

Oenssn l sctn BLMC plr fncl ml ickg  o  o sn`ucr. www.blmc.lr`

O ortn or tn elktnfplrêkno erclu klvls fãtlmls mn prlmuàål ortæstceo qun kål knenssctof rnsuitor ko elkstruàål mn uf ljbntl, plcs plmnf invor ls nspnetomlrns nspneto mlrns o portcecpor, nf vnz mn opnkos ljsnrvor. Os prlplstos ortæstceos ort æstceos sur`nf mo sujbntcvcmomn mls ortcstos n snus eofpls mn nxpnrcâkecos, kål nstokml otrniomos o `rupls mn ortcstos o rtcstos vok`uormcstos, elfl oelktneco ko ortn flmnrko. L ortcsto plmn otuor plictceofnktn poro mnkukecor uf prljinfo slecoi lu plmn oprnsnktor uf u f vcsål mcanrnktn sljrn oi`ufo qunstål, qun plmn snr cktnrko lu nxtnrko. Xoro aoznr or tn, plmnf snr usomls quocsqunr fotnrcocs, l qun, ès vnzns, plmn rnsuitor nfortn, ljros naâfnros.

 

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

Ortn elkenctuoi n snus sc`kcaceomls O ortn elkenctuoi tnf elfl enktroicmomn l qunstclkofnktl mls icfctns ml qun  plmn lu kål k ål snr elkscmnroml or ortn. tn. Nio rlfpn elf fuctos fu ctos cmncos qun alrof alro f elkstruæmos muroktn sãeuils sljrn ls ljbntcvls, os tãekceos n ls fncls mn  prlmuàål mo m o ortn. o rtn. Knssn klvl elkenctl, l ort ortcsto csto kål prnecso elkstr e lkstrucr ucr suos ljros, plcs kål ã o fotnrcoicmomn fotnr coicmomn lu l rc`lr tãekcel qun quoic﬏eorål quoic﬏eo rål l ljbntl elfl ortn, fos scf l elkenctl niojlroml pnil ortcsto. L tnrfl ortn elkenctuoi alc utciczoml pnio prcfncro pr cfncro vnz, nf ?310 ?310, nf uf tnxtl ml ortcsto Uli InPctt (?3:4―:880), kl quoi nin nxpicectovo oi`uks mls  prckeæpcls elfuks utciczomls pnils or ortcstos tcstos elkenctuocs. InPctt InPctt oacrfovo oacr fovo qun qun o ortn elkenctuoi voilrczovo focs o cmnco lu elkenctl ml qun o fotãrco. ’W...V _uokml uf ortcsto utciczo ufo alrfo elkenctuoi mn ortn, cstl sc`kcaceo qun tlml l pioknbofnktl n os mnecsþns sål anctos mn oktnfål, oktnfå l, n o nxneuàål ã ufo qunstål mn prlenmcfnktl rltckncrl. O cmnco sn tlrko ufo fïqucko qun aoz o ortn W...V‖ (OZEDNZ, :8?:, p. >1). Os prlmuàþns mn ortn elkenctuoi kål juseof nxprnssor snktcfnktls, plcs vlitof-sn vli tof-sn è nxpilroàål mos rnioàþns nktrn nkt rn ls ljbntls mn flml cktninetuoi. Xlr cssl, plmnfls mcznr qun o ortn or tn elkenctuoi sn mnsnkvlivn mnsnkvlivn ko elktrofål ml qun os pnsslos elstufof oenctor oencto r elfl ljro mn ortn. Elfl kål ã knenssïrcl qun l ortcsto prlmuzo suo ljro, mnsopornen o cmnco mn lrc`ckoicmomn. Arncrn Arncrn (:881, pp. 4―3) oprnsnkto oi`ufos oi`u fos mos ruptu r upturos ros prnsnktns prnsnktn s ko ortn elkenctuoi2 elkenct uoi2 nf ’W.. ’W....V vnz mn pnrfokâkeco, o troksctlrcnmomn7 o ukcecmomn sn nsvoc arnktn o rnprlmutcjcicmomn, elktro o outlklfco, o elktnxtuoiczoàål7 elktnxtuoicz oàål7 o outlrco outlrco sn nsaoenio arnktn ès  plãtceoss mn oprlprcoàål7 o au  plãtceo aukàål kàål cktninetuoi cktninetu oi ã mntnr mntnrfcko fckoktn ktn ko rnenp rnenpàål àål W.. W....V‖ V‖.. Nktrntoktl, knf tlmos nssos rupturos nrof klvcmomn kl enkïrcl ortæstcel, n plmnfls pnrenjnr oi`uks mnssns prckeæpcls kls rnomyfomn rnomyfomn,, elkstruæmls kos  prcfncros mãeomos ml sãeuil TT plr Foreni Muedofp, rnsuitoktns mo elfjckoàål mn ljbntls prlmuzcmls nf sãrcn. sãr cn. ’Elf ls rnomyfomn rnomyfomn,, Muedofp pnmco qun l ljsnrvomlr pnksossn sljrn l qun mnackco o sck`uiorcmomn mo ljro mn ortn nf fncl è fuitcpicecmomn mn tlmls ls lutrls ljbntls W...V‖ (OZEDNZ, :8?:, p. 5). O ortn elkenctuoi sur`cu elfl ufo rupturo è elkscmnroàål mo ortn nkquoktl fnreomlrco. ^f õtcfl nxnfpil mnsso rupturo alc o ljro Fnr ljro  Fnrmo mo mn Ortcsto Ortcsto, mn Xcnrl Fokzlkc (?355―?315), qun prlmuzcu 38 iotckdos suplstofnktn edncos mn anzns ml ortcsto ort csto qun mnvnrcof snr vnkmcmos pnil p nil fnsfl pnsl nf lurl. ’Elfl sn oernmctovo qun ojrcr os iotos sc`kcaceorco mnstrucr l voilr mo ljro, muroktn fuctl tnfpl kål sn slujn ol enrtl l qun os iotckdos iotc kdos elktckdof e lktckdof W...V‖ W... V‖ (A OZ]DCK@, :8??, p. >8?), Nktrntoktl, opõs snrnf vnkmcmos oi`ufosmn mosaotl iotos kl(AOZ]DCK@, okl mn :880, l eliojlromlr mn Fokzlkc mneiorlu qun os iotos nstovof edncos mn `nssl.

0

 

4

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

]lmovco, o ortn elkenctuoi kål aceovo rnstrcto è prlmuàål mn ljbntls elfl ls rnomyfomn lu os iotos suplstofnktn elf anzns mn ortcsto. Nro elfuf o lr`okczoàål mn sctuoàþns scfjõiceos, elfl o prlplsto ml ortcsto n prlansslr Bldk Joimnssorc (?35?), ko quoi nin, nstokml cfplsscjcictoml mn vcobor poro ufo nxplscàål mn ortn nf qun portcecporco, oeojlu ckstruckml snus oiukls o nsernvnrnf kos pornmns porn mns mo `oinrco o arosn ar osn ’Nu kål vlu ercor focs ortn or tn edoto‖. edoto‖. Ls oiukls oenctorof o prlplsto n, elfl sn alssn uf eostc`l, mncxorof os  pornmns elfpintofnktn eljnrtos eljnr tos pnios poiovros poiovro s (AOZ]DC (AOZ]DCK@, K@, :8? :8??). L ortcsto Lk Goworo (?35:―:8?=), plr suo vnz, prlmuzcu rn`cstrls poro ckalrfor qun elktckuovo vcvl. Uuos ljros elkscstcof nf tnin`rofos elf o arosn oacrfotcvo ’C of stcii oicvn‖ (Nu ockmo nstlu vcvl). Ko mãeomo mn ?308, nin nkvcovo nssns tnin`rofos ols ofc`ls, aofcicorns, fnredokms  n `oinrcstos fnredokms n  poro ckalr ckalrfï-ils fï-ils mn qun elktc elktckuovo kuovo vcvl. Mnssn Mn ssn flml, o or ortn tn mncxo mn snr uf prlmutl poro rnaintcr o vcmo ml ortcsto n l elktnxtl qun l enreo, n o cmnco mn ortn nkquoktl pckturo lu nseuituro mï iu`or o klvos plsscjcicmomns. Mn oelrml elf Orednr (:8?:, p. 04)2 ’W...V l elkenctuoicsfl ã arnqunktnfnktn cmnktcaceoml elfl uf pnrælml muroktn l quoi o ortn sn tlrklu cksujstokecoi. Lkmn oktns dovco pckturos n nseuituros, o`lro dovco ctnks mn mleufnktoàål, fopos, altl`roacos, altl`roa cos, icsto icst o mn ckstruàþn ckst ruàþnss W... W...V‖ V‖.. Os ljros kål plmnf snr nxpnrcfnktomos snkslrcoifnktn nf suo cktncrnzo, cktncrnz o, fos plmnf snr nxpnrcfnktomos nxpnrcfnkt omos o portcr por tcr mn suo mleufnktoàål. mleufnkto àål. Mnssn flml, flml, ls rn`cstrls mn mleufnktoàål sn cktn`rof ol aoznr ortæstcel, or tæstcel, plrãf kål sujstctunf o nxpnrcâkeco lelrrcmo, lelrrcmo , opnkos mål fotnrcoicmomn n pnrfokâkeco ol troksctõrcl. tro ksctõrcl. O rupturo ruptu ro elf ls fncls tromceclkocs tromceclkocs ã enktroi poro o ortn or tn elkenctuoi, elkalrfn soicnkto l or ortcsto tcsto Blsnpd Gusltd (OZEDNZ, :8?:, :8?:, p. 48―4? 48 ―4?)2 )2 Unr uf ortcsto dlbn sc`kcaceo uf fncl mn qunstclkor o koturnzo mo ortn. Un oi`uãf qunstclko o koturnzo mo pckturo, kål plmn nstor qunstclkokml o koturnzo mo ortn. Un uf ortcsto oencto o pckturo (lu nseuituro), nstï oenctokml o tromcàål qun o oelfpokdo. Cstl sn mnvn ol aotl mn qun o poiovro ’ortn‖ ã `nroi, n o poiovro ’pckturo‖ ã nspneæaceo. O pckturo ã uf tcpl mn ortn, Un sn aoznf pckturos, pcktur os, bï nstï sn oenctokml (n (n kål qunstclkokml) o koturnzo mo ortn. Osscf, nstï-sn oenctokml qun o koturnzo mo or tn ã o tromcàål nurlpnco mn ufo mceltlfco pckturo-nseuituro.

L qunstclkofnktl sljrn ls icfctns mo ortn o rtn n o suo prlplscàål nkquoktl bl`l ick`uæstcel acelu a celu opornktn ko ljro ljro ^fo n trâs eomncros (?  (?31>), 31>), mn Blsnpd Glsutd Gls utd (?3=>) (Ac`uro 5). Onf ljro elkscstn ko nxplscàål ufo eomncro buktofnktn elf ufo altl`roaco prntl n jrokel ml fnsflmntofokdl ml ljbntl n ufo

 

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

mnsercàål rntcromo ml mceclkïrcl sljrn l elkenctl mn eomncro. Mn oelrml elf Orednrr (:8?:, Oredn (:8?:, p. 4:), 4:), ’W... ’W...VV o mnackcàå mna ckcàål l klfnco l ljbntl ljbnt l mcoktn mco ktn mn kõs, kõs , mcz-kls mcz- kls l qun nin ã, fos tofjãf mnsc`ko ufo eotn`lrco mo quoi o —eomncro —eomncro rnoi– ã opnkos uf nxnfpil ckmcvcmuoi W...V‖.

Ac`uro 5. ^fo n trâs eomncros eom ncros (? (?31>), 31>), mn Blsnpd Bls npd Glsutd. Alktn2 Glsutd

(?334, mleufnktl lk-ickn).

Arncrn (:881) soicnkto qun nsso rnioàål mo ortn elkenctuoi elf o acilslaco mo ick`uo`nf ick`u o`nf ã oi`l focs focs rnioeclkoml è ortn ok`il-soxå, plcs o ortn elkenctuoi iotckl-ofnrceoko nstï cktrcksneofnktn c ktrcksneofnktn ic`omo è rnoicmomn pliætceo slecoi mn snu elktnxtl mn prlmuàål. Kl eosl ml Jrosci, Jrosci, o ortn or tn elkenctuoi elktnstlu os oàþns oàþn s mo mctomuro mctomu ro fcictor fcicto r qun, plr fncl ml OC->, OC->, rnprcfcu rnprc fcu o prlmuàål n o ecreuioàål ortæstceo, l qun mnsnkeomnlu uf jlceltn cktnrkoeclkoi n koeclkoi ès Jcnkocs mn Ortn Or tn mn Uål Xouil qun lelrrnrof lelr rnrof nktrn ?314 n ?345 ?345.. Ls ortcstos Dãicl Lctceceo, @ucidnrfn Qoz, Ortdur Jorrcl n Eciml Fncrnins portcecporof mo nxplscàål kl Fusnu mn Ortn Flmnrko mn Klvo Clrqun (FlFO), nf ?308, elf ljros elkenctuocs. L ortcsto Eciml Fncrnins, plr nxnfpil, portcecplu elf l prlbntl cktctuioml Cksnràþns cktctuioml  Cksnràþns nf ecreuctls cmnliõ `cels (Ac`ur  `cels  (Ac`uroo =), qun ockmo nstovo nf mnsnkvlivcfnktl. Fncrnins Fncrnins utciczovo utcicz ovo ls scstnfos mn ecreuioàål elfuks è plpuioàål elfl fncl poro mcvui`or arosns

3

 

?8

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

mn prltnstl ès jorjorcmomns ml `lvnrkl mctotlrcoi jroscincrl. Alrof nstof pomos nf `orr `orroaos oaos mn Eleo-Elio Eleo- Elio rntlrkïvncs n eãmuios mn mckdncrl mc kdncrl arosns a rosns mn  prltnstl, tocs elfl ’ yokgnns, `l dlfn!‖, dlfn!‖, poro erctceor l elilkcoicsfl klrtn-ofnrceokl, -ofnrceo kl, lu ’_unf fotlu Dnrzl`), mo ortcsto Iy`co Eiorg (?3:8―?344), qun elkscstco nf ufo sãrcn mn alrfos `nlfãtrceos ukcmos ukcmo s plr mljromcàos, n l pòjicel plmnrco oitnror suo mcsplscàål  plr fncl mo port po rtcecpoàå cecpoàål. l. Nktrntoktl, dï prlmuàþns ortæstceos qun tâf o cktnksål mn mnjotnr mcrntofnktn qunstþns Os mo altl`roacos Zlsoko Xouickl, plr nxnfpil,sljrn aoznfosufo erætceoslecocs. è plscàål fuidnr komnslecnmomn, ol roecsfl, è nserovcmål. Uål altl`roacos cfprnssos sljrn uf tnecml mcsplstl nf uf

??

 

?:

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

 jost  jostcmlr cmlr n elf jlrmo jl rmomls mls sljrn sljr n o jleo, jleo , ls lidls lu o `or`o `or`okto. kto. L jostcmlr jo stcmlr ã ufo rnanrâkeco è prõprco dcstõrco mo ortn, nf qun sn usovo nssn alrfotl mn tnios poro pcktor ac`uros a c`uros mn soktos. so ktos. L jlrmoml, otcvcmomn in`omo ès fuidnrns, idns cfputo ès otcvcmomns mlfãstceos n idns tlidn o icjnrmomn mn aoior, vnr, `rctor, nte. (Ac`uro >).

Ac`uro >. Uãrcn Jostcmlrns (?33  (?330), 0), mn Zlsoko Xouickl. Alktn2 Ortn

Qnrso (:8?>, mleufnktl lk-ickn).

Nmuorml Urur tofjãf juseo mnjotnr qunstþns slecocs plr fncl mn suos

cktnrvnkàþns urjokos. Nin tnf plr ljbntcvl o ’W...V erætceo slecoi, elfl ls eocoquns nspoidomls pnil rcl Xckdncrl poro oinrtor sljrn l mnseortn mn icxl ckmnvcml n os `c`oktns `orroaos pnt elileomos ès for`nks ml rcl ]cntâ W...V‖ (UOK]–OKKO, :883, p. 55). Nssn tcpl mn ljro plsscjcicto ols flromlrns mo ecmomn mor klvls sc`kcaceomls ol nspoàl lkmn vcvnf n socr mo oknstnsco oknst nsco mcïrco o qun o rltcko plmn elkmuzc-ils (Ac`uro 1).

 

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

Ac`uro 1. Eocoquns (:881), mn Nmuorml Urur. Alktn2 Urur (:8?3,

mleufnktl lk-ickn).

O ortcsto or tcsto crokcoko Udcrck Knsdot, romceomo kls Nstoml ^kcmls, aoz erætceos ol okmrlenktrcsfl ko slecnmomn crokcoko plr fncl mn altl`roacos n vcmnlortns.  Ko vcmnlcks v cmnlckstoio toioàål àål Orrnjot  Orrnjotofnkt ofnktl l (?333), o ortcsto mcspþn muos prlbnàþns lkmn ’W...V ls dlfnks n fuidnrns crokcokls opornenf nf tnios snporomos7 o ljro nkaotczo o mnsc`uoimomn nktrn ls snxls kl Crå W...V‖ (AOZ]DCK@, :8??, p. >:3). Xoro osscstcr ols væmnls, l vcsctoktn mnvn sn vcror l tnfpl tlml, plcs ls mlcs væmnls sål nxcjcmls ol fnsfl tnfpl. t nfpl. Ljros qun mnjotnf sljrn qunstþns slecocs, elfl os mn Zlsoko Xouickl, Xouic kl, Nmuorml Urur n Udcrck Knsdot, sål elkstoktns kl enkïrcl ortæstcel otuoi, qun oeojo ’W...V fcsturokml eomo vnz focs qunstþns ortæstceos, nstãtceos n elkenctuocs ols fnokmrls ml eltcmcokl, nf tlmos os ckstêkecos2 l elrpl, o  pliætceo,, o nelil`co,  pliætceo n elil`co, o ãtceo, ãt ceo, os cfo`nk c fo`nkss `nromo `nr omoss ko fæmco nte.‖ (EOK]LK, :883j, p. 3).

?5

 

?=

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

ckstoioàþn s sål tcpls mn ortn qun juseof mcsplr ljbntls sljrn uf nspoàl Os ckstoioàþns mn flml scfjõicel n ’W... ’W...VV troksalrfo tr oksalrfof f l nspoàl nspo àl mn nxplscàål kuf ofjcnktn cfnrscvl‖.. L ortcsto cfnrscvl‖ or tcsto Dãicl Lctceceo (?350 (?350―? ―?348) 348) elkstruæo elkstru æo nspoàls nspoà ls nf iojcrcktl iojcr cktl  poro l por portcecpokt tcecpoktnn nktror n nxpnr nxpnrcfnkt cfnktor or l nspoàl plr fncl ml totl, ml liaotl, liaotl, mo vcsål n ml `lstl. Bï l eosoi mn ortcstos Edrcstl (?35>) n Bnokkn-Eioumn (?35>―:883) elstufovof nfjruidor ljbntls, elfl, plr nxnfpil, ko ljro  Zncedsto`  Zncedst o` nfjruidoml nfjruido ml, nf Jnricf, nins rnvnstcrof l poriofnktl po riofnktl oinfål elf ufo eopo mn piïstcel rnvnstcml mn oiufækcl n elrmos. ]ofjãf dï ufo sãrcn mn ortcstos elktnfplrêknls qun rnoiczof troksalrfoàþns nf ofjcnktns koturocs qun prnecsof snr altl`roaomos poro rn`cstrl. L ortcsto Zljnrt Ufctdslk (?354―?301) alc uf nxplnktn mnssn tcpl mn ortn, elkdnecml elfl Iokm Ortn. Ko ljro _unjro for nf nspcroi , nin elkstrucu ufo ’W...V eoiàomo nf nspcroi ancto elf pnmros mn josoitl kn`rl n tnrro, qun ovokào poro mnktrl ml @rokmn Io`l mn ^tod, qun sn tlrkoro vnrfnidl pnio oàål mn oi`os, joetãrcos n erustïenls W...V‖ (AOZ]DCK@, :8??, p. >5:). Elf l  possor ml tnfpl, l nspcroi acelu sujfnrsl pnil io`l n rnenjnu snmcfnktoàål snmcfnktoàå l mn soi, tlrkokml-sn nsjrokqucàoml. O ortn or tn elktnfplrêkno prlflvn prlflvn nkelktrls ml snr dufokl elf os qunstþns mn snu tnfpl n aukeclko au keclko elfl uf plktl mn qunstclkofnktl mo rnioàål nktrn os pnsslos n l fukml. fukml. Elktuml, tofjãf oprnsnkto ufo ojnrtur ojnr turoo fuctl `rokmn quokml sn troto mn prlenssls ortæstcels, edn`okml o snr plssævni oacrfor qun tuml l qun nxcstn kl fukml plmn rnsuitor rnsuito r nf ortn. or tn. Xoro Jlurrcoum Jlur rcoum (:883j), (:883j), l ortcsto mn dlbn juseo trojoidor elf ufo ckackcmomn mn ljbntls nf ecreuioàål kl fnreoml, n kål troto focs mn ercor oi`l o portcr mo fotãrco jruto. Osscf, l ortcsto plmn snr elfporoml ol MB, ol prl`rofomlr lu ol cktnrkouto, ’W...V eubos tornaos elkscstn nf snineclkor ljbntls ljbntls euiturocs euitu rocs n cksnrc-ils nf elktnxtls mnac kcmls W... mnackcmls W...V‖ V‖ (JL^ZZC (JL^Z ZCO^M, O^M, :883j, p. 3). 3). Xlr Xlr acf, ac f, o prlmuàål ort o rtæstceo æstceo kål kå l  prnecso rnsuitor rnsu itor nf uf prlmutl, plmnkml, ckeiuscvn, snr ckoeojomo ckoeojom o lu snrvcr snr vcr  poro `nror o port po rtcecpoàål cecpoàål ml pòjicel. pòjicel.

 

Ortn elktnfplrêkno

OZEDNZ, F. Ortn elktnfplrêkno2 elktnfplrêkno2 uf dcstõrco elkecso. :. nm. Uål Xouil2 Fortcks Alktns, :8?:. OZ]N QNZUO. Zlsoko Xouickl2 rnainxls n elsturos mo kn`rctumn :8?>. Mcsplkævni nf2 dttps2//www.uar`s.jr/ortnvnrso/