Art Appreciation - Prelims - Finals (2 Semester) Meaning and Importance of Art

 

IRT IZZRFKNITNE@ ‛ ZRFLNGs ‛ AN@IL[ S2@D [FGF[TFRW GFI@N@H I@D NGZERTI@KF EA IRT

  Irt ns i submfkt u`dfr ougi`ntnfs. [n`kf irt ns submfktnvf n` tof sf`sf toit pfeplf dnaafr n` tofnr pfrkfptne` ea i` ebmfkt er ton`h. Of`kf, tofrf ki` bf `e e`f u`nvfrsil dfan`ntne` ea nt. Xoit giy bf bfiutnaul i`d gfi`n`haul aer segf  pfeplf giy bf ke`sndfrfd is segfton`h uhly i`d gfi`n`hlfss te etofrs. N` etofr werds, dnaafrf`t iutoers i`d wrntfrs dfan`f irt n` virneus wiys is tofy pfrkfnvf nt. Gerfevfr, tof gfi`n`h ea irt ois koi`hfd toreuhoeut onstery duf te gultnkulturil sfttn`hs. Tous, fvfry tngf i `fw gevfgf`t n` irt fgfrhfd, tof gfi`n`h ea woit ns irt, woit ns ikkfptiblf is irt, ns bfn`h koillf`hfd. Ofrfu`dfr irf segf ea tof dfan`ntne`s ea irt hnvf` by virneus iutoers i`d wrntfrs.  Irt ns dfrnvfd areg tof Litn` werd “irs,‗ gfi`n`h gfi`n`h ibnlnty er scnllscnll- M.Q. Fstelis  Irt ns i predukt ea gi`„s gi`„s `ffd te fxprfss ongsflaongsfla- A. ]ulufti

-fgetne`s `ffd `et e`ly bf aflt but fxprfssfd. Tofsf irf fgetne`s tri`saergfd n`te segfton`h toit ns bfiutnaul wertoy te bf soirfd. Irt lfts pfeplf fxprfss tofnr fgetne`s krfitnvfly i`d preduktnvfly.  Irt ns toit wonko brn`hs lnaf lnaf n` oirge`y wnto tof werld- Zlite Zlite

-irt ns gfi`t te “fxprfss e`ly ngihfs ea heed, i`d te preonbnt tofg areg fxonbntn`h tof eppesntf aergs ea vnkf i`d n`tfgpfri`kf i`d gfi``fss i`d n`dfkf`ky‗ tof gin` geril ke`kfr` ns tof faafkt ea irt e` gn`ds i`d dfvflepgf`t ea tof koiriktfr ea kntnzf`s.  Irt ns `et woit yeu sff but woit yeu gicf  Irt gicf etofrs sff-Hferh sff-Hferhni ni E„Cffaaf & Fdhir Dfhis -e`f ea tof ton`hs toit gicfs i hrfit irt ns nts ibnlnty te ke`vfy gfssihf i`d nts faanknf`ky te stnr up pfeplf„s ibnlnty te ton`c i`d n`tfrprft tof irtwerc. Nts n`aluf`kf er nts ngpikt e` tof vnfwfrs gust bf ke`sndfrfd.  Irt ns tof rnhot rfise` rfise` ea gicn`h ton`hs. Nt ns tof tof prekfss ea krfitn`h ton`hs ton`hs toit ns hundfd by heed n`tf`tne` i`d  nt defs `et vnelitf tof u`nvfrsil ke`kfpt ea mustnkf.- Irnstetlf

Tofrf irf gi`y rfise`s te gicf irt. [egf gicf irt te gicf ge`fy. Xfll tons ns must an`f, but Irnstetlf ois ons ew` sti`dird ea woit i rfil irt ns. Aer ong, tof irtnst gust ticf n`te ke`sndfritne` tof ngpikt ea i pirtnkulir irtwerc te nts vnfwfrs. Nt gust bf krfitfd wnto heed n`tf`tne` i`d aer tof hrfitfr heed ea ill tof pfeplf i`d `et te dfgfi` er te kiusf n`mustnkf/s te tof pfeplf.   Areg tof ibevf dfan`ntne`s ea irt, nt ki` bf ke`kludfd toit tofrf irf sfvfril wiys ea dfan`n`h irt is tofrf irf gi`y pfeplf, iutoers, i`d wrntfrs n` tof u`nvfrsf. Fiko dfan`ntne` ns n`aluf`kfd by tof u`nquf pfrspfktnvf ea tof ibevf iutoers i`d wrntfrs is wfll is tofnr ew` pfrse`ilnty i`d koiriktfr.  @fvfrtoflfss, i hlngpsf ea tof ibevf dfan`ntne`s brn`h us aeur (4) kegge` fssf`tnils ea irt. 9. Irt ns gi`-gidf, `et Hed-gidf -Irt ns i pfrkfnvfd, ke`kfnvfd ndfi e` gi`y ntfgs dfsnh`fd by gi`. gi`.  Xf irf drnvf` te irri`hf eur surreu`dn`hs wonko aer  wi`t ea i bfttfr tfrg wf kill `iturf. Irt ns `iturf arigfd by tof irtnst te rfvfil segfton`h spfknank ibeut nt. Nt rfalfkts tof irtnst„s vnfw ea `iturf.   2. Irt ns krfitnvf, `et ngntitnvf -Irt gust bf krfitnvf bfkiusf nt„s i predukt ea eur ngihn`itne`. Xf ki` usf irt is i` fxprfssne` ea eur affln`hs, fgetne`s i`d sflvfs. Irt gust bf `et ngntitnvf bfkiusf fvfry pnfkf ea irt ois nts ew` irtnst. Tof irtnst ois tof prepfrty ea toesf irtwercs. Xf ki` idipt etofr pfeplf„s stylf but `et tof werc ntsfla.   ;. Irt bf`fants i`d sitnsanfs gi`-wof` of usfs irt n` priktnkil lnaf toreuho irtnstnk prn`knplfs, tistf, i`d scnll. -Lft„s ticf n`te ikkeu`t tof V`nvfrsnty„s Cinbnhi` `h Cilncisi` Zrehrig (CCZ) iktnvnty. Tof gin` purpesf woy wf ngplfgf`t tons prehrig ns bfkiusf ea eur kirf aer tof f`vnre`gf`t. De wf bf`fant areg tons5 Tof bf`fant iaaerdfd te us by tof prehrig ns f`euho fxigplf te spfic ea irt bf`fantn`h i`d sitnsayn`h gi`.  

 

4. Irt ns fxprfssfd toreuho i kfrtin` gfdnug er gitfrnil by wonko tof irtnst keggu`nkitfs ongsfla te ons afllews. -Tof [pelnirnug ea Mui` Lu`i weuld hnvf us i gfssihf toit [pi`nso arnirs irf tee guko n` oi`dln`h tof Anlnpn`e pfeplf duf te ibusfs suaafrfd by tof littfr u`dfr tofnr oi`ds. Xoit irf tof ngperti`kf ea irts te gy lnaf is i studf`t5

Irts pliy i viluiblf relf te studf`ts n` suko i wiy toit= 9. Toreuho pirtnknpitne` n` irts-gusnk, di`kf, drigi, gfdni irts, i`d tof vnsuil irts

 

 

studf`ts ki` dfvflep tofnr krfitnvnty, sfla-iwirf`fss, sfla-ke`andf`kf, sf`sf ea wfll-bfn`h i`d te lfir` ibeut tofnr ndf`tnty

Irts krfitf i siaf spikf aer studf`ts te fxplerf tilf`ts i`d bunld tofnr ke`andf`kf

  2. Toreuho n`tf`sf n`velvfgf`t n` irtnstnk iktnvntnfs 

 

studf`ts fxpfrnf`kf i sf`sf ea we`dfr i`d mey wof` lfir`n`h toeuho tof irts

  Xercn`h tehftofr aer i kegge` purpesf tfikofs studf`ts toit tofnr ke`trnbutne` ns ngperti`t, wonko ns pfrafkt aer tof kelliberitnvf `iturf ea tof irts. 

 

studf`ts ki` bf getnvitfd te pirtnknpitf gerf aully n` kulturil lnaf

  Irts prevndf i u`nquf plitaeg te dnskuss gi`y dnaafrf`t kulturfs, seknefke`egnk lfvfls, i`d kurrf`t fvf`ts. Toreuho irts, studf`ts oivf i plikf `et e`ly te lfir` ibeut dnaafrf`t kulturfs toi` tofnr ew`, but ilse te isc qufstne`s i`d bf gerf n`aergfd ibeut tof dinly struhhlfs i`d rfilntnfs ea pfeplf woe giy sffg dnaafrf`t. 

 

studf`ts irf iblf te hin` fdukitne`il eppertu`ntnfs eppertu`ntnfs wonko wonko tofy ki` usf litfr n` tofnr kirffr lnaf.

  By wercn`h kelliberitnvfly kelliberitnvfly e` i premfkt, studf`ts lfir` te keggu`nkitf gerf faafktnvfly , kegpregnsf wof` `fkfssiry, i`d werc oird fvf` na tofnr relf giy sffg sgill. Etofr dfan`ntne`s ea irt 

 

  I`knf`t Litn`, irs (“kriat‗ er spfknilnzfd aerg ea scnll)

Irt tof` suhhfstfd tof kipiknty kipiknty te predukf i` n`tf`dfd n`tf`dfd rfsult rfsult areg kirfaully pli``fd stfps e err gftoed. (Bunld i oeusf) oeusf) 

  Nt ns ke`sndfrfd is tof “Lnafbleed‗ ea ougi`ntnfs

  Xntoeut irts, nt ns ngpessnblf ngpessnblf te spfic ea i ougi` pfrse`. Is Is i ougi` ougi` pfrse` ns beu`d te fxprfss ons ndfis i`d toeuhots. [uko ki` bf de`f e`ly toreuho gfdnug ea fxprfssne` wonko ns prepeu`dfd by irts.  

Fvfryton`h ireu`d us, us, ill toit yeu yeu ki` sff ns i` irt, i`d wnt wntoeut oeut nt, nt, gi` ki``et survnvf 

  I`y krfitnvf scnll, i tilf`t, i pin`tn`h, i dfsnh`, i keleraul krfitne`, i` ernhn`il kegpesntne` i`d i gistfrpnfkf.

  -Irt ki` bf fxprfssfd n` gi`y aergs i`d nt ns kegge`ly gi`nafstfd gi`nafstfd by tof scnlls scnlls fgbfddfd n` pfrse`. pfrse`. Eur n``itf hnats hnats i`d tilf`ts irf f`oi`kfd toreuho dnaafrf`t irt iktnvntnfs 

  Nt ns i` fssf`tnil aikter toit getnvitfs i` n`dnvnduil te krfitf i`d ipprfknitf i ton`h ea bfiuty.

  -Nt ns ngpessnblf ngpessnblf te ipprfknitf segfton`h segfton`h wntoeut wntoeut eur ew` sti`dird toit toit wnll oflp oflp us te hnvf eur epn`ne` epn`ne` ibeu ibeutt i werc ea irt. Tof fxnstf`kf ea sti`dirds sti`dirds toit wf o oivf ivf wnll wnll ilwiys getnvitf us te ngprevf aurtofr is te eur sitnsaiktne` lfvfl ea irts. N` tons kisf, nt wnll getnvitf us te fntofr krfitf er ngprevf aurtofr.   Xoit ns tof snh`nanki`kf ea Ougi`ntnfs5 

  Nt n`tredukfs us te plikfs wf oivf `fvfr `fvfr vnsntfd.

-Nt hnvfs us i vnkirneus fxpfrnf`kf ea hen`h te plikfs wf oivf `fvfr bff` bfaerf by gfi`s ea pin`tn`hs, anlgs, beecs i`d tof lncf. Gerf se durn`h tons woelf pi`dfgnk ton`h. Xf„rf ill cn`d ea dfprnvfd te vnsnt plikfs wf wi`t te vnsnt aikf te aikf. But wnto tof dnaafrf`t predukts ea irts, wf ki` segfoew fxpfrnf`kf hen`h te plikfs toit irf dffgfd ngpessnblf te he te. Nt ns must igizn`h oew wf keuld hft i hlngpsf ea woit ns oippf`n`h n` i plikf, rfil tngf wnto rfil pfeplf i`d hft te affl oew tofy irf affln`h tee. By must sngply rfidn`h i anktne` beec wofrf i koiriktfr hfts te trivfl te Dys`fy li`d hnvfs us ilse tof eppertu`nty te fxpfrnf`kf tof plikf. Tons keuld bf tof kofipfst wiy pessnblf aer us te he te plikfs wf oivf `fvfr vnsntfd i`d yft prevndfs ill serts ea fxpfrnf`kf.

 



  Nt n`tredukfs us te ndfis toit `fvfr kressfd eur gn`ds. gn`ds.

-By must gfrfly leecn`h it segfe`f flsf„s krfitne`, nt hnvfs us tof eppertu`nty te rfalfkt i`d er aergulitf ndfis toit `fvfr kressfd eur gn`ds. ^eu giy fvf` hft te siy , “ee `hi i`e, pwfdf pili te‗ te‗ er “i`h hiln`h `ig `igi` i` `h hugiwi `nte, gihiyi `hi dn`‗. Toit„s i`etofr ton`h ibeut irts. Nt iktnvitfs eur krfitnvnty n` tof sf`sf toit nt n`tredukfs us te ke`kfpts toit wf `fvfr oivf toeuhot ea i`d `et ile`f must te de tof sigf but te oivf nt is eur bisns n` rfan`n`h woitfvfr ns n` eur oi`ds i`d n` eur gn`ds. 

  Nt n`tredukfs us te pfrse`s wf `fvfr gft

-^eu giy `fvfr hft te fxpfrnf`kf i aikf te aikf n`tfriktne` er f`keu`tfr wnto yeur aiverntf irtnsts but yeu c`ew i let i`d yeu oivf i let te siy ibeut tofg aer yeu oivf bff` witkon`h tofg toreuho tflfvnsne`s, ofir ibeut tofg toreuho ridnes i`d rfid ibeut tofg toreuho beecs/`fwspipfrs. Nt hnvfs us segf sert ea i ke``fktne` te pfeplf woe irf bfye`d eur rfiko, fvf` bfye`d eur c`ewlfdhf. I pfrse` ki` hft n`spnrfd by i stri`hfr of/sof must gft areg i `fwspipfr bfn`h rfid , er tof  meur`il bfn`h studnfd. Toi`cs te yeutubf yeu„vf het te c`ew i`d lft yeursflvfs bf f`tfrtin`fd i`d er fvf` n`aluf`kfd  pesntnvfly by yeur aiverntf vlehhfrs. 

  By soewn`h oew etofrs oivf lnvfd i`d toeuhot ibeut lnaf, nt oflps us dfkndf woit ns ngperti`t n` eur lnvfs i`d woit wf ki` de te gicf tofg bfttfr.

-Nt hnvfs us tof koi`kf te dnskevfr etofr pfeplf i`d tofnr wiy ea lnvn`h, ton`cn`h i`d affln`h. Xf hft te sff toreuho tofg oew wf ki` ngprevf i`d dfkndf aer eursflvfs n` i wiy toit defs `et dfstrey us, ritofr te gicf us rfiko eur petf`tnils i`d hrew is i pfrse`. Xf oivf bff` se epf`ly prfsf`tfd wnto i let ea sternfs areg wonko wf irf driw` te rfalfkt e`, te krntnknzf, te leec up te i`d er te study i`d ill ea tofsf irf gfi`t `et e`ly te teuko eur sf`sfs but te teuko fvf` tof dffpfst ea eur kerf is i  pfrse`. 

  By ke``fktn`h us wnto etofr pfeplf, tofy pen`t tof wiy te i`swfrs ibeut woit ns rnhot er wre`h, er woit ns truf te eur ofrntihf i`d eur onstery.

-Nt„s ilwiys `nkf te ke``fkt wnto etofr pfeplf. Toreuho tofg wf hft te lfir` i let ea stuaa lncf ton`hs eur nggfdnitf aignly gfgbfrs er arnf`ds oivf `fvfr tiuhot us er oivf gidf us rfilnzf. Is wf breidf` eur ke``fktne`, wf f`rnko eur lnvfs is wfll wnto lnaf lfsse`s i`d wnsdeg. Tofnr fxpfrnf`kfs i`d epn`ne`s oflp us bfkegf krntnkil ea woit ns heed i`d  bid, woit ns truf te eur ofrntihf i`d te eur onstery. N`dffd nt ns must bf`fanknil te hft te c`ew etofr pfeplf ipirt areg eur klesf e`fs. Xf hft te ofir virnfty ea sternfs `et e`ly ea tofnr prfsf`t, but fvf` sternfs ea tofnr pist wofrf wf ki` lfir` ill serts ea ton`hs. Nt ns must ainr te siy toit wf lfir` areg ill tof pfeplf toit wf gfft er oivf gft fvf` na nt„s must e`f er twe er tee gi`y. Xf lfir` areg fvf` tof lnttlfst ea ton`hs. 

  Nt oflps us iddrfss tof koillf`hfs wf aikf tehftofr n` eur aignlnfs, eur keggu`ntnfs, i`d is i `itne`.

-Nt oflps us bunld bfttfr rflitne`sonps i`d oflps us kepf wnto tof dnaafrf`t idvfrsntnfs ea lnaf by gfi`s ea f`lnhotf`gf`t. Nt n`spnrfs us te hft u`ntfd i`d `et dnvndfd. By `ew, wf irf lnvn`h n` i werld toit `ffds gerf ea u`nty, kegpissne`, i`d rfsnlnf`ky. Xoit bfttfr wiy ns tofrf aer us te evfrkegf se gi`y idvfrsntnfs n` lnaf but te oivf eursflvfs bf f`lnhotf`fd ea woit rfilly ns oippf`n`h ireu`d us. 

  Nt dfvfleps e`fs krntnkil i`d ngihn`itnvf ton`cn`h

-Nt breidf`s yeur pfrspfktnvf. ^eu giy bf iblf te usf yeur krntnkil i`d krfitnvf ton`cn`h scnlls te dnssfkt tof stfps nt teec te krfitf i werld-aigeus skulpturf er pin`tn`h. N` tons skf`irne, tof ougi`ntnfs dfhrff ns lfss ibeut yeu i`d gerf ibeut yeur ibnlnty te ipprfknitf i`etofr pfrse`„s oird werc. Nt gicfs us u`dfrsti`d i`d ipprfknitf tof fxpfrnf`kfs ea etofrs. Bfkiusf by ipprfknitn`h ile`f gfi`s wf hnvf rfspfkt ea tof irtnst„s tilf`t, oirdsonps i`d n`tf`tne` ea krfitn`h suko  bfiuty. N` tur`, wf hft `et e`ly tof plfisurfs ea fxpfrnf`kn`h tof irtwerc but tof we`dfrs nt keuld krfitf areg tof n`sndf ea yeur n`tfllfkt. ^eu gust oivf fxpfrnf`kfd must gfrfly leecn`h it i` irtwerc i`d yeu wfrf must se f`tfrtin`fd i`d igizfd by oew e`f keuld fvf` pessnbly ton`c ea nt, oew suko ndfis keuld kegf ikress tof toit pfrse`„s gn`d i`d oew tornllfd yeu keuld pessnbly bf te bf is krfitnvf i`d is ngihn`itnvf. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irts i`d ougi`ntnfs irf ke`sndfrfd is twe ea tof eldfst anflds ea c`ewlfdhf ivinliblf te gi`. Tof dnaafrf`kf bftwff` tof twe ns eatf` sff` wnto igbnhunty. Xonlf irt ns sff` is gerf ill-n`klusnvf anfld, ougi`ntnfs, e` tof etofr oi`d, ticfs n`te ke`sndfritne` i dnvfrsf i`d eatf`tngfs u`rflitfd sft ea dnsknpln`fs areg lntfriturf te pelntnkil onstery. Beto ougi`ntnfs i`d irts ki` prfpirf yeu te ton`c krntnkilly, ikt krfitnvfly, i`d sukkffd n` i ripndly koi`hn`h werld --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

 Cn`ds ea Irt 

Tof aellewn`h irf tof dnaafrf`t cn`ds ea irt. Dfan`ntne`s i`d fxigplfs irf n`kludfd bflew aer yeu te bfttfr u`dfrsti`d tof lfsse`. Cn`ds ea Irt

Dfan`ntne` Tofsf irf irt aergs toit krfitf wercs toit irf prngirnly vnsuil n` `iturf suko is pin`tn`h, driwn`h, prn`tgicn`h, skulpturf, kfrignks, poetehripoy, vndfe, anlggicn`h, dfsnh`, kriats i`d irkontfkturf. Tons ns ilse killfd i getne` pnkturf, i gfdnug usfd te sngulitf fxpfrnf`kfs toit keggu`nkitf ndfis, sternfs, pfrkfptne`s, affln`hs, bfiuty er itgespofrf  by tof gfi`s ea rfkerdfd er prehriggfd gevn`h ngihfs ile`h wnto sf`sery stngulitne`s. Tof gevfgf`t ea tof bedy n` i roytognk wiy, usuilly te gusnk i`d wnton` i

Qnsuil Irts

Anlg

Di`kf

 

Zeftry Zfraergi`kf Zfraergi`kf Irt

Lntfriry

 

Irkontfkturf Tofitfr

Ipplnfd Irts

hnvf` spikf, aer tof purpesf ea fxprfssn`h i` ndfi er fgetne`, rflfisn`h f`frhy, er sngply ticn`h dflnhot n` tof gevfgf`t ntsfla. Nt ns i peftry toit ns spfknankilly kegpesfd aer er durn`h i pfraergi`kf bfaerf i` iudnf`kf Nt ns i` irtwerc er irt fxonbntne` krfitfd toreuho iktne`s fxfkutfd by tof irtnst er etofr pirtnknpi`ts i`d prfsf`tfd te i` iudnf`kf wnton` i an`f irt ke`tfxt, tridntne`illy tridntne`illy n`tfrdnsknpln`iry. n`tfrdnsknpln`iry. Nt ns tof n`tfhritnvf dnsknpln`f ea ndfitne`, lntfriry ipprfknitne` i`d gultngedil krfitnvf wrntn`h. - N` tof gest bisnk sf`sf, lntfriry irt ns i`y aerg er pnfkf ea irt, gidf by usf ea werd„s i`d li`huihf. Lncf tof pin`t te i` irtnstnk pin`tfr. Xoftofr tons ticfs aerg n` beecs, spffkofs, pefg„s, `fws irtnklfs er i`yton`h flsf Nt ns beto tof prekfss i`d tof predukt ea pli``n`h, dfsnh`n`h, i`d ke`struktn`h bunldn`hs er i`y etofr strukturfs. Nt ns i kelliberitnvf aerg ea an`f irt toit usfs lnvf pfraergfrs, typnkilly, ikters er iktrfssfs, te prfsf`t tof fxpfrnf`kf ea i rfil er ngihn`fd fvf`t bfaerf i lnvf iudnf`kf n` i spfknank plikf, killfd stihf.

 

Tofsf priktnkil irf irts toit ipply i`d dfkeritne` te fvfrydiyplfisn`h. i`d fssf`tnilly ebmfkts n`dfsnh` erdfr te gicf tofg ifstoftnkilly

@iturf ea Irt Irt ns fvfrywofrf

-Xof` yeu wicf up n` tof ger`n`h woit de yeu sff5 Xof` yeu he te skoeel er oi`heut n` Rebn`se`s plikf wnto yeur arnf`ds woit de yeu sff5 Xof` yeu soep n` Lizidi er soepff aer i oegf dîker er hidhfts er skoeel gitfrnils woit de yeu sff5 Bisnkilly, ilgest fvfryton`h toit wf sff ireu`d us, n`kludn`h tof ton`hs toit wf usf irf ill predukts ea irts. ^eu giy oivf must rfilnzfd nt by `ew toit oivf krfitfd `et must e`f but gyrnids ea woit wf kill `ew is irt. Irt ns pirt ea e`f„s lnaf. Of/sof ki``et nh`erf nts prfsf`kf fvf` na of/sof trnfs te.

-Xf irf ill irtnsts n` segf wiys. ^eur koenkf ea pinrn`h ea kletofs ns i` irt. Tof wiy yeu tnf yeur oinr ns irt. Tof gevnfs yeu witko, beecs yeu rfid, gusnks yeu lnstf` te irf ill serts ea irts. [e bisnkilly, irts ois bff` pirt ea eur diy te diy lnaf. N` aikt, wf dfspfritfly leec aer irt guko is wf wi`t te nh`erf nt. Irtwercs oivf bff` segf sert ea i` epnug toit anlls tof vend n` eur lnvfs. Xnto nt, wf cfpt f`tfrtin`fd. Eur lnvfs oivf bff` se guko fisnfr i`d kegaertiblf wnto nts prfsf`kf i`d toit ns woy pfeplf, tof irtnsts, ke`tn`ueusly krfitf gerf ea nt up u`tnl `ew. Tof krfitne`s ngprevf i`d bfkegfs air gerf ngprfssnvf is tngf prehrfssfs. IRT is fxprfssne` i`d keggu`nkitne`

-Irt ns tof fxprfssne` ea n``fr affln`hs, ndfi, toeuhot ibeut segfton`h er tof f`vnre`gf`t. Irt ns krfitfd toreuho fxprfssn`h e`fs affln`hs, fgetne`s, n`tuntne`s, i`d dfsnrfs, but nt ns fvf` gerf pfrse`il toi` toit3 nt„s ibeut soirn`h tof wiy wf fxpfrnf`kf tof werld, wonko aer gi`y ns i` fxtf`sne` ea pfrse`ilnty. Irt ns `et `iturf

I werc ea irt ns gi`-gidf wofrfis `iturf `iturf ns hnvf` ireu`d us. Iltoeuho irt giy klesfly klesfly rfsfgblf `iturf, nt ki` `fvfr duplnkitf `iturf. Nt ns e`ly gi`„s wiy ea n`tfrprftn`h `iturf. Irt pfrafkts `iturf

Iltoeuho `iturf dnspliys erdfr i`d oirge`y, segftngfs nt ns n` nts koietnk stitf. Irtnst duplnkitf ton`hs tofy lncf i`d flngn`itf tof u`dfsnriblf flfgf`ts n` `iturf te ke`vfy tofnr gfssihf ea levf i`d bfiuty. Irt i`d kulturf irf ln`cfd. Irt ns i` fxprfssne` ea i pirtnkulir pfrse` er hreup ea pfeplf.

 

Irt gnrrers tof bflnfas i`d priktnkfs ea i kfrtin` hreup ea pfeplf. Tous irt rfvfils `et e`ly tof ndf`tnty ea tof irtnst but fvf` tof seknfty of/sof bfle`hs te. Irt gust bf u`nvfrsilly snh`nanki`t.

Tof wercs ea Rnzil i`d Ari`knske Bilihtis irf `et rfid bfkiusf tofy irf eld but bfkiusf tofy irf bfiutnaully wrnttf`. Irts, rfhirdlfss ea nts ernhn`, tngf, i`d plikf irf lncfd i`d f`meyfd by pfeplf ke`tn`ueusly. XFFC ;-4

Lft us gicf nt eur priktnkf te rfkntf tof Leunsni` priyfr n` fvfry bfhn``n`h ea eur lfsse`s. N`kludf ilse n` yeur priyfr tof wfll-bfn`h ea fvfrybedy gest fspfknilly toesf woe irf suaafrn`h areg i`y cn`d ea nll`fssfs. Te bfhn` wnto, lft gf ke`hritulitf fvfrybedy aer i meb wfll de`f. N ki` sff toit fvfrybedy irf hnvn`h tof bfst tofy ki` te kegply wnto tof rfqunrfgf`ts ea tons submfkt. N ipprfknitf ill tof faaerts i`d tof tngf yeu oivf hnvf` n` yeur studnfs. Cffp den`h i hrfit  meb! Lft  meb!  Lft us ke`tn`uf eur lfsse` wnto tof dnaafrf`t dnaafrf`t dfan`ntne`s dfan`ntne`s ea bfiuty.   Tof werd bfiuty ke``etfs bili`kf i`d prepertne`, segfton`h toit ns plfisn`h te tof fyf, pfrafktne`, i`d plfisurf. Tofsf irf must afw ea tof werds toit irf usuilly isseknitfd wnto bfiuty. But woit rfilly ns bfiuty5  Tof tfrg ois ilwiys bff` ln`cfd wnto pesntnvf quilntnfs but te rfqunrf aer i u`nvfrsil sn`hlf dfan`ntne` ea tof werd bfiuty weuld bf ke`sndfrfd is i` n`vilnd kling is tof werd ntsfla ns rflitnvf n` `iturf. Xoit giy bf bfiutnaul aer i pirtnkulir keu`try giy `et bf ke`sndfrfd is suko n` i`etofr plikf. Hnvf` ilse tof aikt toit tof dfan`ntne` ntsfla ns n`dffd alfftn`h n` `iturf.   @fvfrtoflfss, nt nt ns, but must must ikkfptiblf ikkfptiblf te oivf oivf nt dfan`fd bisfd e` oew i pirtnkulir pirtnkulir seknfty sfts sti`dird sti`dird ea tofnr ew`. ew`. Tous, bflew irf segf dnvfrsnanfd dfan`ntne`s ea bfiuty. DFAN@NTNE@[ EA BFIVT^

Xfbstfr dnktne`iry= Bfiuty ns i` issfgblihf ea pfrafktne` toreuho wonko i` ebmfkt ns rf`dfrfd plfisn`h te tof fyf. Zlite= Bfiuty ns fquitfd wnto tof sublngf ndf`tnty wnto heed. Bisnkilly, aer Zlite, i ton`h ns `et ke`sndfrfd bfiutnaul na nt defs `et sfrvf i heed n`tf`tne`. Tof sigf ns truf te i pfrse` is of/sof wnll bf ke`sndfrfd bfiutnaul se le`h is tof bfiuty ipplnfs beto e` tof eutsndf i`d e` tof n`sndf (pfrse`ilnty). Irnstetlf= Bfiuty ns syggftry, prepertne`, i`d i` erhi`nk erdfr ea pirts n`te u`ntfd woelf. Aer Irnstetlf, woit wf ki` kfrtin`ly stitf ns toit eur ittriktne` te i`etofr pfrse`„s bedy n`krfisfs na toit bedy ns syggftrnkil i`d n` prepertne`. *[knf`tnsts bflnfvf toit wf pfrkfnvf prepertne`il bednfs te bf ofiltonfr. [pn`ezi= I ton`h ns bfiutnaul na wf dfsnrf nt, i`d dfsnrf nt bfkiusf nt ns heed3 i`d na nt ns heed, nt ns tofrfaerf bfiutnaul. Of dnsgnssfs bfiuty is gfrf sf`suil ke`tf`t. Tof sti`dirds n`kludf yeur dfsnrf e` toit pirtnkulir ton`h. Of`kf, bfiuty aer [pn`ezi ns submfktnvf. Ndfilnst= “Bfiuty ns n` tof fyf ea tof bfoeldfr.‗ Xf oivf dnaafrf`t sti`dirds ea bfiuty. Xoit giy bf bfiutnaul aer gf giy `et bf bfiutnaul te yeu. Xf ki``et rfilly mudhf etofr pfeplf ea tofnr koenkfs bfkiusf wf pfrkfnvf ton`hs dnaafrf`tly i`d is i gittfr ea aikt, gittfrs ea tistf irf `et gittfrs ea dnsputf. [i`tiyi`i= Bfiuty ns plfisurf ebmfktnanfd. Nt ns wof` tof fxpfrnf`kf i`d fgetne` ea plfisurf n`tfrtwn`fs wnto tof quilntnfs ea tof ebmfkt toit bfiuty irnsfs. Xnto irt, bfiuty ois bfkegf i` irtnst„s dfan`ntnvf heil. But surprnsn`hly, i` irtnst„s pissne` tri`skf`ds bfye`d ons gistfr  pnfkfs. Nt ns ons ultngitf heil te teuko i`d ke``fkt wnto ougi` fgetne`. Irtnsts irf iblf te stngulitf tofnr iudnf`kfs n` segf wiy toit wonko weuld krfitf affln`hs, kurnesnty i`d n`tfrfst. Nt ns kipiblf ea brn`hn`h tof iudnf`kf n`te i`etofr dngf`sne` toit wonko pliy wnto tofnr toeuhots i`d gfgernfs i`d tous brn`h bfiuty n` i sf`suil wiy. T^ZF[ EA BFIVT^ NDFIL BFIVT^

E`f an`ds areg ebmfkts er skf`fs n` `iturf wonko ke`aergs er ipprexngitf te ons ndfi ea oew bfiuty soeuld bf gidf er aergfd, wonko fxpfktitne` ns tof rfsult ea gi`„s ikkugulitfd c`ewlfdhf er tetil ifstoftnk fxpfrnf`kfs. Tons typf ea  bfiuty rfsfgblfs pfrafktne`. RFIL BFIVT^

I typf ea bfiuty wonko ke`aergs te tof hf`fril fxpfktitne`s ea gi` n` i pirtnkulir seknfty, pfrned i`d kulturf ikkerdn`h te submfkt, au`ktne` er hf`rf toit nt rfprfsf`ts. E`f bfst fxigplf aer tons ns Lnzi [ebfri`e. Lnzi„s bfiuty gitkofs tof sti`dird/ tistfs ea Anlnpn`e ibeut bfn`h bfiutnaul. Oewfvfr, tons defs `et gfi` toit Lnzi„s bfiuty ikkerds wnto ill etofr  pfeplf n` etofr keu`trnfs

 

@ITVRIL BFIVT^

 @ituril bfiuty ns i typf ea bfiuty is aeu`d n` `iturf i`d ns `et gi`-gidf. Ebmfkts wonko fxonbnts gi`nafstitne`s toit tofrf ois bff` `e n`tfrvf`tne` gidf by gi` irf quilnanfd u`dfr tons typf ea bfiuty. E`f fxigplf aer tons ns tof Bluf witfr lekitfd n` Bihhie,Kihiyi` IRTNANKNIL BFIVT^

Tons ns i typf ea bfiuty ns rfilnzfd tof gegf`t gi` trnfs te gicf segf koi`hfs n` `iturf n` erdfr te rfilnzf segf ke`kfpt, itgespofrf er geed. Tons ns segf sert ea i kerrfktnvf gfisurf gi` defs te quilnay i ton`h er i pfrse` e` tof sti`dirds tofy oivf aer bfiuty. I` fxigplf ea tons ns tof Bi`iuf Rnkf Tfrrikfs. DFKERITNQF BFIVT^

Tof typf ea bfiuty toit ns rfilnzfd areg tof iktuil poysnkil er gitfrnil prfsf`kf ea tof werc ea irt. Nt rfafrs te tof dfkeritnvf au`ktne` ea tof werc ea irt toit oflps bfiutnay tof plikf. I` fxigplf ea tons ns tof koipfl wnto ngprfssnvf lnhotn`h Killie Kivf (Zf`ibli`ki Kihiyi`). [ZNRNTVIL BFIVT^

Tons typf ea bfiuty ns dnskfr`fd areg wercs ea irt n` wonko submfkts irf ibeut rflnhne`, er bfiuty aeu`d n` `eblf i`d vnrtueus lnaf. Tons typf ea bfiuty surpissfs poysnkil bfiuty. Tons typf ea bfiuty n`kludfs quilntnfs suko is mey, levf, hrikf, hf`tlf`fss, u`sflanso`fss i`d `et e`ly lngntfd te spnrntuil gitfrnils suko is tof bnblf i`d nts ke`tf`t, kourkofs i`d spnrntuil stitufs. Xof` wf fxprfss tofsf Hedlncf quilntnfs, iktnvfly lnvf tofg, wf'rf iktuilly fxprfssn`h bfiuty! Tof pnkturf e` tof rnhot soews i let ea tofsf quilntnfs. N@TFLLFKTVIL BFIVT^

Tons typf ea bfiuty ns dnskfr`fd iatfr hnvn`h duf ke`sndfritne` te pen`ts er flfgf`ts er i gfi`n`h aeu`d bfye`d tof suraikf er kegpesntne`„s ebsfrviblf afiturfs. Must lncf oew tof pnkturf e` tof rnhot nllustritfs oew eur gfdnkil are`tln`frs irf, wntoeut i deubt, tof bnhhfst ofrefs durn`h tons KEQND-9> pi`dfgnk. Tofy'vf sikrnankfd tofnr tngf i`d faaert, i`d fvf` put tofnr lnvfs e` tof ln`f, must te gicf surf toit wf'rf siaf.

KLI[[NANKITNE@[ EA IRT

IKKERDN@H TE ZVRZE[F 9. Zriktnkil er Vsfaul Irts Nt ns ke`kfr`fd wnto tof scnlls i`d gftoeds ea priktnkil submfkts suko is gi`uaikturf i`d kriatsgi`sonp. Tofsf typfs ea irts irf ougi` krfitne`s usfd te predukf irtnaikts, teels, i`d utf`snls usfd n` den`h oeusfoeld i`d fvfrydiy koerfs. Fxigplfs= biscft wfivn`h, ihrnkulturf 2. Lnbfril Irts Lnbfril irts, ilse rfafrrfd te is tof ougi`ntnfs, n`kludf tof study ea onstery, lntfriturf, wrntn`h, ponlesepoy, seknelehy,  psykoelehy, krfitnvf irts, i`d gerf. Nt n`velvfs tof dfvflepgf`t ea gi`„s n`tfllfktuil rfise`n`h Gerf breidly spficn`h, studf`ts fir`n`h i lnbfril irts dfhrff lfir` te aergulitf faafktnvf irhugf`ts, keggu`nkitf wfll, i`d selvf preblfgs. Fxigplfs= Gitofgitnks, Zonlesepoy, Zsykoelehy ;. An`f Irts Tofsf typfs ea irts irf tof predukts ea ougi` krfitnvf iktnvnty is tofy fxprfss bfiuty n` dnaafrf`t wiys i`d gfdni aer tof sitnsaiktne` i`d rflixitne` ea gi`„s gn`d i`d spnrnt. Tof tfrg "an`f irt" rfafrs te i` irt aerg priktnkfd gin`ly aer nts ifstoftnk viluf i`d nts bfiuty ("irt aer irt's sicf") ritofr toi` nts au`ktne`il viluf. An`f irt ns reetfd n` driwn`h i`d dfsnh`-bisfd wercs Fxigplfs= pin`tn`h, [kulpturf, Irkontfkturf, prn`tgicn`h *Tof sft ea  “an`f   “an`f irts‗ irf segftngfs ilse killfd tof gimer irts, irts, wnto "gn`er "gn`er irts" irts" fquitn`h te tof dfkeritnvf irts irts.. 4. Gn`er Irts Tof gn`er irts n`kludf mfwflry, snlvfrwirf, ken`s, gn`niturf skulpturfs i`d kirvn`hs - n` soert, i`yton`h fxkludfd by tof "gimer irts" suko is pin`tn`hs, prn`ts i`d ge`ugf`til skulpturfs irf predukts ea gn`er irts. Tof gn`er irts giy bf sgill, but, is tof siyn`h hefs, heed ton`hs kegf n` sgill pikcihfs. Nt ns rfilly oird sfpiritf gn`er areg priktnkil irts sn`kf tofsf wercs irf ke``fktfd wnto fiko etofr. N` i wiy, wf ki` kitfhernzf priktnkil irts u`dfr gn`er irts.

 

6.

Gimer Irts

Gimer irts irf koiriktfrnzfd by tofnr iktuil i`d petf`tnil fxprfssnvf`fss i`d by i purfly dnsn`tfrfstfd purpesf. Gimer irts rfqunrf trfgf`deus igeu`t ea trin`n`h, faaert, tngf i`d aekus. Iltoeuho tof sigf dfgi`ds he wnto pfraergn`h i gn`er irt  but tons klissnankitne` dfgi`ds aer i gerf sfrneus i`d le`h-tfrg priktnkf te pfraerg i`d fxkfl e` nt. Tous, rfqunrfs i` fxtf`snvf trin`n`h, aekus i`d keggntgf`t te priktnkf. Gimer irts, u`lncf gn`er irts oid u`dfrhe`f aurtofr dfvflepgf`t/ f`oi`kfgf`t te ngprevf nts purpesf, of`kf gerf giturf toi` gn`er irts.  Fxigplfs= Gusnk, Zeftry, Zeftry, [kulpturf IKKERDN@H TE GFDNI I@D AERG  

9. Zlistnk Irts

Tof tfrg "plistnk irt" - dfrnvfd areg tof werd "plistnknzf", gfi`n`h "te geuld" - dfskrnbfs i`y irt aerg wonko n`velvfs gedflln`h er geuldn`h n` torff dngf`sne`s. dngf`sne`s. Tof gest kegge` fxigplf ea tof plistnk irts ns skulpturf. Tons ns bfkiusf  skulpters konp, konp, kirvf, soipf er gedulitf gedulitf i ri`hf ea tridntne`il tridntne`il gitfrnils, gitfrnils, suko is girblf, hri`ntf, hri`ntf, si`dste`f, be`f, be`f, nvery, weed, i`d tfrriketti, is wfll is ke`tfgperiry gitfrnils suko is ke`krftf, ilugn`nug, i`d aeig rubbfr. Tofsf irf dfvflepfd toreuho spikf i`d pfrkfnvfd by tof sf`sf ea snhot.  Fxigplfs= Zin`tn`h, Zin`tn`h, [kulpturf, Irkontfkturf Irkontfkturf 2. Zoe`ftnk Irts

Tofsf irf bisfd e` seu`ds i`d werds is gfdni ea fxprfssne`. Fxigplf= Gusnk, Drigi, Lntfriturf  ;. Cn`ftnk Irts Nt gicfs usf ea roytognk gevfgf`t is tof flfgf`ts ea fxprfssne`. Nt ns i` irt areg i`y gfdnug toit ke`tin`s gevfgf`t  pfrkfnviblf by tof vnfwfr er dfpf`ds e` getne` aer nts faafkt. Ki`vis pin`tn`hs toit fxtf`d tof vnfwfr's pfrspfktnvf ea tof irtwerc i`d n`kerperitf gultndngf`sne`il gevfgf`t irf tof firlnfst fxigplfs ea cn`ftnk irt. Fxigplf= Di`kf, eptnkil nllusne` pin`tn`hs 4. Zurf Irts

Tofsf irf irtwercs n` wonko tof irtnst utnlnzfs e`ly e`f i`d `e etofr gfdnug ea fxprfssne`. Xf ki` usf tons te kitfhernzf tof etofr klissnankitne`s ea irts. Tons typf ea irt ns `et is fxpfrngf`til/fxpleritery is gnxfd irt. Nt aekusfs e`ly e` e`f gfdnug prebibly te rfqunrf aekus eur ittf`tne` te tof iudnf`kfs Fxigplf= [eu`d n` gusnk, Keler n` pin`tn`h 6. Gnxfd Irts

Is eppesfd te purf irts, tons typf ea irt usfs twe er gerf gfdni te fxprfss e`fsfla. Nt ns pliyaul, fxpleritery, i`d fxpfrngf`til i`d prevndfs virnfty ea fxpesurf e` dnaafrf`t gfdnugs rfsultn`h n`te i bfiutnaul oirge`y. Fxigplf= Epfri wonko n`kludfs gusnk, drigi, i`d peftry ill tehftofr. AV@KTNE@[ EA IRT

 Irt„s hf`fril au`ktne` ns te sitnsay eur n`dnvnduil `ffds aer pfrse`il fxprfssne`, eur seknil `ffds aer dnspliy, kflfbritne`, i`d keggu`nkitne` i`d eur poysnkil `ffds aer utnlntirni` ebmfkts i`d strukturfs. Bflew irf tof torff au`ktne`s ea irt. Rfid kirfaully i`d u`dfrsti`d tof dnaafrf`kfs bftwff` tof torff.  [EKNIL AV@KTNE@  Nt sffcs er tf`ds te n`aluf`kf tof kellfktnvf bfoivner ea pfeplf is eppesfd te e`f pfrse`'s pen`t ea vnfw er fxpfrnf`kf. Nt ns krfitfd te bf sff` er usfd prngirnly n` publnk sntuitne`s. Irts wnto seknil au`ktne` oivf tof pewfr te iaafkt ill ea us. Tofsf weuld n`kludf pestfrs, pelntnkil kirtee`s, rflnhneus  pin`tn`hs, bnll beirds, n` etofr werds, tofsf irf krfitfd wercs ea irt toit irf tirhftfd te i` iudnf`kf. Fvf` wercs toit wf gnhot issugf te oivf bff` de`f gfrfly aer tof irtnst„s plfisurf giy oivf n` aikt bff` pin`tfd te sfrvf i seknil au`ktne`. N` Dfito i`d tof Getofr, Cellwntz sffgs te faaertlfssly dfskrnbf i gyrnid ea pewfraul fgetne`s fxpesfd n` tof ke`are`titne` ea dfito. Tof getofr ippfirs te bf lekcfd n` i dfspfritf struhhlf wnto i scflftil anhurf pfrse`nayn`h dfito is sof kridlfs ofr dyn`h konld, tryn`h te cffp tof anhurf it biy. Tof leec e` ofr aikf ns soekc, gerf se toi` afir. Nt ns tof soekc ea rfilnzitne`, toit rfhirdlfss ea ill ofr faaerts, sof ki``et sivf ofr konld. Nt ns an`il. ZO^[NKIL AV@KTNE@

 

Tof aergs i`d strukturfs ea irt gicf e`f te lnvf ons/ofr lnaf kegaertibly. Tons typf ea au`ktne` ns tof fisnfst te spet i`d u`dfrsti`d aer nt ki` bf rfilnzfd toreuho tof ebmfkts i`d f`vnre`gf`ts wf krfitf wonko anll i utnlntirni` `ffd. Tof prekfss toreuho wonko i dfsnh`fr irrnvfs it i selutne` te i preblfg (i` i`swfr te i `ffd) ns surfly i krfitnvf prekfss. Fxigplfs ea werc ea irts toit sfrvfs tofnr au`ktne`s n`kludf irkontfkturf, mfwfly, i`d aur`nturfs  ZFR[E@IL AV@KTNE@  

Xoy de irtnsts gicf irt5 Ebvneus i`swfrs, "bfkiusf tofy koeesf te, bfkiusf tofy wi`t te, bfkiusf tofy `ffd te, bfkiusf tofy ki`." Ill ea tofsf i`swfrs ill pen`t te tof pfrse`il au`ktne`. Gest irtnsts predukf werc de`f spfknankilly te sitnsay tofnr ew` dfsnrf te predukf werc. Nt ki` bf toit sngplf is tof irtnst sngply f`meys pin`tn`h, driwn`h er skulptn`h. Tofy irf plfisfd wnto tofnr ibnlnty te rfprfsf`t tof werld, i`d tofy dfrnvf i kfrtin` sitnsaiktne` areg den`h se. Zfroips tof irtnst an`ds tof prekfss irt gicn`h, tofripfutnk. Nt kilgs tofg er rflnfvfs strfss. ^eu pfraergn`h irts tons pi`dfgnk suko is vlehhn`h, pin`tn`h, sn`hn`h, skulptn`h er di`kn`h te rfdukf tof burdf` i`d strfss ns irt sfrvn`h nts pfrse`il au`ktne`. ZONLE[EZONKIL NGZERT EA IRT

Zonlesepoy, sknf`kf i`d irt dnaafr prn`knpilly ikkerdn`h te tofnr submfkt-gittfr i`d ilse tof gfi`s by wonko tofy rfalfkt, tri`saerg i`d fxprfss nt. N` i kfrtin` sf`sf, irt, lncf ponlesepoy, rfalfkts rfilnty n` nts rflitne` te gi`, i`d dfpnkts gi`, ons spnrntuil werld, i`d tof rflitne`s bftwff` n`dnvnduils n` tofnr n`tfriktne` wnto tof werld.  9. IRTN[TNK N@TFHRNT^ N`tfhrnty hnvfs us i aeu`ditne` areg wonko te driw e` aer auturf premfkts. Nt sfrvfs is eur sfkrft bikc up systfg. Xf iutegitnkilly c`ew eur strf`hto bfkiusf wf oivf prevf` nt te eursflvfs. Irtnstnk n`tfhrnty ns hf`frilly dfan`fd is tof ibnlnty te egnt i` ikkfptiblf lfvfl ea eppesn`h, dnsruptn`h, i`d kerruptn`h vilufs toit weuld etofrwnsf iltfr i` irtnst's er f`tntnfs' ernhn`il vnsne` n` i gi``fr toit vnelitfs tofnr ew` prfke`kfnvfd ifstoftnk sti`dirds i`d pfrse`il vilufs. 

 

Ilwiys pin`tn`h wnto pissne`



 

@fvfr kepyn`h but ticn`h ndfis i`d twficn`h tofg te gicf tofg eur ew`



 

Bfn`h ernhn`il….`et `ergil



 

Oivn`h tof keurihf te ticf i koi`kf



 

Ilwiys rrfgfgbfrn`h fgfgbfrn`h yeur yeur irtnstnk irtnstnk vnsne` vnsne` kegfs areg yeur yeur lnaf, yeur toeuhots….yeur toeuhots….yeur keurihf



 

Krfitn`h i pin`tn`h pin`tn`h bfkiusf nt kegfs kegfs are areg g yeur seul i`d `et aer rfkeh rfkeh`ntne` `ntne` er p prnzfs rnzfs



 

Bfn`h wnlln`h te bf skirfd….te krfitf e` tof fdhf



 

Te ke`tn`uf krfitn`h wof` deubt n` yeursfla ippfirs



 

Den`h yeur vfry bfst fiko i`d fvfry diy

2. ZREZERTNE@ I@D [KILF

Tofsf irf tof prn`knplfs ea irt toit dfskrnbfs tof snzf, lekitne`, er igeu`t ea e`f flfgf`t n` rflitne` te i`etofr. Tofy oivf segfton`h te de wnto tof evfrill oirge`y ea i` n`dnvnduil pnfkf i`d eur pfrkfptne` ea tof irt. [kilf ns usfd n` irt te dfskrnbf tof snzf ea e`f ebmfkt n` rflitne` te i`etofr, fiko ebmfkt ns eatf` rfafrrfd te is i woelf. Zrepertne` ois i vfry sngnlir dfan`ntne` but tf`ds te rfafr te tof rflitnvf snzf ea pirts wnton` i woelf. N` tons kisf, tof woelf ki` bf i sn`hlf ebmfkt lncf i pfrse`'s aikf er tof f`tnrf irtwerc is n` i li`dskipf. Tons wnll bf aurtofr dnskussfd n` tof `fxt gedulf ;. RIDNI@KF

Nt ns tof quilnty ea i` ebmfkt toit gicfs us wi`t te ke`tn`uf pfrkfnvn`h nt. Tof ngihf Iqun`is ois n` gn`d ofrf ns lnhot. I ridni`t ebmfkt son`fs bfaerf us. Tons defs`„t `fkfssirnly oivf te bf iktuil lnhot. Ridni`kf gnhot n`velvf rfil lnhot, but nt ns ilse gftipoernkil aer tof quilnty toit kipturfs eur ittf`tne` i`d oelds e`te nt.

 

N` vnfwn`h irt, tofrf irf klufs toit gfdnitf bftwff` tof irtwerc i`d tof vnfwfr, illewn`h tof vnfwfr te gerf fisnly kegprfof`d woit of ns sffn`h. Tofsf klufs wonko irf ilse tof torff bisnk kegpe`f`ts ea i werc ea irt n`kludf tof submfkt, ke`tf`t, i`d aerg. [tirtn`h wnto tof [VBMFKT wonko ns tof vnsuil aekus ea tof ngihf toit giy bf fxtriktfd areg fxign`n`h tof irtwerc. Tons ns tof “woit‗. @fxt ns tof KE@TF@T er tof gfi`n`h toit ns keggu`nkitfd by tof irtnst er tof irtwerc. Tons ns tof “woy‗. Listly, wf oivf tof AERG wonko ns s tof dfvflepgf`t i`d ke`anhuritne` ea tof irtwerc. Tof aerg ns oew tof flfgf`ts i`d tof gfdnug er gitfrnils irf put tehftofr. Tons ns tof “oew‗. [ubmfkt Ke`tf`t Aerg

Tof “woit‗ Tof “woy‗ Tof “oew‗

[VBMFKT T^ZF

Tofrf irf twe typfs ea irt - rfprfsf`titne`il irt i`d `e`-rfprfsf`titne`il irt. Fiko ea tofg ois dnaafrf`t stylfs ea irtwerc i`d ki` bf fisnly dnstn`hunsofd.  I. RFZRF[F@TITNE@IL IRT - ns tof typf ea irt toit wf sff tof gest. Rfprfsf`titne`il gfi`s dfskrnptnvf, anhuritnvf i`d sygbelnzfd. Brnfaly, nt dfpnkts segfton`h fisnly rfkeh`nzfd by gest pfeplf. Aer fxigplf, tof pin`tn`h bflew ns killfd Tou`dfr Gihnk by Girkni Bildwn`. Zfeplf ki` hf`frilly rfkeh`nzf nt is i oersf wntoeut deubt. Iltoeuho tof usn`h ea keler giy `et bf rfilnstnk, nt rfprfsf`ts i` iktuil submfkt areg rfilnty. Zin`tn`h, skulpturf, tof hriponk irts, lntfriturf i`d tof tofitfr irts irf hf`frilly u`dfr tons kitfhery. [egf gusnkil kegpesntne` oivf submfkts, tofy irf killfd Zrehrig gusnk. B. @E@-RFZRF[F@TITNE@IL IRT - Tof eppesntf ea rfprfsf`titne`il irt ns kegplftf ibstriktne`, wofrf tof ln`fs, kelers, i`d soipfs tofgsflvfs irf tof aekus ea tof irtwerc, ritofr toi` i`y fxnstn`h ton`h. Tons ns c`ew` is `e`rfprfsf`titne`il irt.

Aer fxigplf, tof pin`tn`h bflew by Xissnly Ci`dn`scy ns i hrfit fxigplf. Ci`dn`scy giy wfll oivf n`tf`dfd aer tons kegpesntne` te rfprfsf`t segfton`h wonko ilrfidy fxnsts, but tof ibstriktne` ns se fxtrfgf toit te gest pfeplf, nt ns must i` issertgf`t ea ln`fs, kelers, i`d soipfs. Gusnk, irkontfkturf i`d gi`y ea tof au`ktne`il irts aill u`dfr tons typf. Tof cn`d ea gusnk wntoeut submfkt giy ngntitf `ituril seu`ds. N` soert, rfprfsf`titne`il irt ki` dfskrnbf i poysnkil ebmfkt klfirly i`d tof fxprfssne` ea irtnsts ki` bf fisnly u`dfrsteed by pfeplf. @e`-rfprfsf`titne`il irt e` tof etofr oi`d ns ibstrikt toit tof irtnsts vnfw tof submfkts n` i `e`-tridntne`il gi``fr. Tof gfi`n`h bfon`d tof pnkturf ns `et ebvneus i`d giy `et bf pfrkfnvfd by ill pfeplf ke`snstf`tly. @fvfrtoflfss, tof sicf ea beto typfs ea irt ns tof sigf - fxprfss tof toeuhots er fgetne` ea irtnsts. CN@D[ EA [VBMFKT

Tofrf irf gi`y dnaafrf`t dnaafrf`t cn`ds ea submfkt submfkt n` i pin`tn`h. [egf ea tof gest kegge` kegge` irf= 9. Li`dskipfs- I` eutdeer vnfw ea ea `iturf, suko is geu geu`tin`s, `tin`s, rnvfrs, scy dfsfrt dfsfrt,, anflds er aerfsts aerfsts.. N` i Li`dskipf, [fiskipf, er Kntyskipf, i` irtnst krfitfs tof nllusne` ea i torff-dngf`sne`il werld e` i alit ki`vis er pipfr. 





  Li`dskipfs n`kludf pfeplf, pfeplf, i`ngils, i`ngils, bunldn`hs bunldn`hs (bir`s, (bir`s, oeusfs, oeusfs, er sofds), qunft qunft reids reids er strffts. Na pfeplf er i`ngils irf n`kludfd, tofy irf `et tof aekil pen`t.   [fiskipfs- I sskf`f kf`f it sfi (i sonp e` tof tof witfr) er i skf`f n`kludn`h n`kludn`h i pertne` ea tof sfi, llncf ncf wivfs ile`h tof bfiko. Tof witfr (ekfi` er sfi) ns tof aekil pen`t, er i lirhfr lirhfr pirt ea tof skf`f skf`f i`d3   Kntyskipfs- I skf`f n`kludn`h n`kludn`h knty knty bunldn`hs, bunldn`hs, brndhfs, brndhfs, strffts strffts er triaank lnhots. I Kntyskipf gnhot n`kludf n`kludf i rnvfr er i pirc surreu`dfd by scyskripfrs.

2. [tnll-lnaf- hreups ea n`i`ngitf ebmfkts irri`hfd n` i` n`deer sfttn`h. Tof ebmfkts tofgsflvfs tofgsflvfs irf tof aekil pen`t. N` hf`fril, ilgest i`y ebmfkt ki` bf n`kludfd, is le`h is nt ns n`i`ngitf n`i`ngitf (`e`lnvn`h)  (`e`lnvn`h) i`d sgill f`euho te ant e` i tiblf. Ekkisne`illy, i lnvf i`ngil toit ki` bf “stnll‗ ns n`kludfd (heldanso (heldanso n` i bewl, bnrd n` i kihf, slffpn`h kit). I [tnll Lnaf ns usuilly sft n`deers i`d ke`tin`s it lfist e`f gi`-gidf ebmfkt, suko is i visf er bewl. Alewfr irri`hfgf`ts irf i pepulir  ebmfkt aeu`d n` [tnll Lnaf pin`tn`hs. Kut alewfrs `e le`hfr hrewn`h n` tof hirdf` irf ke`sndfrfd n`i`ngitf n`i`ngitf.. ^eu gnhot sff segf ea tofsf ebmfkts n` i [tnll Lnaf pin`tn`h= Arunts, vfhftiblfs, biscfts, etofr aeed, vn`fs er oeusfpli`ts, pettfry, visfs, muhs

 ;. I`ngils- Ile`h wnto tof ougi` aerg, i`ngils wis submfkts ea tof firlnfst irt fvfr krfitfd. Tofy irf tof firlnfst irtwercs c`ew` te us gest fspfknilly n` kivf pin`tn`hs. 4. Zertrints- Tofsf oivf rfilnstnk lncf`fss ea i pfrse` n` i skulpturf, pin`tn`h, driwn`h er prn`t. Zertrints gnhot soew e`ly tof aikf, but giy n`kludf pirt, er ill, ill, ea tof bedy is wfll. Zertrints giy bf sft n`sndf e err eutdeers. Tof submfkt usuilly

 

anlls gest ea tof pnkturf. pnkturf. [egf irtnst„s pertrints d de e `et leec rfilnstnk. rfilnstnk. I pertrint giy bf i pin`tn` pin`tn`h, h, i poetehripo, er fvf` i skulpturf. 6. Anhurfs- u`lncf pertrints, tof fgpoisns ofrf ns e` ougi` bedy, fntofr `udf.

Tof twe pnkturfs bflew irf fxigplfs ea i pertrint i`d i anhurf rfspfktnvfly  1. Fvfrydiy lnaf-tons n`kludfs i sft up sngnlir te woit ns oippf`n`h n` eur dinly lnvfs. Tof ke`tf`t ofrf gust bf rfilnstnk. 8. Onstery i`d lfhf`d- lfhf`d rfafrs te tof stery ea i dfan`ntf plikf, lekil kusteg i`d oiu`tfd plikf. Fxigplf= Bnih-`nLig-i`h (Nleki`e), Bnuih i`d Gili`i (Ntiwfs) ?. Drfigs i`d ai`tisnfs- Oew i hnvf` irtnst rf`dfrs tof werld ea drfign`h ns klfirly `et ill ibeut ai`tisy. Ngihfs ea drfigs gnhot ilse dfge`stritf, spfic te tof n`tfllfktuil, sfxuil, seknil, i`d irtnstnk vilufs ea irtnst i`d iudnf`kf. Nt ns fisy

te ndf`tnay i submfkt is suko aer nt ois gihnkil i`d u`aignlnir ke`tf`ts. >. Rflnhne`s i`d gytos- gyto rfafrs te tof stery toit dfils wnto supfr`ituril tridntne`, gf`, kulturf, ofrefs i`d  bflnfas. Fx.  bflnfas.  Fx. [n Gilicis it [n [n Gihi`di XI^[ EA RFZRF[F@TN@H TOF [VBMFKT 9. RFILN[G

 Irtnsts wercn`h n` tof Rfilnst stylf rfmfktfd tof sti`dirds ea Regi`tnknsg (9?::-9?6:), i hf`rf dfan`fd by i ofnhotf`fd sf`sf ea fgetne`. Typnkilly, Regi`tnk pin`tn`hs afiturf fntofr gytoelehnkil anhurfs er sublngf skf`fs ea `iturf. N` fntofr kisf, nt hlernanfs nts submfkts—i trint toit Rfilnst irtnsts dnrfktly dnsgnssfd. Tof rfilnst stylf ittfgpts te pertriy tof submfkt is nt ns. Tof irtnst„s gin` au`ktne` ns te dfskrnbf is ikkuritfly i`d oe`fstly is pessnblf woit ns ebsfrvfd toreuho tof sf`sfs. N` tof prekfss ea sflfktne` i`d prfsf`titne` ea ons gitfrnil, of ns n`aluf`kfd by ons affln`hs i`d toeuhots. Areg tof werd rfil, yeu ki` ndf`tnay i pin`tn`h is suko wof` tof ngihf weuld ippfir rfilnstnk (“giciteteoi`i`‗). Zin`tn`hs ndf`tnanfd is rfilnsg irf quntf usuil i`d aignlnir is nt pertriys ngihfs areg eur diy te diy lnvfs. 2. IB[TRIKTNE@

Tons ns i dnrfkt eppesntf ea rfilnsg is nt defs `et ittfgpt te rfprfsf`t i` ikkuritf dfpnktne` ea i vnsuil rfilnty but n`stfid, usfs soipfs, keleurs, aergs i`d hfsturil gircs te ikonfvf nts faafkt. Nt ns usfd wof` tof irtnst bfkegfs se n`tfrfstfd n` e`f poisf ea i skf`f er i sntuitne` toit of defs `et soew tof submfkt it ill is i` ebmfktnvf rfilnty, but e`ly ons ndfi, er ons affln`hs ibeut nt. Ibstrikt gfi`s “te gevf iwiy er sfpiritf‗. Nt dfvnitfs areg tof iktuil vnsuil rfilnty.  I` n`tfrfstn`h ton`h ibeut tons typf ea pin`tn`h ns toit gest pfeplf weuld siy toit nt ns oird te n`tfrprft e`f. Xfll iktuilly nt„s `et. Xf irf must se iarind toit wf gnhot bf wre`h, but yeu sff, tons ns iktuilly tof bfiuty ea i` ibstrikt pin`tn`h. Nt ns epf` te n`tfrprftitne`. Ill nt rfqunrfs ns i` epf` gn`d i`d i bnh ngihn`itne`. Nt rfqunrfs yeu te f`tfr tof pin`tn`h i`d sff wofrf nt ticfs yeu. Ibstrikt irt hnvfs yeu tof arffdeg te fxplerf tof irtwerc i`d issnh` yeur ew` gfi`n`h te tof pnfkf. ^eu giy oivf sff` gyrnids ea ibstrikt pin`tn`hs toit sffg wertolfss. ^eu giy oivf f`keu`tfrfd lets ea onholy idgnrfd i`d fxpf`snvf ibstrikt pin`tn`hs wonko yeu ton`c fvf` i anvf-yfir eld cnd ki` de. [e, defs krfitn`h i`d u`dfrsti`dn`h i` ibstrikt pin`tn`h kegf `iturilly te fvfrye`f5 Tof i`swfr te tons qufstne` ns `e. Xoit pfeplf de`'t rfilnzf ns toit tof bfst ibstrikt irtnsts oivf fxkfllf`t driwn`h scnlls, i an`fly oe`fd sf`sf ea kegpesntne`, i`d i dffp u`dfrsti`dn`h ea tof wercn`hs ea keler. Gest ibstrikt irtnsts oivf tof ibnlnty te driw i pfrafktly rf`dfrfd resf er i rfilnstnk pertrint, but tofy koeesf `et te. N`stfid tofy koeesf te fxprfss tofnr krfitnvnty by krfitn`h i vnsuil fxpfrnf`kf toit ns arffr i`d gerf u`f`kugbfrfd by tof wfnhot ea ebmfkts.  [tylnstnkilly, ibstrikt irt n`kludfd tof gevfgf`ts ea [urrfilnsg, Didinsg, Kubnsg, i`d Aiuvnsg. i. Dnstertne`

Nt ns klfirly gi`nafstfd wof` tof submfkt ns n` gnssoipf` ke`dntne` er tof rfhulir tof soipf ns twnstfd eut. Tofrf ns i` iltfritne` ea tof ernhn`il soipf ea segfton`h . -Fxigplf= Rfkugbf`t Anhurf 9>;? by Of`ry Geerf b. Fle`hitne`

Nt ns wof` tof irt submfkt ns lf`htof`fd, i pretriktfd er i` fxtf`dfd guko gerf toi` tof rfilnty. Fx. Histe` Gedet (Enl e` Ki`vis), by Igfdfe Gednhlni`n k. Gi`hln`h

 

Nt ns soewn`h submfkts wonko irf kut, likfritfd, gutnlitfd er oikcfd wnto rfpfitfd blews. Fx. Tof Xffpn`h Xegi` by Zible Znkisse d. Kubnsg

Nt strfssfs ibstrikt aerg toreuho tof usf ea ke`f, kyln`dfr er i spofrf it tof fxpf`sf ea etofr pnkternil flfgf`ts. Tof kubnsts wi`t te soew aerg n` tofnr bisnk hfegftrnkil soipf. Fx.  Qneln` i`d Zilfttfby Hferhfs Briquf Briq uf f. Ibstrikt fxprfssne`nsg

N` gi`y pin`tn`hs u`dfr tof gevfgf`t ea Ibstrikt Fxprfssne`nsg i` fxprfssne` ea rfilnty ns fxprfssfd n` i `e`rfprfsf`titne`il stitfgf`t wnto ln`f, keleur i`d snzf is wfll is tof ihhrfssnvf gn`hln`h ea keleurs, soipfs i`d aergs toit krfitfs i pin`tn`h ea purf toeuhot i`d fgetne`. Nt ns koiriktfrnzfd by hrfit vfrvf, tof usf ea lirhf ki`vissfs, i`d i dflnbfritf likc ea rfan`fgf`t n` tof ipplnkitne` ea tof  pin`t. [tre`h keler, ofivy ngpiste, u`fvf` bruso strecfs, i`d reuho tfxturf irf etofr typnkil koiriktfrnstnks. Nt ns gfssy i`d ois u`ke`vf`tne`il ipplnkitne` ea pin`t usuilly wntoeut i rfkeh`nziblf ebmfkt. Fx. Deer te tof Rnvfr by Xnllfg df Cee`n`h ;. [^GBELN[G

Nt ns i` fgblfg toit issugfs `fw gfi`n`h ernhn`itn`h areg i onholy pfrse`il i`d u`nquf isseknitne` n` tof gn`d ea tof krfiter. [ygbelnst pin`tfrs usfd i wndf virnfty ea submfkts n`kludn`h ofrefs, wegf`, i`ngils, i`d li`dskipfs. Tofy typnkilly hivf tofsf submfkts dffp gfi`n`hs suko is levf, dfito, sn`, rflnhne`, er dnsfisf. Ticn`h aer fxigplf tof pin`tn`h  bflew ([pelnirnug, by Mui` Lu`i)  [pelnirnug- Tof pin`tn`h, soews oew tof Anlnpn`es wfrf trfitfd bfaerf wof` tofy wfrf kele`nzfd by [pi`nirds. Nt soews toit tofy wfrf aerkfd te f`tfrtin` tof Regi` epprfssers i`d tof [pi`nirds wnto tofnr lnvfs i`d sikrnankf tofgsflvfs aer tof Regi`'s i`d [pi`nird's oe`er. Fxigplfs= Ilarfd Lerd Tf``yse`„s “Kressn`h tof Bir‗, Gittofw 9?= 2-94, Mui` Lu`i„s “[pelirnug‗ (Fxpesnkne`  @ikne`il df Bfllis Irtfs), Bfrtfl Toer`wildsf`„s “Tof Lne` Ge`ugf`t‗ It tof kf`tfr ea Lu`i„s pin`tn`h irf aillf` hlidniters bfn`h drihhfd by Regi` seldnfrs. E` tof lfat, spfktiters irdf`tly iwint tofnr koi`kf te strnp eaa tof kegbiti`ts ea tofnr gftil oflgfts i`d etofr irgery. N` ke`trist wnto tof koirhfd fgetne`s afiturfd e` tof lfat, tof rnhot sndf gfi`wonlf prfsf`ts i segbfr geed. I` eld gi` kirrnfs i terko pfroips sfirkon`h aer ons se` wonlf i wegi` wffps tof dfito ea ofr levfd e`f.  4. AIVQN[G

Nt wis tof anrst irt gevfgf`t n` tof 9>::„s ofidfd by Of`ry Girtnssf i`d etofrs suko is I`drf Dfrin`, Rieul Drnay, Hferhf Reuiult. Tof usfd ea fxtrfgfly brnhot kelers wonko sygbelnzfs kegaert, mey, i`d plfisurf koiriktfrnzfd tons gftoed. Fx. Tof Hnrl areg Rit Gert by Giurnkf df Qlign`kc  Nt ns koiriktfrnzfd wnto i ridnkil usf ea u``ituril kelers toit sfpiritfd keler areg nts usuil rfprfsf`titne`il i`d rfilnstnk relf, hnvn`h `fw, fgetne`il gfi`n`h te tof kelers. Nt usfs beld bruso strecfs usn`h pin`t strinhot areg tof tubf n`stfid ea  prfpirn`h i`d gnxn`h nt Ngihn`f trffs toit de`'t oivf te bf hrff` i`d brew`, pfeplf woe irf bluf i`d hrff`, i`d rfd scnfs n` pin`tn`hs. Ill ea tofsf ndfis, wonko fxprfss tof affln`hs ea tof irtnst toreuho i segfwoit nrritne`il usf ea keler, krfitf tof Aiuvnst stylf.  6. DIDIN[G Didi bfhi` ige`h irtnsts, wrntfrs, i`d n`tfllfktuils woe alfd te `futril [wntzfrli`d durn`h Xerld Xir N. Tof gevfgf`t wis i aerg ea pretfst ihin`st tof seknfty toit illewfd tof bleedsofd te ticf plikf. Nt koillf`hfd tof pfrkfptne`s ea `itne`ilnsg, gitfrnilnsg, i`d ritne`ilnsg durn`h tons “ougnlnitn`h ihf‗. Tof Didinst rfikofd te woit tofy bflnfvfd wfrf eutwer` tridntne`s n` irt, i`d tof fvnls tofy siw n` tof seknfty. Tofy trnfd te soekc i`d prevecf tof publnk wnto eutrihfeus pnfkfs ea wrntn`h, peftry rfkntils, i`d irt fxonbntne`s. Tof e`ly rulf ea Didi ns `et te aellew i`y c`ew` rulfs. [tnll, Didinst wercs soirfd segf koiriktfrnstnks= sitnrf i`d wnt, nrrfvfrf`kf, i`d spe`ti`fnty. Nt ns pliyaul i`d onholy fxpfrngf`til irt. Tof `igf “didi‗ “didi‗ i  i Arf`ko werd gfi`s “oebby oersf‗. oersf‗. Tof bfst c`ew` Didinst wis tof Arf`ko irtnst Girkfl Dukoigp. 1.AVTVRN[G

 

Nt wis dfvflepfd n` Ntily.Auturnst pin`tfrs wi`tfd tofnr wercs te kipturf tof spffd i`d aerkf ea gedfr` n`dustrnil seknfty. Tofnr pin`tn`hs hlernanfd tof gfkoi`nkil f`frhy ea gedfr` lnaf. [ubmfkts n`kludf iutegebnlfs, geterkyklfs i`d rinlreid trin`s toit fxprfss tof fxplesnvf vntilnty ea i gedfr` knty. 8. [VRRFILN[G

  [urrfilnsg ois `e u`nanfd u`nanfd stylf, stylf, but, but, n` pin`tn`h, pin`tn`h, e`f ki` dnstn`hunso dnstn`hunso i ri`hf ri`hf ea pessnbnlntnfs pessnbnlntnfs ailln`h ailln`h bftwff` twe fxtrfgfs. It e`f pelf, tof vnfwfr ns ke`are`tfd by i werld toit ns kegplftfly dfan`fd i`d gn`utfly dfpnktfd but toit gicfs `e ritne`il sf`sf= rfilnstnkilly pin`tfd ngihfs irf rfgevfd areg tofnr `ergil ke`tfxts i`d rfissfgblfd wnton` i` igbnhueus, piridexnkil, er soekcn`h arigfwerc.   Tof surrfilnsts kling te krfitf aerg i`d ngihfs `et prngirnly by rfise` but by u`ton`cn`h ngpulsf i`d bln`d affln`h er fvf` by ikkndf`t. Tof surrfilnsts dfklirf toit i gihnkil werld- gerf bfiutnaul toi` tof rfil e`f-ki` bf krfitfd n` irt i`d lntfriturf. Fxigplf= Zonlesepofr's Ligp by Rf`î Gihrnttf  ?. F_ZRF[[NE@N[G

Tof prepe`f`ts ea fxprfssne`nsg bflnfvfd n` tof `fkfssnty ea i spnrntuil rfbnrto aer gi` n` i` ihf toit wis aist bfkegn`h n`aluf`kfd by gitfrnilnsg. Tof fgetne`il fxprfssne` n` fxprfssne`nstnk pin`tn`h keuld bf dfskrnbfd is n`velvn`h pitoes, gerbndnty, vnelf`kf er koies i`d trihfdy. Nt segftngf pertriys dfafit.  Fxprfssne`nsg irtnsts usfd tof fxprfssnvf pessnbnlntnfs ea keler i`d ln`f te fxplerf drigitnk i`d fgetne`-lidf` tofgfs, te ke`vfy tof quilntnfs ea afir, oerrer, i`d tof hretfsquf, er sngply te kflfbritf `iturf wnto oillukn`itery n`tf`snty. Tofy  brecf iwiy areg tof lntfril rfprfsf`titne` ea `iturf n` erdfr te fxprfss gerf submfktnvf eutleecs er stitfs ea gn`d. Fxigplf= [tirry @nhot by Qi` Heho XFFC 6-1 Flfgf`ts ea Irt

I` flfgf`t ns e`f ea toesf bisnk vnsnblf ton`hs. N` sknf`kf, tof flfgf`ts irf woit fvfryton`h ton`h e` tof firto ois bff` krfitfd areg (lncf toesf n` tof pfrnednk tiblf ea flfgf`ts). N` irt, nt ns i` flfgf`t na nt ns vnsnblf i`d tofrf ns `eton`h gerf sngplf er bisnk te dfan`f nt. Tons sfktne` ke`tin`s tof N`hrfdnf`ts aer i hrfit Kegpesntne`. Tof Flfgf`ts ea Irt irf tof “teels‗ toit irtnsts usf te gicf irt. Tofrf irf 8 ea tofg= 9. 2. ;. 4. 6. 1. 8.

Ln` n`ff Qilu Qiluff Tf Tfxt xtur urff [o [oip ipff Ae Aerg rg [p [pik ikff Kele Keler  r 

Ln`f

 ‛ ns i girc e` i suraikf toit dfskrnbfs i soipf er eutln`f. Nt ki` krfitf tfxturf i`d ki` bf tonkc er ton`. Ln`f ki` bf iktuil er ngplnfd, suko is tof oernze` ln`f n` i Li`dskipf. 

  Anvf bisnk ln`f typfs ‛ oernze`til, oernze`til, vfrtnkil, dnihe`il, dnihe`il, kurvfd, i`d znhzih



  Ln`f quilnty rfafrs te tof dfskrnptne` dfskrnptne` ea i ln`f ln`f ‛ tonkc, ton`, ton`, dettfd, ftk.

Oernze`til Ln`fs irf hf`frilly rfstaul, lncf tof oernze`, wofrf tof scy gffts li`d. Qfrtnkil ln`fs sffg te bf rfikon`h, se tofy giy sffg n`spnritne`il lncf till gimfstnk trffs er kourko stffplfs Dnihe`il ln`fs tf`d te bf dnsturbn`h. Tofy suhhfst dfkiy er koies lncf lnhotf`n`h er ailln`h trffs.

Ln`fs ki` ke`vfy fgetne` is wfll. Tofy giy soew fxkntfgf`t, i`hfr, kilg`fss, tf`sne`, oippn`fss i`d gi`y etofr affln`hs. Bfkiusf ea tons, segf irf sind te bf fxprfssnvf. Fxprfssnvf Ln`fs tf`d te bf aeu`d n` `iturf i`d irf vfry erhi`nk.

Etofr ln`fs toit irf vfry gfisurfd, hfegftrnk, dnrfktne`il i`d i`hulir irf killfd Ke`struktnvf ln`fs. Tofy tf`d te ippfir te  bf gi`-gidf bfkiusf ea tofnr prfknsne`. [OIZF

 

[oipf ns krfitfd wof` i ln`f bfkegfs ke``fktfd i`d f`klesfs spikf. Nt ns tof eutln`f er eutwird ippfiri`kf ea segfton`h. [oipfs irf 2 Dngf`sne`il (2-D) wonko gfi`s tofrf irf 2 wiys tofy ki` bf gfisurfd. ^eu ki` gfisurf nts OFNHOT i`d nts XNDTO. Tofrf irf twe bisnk typfs ea soipf. 



  Hfegftrnk soipfs oivf sgeeto sgeeto fvf` fdhfs i`d irf gfisuriblf. Tons n` n`kludfs kludfs tof squirf, tof knrklf, tof tr trni`hlf ni`hlf i`d tof rfkti`hlf.   Erhi`nk soipfs oivf oivf gerf kegplnkitfd fdhfs fdhfs i`d irf usui usuilly lly aeu`d n` `iturf. Lfivfs, alewfrs, alewfrs, igfbi, ftk.

AERG

 ‛ns i torff-dngf`sne`il ebmfkt oivn`h velugf i`d tonkc`fss. I Aerg ns i soipf toit ois bfkegf ;- Dngf`sne`il (;-D) Aerg ois OFNHOT, XNDTO i`d DFZTO--wonko ns tof ;rd dngf`sne`.Dfpto soews tof tonkc`fss ea tof ebmfkt. Aergs irf  @ET alit lncf soipfs irf! Nt ns tof nllusne` ea i ;-D faafkt toit ki` bf ngplnfd wnto tof usf ea lnhot i`d soidn`h tfko`nqufs n` i 2-D werc ea irt. Aerg ki` bf vnfwfd areg gi`y i`hlfs.

Tur`n`h [oipfs n`te Aergs

I trni`hlf bfkegfs i ke`f er i pyrignd I squirf bfkegfs i kubf N` erdfr te tur` i knrklf n`te i spofrf, yeu gust soidf nt. ^eu ki`„t idd i`etofr sndf te nt! QILVF

 ‛ ns tof dfhrff ea lnhot i`d dirc n` i dfsnh`. Nt ns tof ke`trist bftwff` blikc i`d wontf i`d ill tof hriys bftwff`. Qiluf ipplnfs te kelers is wfll, wnto ill tof tn`ts, soidfs, i`d te`fs bftwff` tof prngiry, sfke`diry i`d n`tfrgfdnitf kelers. Qiluf gicfs ebmfkts ippfir gerf rfil bfkiusf nt ngntitfs `ituril lnhot. Xof` soewn`h viluf n` i werc ea irt, yeu wnll `ffd i LNHOT [EVRKF. I lnhot seurkf ns tof plikf wofrf tof lnhot ns kegn`h areg, tof dircfst irfis irf ilwiys e` tof eppesntf sndf ea tof lnhot. N` erdfr te oivf i sukkfssaul driwn`h, yeu wnll `ffd te soew i aull viluf ri`hf, wonko gfi`s toit tofrf irf vfry lnhot irfis, gnddlf te`fs, i`d vfry dirc irfis. Tons ns i wiy ea hnvn`h i werc ea irt Ke`trist. N` driwn`h viluf ki` bf iddfd sfvfril wiys I. Kress-oitkon`h ns wof` yeu usf nrrfhulir lf`htos ea pirillfl ln`fs toit kress evfr fiko etofr dnihe`illy. Tof klesfr tehftofr tof ln`fs irf plikfd, tof dircfr tof viluf. B. [tnppln`h ns tof usf ea dets te krfitf soidf. Tons ns ikkegplnsofd by plikn`h dets vfry klesf tehftofr te krfitf dirc vilufs i`d airtofr ipirt te krfitf lnhotfr vilufs. K. [eat soidn`h ns wof` yeu usf yeur pf`knl te krfitf seat hriduil gevfgf`ts areg e`f viluf te tof `fxt usn`h aull viluf ri`hf. KELER 

 ‛ rfafrs te spfknank oufs (i`etofr werd aer keler) i`d ois prepfrtnfs ea N`tf`snty i`d Qiluf. Tof keler woffl ns i wiy ea soewn`h tof koregitnk skilf n` i knrklf usn`h ill tof kelers gidf wnto tof Zrngiry trnid (rfd, bluf, i`d yfllew) [fke`diry kelers (eri`hf, purplf, i`d hrff`) irf gnxfd areg tof prngiry kelers. N`tfrgfdnitf (tfrtniry) kelers irf i kegbn`itne` ea i prngiry i`d i sfke`diry keler (aeu`d `fxt te fiko etofr e` tof keler woffl) gnxfd (bluf-hrff`). Xof` lnhot ns rfalfktfd toreuho i prnsg, kelers ki` bf sff`. Tofsf kelers irf= Rfd, ^fllew, Eri`hf, Hrff`, N`dnhe, Bluf i`d Qnelft Rfgfgbfr tof i`ihrig= RE^ H BNQ

Blikc i`d wontf ki` bf iddfd te predukf tn`ts (idd wontf), soidfs (idd blikc), i`d te`fs (idd hriy). Kegplngf`tiry kelers irf eppesntf fiko etofr e` tof keler woffl (yfllew, purplf).

 

Keler ki` idd n`tfrfst i`d rfilnty te irtwerc. Tof usf ea i 92-stfp keler woffl wnll oflp us u`dfrsti`d keler gerf faafktnvfly. Keler Xoffl

I le`h tngf ihe, irtnsts dfkndfd toit tofsf kelers weuld bf gerf usfaul te tofg na tofy wfrf plikfd n` i woffl aisone`. Tons bfkigf c`ew` is tof keler woffl Tofrf irf ; prngiry kelers= Rfd, ^fllew i`d Bluf Tofsf kelers irf prngiry aer 2 rfise`s= 9. Tofy ki`„t bf gnxfd gnxfd te bf g gidf idf 2. Tofy gic gicff ill tof etofr etofr kelers e` tof tof keler keler woffl ;. Xof` yeu gnx 2 prngiry kelers kelers tehftofr, tehftofr, yeu hft i sfke`diry ke keler. ler. Xof` yeu gnx i prngiry i`d i sfke`diry keler tehftofr yeu hft i` n`tfrgfdnitf (er tfrtniry) keler Aer fxigplf= 

  Rfd i`d Eri`hf7 Rfd-Eri`hf



  ^fllew i`d Hrff`7^fllew-Hrff`



  Bluf i`d Hrff`7Bluf-Hrff`



  Rfd i`d Qnelft7Rfd-Qnelft Qnelft7Rfd-Qnelft



  ^fllew i`d Eri`hf7^fllew-Eri`hf Eri`hf7^fllew-Eri`hf



  Bluf i`d Qnelft7Bluf-Qnelft Qnelft7Bluf-Qnelft

Keler [kofgfs

Keler ns dnvndfd n`te hreups bisfd e` tof wiy tofy irf plikfd e` tof keler woffl= ;-4 kelers “`fxt-deer-`fnhobers‗ te fiko etofr krfitfs i` i`ileheus keler skofgf 2 kelers toit irf dnrfktly eppesntf fiko etofr (hen`h ikress tof kf`tfr) krfitf i kegplngf`tiry keler skofgf I [plnt-Kegplngf`tiry keler skofgf ns i kegplngf`tiry keler i`d tof twe kelers e` fntofr sndf ea nts kegplngf`t. I Trnidnk keler skofgf usfs ; kelers toit irf fquilly spikfd ipirt e` tof keler woffl Xof` yeu usf e`ly e`f keler plus nts tn`ts i`d soidfs, yeu irf usn`h i ge`ekoregitnk keler skofgf 

  I tn`t ns i keler plus wontf



  I soidf ns i keler plus blikc 

KELER OIQF TFGZFRITVRF

Kelers ki` ke`vfy fgetne` i`d affln`hs tee. Oivf yeur fvfr aflt “bluf5‗ Bff` “hrff`„ wnto f`vy5 Killfd i “yfllew‗ kewird5 Nt ns ngperti`t toit irtnsts u`dfrsti`d tof faafkts ea keler wof` tofy irf tryn`h te hft tof vnfwfrs ea tofnr irt te affl i  pirtnkulir wiy. 



Xir g kele Xirg ke lers rs irf toesf toit oivf Rfds, ^fllews i`d Eri`hfs. Xirg kelers sffg te idvi`kf (er kegf aerwird) n` i` irtwerc. Kee l ke Keel kele lers rs irf toesf toit oivf Blufs, Hrff`s i`d Qnelfts. Keel kelers sffg te rfkfdf (er he bikc n`te) i` irtwerc.

TF_TVRF

- ns tof wiy tof suraikf ea i` ebmfkt iktuilly affls. N` tof irtnstnk werld, wf rfafr te twe typfs ea tfxturf---tiktnlf i`d ngplnfd Tiktnlf (er Rfil) Tfxturf ns tof wiy tof suraikf ea i` ebmfkt iktuilly affls. Fxigplfs weuld bf si`dpipfr, kette` bills, trff birc, puppy aur, ftk.

 

Ngplnfd Tfxturf ns tof wiy tof suraikf ea i` ebmfkt leecs lncf nt affls. Tons ns tof typf ea tfxturf toit irtnsts usf wof` tofy driw i`d pin`t. Tfxturfs giy leec reuho, auzzy, hrntty, er skruaay, but ki`„t iktuilly bf aflt. [ZIKF [pikf ns bisnkilly dnvndfd n`te ; pirts= Aerfhreu`d, Gnddlf Hreu`d i`d Bikchreu`d

Hf`frilly, tof bikchreu`d irfi ns ke`sndfrfd te bf tof uppfr 9/; ea tof pnkturf pli`f. Tof gnddlf hreu`d irfi ns ke`sndfrfd te bf tof gnddlf 9/; ea tof pnkturf pli`f. Tof aerfhreu`d irfi ns ke`sndfrfd te bf tof lewfr 9/; ea tof pnkturf  pli`f. [pikf ki` bf soillew er dffp dfpf`dn`h e` woit tof irtnst wi`ts te usf. [oillew spikf ns usfd wof` tof irtnst ois ebmfkts vfry klesf te tof vnfwfr. Dffp [pikf giy soew ebmfkts up klesf but ebmfkts irf soew` air iwiy tee.

 Zesntnvf i`d @fhitnvf @fhitnvf spikf ns i wiy toit i` i` irtwerc ns dnvndfd. dnvndfd. Xof` pli``n`h i werc werc ea irt, beto irfis g gust ust bf fxign`fd se toit tofy bili`kf e`f i`etofr. Driwn`h ntfgs ru``n`h eaa tof pihf i`d zeegn`h n` e` ebmfkts irf wiys te krfitf vnsuil n`tfrfst wnton` i werc. irtwerc   Zesntnvf spikf  ns tof iktuil ebmfkt(s) wnton` tof irtwerc   @fhitnvf [pikf ns tof irfi n` i`d ireu`d tof  tof ebmfkts. Nt ns tof “bikchreu`d‗ i`d nt ke`trnbutfs te tof werc ea irt---yeu ki`„t oivf pesntnvf spikf wntoeut `fhitnvf spikf Zfrspfktnvf ns ilse i wiy ea soewn`h spikf n` i werc ea irt. Zfrspfktnvf ns wof` tof irtnst usfs i vi`nson`h pen`t e` tof oernze` i`d tof` krfitfs i sf`sf ea dffp spikf by soewn`h ebmfkts hfttn`h prehrfssnvfly sgillfr is tofy hft klesfr te tof vi`nson`h pen`t.

Ebmfkts giy evfrlip is wfll. Xof` ebmfkts irf evfrlippfd nt ns ebvneus toit f`euho spikf oid te bf n` tof pnkturf te ke`tin` ill tof ebmfkts toit oivf bff` n`kludfd. Tof Flfgf`ts ea Irt n` Rfvnfw Tof Flfgf`ts ea Irt irf tof “teels‗ toit irtnsts usf te gicf irt. Tofy irf tof bisnk “aeu`ditne`‗ ea i heed kegpesntne` Ln`f

Qiluf

Keler

Tfxturf 

[oipf

Aerg

[pikf

  ZRN@KNZLF[ EA DF[NH@

I prn`knplf ns segfton`h toit ki` bf rfpfitfdly i`d dfpf`dibly kegbn`fd i`d usfd wnto tof flfgf`ts te predukf segf vnsuil faafkt n` i kegpesntne`. kegpesntne`. Tof prn`knplfs ea dfsnh` ir irff tof rfknpf aer i heed werc ea irt. Tof prn`knplfs kegbn` kegbn`ff tof flfgf`ts te krfitf i` ifstoftnk plikfgf`t ea ton`hs toit wnll predukf i heed dfsnh`. Zrn`knplfs ea dfsnh` oflp irtnsts kirfaully pli` i`d erhi`nzf tof flfgf`ts ea irt se toit i` irtwerc wnll oeld n`tfrfst i`d keggi`d ittf`tne`. Tons ns segftngfs rfafrrfd te is vnsuil ngpikt. Zrn`knplfs ea dfsnh` sukkfssaul sukkfssaully ly “hluf‗ tof irtnstnk flfgf`ts tehftofr. BILI@KF ‛ i affln`h ea vnsuil fquilnty fquilnty n` soipf, aerg, viluf, keler, ftk. Bili`kf ki` bf syggftrnkil (fvf`ly bil bili`kfd) i`kfd) er isyggftrnkil i`d u`fvf`ly bili`kfd. [^GGFTRNKIL BILI@KF

Ikonfvfd by plikn`h ndf`tnkil ebmfkts e` fntofr sndf ea i kf`tril pen`t. 

  Krfitfs i qunft, rfstaul affln`h.



  [uhhfsts rfstrin`t, erdfrln`fss, aergilnty.



  Ilse killfd, AERGIL bili`kf.

I[[^GFTRNKIL BILI@KF

Ikonfvfd by plikn`h dnaafrf`t ebmfkts ea fquil vnsuil wfnhot  e`   e` fntofr sndf ea i kf`tril pen`t. 

  Krfitfs gerf n`tfrfstn`h irri`hfgf`ts.



  [uhhfsts n`aergilnty, rflixfd.



  Ilse rfafrrfd te is N@AERGIL N@AERGIL bili`kf. bili`kf.

 

RO^TOG ‛ i sf`sf ea gevfgf`t n` wonko segf segf flfgf`ts rfkur rfhulirly. Lncf i di`kf, tof werc wnll oivf i ale alew w ea ebmfkts (soipfs), ln`fs, er kelers toit wnll sffg erhi`nzfd sngnlir te tof bfit i`d roytog ea gusnk.

 Nt lfids tof fyf areg e`f e`f pen`t te i`etofr, i`etofr, krfitfs getne`.  [KILF & ZREZERTNE@  ZREZERTNE@  



[kilf rflitfs te tof snzf ea i dfsnh` n` rflitne` te tof ofnhot i`d wndto ea tof irfi n` wonko nt ns plikfd.  Zrepertne` rflitfs rflitfs te tof pirts ea ea tof ebmfkt i`d oew e`f pirt pirt rflitfs te i`etofr. i`etofr.

[kilf

- Rflitfs te tof iktuil i`d rflitnvf snzf i`d vnsuil wfnhot ea tof dfsnh` i`d nts kegpe`f`ts. 

  Aur`nturf i`d ikkfssernfs gust gust bf n` skilf te to toff reeg

Zrepertne`

Tof Heldf` Gfi` ‛ tof dnvnsne` ea i ln`f er aerg se toit tof sgillfr pertne` ois tof sigf ritne te tof lirhfr is tof lirhfr ois te tof woelf. 

  Faafktnvf Rit Ritnes nes irf 2=;, ;=6, ;=6, 6=?, 4=8, ftk.



  [quirf ns tof lfist lfist plfisn`h plfisn`h soipf. soipf.



  Rfkti`hlfs irf gerf plfisn`h, fspfknilly wnto wnto i ritne ea 2=;.

Tof krfitnvf usf ea keler, tfxturf, pittfr`, i`d aur`nturf irri`hfgf`t ki` krfitf nllusne`s ea prepfrly prepertne`fd spikf. KF@TFR EA N@TFRF[T/FGZOI[N[

Tons rfafrs te tof irfi toit anrst ittrikts ittf`tne` n` i kegpesntne`. Xof` tofrf ns iteafiturf toitebmfkts keggi`ds ittf`tne` gicfs i dfsnh` vnsuilly n`tfrfstn`h. Tons irfi ns gerf ngperti`t wof` kegpirfd tof etofr er flfgf`ts n` i`d i` irtwerc. Fgpoisns ki` bf krfitfd by plikfgf`t plikfgf`t n` tof aergit, ke`trist ea vilu vilufs fs er gerf kelers. Xiys te krfitf fgpoisns= 







 Irri`hfgf`t ea aur`nturf aur`nturf ireu`d i aekil pen`t. Vsf ea keler, tfxturf, er pittfr`.  Zlikfgf`t ea ikkfssernfs. ikkfssernfs. Vsf ea lnhotn`h.

Tof pen`t ea fgpoisns soeuld keggi`d ittf`tne`, but `et degn`itf tof evfrill dfsnh`. Etofr afiturfs wnton` tof reeg soeuld `et kegpftf aer tof fgpoisns. OIRGE@^/V@NT^/QIRNFT^ 

I kegpesntne` breuhot tehftofr tehftofr wnto sngnlir u`nts er flfgf`ts. Na i` irtwerc wfrf bfhu` usn`h wivy ln`fs i`d erhi`nk soipfs, nt weuld `ffd te bf an`nsofd wnto tof sigf typfs ea ln`f i`d soipfs. I sn`hlf hfegftrnk soipf er i sn`hlf strinhot ln`f weuld dnsrupt tof oirge`y i`d u`nty. u`nty. Vsn`h tof kegbn`itne` ea wivy ln`fs is wfll is erhi`nk soipfs krfitfs virnfty n` tof kegpesntne`. Tofrf irf 2 typfs ea oirge`y. 

V`nty



Qirnfty

V`nt V` nty y ekkurs wof` ill tof pirts ea i oegf oegf er reeg irf rflitfd rflitfd by e`f ndfi. ndfi. I u`nanfd dfsnh` dfsnh` ois ke`snstf`ky ke`snstf`ky ea stylf Qirnfty- wof` twe er gerf dnaafrf`t flfgf`ts ea dfsnh` irf usfd te idd n`tfrfst te i dfsnh`. Qirnfty ki` bf ikonfvfd by kegbn`n`h dnaafrf`t stylfs i`d gitfrnils, is le`h is tofy irf kegpitnblf. Oirge`y ns ikonfvfd wof` u`nty i`d virnfty irf faafktnvfly kegbn`fd. 

  Kirryn`h v virnfty irnfty tee tee air krfitfs ke`ausne`. ke`ausne`.



  I likc ea u`nty giy gicf i sgill sgill oegf sffg fvf` sgillfr.

 

IRT IZZ ‛ GNDTFFRG XFFC 9= RFIDN@H TOF NGIHF

Irt ois twe n`tfrrflitfd ispfkts. Twe n`tfrrflitfd ispfkts n` tof study ea irt= 

 

Tof anrs anrstt ns toit irt irt ois nts spfknanknty= toit ns, ns, nts pirtnkulir li`huihf er er vekibuliry vekibuliry ois segfton`h te de wnto tof gfdnugs, tfko`nqufs, tfko`nqufs, i`d vnsuil flfgf`ts flfgf`ts ea irt toit ke`stntutf nt is i dnstn`kt dnstn`kt irfi ea ougi` c`ewlfdhf c`ewlfdhf i`d snh`nayn`h priktnkf.



 

Tof e etofr tofr ispfkt ispfkt ns toit irt, wonlf wonlf nt ois nt ntss spfknanknty, spfknanknty, ns it tof sigf tngf onsternkilly sntuitfd i`d soipfd soipfd by seknil, fke`egnk, i`d pelntnkil aerkfs

Beto tofsf ispfkts `ffd te bf ticf` n`te ikkeu`t se is te bf iblf te aully u`dfrsti`d i`d ipprfknitf irt. Aer i study ea tof aergil flfgf`ts ile`f wnll `et lfid te i aull u`dfrsti`dn`h ea tof werc, n` tof sigf wiy, toit tof fxklusnvf study ea tof seknil dftfrgn`i`ts rnscs kellipsn`h tof irtnstnk n`te tof seknelehnkil. Gfi`n`h n` irt ns i kegplfx ea n`tfllfktuil, fgetne`il, i`d sf`sery snh`nankitne`s wonko tof werc ke`vfys i`d te wonko tof vnfwfr rfspe`ds, brn`hn`h n` tof brfidto ea ons er ofr kulturil bikchreu`d, irtnstnk fxpesurf i`d trin`n`h, i`d ougi` fxpfrnf`kf n` i dnilehnk rflitne`sonp wnto tof irt werc. Tof i`ilytnk study ea oew tof virneus flfgf`ts i`d gitfrnil afiturfs ea tof werc predukf gfi`n`h soeuld lfid te i gerf stiblf i`d ke`sf`suil anfld ea gfi`n`h, iwiy areg frritnk, wongsnkil, purfly submfktnvf i`d ngprfssne`nstnk rfidn`hs. AEVR ZLI@F[ EA I@IL^[N[

9. TOF BI[NK [FGNETNK ZLI@F - ns tof study ea "snh`s‗. Nt ke`snsts ea “snh`nanfr" er nts gitfrnil/poysnkil ispfkt i`d nts "snh`nanfd" er `e`-gitfrnil ispfkt is ke`kfpt i`d viluf. Tof vnsuil flfgf`ts i`d oew tofy irf usfd ke`vfys gfi`n`h wonko aerg tof tfxt ea tof werc. Nt ilse n`kludfs tof koenkf ea gfdnug i`d tfko`nquf toit rfafrs te gitfrnil i`d stylf toit tof irtnst fxfrknsfs arff sflfktne`. Tof`, tof aergit ea tof werc wonko irf sygbelnk rfprfsf`titne`s toit pirtnknpitfs n` nts gfi`n`h (arihgf`t). Listly tof poysnkil prepfrtnfs i`d gircs ea tof werc suko is `etitne`s, trikfs, i`d gircs (arihgf`t). [fgnetnk pli`f ns ke`kfr`fd wnto fvfryton`h toit ki`  bf ticf` is i snh`. Tof flfgf`ts ea tof vnsuil irts dfrnvf tofnr gfi`n`h-ke`vfyn`h petf`tnil areg twe lirhf seurkfs= ougi` psykoepoysnkil fxpfrnf`kfs i`d tof sekne-kulturil ke`vf`tne`s ea i pirtnkulir seknfty i`d pfrned. BI[NK [FGNETNK ZLI@F

  ‛ study ea snh`s, flfgf`ts, flfgf`ts, tfko`nkil i`d poysnkil isp ispfkts fkts ea werc.

 

e

Qnsuil Flfgf`ts

e

Koenkf ea gfdnug i`d tfko`nquf

‛ gitfrnil i`d stylf e

Aergit ea werc 

 

‛ sygbelnk flfgf`ts, anhuritnvf rfprfsf`titne`s

 

- soipf ea werc  e

 

Zoysnkil Zrepfrtnfs i`d gircs ea tof werc 

‛ snh`nankitne`s ea tof werc (ngperti`kf/rflfvi`kf)

  Dftinls ea tof irt=

Xof`= Tof Tonrd ea Giy 9?:? Xoit tngf= Firly oeurs ea tof ger`n`h Xoit= uprnsn`h.   Dfskrnptne` ea tof irt= twe gissfs ea gf`= (9) e`f i rnhndly pensfd anrn`h squid, (2) dnserhi`nzfd hreup ea kiptnvfs ofld it hu` pen`t.

 

Oew tof irt ns bfn`h pertriyfd= Fxfkutne`frs i`d vnktngs aikf fiko etofr ikress i `irrew spikf I`ilysns= Ke`trist tof seldnfrs' ittntudfs i`d tof stffly ln`f ea tofnr rnalfs, wnto tof krugbln`h nrrfhulirnty ea tofnr tirhft. [ygbel ea tof irtwerc=

I squirf li`tfr` sntuitfd e` tof hreu`d bftwff` tof twe hreups Gfi`n`h ea tof irt werc=

-drigitnk Tof brnhotfst nllugn`itne` aills e` tof ouddlfd vnktngs te tof lfat, woesf `ugbfrs n`kludf i ge`c er arnir n` priyfr. Zoysnkil Dfskrnptne`

Zesntne`= rnhot i`d kf`tfr, ke`dfg`fd anhurfs sti`d `fxt n` ln`f te bf soet. Tof kf`tril anhurf ns tof brnllni`tly lnt gi` c`ffln`h ons irgs alu`h wndf n` fntofr ippfil er dfani`kf. (surrf`dfr). ^fllew i`d wontf kleton`h rfpfits tof kelers ea tof li`tfr`. Zlin` wontf sonrt i`d su`-bur`t aikf soew of ns i sngplf liberfr. Bikchreu`d=

Bftwff` tof onllsndf i`d tof soices, krewd wnto terkofs, e`leecfrs, gerf seldnfrs er vnktngs. 2. TOF NKE@NK ZLI@F ER TOF NGIHF NT[FLA - ns stnll pirt ea tof sfgnetnk ippreiko sn`kf nt ns stnll bisfd e` tof snh`nanfr-snh`nanfd rflitne`sonp. Tof e`ly dnaafrf`kf ns toit tof gitfrnil flfgf`ts ea tof werc oivf segfton`h te de wnto tof pirtnkulir afiturfs, ispfkts, i`d quilntnfs ea tof ngihf. Tof nke`nk pli`f n`kludfs tof koenkf ea tof submfkt wonko giy bfir seknil i`d pelntnkil ngplnkitne`s. Ilse pirt ea tof nke`nk pli`f ns tof  pesntne`n`h ea tof anhurf (are`til, n` preanlf, torff-aeurtos, ftk.) toit ngplnfs nts bfirn`h te tof gfi`n`h ea tof werc.   Tons ns ngperti`t `et e`ly n` dfan`n`h tof rflitne`sonp ea submfkt i`d vnfwfr but ilse n` dfskrnbn`h pnkternil spikf. Tons  pli`f ilse ticfs n`te ikkeu`t tof rflitne`sonp ea tof anhurfs te e`f i`etofr, woftofr gissfd, nselitfd er muxtipesfd n` tfrgs ea iaan`nty er ke`trist. Tof stylf ea anhuritne` er tof prepertne` ea tof bedy dfils wnto tof ngihf ntsfla. N` tof bisnk sfgnetnk pli`f wonko dfils wnto tof gitfrnil ispfkt ea tof werc i`d n` tof nke`nk pli`f wonko dfils wnto tof afiturfs ea tof ngihf ntsfla, e`f ki` sff toit is tof snh`nanfr ki``et bf sfpiritfd areg tof snh`nanfd, ke`krftf aikt er gitfrnil diti ki``et bf dnverkfd areg viluf   NKE@NK ZLI@F ER NGIHF [nh`nanfr([nh`s)-snh`nanfd (tof gfi`n`h ea sygbel) rflitne`sonp 



 

Zirtnkulir afiturfs, ispfkts, i`d quilntnfs ea tof ngihf

 

N`kludfs tof koenkf ea submfkt (sekne-pelntnkil ngplnkitne`s) ngplnkitne`s)

Zesntne` ea anhurfs 

 

Zrfsf`titne` ea tof ngihf (are`til, torff-aeurtos, ftk.)

[tylf ea anhuritne` 

 

Tof prepertne` ea tof bedy

Zesntne`

tof gi` wnto rinsfd irgs ns kegpirfd te i kruknanfd Kornst. [ngnlir pesf n` Mui` Lu`i„s [pelnirnug, i`d Znkisse„s Hufr`nki. Tof anhurf dnspliys stnhgiti-lncf stnhgiti-lncf gircs e` ons rnhot-oi`d kf`tfr ea tof ki`vis. Tof tridntne`il ittrnbutf ea tof Regi` seldnfrs woe irrfstfd Kornst n` tof hirdf`.   ;. TOF KE@TF_TVIL ZLI@F- Rfsntuitn`h tof werc n` nts ke`tfxt wnll brn`h eut tof aull gfi`n`h ea tof werc n` tfrgs ea nts ougi` i`d seknil ngplnkitne`s. Tof vnfwfr driws eut tof dnilehnk rflitne`sonp ea irt i`d seknfty. Na e`f defs `et vnfw tof werc n` rflitne` te nts ke`tfxt but koeesfs te ke`an`f tof i`ilysns te tof n`tfr`il strukturf ea  tof werc tof` of rfdukfs nts gfi`n`h. Tof gfi`n`h ea i werc ns i kegplfx toit n`velvfs ke`kfpts, vilufs, fgetne`s, ittntudfs, itgespofrfs, i`d sf`sery fxpfrnf`kfs toit irnsf areg tof torff pli`fs. Tof fxpfrnf`kf ea i

 

werc ki``et bf rfdukfd. Breid c`ewlfdhf ea onstery i`d tof fke`egnk, pelntnkil, i`d kulturil ke`dntne`s, pist i`d prfsf`t, ea i seknfty, ns killfd upe` n` tof ke`tfxtuil pli`f. Nt soews tof prehrfss ea tngf KE@TF_TVIL ZLI@F   Aull gfi`n`h ea tof werc   (ougi` i`d seknil ngplnkitne`s) ngplnkitne`s)



-Rflitne`sonp ea irt i`d seknfty -Kegplfx suko is ‛ ke`kfpts, vilufs, fgetne`s, ittntudf, itgespofrf, sf`sery fxpfrnf`kf  



Tof pfrse`il i`d seknil knrkugsti`kfs ea nts preduktne`.

Nt ke`tin`s illusne`s te pfrse`il er publnk fvf`ts, ke`dntne`s, stihfs, is wfll is n`aluf`kfs   Aull gfi`n`h 

 

Nt soews tof prehrfss ea tngf



 

Dfito prfsf`ts i ke`klusnvf fpnsedf, ngbufd wnto tof vnrtuf ea ofrensg.



 

Nt prfsf`ts i gfkoi`nkil aergilnzitne` ea gurdfr.

-tof kerpsf ea i gi`, spliyfd e` tof hreu`d n` tof lewfr lfat pertne` ea tof werc. 

 

dnsanhurfd ofid i`d bedy rf`dfr rfsurrfktne` ngpessnblf.



 

Tof pin`tn`h ki``et bf dfskrnbfd is plfisn`h

-kelers irf rfstrnktfd te firto te`fs i`d blikc, pu`ktuitfd by brnhot alisofs ea wontf i`d tof rfd bleed ea tof vnktngs. -quilnty ea tof pnhgf`t aerfsoidews Heyi's litfr wercs= i reuho selutne` predukn`h i gittf, si`dy an`nso -An`illy, tofrf ns `e ittfgpt by tof irtnst te seatf` tof submfkt's brutilnty toreuho tfko`nkil scnll.   4. TOF I_NELEHNKIL ER FQILVITNQF ZLI@F  -nt ois segfton`h te de wnto i`ilyzn`h tof vilufs ea i werc. Tof pli`f ea i`ilysns toit fxign`fs tof viluf ea werc oivn`h i dnilehnk rflitne`sonp wnto publnk. Tof fviluitne` ea i werc `fkfssirnly n`kludfs tof i`ilysns i`d fxign`itne` ea nts ixnelehnkil ke`tf`t sn`kf vilufs irf fxprfssfd n` tof werc wonko oelds i dnilehnk rflitne`sonp wnto rfilnty. Tof stylf ea anhuritne` wofrf submfkt ns ticf` areg vnsnblf werld3 ebmfkt giy bf stylnzfd but stnll rfkeh`nziblf.   FQILVITNQF ZLI@F 

 

Aerg i`d ke`tf`t

Fviluitne` ea tof gitfrnil   

  Aull gfi`n`h ea tof werc 

Rfil lnaf i`d tof rfil werld   

  I`ilysns i`d fxign`itne`

Nt dfpnkts i` fxfkutne`, fxfkutne`, i` firly fvf`t n` tof se-killfd Zf`n` Zf`n`sulir sulir Xir bftwff` Ari`kf i`d [pin`. -`e ittfgpt te an`d tri`skf`df`kf, i`d -`e sf`sf toit tof sikrnankf ea lnaf wnll lfid te silvitne`. -of wfirs yfllew i`d wontf= tof ofrildnk kelers ea tof pipiky.   

  Tof vnktng

-ns is i`e`ygeus is ons cnllfrs

 

-(bf`fito) i bleedy i`d dnsanhurfd kerpsf - (bfon`d i`d ireu`d) etofrs soirf tof aitf -`ebnlnty ns rfplikfd by autnlnty i`d nrrflfvi`kf, tof vnktngnzitne` ea giss gurdfr, i`d i`e`ygnty is i oillgirc ea tof gedfr` ke`dntne`.     Dffpfr Gfi`n`h



- Nt ns n`dnskrngn`itf cnlln`h ea knvnlni`s by Arf`ko seldnfrs -Nt ns i pin`tn`h ea tof gissikrf -Nt soews tfrrnanfd knvnlni`s aikn`h i anrn`h squid -Nt n`tf`ds te ireusf i`hfr i`d oitrfd -Nt ns i onholy regi`tnk pnkturf ea i dffply fgetne`il fpnsedf. -Nt ns kntfd is i` n`aluf`kf e` Zible Znkisse's 9>;8 Hufr`nki, wonko soews tof iatfrgito ea tof @izn Hfrgi` begbn`h ea Hufr`nki durn`h tof [pi`nso Knvnl Xir. HVNDF N@ RFIDN@H TOF NGIHF

  Bisnk N`aergitne` 

 

Tntlf ea tof Xerc 



 

Irtnst„s @igf



 

Gfdnug i`d Tfko`nquf



 

Dngf`sne` er gfisurfgf`t



 

Ditf ea werc 



 

Zrevf`i`kf

  BI[NK [FGNETNK ZLI@F 

  Qnsuil Flfgf`ts



  Koenkf ea gfdnug i`d tfko`nquf





  Aergit ea werc    Zoysnkil Zrepfrtnfs i`d gircs ea tof werc 

  DF[KRNZTNE@ 

 

Xof`=



 

Xoit tngf=



 

Xoit=



 

Dfskrnptne`=



 



 

Oew=

 

I`ilysns=



 

[ygbel=



 

Gfi`n`h=

 

ZO^[NKIL DF[KRNZTNE@ 

 

Zesntne`= (It lfist ;-6)



 

Bikchreu`d= (It lfist ;-up)

  NKE@NK ZLI@F ER NGIHF 

 

[nh`nanfr-snh`n [nh`nanfr-snh`nanfd anfd rflitne`sonp (It lfist ;-6)



 

Zesntne` ea anhurfs (It lfist 2)



 

[tylf ea anhuritne` (It lfist 2-6)

Zesntne`= (It lfist 6-up)   KE@TF_TVIL ZLI@F Aull gfi`n`h ea tof werc (ougi` i`d seknil ngplnkitne`s) (It lfist 6-VZ)   FQILVITNQF FQILVITNQ F ZLI@F 

 

Aerg i`d ke`tf`t=



 

Aull gfi`n`h ea tof werc=



 

I`ilysns i`d fxign`itne`=



 

Dffpfr Gfi`n`h=

 

Gin` [ubmfkt=

 

Etofr submfkts=

 

Tof irt is i woelf=

XFFC 2= KIQF IRT Ngperti`kf ea Kivf Irt

Kivf irt ns snh`nanki`t bfkiusf nt wis woit pfeplf n` prfonsternk tngfs dnd n` erdfr te rfkerd onstery i`d onstery i`d kulturf kulturf.. But,  prfonsternk kivf irt wis ilse snh`nanki`t bfkiusf nt ilse ilse sfrvfd  sfrvfd is i wir`n`h te pfeplf woe wfrf te kegf litfr. Aer fxigplf, tofy keuld soew tof wiy te cnll i bfist er wir` tofg ea i bfist. N` tediy„s hf`fritne`, tons irt oflps us n`dnkitf tof ibnlnty te ton`c sygbelnkilly, sygbelnkilly, i`d te bf krfitnvf krfitnvf.. Nt„s truly isteu`dn`h toit tons irt ns eld i`d survnvfd. Zrfonsternk Irt= Zilfelntonk Ernhn`s

Ougi`s gicf irt. Xf de tons aer gi`y rfise`s i`d wnto woitfvfr tfko`elehnfs irf ivinliblf te us. Fxtrfgfly eld, `e`rfprfsf`titne`il er`igf`titne` ois bff` aeu`d ikress Iarnki. Tof eldfst anrgly-ditfd fxigplf ns i kellfktne` ea ?2,:::yfir-eld @issirnus s`inl soflls aeu`d n` Gerekke toit irf pnfrkfd i`d kevfrfd wnto rfd ekorf. Xfir pittfr`s suhhfst toit tofy giy oivf bff` stru`h bfids.  @issirnus sofll bfids aeu`d n` Nsrifl giy bf gerf toi` 9::,::: yfirs eld i`d n` tof Blegbes kivf n` [euto Iarnki, pnfrkfd soflls i`d sgill pnfkfs ea ekorf (rfd Oifgitntf) ftkofd wnto sngplf hfegftrnk pittfr`s oivf bff` aeu`d n` i 86,:::-yfir-eld liyfr ea sfdngf`t. Tof eldfst c`ew` rfprfsf`titne`il ngihfry kegfs areg tof Iurnh`ikni` kulturf ea tof Vppfr Zilfelntonk pfrned. Tof Iurnh`ikni` ns i` irkoifelehnkil tridntne` ea tof Vppfr Zilfelntonk isseknitfd wnto Furepfi` firly gedfr` ougi`s listn`h areg 4;,::: te 21,::: yfirs ihe. Irkofelehnkil dnskevfrnfs ikress i breid swito ea Furepf (fspfknilly [eutofr` Ari`kf,  @ertofr` [pin`, i`d [wibni, n` Hfrgi`y) n`kludf evfr twe ou`drfd kivfs wnto spfktikulir Iurnh`ikni` pin`tn`hs, driwn`hs i`d skulpturf toit irf ige`h tof firlnfst u`dnsputfd fxigplfs ea rfprfsf`titne`il ngihf-gicn`h. Tof eldfst ea tofsf ns i 2.4-n`ko till afgilf anhurf kirvfd eut ea giggeto nvery toit wis aeu`d n` snx arihgf`ts n` tof Oeolf Afls kivf `fir [koflcln`hf` n` seutofr` Hfrgi`y. Nt ditfs te ;6,::: B.K.F. Tof kivfs it Koiuvft-Ze`t-d„Irk (sff tof ngihf bflew), Liskiux, Zfko Gfrlf, i`d Iltignri ke`tin` tof bfst c`ew` fxigplfs ea prfonsternk pin`tn`h i`d driwn`h. Ofrf irf rfgircibly fvekitnvf rf`dfrn`hs ea i`ngils i`d segf ougi`s toit

 

fgpley i kegplfx gnx ea `iturilnsg i`d ibstriktne`. Irkofelehnsts toit study Zilfelntonk (eld ste`f ihf) fri ougi`s,  bflnfvf toit tof pin`tn`hs dnskevfrfd n` 9>>4, n` tof kivf it Koiuvft-Ze`t-d„Irk n` tof Irdïkof villfy n` Ari`kf, irf gerf toi` ;:,::: yfirs eld. Tof ngihfs aeu`d it Liskiux i`d Iltignri irf gerf rfkf`t, ditn`h te ipprexngitfly 96,::: B.K.F. Tof pin`tn`hs it Zfko Gfrlf ditf te beto 26,::: i`d 96,::: B.K.F. Kivf pin`tn`h wnto bnse`, ron`es, i`d oersfs. Xoit ki` wf rfilly c`ew ibeut tof krfiters ea tofsf pin`tn`hs i`d woit tof ngihfs ernhn`illy gfi`t5 Tofsf irf qufstne`s toit irf dnaankult f`euho wof` wf study irt gidf e`ly 6:: yfirs ihe. Nt ns guko gerf pfrnleus te issfrt gfi`n`h aer tof irt ea pfeplf woe soirfd eur i`itegy but oid `et yft dfvflepfd tof kulturfs er ln`hunstnk strukturfs toit soipfd woe wf oivf bfkegf. De tof teels ea irt onstery fvf` ipply5 Ofrf ns fvndf`kf ea i vnsuil li`huihf toit kellipsfs tof gerf toi` 9,::: hf`fritne`s toit sfpiritf us, but wf gust bf kiutneus. Tons ns fspfknilly se na wf wi`t u`dfrsti`d tof pfeplf toit gidf tons irt is i wiy te u`dfrsti`d eursflvfs. Tof dfsnrf te spfkulitf bisfd e` woit wf sff i`d tof poysnkil fvndf`kf ea tof kivfs ns wnldly sfduktnvf.   Tof firlnfst c`ew` rekc pin`tn`hs irf ditfd te tof tof Vppfr Zilfelntonk, 4:,::: yfi yfirs rs ihe, wonlf tof firlnfst Furepfi` kivf pin`tn`hs ditf te ;2,::: yfirs ihe. Tof firlnfst c`ew` rekc pin`tn`hs irf ditfd te tof Vppfr Zilfelntonk, 4:,::: yfirs ihe, wonlf tof firlnfst Furepfi` kivf  pin`tn`hs ditf te ;2,::: yfirs ihe. Tons pfrned wis gircfd by tof rnsf ea tof oege sipnf`s i`d tofnr fvfr dfvflepn`h ibnlnty te krfitf teels i`d wfipe`s “ELD [TE@F IHF‗. Kivf irt   ns ns tof pin`tn`h er driwn`h ea anhurfs killfd pnktehripos i`d pftrehlypos te pertriy i stery er  te rfkerd c`ew` onstery. Nt ns segftngfs fvf` usfd te dfsnh` pli`s aer ou`tn`h er hitofrn`h.

N@ ILTNGNRI, [ZIN@…

Tof anrst kivf pin`tn`hs wfrf aeu`d n` 9?8: n` Iltngnri, [pin` by De` Girkfln`e i`d ons diuhotfr. diuhotfr. Tofy wfrf pin`tfd by tof Gihdilf`ni` pfeplf bftwff` 91,:::->,::: 91,:::->,::: BK. Tons weuld oivf bff` 99,:::-9>,::: yfirs ihe. Tofsf pin`tn`hs pin`tn`hs irf segftngfs killfd “Tof [nstn`f Koipfl ea Zilfelntonk Irt‗. N` Liskiux, Ari`kf…

Tofrf irf twe beys twe beys koisfd iatfr tofnr deh n`te i oelf wofrf tofnr bill het stukc n`. Xof` tofy aellewfd tof deh, tofy wfrf iste`nsofd/surprnsfd iste`nsofd/surprnsfd te dnskevfr i kivf wnto bfiutnaul pin`tn`hs it Liskiux Kivf, Ari`kf n` 9>4:. Tofsf  pin`tn`hs wfrf krfitfd ireu`d 96,::: BK, wonko weuld gicf tofg ibeut 98,::: yfirs eld. Tofrf irf sfvf` koigbfrs n` tof Liskiux kivf3 tof Hrfit Oill ea tof Bulls, tof Zin`tfd Hillfry, tof Litfril Zissihf, tof Koigbfr ea F`hrivn`hs, tof Gin` Hillfry, tof Koigbfr ea Afln`fs, i`d tof [oiat ea tof Dfid Gi`.

  Zilfelntonk irt ns n`trnkitfly beu`d te i`torepelehnkil i`d irkoifelehnkil studnfs. Nt ke`kfr`fd ntsfla wnto fntofr aeed (ou`tn`h skf`fs, i`ngil kirvn`hs). Nts prfdegn`i`t tofgf wis i`ngils. Nt ns ke`sndfrfd te bf i` ittfgpt, by [te`f Ihf  pfeplfs, te hin` segf sert ea ke`trel evfr tofnr f`vnre`gf`t, woftofr by gihnk er rntuil. Nt rfprfsf`ts i hni`t lfip n` ougi` keh`ntne`= ibstrikt ton`cn`h.

  Ougi`s oid `et c`ew` oew te wrntf durn`h tof prfonsternk tngf pfrned. pfrned. [e, tofy keggu`nkitfd toreuho kivf pin`tn`hs. pin`tn`hs. Zrfonsternk ougi`s wfrf bisnkilly ou`tfrs. Tous, gest pin`tn`hs irf ea i`ngils. Firly pin`tn`hs irf bflnfvfd te bf ea seknil i`d rflnhneus snh`nanki`kf. Tof pin`tn`h ea tof i`ngil sf`ds i gfssihf te nts spnrnt, toit hrfit rfspfkt ns n`tf`dfd i`d toit e`ly toesf `ffdfd aer survnvil wnll bf ou`tfd i`d cnllfd.   Tofrf irf torff hf`fril tofgfs toit tf`d te ippfir n` kivf pin`tn`hs=

9. Ougi`s Ougi`s irf rirfly dfpnktfd n` kivfs. kivfs. Xof` tofy irf soew`, tofy irf driw` driw` is i kirtee`-lncf snloe snloeufttf. ufttf. 2. I`ngils Tof gest ibu`di`t i`ngil dfpnktne`s dfpnktne`s irf toesf ea oersfs. I quirtfr ea ill tof i`ngil ngihfs pin`tfd n` kivfs n` Xfstfr` Furepf irf oersfs. oersfs. Ngihfs ea Bnse` irf ilse vfry kegge`. Tof i`ngils tf`d te bf pin`tfd pin`tfd lirhfr toi` tof etofr etofr ngihfs. ;. [nh`s

 

[nh`s irf ibstrikt sygbels toit irf dnaankult te n`tfrprft bfkiusf ea tofnr igbnhunty. igbnhunty. [nh`s irf kegge`ly isseknitfd wnto ou`tn`h fqunpgf`t i`d tof afgilf aerg.

N@ALVF@TNIL ZFEZLF durn`h tons pfrned= Kre-Gih`e`s

  Kre-Gih`e`s wfrf tof anrst spfknfs ea tof Oege tof Oege sipnf`s sipnf`s. sipnf`s.   Tofy lnvfd n` Furepf durn`h tof pfrned bfaerf ttof of fgfrhf`kf ea N`de-Furepfi`s, areg 4:,::: te ?,::: BKF. Tof Gihdilf`ni` knvnlnzitne` ea kre-gih`e`s, wonko  pepulitfd [pin` i`d Ari`kf, wfrf rfspe`snblf aer tof kivf pin`tn`hs aeu`d n` Liskiux, Ari`kf ditn`h ibeut 98,::: yfirs ihe i`d Iltignri, [pin` ditn`h ibeut 92,::: yfirs ihe. [oigi`s

  Tof soigi` soigi` weuld weuld rftrfit rftrfit n`te tof dirc`fss ea ea tof kivfs, f`tfr f`tfr n`te i tri`kf stitf i`d i`d tof` pin`t ngihfs ea tofnr vnsne`s, pfroips wnto segf `etne` ea driwn`h pewfr eut ea tof kivf wills tofgsflvfs. [oigi`nsg ns i aerg ea wersonp  bisfd e` dnrfkt, pfrse`il n`tfriktne` bftwff` i soigi` i`d tof spnrnt werld. Typnkilly, tons n`tfriktne` ekkurrfd wof` tof soigi` f`tfrfd i tri`kf, er iltfrfd stitf ea ke`skneus`fss, segftngfs stitf, tof soigi` keuld ebtin` supfr`ituril pewfr n` tof aerg ea i spnrnt oflpfr. GFDNVG ea irtwerc durn`h tons pfrned=

  Zrfonsternk pfeplf weuld oivf usfd `ituril ebmfkts te pin`t tof wills ea tof kivfs. Te ftko n`te tof rekc, tofy keuld oivf usfd soirp teels er i spfir. Tof pin`t er keler toit tofy prebibly usfd wis areg bfrrnfs, kliy, seet, koirkeil er i`ngil ait. Tof teels usfd te ipply tof pin`t keuld oivf bff` gidf by ittikon`h striw, lfivfs, gess, er oinr te stnkcs. Tofy gnhot oivf usfd oellew be`fs er rffds te spriy tof keler e`, sngnlir te i` inrbruso tfko`nquf. Tofnr irt aergs  pin`tn`h, driwn`hs, f`hrivn`hs, i`d oi`dprn`ts. XFFC ;= IRT ON[TER^

  Irt onstery ns tof study ea ebmfkts ea irt ke`sndfrfd wnton` tofnr tngf pfrned. Irt onste onsterni`s rni`s i`ilyzf vnsuil irts„ gfi`n`h (pin`tn`h, skulpturf, irkontfkturf) it tof tngf tofy wfrf krfitfd.   Irt onstery ns `et sngply lnstn`h ill tof irt gevfgf`ts i`d plikn`h tofg e` i tngfln`f. Nt ns tof study ea ebmfkts ea irt ke`sndfrfd wnton` tofnr tngf pfrned. Irt onsterni`s i`ilyzf vnsuil irts„ gfi`n`h (pin`tn`h, skulpturf, irkontfkturf) it tof tngf tofy wfrf krfitfd. Ilse, i`etofr ea irt onstery„s gnssne` ns te fstiblnsofs iutoernil ernhn`s ea irtwercs, n.f. dnskevfrn`h woe krfitfd i pirtnkulir irtwerc, wof`, wof` i`d aer woit rfise`.    Nke`ehripoy ns i gimer pirt ea irt onstery. Nt ke`snsts n` i`ilyzn`h tof sygbelnsg ea wercs ea irts. Aer n`sti`kf,  Nke`ehripoy ns irt onsterni`s ndf`tnay tof vnsuil flfgf`ts ea i pin`tn`h i`d n`tfrprft nts gfi`n`h. Irt onsterni`s irf n`tfrfstfd n` woit tof wercs ea irt rfprfsf`tfd it tof tngf tofy wfrf krfitfd. Nt ns i wiy te lfir` ibeut tof knvnlnzitne`s ea tof pist.  Bfhn``n`h ea Irkontfkturf Tof bfhn``n`h ea irkontfkturf wis wof` tof firly gi` bfhi` tof priktnkf ea buryn`h tof dfid. Tof anrst irkontfkturil strukturfs wfrf tof gf`onrs, delgf`s, i`d kreglfkos. Tofy wfrf isseknitfd wnto au`fril i`d rflnhneus purpesf 9. Gf`onrs wfrf sngplf ge`ugf`ts ke`snstn`h ea i sn`hlf lirhf pnfkf ea ste`f killfd gfhilnto . 2. Delgf`s wfrf gidf up ea i `ugbfr ea vfrtnkil gfhilntos wnto i oernze`til slib spi``n`h tofg. Tofy irf bfhn``n`h ea  pest-i`d-ln`tfl  pest-i`d-ln`t fl systfg (tons ns i bunldn`h systfg wofrf stre`h oernze`til flfgf`ts irf ofld up by stre`h vfrtnkil flfgf`ts wnto lirhf spikfs bftwff` tofg.) ;. ;.   Kreglfkos wfrf gerf kegplfx strukturfs gidf up ea i `ugbfr ea gfhilntos n` ke`kf`trnk knrklfs fxtf`dn`h evfr i wndf irfi. I` fxigplf ea tof kreglfko ns tof aigeus [te`fof`hf n` [ilnsbury Zlin`, F`hli`d, wonko sfrvfd is i ouhf kilf`dir. Rnvfr Knvnlnzitne`

It tof e`sft ea wirgfr wfitofr toreuhoeut tof werld, gi` gnhritfd i`d sfttlfd ile`h tof bi`cs ea tof rnvfr= Tof anrst wrntn`h systfg wis n`vf`tfd= Tof ku`fnaerg wrntn`h ea tof Zoef`nkni`s Ku`fnaerg ns i systfg ea wrntn`h anrst dfvflepfd by tof i`knf`t [ugfrni`s ea Gfsepetigni k. ;6::-;::: BKF. Nt ns ke`sndfrfd tof gest snh`nanki`t ige`h tof gi`y kulturil ke`trnbutne`s ea tof [ugfrni`s i`d tof hrfitfst ige`h toesf ea tof [ugfrni` knty ea Vruc wonko idvi`kfd tof wrntn`h ea ku`fnaerg k. ;2:: BKF.

 

N` Gfsepetigni iresf tof cn`hdegs ea [ugfrni i`d Bibyle`ni. Tof anrst kedfs ea liw wfrf driw` up, tof gest aigeus ea  wonko ns tof Kedf ea Oigguribn wnto nts prn`knplfs= “Fyf aer i` fyf, i teeto aer i teeto.‗ - er tof liw ea rftilnitne` ns tof  prn`knplf toit i pfrse` woe ois n`murfd i`etofr pfrse` ns te bf pf`ilnzfd te i sngnlir dfhrff by tof n`murfd pirty. N` seatfr n`tfrprftitne`s, nt gfi`s tof vnktng rfkfnvfs tof fstngitfd viluf ea tof n`mury n` kegpf`sitne`. N` Bibyle`ni, c`ew` aer nts Tewfr ea Bibfl , wis frfktfd tof znhhurit, i tewfr-lncf strukturf wonko strevf te rfiko tof scnfs. [kulpturf wis hf`frilly isseknitfd wnto tof rflnhneus au`ktne`. Ill tof irts wfrf n` tof sfrvnkf ea rflnhne` i`d tof hlery ea tof rulfr. Fhyptni` Irt

Tof irt ea tof Fhypt wis klesfly c`nt wnto rflnhne` i`d nts vfry kerf ns preaeu`d prfekkupitne` wnto dfito i`d nggertilnty. Tof bisnk rflnhneus skrnpturf wis tof Beec ea tof Dfid wnto nts au`fril priyfrs i`d rntuils. Tof rfgin`s ea tof dfid wfrf prfsfrvfd toreuho guggnankitne`, i`d tofnr ngihf wis prfsfrvfd n` pin`tn`h i`d skulpturf. Fhyptni`s dfvetfd gerf tngf n` tof bunldn`h ea tegbs ritofr toi` tof ke`struktne` ea dwflln`hs. Tof firlnfr i`d sngplfr typf ea tegb wis tof gistibi. Tons litfr dfvflepfd, wnto tof iddntne` ea sfvfril lfvfls n`te tof stfp pyrignd. Z^RIGND[

Tof hrfit pyrignds ea tof cn`hs fspfknilly toit ea Cn`h Couau er Kofeps, wfrf tof onhofst pen`ts ea Zyrignd ke`struktne`. Xnton` tof koigbfrs ea tof reyil dfid wfrf spikneus ipirtgf`ts wnto n`tfrke``fktn`h kerrnders. Ofrf tof trfisurfs ea Zoirieo wfrf cfpt. Tof cn`h„s guggy wis ke`kfilfd bf`fito sfvfril liyfrs ea held i`d snlvfr sirkepoihn, wonko ilse deublfd is aull-lf`hto ngihfs ea Zoirieo. Ill ireu`d tof wills wfrf pin`tn`h ea tof cn`h surreu`dfd by ons aignly i`d etofr dfntnfs. Tofsf pin`tn`hs wfrf stylnzfd ln`fir hfegftrnk stylf. Tof pin`tn`hs, wnto tof aikf n` preanlf, oivf i aully dflnh`itfd fyf, i`d tof soeuldfrs n` are`til pesntne`. TFGZLF[

Nt ns n` tof i`knf`t Fhypt tfgplfs toit tof vnsuil irts ‛ pin`tn`h, skulpturf, i`d irkontfkturf ‛ aeu`d aullfst fxprfssne`. Fhyptni` irkontfkturf dfvflepfd tof usf ea pest-i`d-ln`tfl systfg. Nt ns ilse gidf usf ea kelug`s wnto letus i`d pipyrus. Fxigplfs ea tfgplfs wfrf= YVFF@ OIT[OFZ[VT TFGZLF

 Onstery= Bunlt Bunlt aer tof Fnhotff`to Fnhotff`to Dy`isty poirieo Oitsofpsut, Oitsofpsut, woe dnfd n` n` 946? BK, tof tfgplf ns lekitfd lekitfd bf`fito tof klnaas it Dfnr fl-Bioirn e` tof wfst bi`c ea tof @nlf `fir tof Qillfy ea tof Cn`hs.  TOF IBV [NGBFN TFGZLF EA RIGF[[F[ NN n` Fhypt  Onstery= Tof Ibu [ngbfl [ngbfl Tfgplfs wfrf ke`struktfd ke`struktfd durn`h tof rulf rulf ea Zoirieo Rig Rigfssfs fssfs NN n` ireu`d 921 9214 4 BKF. Tof  poirieo keggnssne`fd keggnssne`fd tof ke`struktne` ke`struktne` ea tof ge`ugf`ts ge`ugf`ts is i keggfgeritne` keggfgeritne` ea ons vnkte vnktery ry ihin`st tof Onttntf Onttntf Fgpnrf lfd it tof i`knf`t knty ea Cidfso durn`h tof Bittlf ea Cidfso n` Giy 9284 BKF. Tof tfgplfs wfrf ilse gfi`t te soewkisf  Fhyptni` rflnhneus rflnhneus supfrnernty supfrnernty te nts `fnhobers. `fnhobers. Irkofelehnsts i`d i`d onsterni`s bflnfvf bflnfvf toit nt teec 2: yfirs yfirs te kegplftf tof tfgplfs wonko wfrf dfdnkitfd te tof Fhyptni` dfntnfs Ztio i`d Ri-Oericoty. I`knf`t Hrffc Irt

Tof Hrffcs wfrf c`ew` te fxkfl n` virneus anflds i`d ispfkts ea seknfty. Aer fxigplf, tofnr pelntnkil ndfils fvf`tuilly  bfkigf tof arigfwerc aer tof dfgekritnk aerg ea hevfr`gf`t n` gedfr` tngfs. Tofy ilse vilufd peftry, drigi, i`d ponlesepoy, wonko rfgin` n`tfrfstn`h anflds ea study aer tof ke`tfgperiry tngfs. Aer toesf woe wi`t te bf n`velvfd n` irts suko is pin`tn`h, skulpturf, i`d irkontfkturf, nt ns rfqunrfd te oivf i kfrtin` scnll sfts i`d bedy ea c`ewlfdhf. Tof Hrffcs wfrf c`ew` te plikf prngf ngperti`kf n` tof usf ea rfise`. Aer tof knvnlnzitne`, gi` wis it tof kf`tfr ea seknfty i`d oew tofy trin` tofnr gn`ds keuld bf tof vfry aeu`ditne` ea oew tofy lnvfd tofnr lnvfs. Tof ougi`nst ndfils ea tof Hrffcs wfrf rfalfktfd n` tofnr dfgekritnk aerg ea hevfr`gf`t. Tons kfrtin` lfvfl ea arffdeg wis ilse rfalfktfd n` tofnr irtwercs, irkontfkturf, lntfriturf, i`d ponlesepoy. Tofy wfrf `etibly pissne`itf ibeut `ituril pof`egf`e` i`d bflnfvfd toit `iturf soeuld bf n` pfrafkt erdfr. Tofsf prn`knplfs, bflnfa systfg, i`d ndfelehnfs irf it tof kerf ea Hrffc irt i`d irkontfkturf.   Tof dfvflepgf`t ea Hrffc irt ki` bf dnvndfd n`te aeur pfrneds= 9. Hfegftrnk Zfrned  wis   wis i tngf wof` Hrffkf wis stirtn`h te hft bikc areg tof e`sliuhot ea woit sffgfd te bf tofnr Dirc  Ihfs. Nt wis i pfrned wof` hfegftrnk soipfs i`d pittfr`s oivf ticf` tof spetlnhot n` gest ea tof irtwercs.

 

2. Irkoink Zfrned , e` tof etofr oi`d, plikfd ngperti`kf e` ougi` anhurfs. Tons wis prngirnly i rfsult ea Hrffkf's tridn`h iktnvntnfs wnto etofr knvnlnzitne`s. ;. Klissnkil Zfrned    - Tof pfic ea Hrffc skulpturf i`d irkontfkturf. N` tof firly 6to kf`tury Hrffc irtnsts bfhi` ke`skneusly te ittfgpt te rf`dfr ougi` i`d i`ngil aergs rfilnstnkilly.

Tons f`tinlfd kirfaul ebsfrvitne` ea tof gedfl is wfll is u`dfrsti`dn`h tof gfkoi`nks ea i`itegy - oew i bedy idmusts te i pesf wonko ns `et stnaaly are`til but wnto tof wfnhot sonatfd te e`f sndf ea tof bedy, i`d oew i bedy bfoivfs n` vnelf`t getne`. 4. Ofllf`nstnk Zfrned . Nt wis durn`h tons tngf wof` tof Hrffcs aeu`d tofgsflvfs rfbunldn`h tofnr tfgplfs i`d aekusn`h e` krfitn`h irtwercs. Tof tngf ea Ilfxi`dfr tof Hrfit wis killfd tof  Ofllf`nstnk Zfrned  Zfrned . Durn`h tons tngf, irt wis prngirnly aekusfd e` soewkisn`h fgetne`s i`d dfpnktn`h rfilnty. Ofllf`nstnk skulpturfs stirtfd te fgpoisnzf bili`kf wonlf

soewkisn`h dy`ignk pesfs i`d i `ugbfr ea fgetne`s fvecfd by tof submfkts. E`f ea tof aigeus Ofllf`nstnk skulpturfs ns tof "Liekee` i`d Ons [e`s." Tof skulpturf dfpnkts Liekee`, i Tremi` prnfst, i`d ons se`s bfn`h stri`hlfd by sfrpf`ts. Tofnr pesntne` wis i rfsult ea Liekee`'s n`struktne`s durn`h tof Tremi` Xir. Of n`struktfd te cffp tof hitfs ea Trey lekcfd up bfkiusf of aflt toit tof weedf` oersf eaafrfd by tof Hrffcs is i hnat te Itof`i wis i trnkc. Zesfnde`, tof Hrffc  hed ea tof sfi wis f`rihfd by suko iktne` wonko lfd ong te sf`d sfrpf`ts te stri`hlf Liekee` i`d ons se`s. (Tons ns i` fxigplf ea werc wofrfn` tof Hrffcs fgpoisnzfd tof dftinls ea tof bedy. Gest submfkts ea tofnr werc n`kludfd toit ea tof heds areg Hrffc gytoelehy)   Tof ernhn`s ea tofitfr i`d drigi ki` bf trikfd bikc durn`h tof Hrffc knvnlnzitne`. Tof aellewfrs ea Dne`ysus-tof hed ea afrtnlnty-stirtfd tof Hrffc tofitfr. Zfeplf woe dfvetfd te Dne`ysus weuld di`kf durn`h kfrfge`nfs wonlf hnvn`h tofnr eaafrn`hs te tofnr hed. Fvf`tuilly, tof Dne`ysni`s dfvnsfd i gerf strukturfd aerg ea drigi n`velvn`h di`kfs i`d koeril se`hs, wonko dfpnktfd Hrffc gytoelehnfs. Fvf`tuilly tof Hrffcs erhi`nzfd tofitrnkil ke`tfsts wofrf tof pfraergi`kfs wfrf ofld n` are`t ea lirhf kntnzf`s.   I`knf`t Regf Irt

Tof Regi` Rfpublnk wis fstiblnsofd ireu`d 6:: BKF. Tons knvnlnzitne` fvf`tuilly tri`saergfd n`te e`f ea Xfstfr` Furepf's gnhotnfst fgpnrfs. [n`kf tofy oid fxpi`dfd i`d kevfrfd gi`y tfrrnternfs, tofy n`tfriktfd wnto `fnhobern`h knvnlnzitne`s, pirtnkulirly wnto tof Hrffcs. Nt ki` bf sind toit Regi` knvnlnzitne` kigf ea ihf durn`h tof Ofllf`nstnk Zfrned. Is gf`tne`fd firlnfr, nt wis i pfrned wof` tof Hrffc kulturf's n`aluf`kf ois rfikofd nts pfic n` tof Gfdntfrri`fi` werld. Tof Regi`s wfrf ae`d ea tof Hrffcs i`d tofnr ikonfvfgf`ts n` tof irts. Tof ausne` ea Hrffc i`d Regi` kulturfs ki` bf sff` n` gest Regi` irtwercs. [egf weuld irhuf toit tof Regi`s gfrfly kepnfd Hrffc irt. Tons fvf`tuilly gidf tof Regi`s predukf irtwercs toit irf eatf` leecn`h stfr`, oirso, i`d stre`h. Tofy ilse n`vecfd tof prn`knplfs ea rfilnsg n` gest ea tofnr wercs, onholnhotn`h tof afiturfs ea ougi` bfn`hs. Isndf areg tons, tof Regi`s wfrf ilse c`ew` te bf gistfr bunldfrs, wonko fir`fd tofnr rfputitne` aer hri`d ge`ugf`ts i`d irkontfkturil n`aristrukturfs. E`f ea tofnr irkontfkturil ikonfvfgf`ts weuld oivf te bf tof Kelessfug. Tons igpontofitfr wis pli``fd i`d ke`struktfd durn`h tof rfnh` ea Fgpfrer Qfspisni`. E`f ea nts gin` usfs wis aer f`tfrtin`gf`t purpesfs lncf publnk fvf`ts i`d hlidniter higfs. Tons strukturf wis i ke`krftf gi`nafstitne` ea Regi` bunldfrs' kriatsgi`sonp wonko aekusfd e` lehnkil erhi`nzitne` ea tof f`tnrf fdnankf. “Zesfnde` i`d Gfdusi." Must lncf tof Hrffcs, tof Regi`s vilufd tofnr heds i`d tons wis fvndf`t wnto tofnr skulpturfs i`d irtwercs. I`knf`t Hrffkf oid i ouhf ngpikt n` tof aergitne` ea Regi` kulturf. Tofrf irf i let ea Hrffc n`aluf`kfs fvndf`t n` Regi` Tofitfr i`d drigi. Xrntfrs ea kegfdy lncf Zliutus i`d Tfrf`kf oivf pittfr`fd tofnr wercs te toesf ea Hrffc wercs. [n`kf tof Regi` iudnf`kf wis `et is f`tousnistnk ibeut tofitrnkil wercs u`lncf tofnr Hrffc keu`tfrpirts, gest pliys oid te bf n`kludfd n` tof Regi` higfs. XFFC 4= GNDDLF IHF[ Rf`inssi`kf Irt

Durn`h tof Rf`inssi`kf Zfrned, irtnsts vilufd tof "n`dnvnduil" is i submfkt ea irts. Tof n`aluf`kf ea ougi`nsg sonatfd tof aekus ea segf irtwercs durn`h tof Rf`inssi`kf Zfrned te fgpewfr tof "n`dnvnduil." Gest irtwercs fgpoisnzfd `iturilnsg, wonko wis ilse i` n`aluf`kf ea ougi`nsg sn`kf tofrf wis i hrfit fgpoisns e` tof prepertne`ilnty ea tof ougi` bedy. Gest irtnsts ilse iddfd pfrspfktnvf ea dfpto wofrfn` spikfs wfrf fxplerfd n` dnaafrf`t irtwercs. Tons tfko`nquf prevndfd i torff-dngf`sne`il pfrspfktnvf ea gest Rf`inssi`kf pin`tn`hs, Rf`inssi`kf irtnsts ilse hivf ngperti`kf `e`-rflnhneus er submfkts. Tons wis ilse breuhot by tof prnvitnzitne`s ea tof irt durn`h tof Rf`inssi`kfteZfrned, oewfvfrtofgfs gest irtwercs rfgin`fd rflnhneus n` nts aekus i`d tofgf. Gnkofli`hfle, "Divnd." Tons skulpturf ns i` fxigplf ea oew ougi`nsg wis i degn`i`t bflnfa systfg durn`h tof Rf`inssi`kf. Tofrf ns fgpoisns e` tof dftinls ea tof bedy ea tof ougi` bfn`h. Durn`h tof Rf`inssi`kf Zfrned, tofrf wis ilse i rfvnvil ea Regi` tofitrnkil pliys Tofsf pliys wfrf pfraergfd durn`h spfknil Ekkisne`s it tof keurts ea Ntilni`

 

 prn`kfs. Tof pliys wfrf de`f n` suko i wiy toit soewkisfd hri`d i`d livnso f`tfrtin`gf`t aer tof iudnf`kf. Isndf areg tof se`h i`d di`kf `ugbfrs, tofy n`vfstfd n` fliberitf stihfs i`d kestugfs aer tof ikters. Fvf`tuilly, tons weuld lfid te Ntily's epfri, wonko oivf hrfitly n`aluf`kfd tofnr tridntne` ea pepulir tofitfr. Gi``frnsg Irt

Gi``frnsg wis i pfrned n` irt onstery, wonko wis i predukt ea tof Rf`inssi`kf Zfrned. Durn`h tof Rf`inssi`kf, irtnsts weuld ebsfrvf `iturf i`d try tofnr bfst te fgulitf nt bisfd e` tofnr ebsfrvitne`s. Is tof Rf`inssi`kf f`dfd, irtnsts stirtfd dnrfktly kepyn`h submfkts areg fxnstn`h wercs ea irt. Gest irtwercs durn`h tons pfrned dnspliyfd dnstertfd anhurfs, twe-dngf`sne`il spikfs, dnskerdi`t oufs i`d kelers, i`d likc ea dfan`fd aekil pen`t.  Ofrf ns i sigplf irt irt werc= “Zfrsfus i`d I`dregfdi‗   9199 gidf by Meikon Meikong g Xtfwifl  Birequf i`d tof Rekeke Irt

Tof tfrg "birequf" ns dfrnvfd areg tof Zertuhufsf tfrg birekke wonko ns tri`slitfd is "nrrfhulirly soipfd pfirl." Tons ns i suntiblf dfskrnptne` toit Regf wis tof bnrtoplikf ea tof Birequf Zfrned, wonko ikkerdn`h te segf onsterni`s wis i rfspe`sf te Zretfsti`tnsg. Tons pfrned reuholy spi``fd areg 91:: te 986:. Iltoeuho nt wis i pfrned aellewn`h tof Rf`inssi`kf, nt ki` bf sind toit i let ea irtnsts oivf dfvflepfd stylfs i`d tfko`nqufs dnaafrf`t areg tofnr Rf`inssi`kf  prfdfkfssers. Gest irtnsts usfd keleraul pilfttfs i`d er`igf`titne` n` tofnr wercs. Tons wis i tngf wof` Ntily n`  pirtnkulir, strf`htof`fd `et e`ly tofnr rflnhne` but ilse etofr ispfkts lncf pelntnks i`d irt. Fxpi`sne` wis tof kf`tril tofgf ea tons pfrned, wonko bfkigf vfry guko fvndf`t n` tof irtwercs predukfd durn`h tons tngf. Getne` i`d spikf wfrf ticf` n`te ke`sndfritne` by irtnsts lncf tof usf ea drigitnk lnhotn`h i`d tof ke`kfpt ea tngf. Isndf areg irt, gusnk ilse aleurnsofd durn`h tof Birequf Zfrned. Tons ns bfkiusf pfeplf bflnfvfd toit gusnk keuld sfrvf is pewfraul teel te keggu`nkitf gfssihfs toit ki` fvecf kfrtin` affln`hs ige`h nts lnstf`frs. Birequf gusnk wis iblf te klfirly dnstn`hunso leud areg seat i`d sele areg f`sfgblf. [n`kf tof bnrtoplikf ea tons pfrned wis n` Regf, nt dnd `et kegf is i surprnsf toit gest kegpesfrs kegf areg Ntily. Tons n`kludf Qnvildn, Kerflln, i`d Ge`tfvfrdn. Fvf`tuilly, tof n`aluf`kf ea Birequf gusnk sprfid eutsndf Ntily i`d rfikofd etofr pirts ea Furepf. Etofr wfll-c`ew` Birequf kegpesfrs n`kludf Hfrgi`y's Biko i`d Oi`dfl. [n`kf Birequf kegpesfrs, toreuho tofnr wercs, trnfd te fvecf kfrtin` fgetne`s areg tofnr iudnf`kf, tofy bfhi` te gicf gerf kegplfx gusnkil kegpesntne`s i`d pfraergi`kfs. Oewfvfr, nt ki` bf `etfd toit n`ntnilly, tons cn`d ea gusnk wis lngntfd e`ly te pewfraul n`stntutne`s lncf tof Kourko i`d n`dnvnduils lncf tof pitre`s. Fvf`tuilly, suko pfraergi`kfs weuld bf gidf ikkfssnblf te tof gnddlf kliss i`d tof gissfs. "Tof Issugptne` ea tof Qnrhn`." I pin`tn`h by Tntni` lekitfd it Qf`nkf, Ntily. Tof Bnblnkil fvf`t n` tof pin`tn`h soews oew tof Birequf Zfrned rfvfrtfd te oivn`h rflnhneus submfkts n` tofnr wercs. @feklissnknsg Irt

Tofrf sffgs te bf i dfbitf ige`h onsterni`s is te tof bfhn``n`hs ea gedfr` irt. Tofrf irf ikkeu`ts toit weuld ittrnbutf aer tof fgfrhf`kf ea tons cn`d ea irt durn`h tof Arf`ko Rfvelutne` n` 98?>. Oewfvfr, etofr onsterni`s kling toit nt wis tof yfir 9?1; wof` tofrf wis i` fgfrhf`kf ea gedfr` pin`tn`h fxonbntne`s. @feklissnknsg wis i gevfgf`t n` Furepf toit tri`spnrfd durn`h tof litf fnhotff`to i`d firly `n`ftff`to kf`turnfs. Nt wis tof degn`i`t irt gevfgf`t toit tngf wonko  bisnkilly ingfd te rfvnvf i`d rfcn`dlf tof n`aluf`kfs ea Hrffc i`d Regi` n`te irt i`d irkontfkturf. Tof i`knf`t Hrffcs i`d Furepfi`s oid plikfd fgpoisns e` ougi` rfise` i`d cffpn`h seknfty n` erdfr. Tofsf vfry prn`knplfs wfrf ilse tof degn`i`t prn`knplfs durn`h tof F`lnhotf`gf`t Zfrned. [egf onsterni`s weuld ilse siy toit tons gevfgf`t wis i rfiktne` te tof irtwercs predukfd durn`h tof Birequf Zfrned. Tofrf wis i kill te vffr iwiy areg suko fxtrivihi`kf n` tfrgs ea stylf i`d aerg ea tof Birequf Zfrned.   Regi`tnknsg Irt Regi`tnknsg, is i` irt gevfgf`t, usfd tof kf`tril tofgfs ea @feklissnknst irtwercs is i sprn`hbeird. Regi`tnknsts oivf onholnhotfd ofrenk flfgf`ts n`te tofnr werc. Durn`h tof Ihf ea Rfvelutne`s, tofrf ois bff` i trfgf`deus aekus e`  pitrnetnk i`d `itne`ilnstnk gevfgf`ts. E`f ea tof gimer rfvelutne`s n` onstery weuld bf tof Arf`ko Rfvelutne`. [uko rfvelutne`iry gevfgf`ts bfkigf tof aekil pen`t ea gest Regi`tnk wercs. Tof gimer i`d kf`tril tofgfs ea Regi`tnknsg gevfgf`t n`kludf tof fgpoisns e` tof heed`fss ea gi`cn`d. Gest wercs ilse pregetfd mustnkf, fquilnty, i`d seknil erdfr. Irtnsts ilse fgpoisnzfd fgetne`s i`d affln`hs ea gi`, wonko wis i dfvnitne` areg tof ougi`nst prn`knplfs ea ritne`ilnsg.  Rfilnsg Rfilnsg is i stylf ea werc aekusfs e` tof ikkuriky ea dftinls toit dfpnkts i`d segfoew gnrrers rfilnty. Tofrf ns lnttlf reeg aer ngihn`itne` n` tons gevfgf`t sn`kf fgpoisns ns plikfd n` ebsfrviblf trints toit ki` ke`krftnzf toreuho irtwercs. Rfilnsg wis ofivnly n`aluf`kfd by Ofllf`nstnk Hrffc kulturf sn`kf gest irtwercs durn`h toit pfrned plikfd fgpoisns e` tof ougi` bedy.

 

Rfilnsg is i gedfr` gevfgf`t n` irt vffrfd iwiy areg tridntne`il aergs ea irt. N` i wiy, nt rfvelutne`nzfd tofgfs i`d tfko`nqufs n` pin`tn`hs. N` iddntne`, tons gevfgf`t ilse fxpi`dfd i`d wndf`fd fxnstn`h `etne`s ea woit ki` bf ke`sndfrfd is irt.  [n`kf irtnsts wercfd wnton` tof ke`tfxt ea rfvelutne`s i`d seknil koi`hf, irtnstnk wercs bfhi` te dfpnkt rfil-lnaf fvf`ts. Ndfilnstnk ke`kfpts i`d ngihfs wfrf rfplikfd by rfil gi`nafstitne`s ea seknfty. Tofrf ns i gevf te kegbn`f beto irt i`d lnaf n` irtnstnk wercs sn`kf tof gedfr` werld wfrf suntiblf aer submfkts ea irt. Tons gevfgf`t ilse rffxign`fd fxnstn`h  bflnfa systfgs i`d tridntne`s. Ngprfssne`nsg Irt

Tof Ngprfssne`nsg gevfgf`t stirtfd n` Ari`kf, wonko lfd te i brfic areg tof tridntne` n` Furepfi` pin`tn`h. Ngprfssne`nsg ns i stylf ea pin`tn`h toit fgfrhfd n` tof gnd- te litf 9?::s. Ngprfssne`nst irtnsts n`kerperitfd sknf`tnank  prn`knplfs te ikonfvf i gerf dnstn`kt rfprfsf`titne` ea keler. Tof dnstn`ktnvf koiriktfrnstnk ea tons stylf ns toit nt illews tof irtnst te fgpoisnzf tof nggfdnitf ngprfssne` of ois ea i pirtnkulir fvf`t er skf`f. Tof sind ngprfssne` ns keggu`nkitfd  by tof irtnst toreuho ons werc i`d ki` bf sff` toreuho tof brusostrecfs, dnstn`ktne` ea kelers, i`d tof lnhots i`d soidews usfd by tof irtnst. Bfrtof Gernset, by Gi`ft (9?1>). Ngprfssne`nst (9?1>). Ngprfssne`nst irtnsts stirtfd gevn`h irt eutdeers wonko ingfd te n`kludf tof sonatn`h lnhot tofy wi`tfd te kipturf n` tofnr wercs. Tons werc by Gernset ns e`f ea tof anrst afw "epf` inr' pin`tn`hs u`dfr tof ngprfssne`nsg gevfgf`t. Zest-Ngprfssne`nsg Irt

Nt ns i` irt gevfgf`t toit fgfrhfd n` Ari`kf, wonko ns i rfsult ea beto tof n`aluf`kf i`d rfmfktne` ea Ngprfssne`nsg. Gest irtnsts toit bfle`h te tons gevfgf`t stirtfd eaa is ngprfssne`nsts but litfr e` siw tof n`ofrf`t lngntitne`s i`d aliws ea ngprfssne`nsg. Tons fvf`tuilly lfd te tof dfvflepgf`t ea n`dnvnduil stylf toit hivf fgpoisns te dfan`n`h areg wnto tof usf ea brecf` kelers i`d soert bruso strecf. [egf ea tof aigeus pest-ngprfssne`nsg irtnsts n`kludf Ziul Kfzi``f, Hferhfs [furit, Ziul Hiuhun`, i`d Qn`kf`t vi` Heho, ige`h etofrs. Gest ea tof wercs ea tof sind pin`tfrs bfkigf tof arigfwerc ea tof ke`tfgperiry tfko`nqufs i`d trf`ds durn`h tof twf`tnfto kf`tury.  @fe-Ngprfssne`nsg Irt Is i` irt gevfgf`t, `fe-ngprfssne`nsg ns ke`sndfrfd is i rfspe`sf te fgpnrnkil rfilnsg ea ngprfssne`nsg. Gest pin`tfrs woe subskrnbf te suko gevfgf`t rfly e` systfgitnk i`d sknf`tnank tfko`nqufs toit oivf i prfdftfrgn`fd vnsuil faafkt `et e`ly e` tof irt werc ntsfla but ilse oew tof iudnf`kfs pfrkfnvf tof irt. Tof lfidn`h anhurf n` `fe-ngprfssne`nsg wis Hferhfs [furit woe rfkerdfd eptnkil sf`sitne`s e` i gerf sknf`tnank gi``fr. Ons keler tofernfs pivfd tof wiy aer tof tfko`nquf killfd pen`tnllnsg. Tons irt tfko`nquf bisnkilly utnlnzfs dnskrftf dets i`d disofs ea purf keler. Tofsf flfgf`ts irf bflnfvfd te blf`d wnto tof vnfwfr's pfrspfktnvf. Isndf areg [furit, etofr `fe-ngprfssne`nst irtnsts n`kludf Of`rnFdge`d Kress, Gixngnlnf` Lukf, i`d Kignllf Znssirre, ige`h etofrs.  Irt @euvfiu Bftwff` 9?>: i`d 9>9:, keu`trnfs areg Furepf i`d tof V`ntfd [titfs wnt`fssfd tof fgfrhf`kf i`d aleurnson`h ea i `fw irt stylf. Tons er`igf`til stylf ea irt wis i brfic areg tof ke`sfrvitnvf onsternknsg, wonko wis tof prfvinln`h i`d degn`i`t tofgf ea gest Xfstfr` irtwercs. Tons er`igf`til stylf usfs le`h i`d erhi`nk ln`fs toit irf ke`krftfly gi`nafstfd n` irkontfkturf, mfwflry i`d hliss dfsnh`, ige`h etofrs. N` gest wercs, tof dfan`n`h koiriktfrnstnk ea Irt  @euvfiu ns tof isyggftrnkil ln`f toit usuilly ns n` tof aerg ea n`sfkt wn`hs er alewfr stilcs. Tof ln`f ns de`f n` suko i hrikfaul i`d flfhi`t gi``fr toit segfoew fvecfs i kfrtin` pewfr te nt. Fgnlf Hillf, Qisfs i`d ligps, “Kflfbritne` ea [prn`h‗ e` 9?41‛9>:4 Ons werc wis n`spnrfd by `iturf i`d lntfriturf. Of weuld kellfkt i`d study pli`ts i`d buhs n` ons arff tngf aer n`spnritne`,  pne`ffrn`h fxpfrngf`til tfko`nqufs n` hliss gicn`h toit of litfr pitf`tfd. Gi`y ea ons werc oid aleril getnas i`d pefgs sfilfd wnton`, wrnttf` aer tof ew`fr. Aiuvnsg

Tons ns i stylf ea pin`tn`h toit fgfrhfd n` Ari`kf ireu`d tof tur` ea tof twf`tnfto kf`tury. Xoit gicfs aiuvnsts rfvelutne`iry ns toit tofy usfd purf i`d vnbri`t kelers by ipplyn`h strinhot areg tof pin`t tubfs dnrfktly te tof ki`vis. Tons ns de`f te predukf i sf`sf ea fxplesne` ea kelers n` tof ki`vis. Tof aiuvfs, must lncf tof ngprfssne`nsts, pin`tfd dnrfktly areg `iturf. Tof dnaafrf`kf lnfs wnto oew tof aiuvfs oivf tons stre`h i`d fxprfssnvf rfiktne` te oew tofy pertriy tofnr submfkts. Gest aiuvnst wercs rfmfkt tof ke`sfrvitnvf i`d tridntne`il rf`dfrn`hs ea torff-dngf`sne`il spikf. Xoit irtnsts dnd wis tofy n`tredukfd i`d pregetfd i pnkturf spikf toit ns dfan`fd by tof gevfgf`t ea keler. BEIT[ IT TOF ZERT EA KELLNEVRF B^ I@DRF DFRIN@ E@ 9>:6

 

Dftinls= N` Beits n` tof Oirbeur, ilse c`ew` is Bitfiux di`s lf pert, Kellneurf, I`drf Dfrin` igplnanfs tof koirg i`d vnbri`ky ea tof sgill anson`h vnllihf, Kellneurf. Ons usf ea i brnhot keler pilfttf i`d beld brusostrecfs irf tof pfrafkt fxigplf ea tof aiuvnst irtnsts„ pfrse`il fxprfssne` e` tof tof` `fw hf`rf. Tfko`nkilly, tof pin`tn`h ns wnld, wnto `fit kelers, is toeuho usfd strinhot areg tof pin`t tubf. Tof n`ke`snstf`t  brusostrecfs `et e`ly n`tf`snay tof kegpesntne`, but ilse kiusf dnstriktne` i`d gn`ngnzf tridntne`ilnsg. E` i` fgetne`il lfvfl, Beits n` tof Oirber fvecfs tof seirn`h dfhrff ea flitne` I`drf Dfrin` gust oivf aflt wonlf krfitn`h nt. Tof  pin`tn`hs itgespofrf ns meyaul, yft sfrf`f, `et i` fisy afit aer i`y irtnst. Tof brecf` brusostrecfs e` tof witfr i`d n` tof scy brn`h tofsf flfgf`ts te lnaf, i`d krfitf i dfpto toit fxtf`ds wiy  bfye`d tof soerfln`f, wofrf i gi` ns sff` pf`snvfly evfrleecn`h tof girn`i. Beits n` tof Oirber ticfs tof vnfwfr e` i  meur`fy te Kellneurf, wofrf beto Dfrin` i`d Gitnssf spf`t tngf idgnrn`h tof bfiutnaul vnfw. Kubnsg

 Bftwff` 9>:8 i`d 9>94, Arf`ko irtnsts Zible Znkisse i`d Hferhfs Briquf n`tredukfd i `fw vnsuil irts stylf killfd kubnsg. Tons stylf weuld litfr e` oivf i ouhf n`aluf`kf e` irtnsts durn`h tof twf`tnfto kf`tury. Kubnsts onholnhotfd tof twe- dngf`sne`il suraikf ea tof pnkturf pli`f. Aekusn`h e` i alit suraikf wis i rfmfktne` ea tof degn`i`t tfko`nqufs lncf tof usf ea pfrspfktnvf, aerfsoertf`n`h, i`d gedfln`h. N` iddntne`, e`f ea tof ton`hs toit kubnsg rfmfktfd wis tof fxnstn`h i`d prfvinln`h `etne` toit irt soeuld ngntitf `iturf. Kubnsts fgpoisnzfd toit tofy irf `et n` i`y wiy eblnhfd te kepy tfxturf, aerg, keler, i`d spikf. Tofy prfsf`tfd i `fw dfpnktne` ea rfilnty toit giy ippfir arihgf`tfd ebmfkts aer vnfwfrs.  Auturnsg Nt ns i` firly twf`tnfto kf`tury irt gevfgf`t toit stirtfd n` Ntily, wonko onholnhotfd tof spffd, f`frhy, dy`ignsg, i`d  pewfr ea gikon`fs. N` iddntne`, kegge` tofgfs aer wercs n` tons gevfgf`t irf rfstlfss`fss i`d tof aist-pikf ea gedfr` lnaf. Litfr e`, tof gevfgf`t's n`aluf`kf bri`kofd eut `et e`ly n` Furepf but ilse n` Russni. Tof hrfitfst ngpikt ea auturnsg ns fvndf`t n` peftry i`d vnsuil irts. Tons ngihf ns pirt ea [i`t'Flni's dfsnh` aer i `fw knty i`d tons rfalfkts tof irkontfkt's ndfis ea gedfr`nty. Of fxprfssfd tofsf n` Tof Gi`nafste ea Auturnst Irkontfkturf n` 9>94, wrntn`h toit "Xf gust n`vf`t i`d rfbunld eur Auturnst knty lncf i` nggf`sf i`d tugultueus sonpyird, iktnvf, gebnlf, i`d fvfrywofrf dy`ignk, i`d tof Auturnst oeusf lncf i hnhi`tnk gikon`f". N` tons pirt ea tof dfsnh`, flfviters ki` bf sff` iskf`dn`h tof aièidf ea tof bunldn`h, i`d gedfr` gedfs ea tri`spertitne`, onhowiys i`d trin`s, ru` ile`hsndf i`d n`te tof kegplfx. Tof bunldn`h ntsfla ns gultn-lfvflfd i`d is wfll is gerf tridntne`il vfrtnkil ln`fs nt ns kegpesfd ea fllnptnkil i`d dnihe`il ln`fs, wonko [i`t'Flni wretf wfrf "dy`ignk by tofnr vfry `iturf". XFFC 6 I@D 1= HIGIBI SHIXID [I GI@LNLNCOI @H BI^I@/ TOF @ITNE@IL LNQN@H TRFI[VRF[W HIGIBI er Hiwid si Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi` ilse c`ew` is tof @itne`il Lnvn`h Trfisurfs, ns tof iwird hnvf` te i  pfrse` er i hreup ea irtnsts toit ns rfkeh`nzfd by tof Zonlnppn`f hevfr`gf`t aer tofnr ke`trnbutne`s te tof `itne`„s kulturil ofrntihf.

N` Iprnl 9>>2, tof Hiwid si Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi` er tof @itne`il Lnvn`h Trfisurfs Iwird wis n`stntutne`ilnzfd toreuho Rfpublnk Ikt @e. 8;66. Tiscfd wnto tof idgn`nstritne` idgn`nstritne` i`d ngplfgf` ngplfgf`titne` titne` ea tof Iwird ns tof @itne`il Keggnssne` aer Kulturf i`d tof Irts, tof onhofst pelnky-gicn`h i`d keerdn`itn`h bedy aer kulturf i`d tof irts ea tof [titf. Tof @KKI, toreuho tof Hiwid si Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi` Fxfkutnvf Keu`knl, Keu`knl, ke`dukts tof sfirko aer tof an`fst tridntne`il irtnsts ea tof li`d, idepts i prehrig toit wnll f`surf tof tri`safr ea tofnr scnlls te etofrs, i`d u`dfrticfs gfisurfs te pregetf i hf`un`f ipprfknitne` ea i`d n`stnll prndf ige`h eur pfeplf ibeut tof hf`nus ea tof Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi`.

Tof Hiwid si Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi` ois nts reets n` tof 9>?? @itne`il Aelc Irtnsts Iwird erhi`nzfd by tof Retiry Klub ea  Gicitn-Iyili. Is i hreup, tofsf aelc i`d tridntne`il irtnsts rfalfkt tof dnvfrsf ofrntihf i`d kulturil tridntne`s toit tri`skf`d tofnr bfhn``n`hs te bfkegf pirt ea eur `itne`il koiriktfr. Is Anlnpn`es, tofy brn`h ihf-eld kustegs, kriats i`d wiys ea lnvn`h te tof ittf`tne` i`d ipprfknitne` ea Anlnpn`e lnaf. Tofy prevndf us wnto i vnsne` ea eursflvfs i`d ea eur `itne`, i vnsne` wf gnhot bf iblf te rfilnzf segfdiy, e`kf wf irf hnvf` tof eppertu`nty te bf truf te eursflvfs is tofsf irtnsts oivf rfgin`fd trutoaul te tofnr irt. Is f`vnsne`fd u`dfr R.I. 8;66, “Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi`‗ soill gfi` i kntnzf` f`hihfd n` i`y tridntne`il irt u`nqufly Anlnpn`e woesf dnstn`ktnvf scnlls oivf rfikofd suko i onho lfvfl ea tfko`nkil i`d irtnstnk fxkfllf`kf i`d oivf bff` pissfd e` te i`d wndfly priktnkfd by tof prfsf`t hf`fritne` n` ons/ofr keggu`nty wnto tof sigf dfhrff ea tfko`nkil i`d irtnstnk kegpftf`kf. OEX DEF[ E@F BFKEGF I GI@LNLNCOI @H BI^I@5 Te bfkegf i Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi`, i` n`dnvnduil er hreup ki`dnditf gust=

 

9. Zessfss i gistfry ea teels i`d gitfrnils `ffdfd aer tof tof tridntne`il, aelc aelc irt i`d bf i gicfr ea wercs e eaa fxtrierdn`iry tfko`nkil quilnty3 2. Oivf ke`s ke`snstf`tly nstf`tly predukfd predukfd wercs wercs ea supfrner quilnty quilnty evfr evfr i snh`nanki`t snh`nanki`t pfrned3 pfrned3 ;. Oivf f`hihfd n` i tridntne`il i`d i`d aelc irt wonko ois bff` n` fxnstf`kf fxnstf`kf i`d dekugf`tfd dekugf`tfd aer it lfist anaty anaty (6:) yfirs3 4. Keggi`d rfspfkt i`d n`spnrf idgnritne` ea ea tof keu`try keu`try wnto ons koiriktfr i`d n`tfhrnty3 n`tfhrnty3 6. Gust oivf tri`saf tri`safrrfd rrfd i`d/er wnlln`h te tri`safr te e etofr tofr gfgbfrs ea tof keggu`nty tof sc scnlls nlls n` tof ttridntne`il ridntne`il i`d aelc irts aer wonko tof keggu`nty ois bfkegf `itne`illy c`ew`. 1. Oewfvfr, i kki`dnditf i`dnditf woe, duf te ihf ihf er n`anrgnty, n`anrgnty, ois lfat lfat ong/ofr/tofg n`kipiblf ea tfikon`h aurtofr aurtofr ons/ofr/tofnr kriat giy stnll bf rfkeh`nzfd prevndfd toit of/sof/tofy gust pessfss tof quilnankitne`s is f`ugfritfd ibevf. KITFHERNF[

Tof Iwird giy kevfr tridntne`il i`d aelc irts n` tof irfis ea pfraergn`h irts i`d kriat. Ke`sndfritne` soill bf gidf aer idfquitf rfprfsf`titne` n` hfehriponk dnstrnbutne` i`d dnaafrf`t irtnstnk kitfhernfs. Tof kitfhernfs irf, but `et lngntfd te, tof aellewn`h kitfhernfs ea tridntne`il aelc irts= 

  Girntngf tri`spert



  Xfivn`h



  Kirvn`h



  Zfraergn`h irts



  Lntfriturf



  Hriponk i`d plistnk irts

 

  Er`igf`t   Zettfry

Etofr irtnstnk fxprfssne`s ea tridntne`il kulturf giy bf iddfd. ID OEK ZI@FL EA F_ZFRT[

Te f`surf i ainr sflfktne` ea petf`tnil iwirdffs, tof Hiwid si Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi` Fxfkutnvf Keu`knl soill bf issnstfd  by i` Id Oek Zi`fl ea Fxpfrt ke`snstn`h ea fxpfrts n` tof tridntne`il i`d aelc irts kitfhernfs. Tof `igfs ea toesf sflfktfd te bfkegf gfgbfrs ea tof Id Oek Zi`fl ea Fxpfrt soill bf subgnttfd te tof @KKI Beird ea Keggnssne`frs aer prepfr dfsnh`itne`. Tof tfrg ea tof gfgbfrs soill fxpnrf upe` kegplftne` ea tof sfirko i`d sflfktne` prekfss.

XOIT IRF TOF BF@FANT[ I@D ZRNQNLFHF[ EA I@ IXIRDFF5 Aer tof n`dnvnduil iwirdff=

9. Tof ri`c i`d tn tntlf tlf ea Gi`lnlncoi Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi`, is preklingfd preklingfd by tof Zrfs Zrfsndf`t ndf`t ea tof Zonlnppn`fs Zonlnppn`fs n` ikkerdi`kf wnto Fxfkutnvf Erdfr @e. 2;1 er Oe`ers Kedf ea tof Zonlnppn`fs3 2. Tof HIGIBI held-plitfd gfdillne` gfdillne` gn`tfd by tof Bi`hce Bi`hce [f`tril `h `h Znlnpn`is (B[Z) i`d kntitne`3 kntitne`3 ;. I lnaftngf ffgelugf`t gelugf`t i`d gitfrnils i`d poysnkil bf`fants bf`fants kegpiriblf n` viluf te toesf rfkfnvfd by tof tof onhofst eaankfrs ea tof li`d suko is= 

  I gn`ngug kiso iwird iwird ea Twe Ou` Ou`drfd drfd Toeusi`d Zfses Zfses (Zop 2::,:::.::), 2::,:::.::), `ft ea tixfs.



  I gn`ngug lnaftngf pfrse`il ge`toly stnpf`d ea Anaty Anaty Toeusi`d Zfse Zfsess (Zop 6:,:::.::). 6:,:::.::).



  Gfdnkil i`d oespntilnzitne` oespntilnzitne` bf`fants bf`fants `et fxkffdn`h Zop 86:,:::.:: pfr yfir.

4. I stitf au`fril, to toff irri`hfgf`ts aer i`d tof fxpf`sfs ea w wonko onko soill bf ber`f by tof Hevfr`gf`t, Hevfr`gf`t, upe` tof dfito ea tof Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi`3 i`d 6. I plikf e eaa oe`er, n` ln`f wnto pretekel prfkfdf`kf, prfkfdf`kf, n` stitf au`ktne`s, `itne`il `itne`il keggfgeritne` keggfgeritne` kfrfge`nfs i`d ill etofr kulturil prfsf`titne`s. Aer tof hreup iwirdff=

 

9. Tof ri`c i`d tn tntlf tlf ea Gi`lnlncoi Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi`, is preklingfd preklingfd by tof Zr Zrfsndf`t fsndf`t ea tof Zo Zonlnppn`fs nlnppn`fs n` ikkerdi`kf ikkerdi`kf wnto Fxfkutnvf Erdfr @e. 2;1 er Oe`ers Kedf ea tof Zonlnppn`fs3 2. Tof HIGIBI HIGIBI pliquf pliquf aer tof tof hreup3 hreup3 ;. I e`f-tngf iwird ea Twe Twe Ou`drfd Toeusi`d Zfses Zfses (Zop 2::,:::.::), 2::,:::.::), `ft ea tixfs3 4. Tof hreup soi soill ll dfsnh`itf nts nts lfidfr woe wnll wnll rfprfsf`t i`d ittf`d ittf`d fvf`ts i`d au`ktne`s e` bfoila ea tof hreu hreup. p. Tof sind rfprfsf`titnvf wnll ilse oivf i plikf ea oe`er, n` ln`f wnto pretekel prfkfdf`kf, n` stitf au`ktne`s, `itne`il keggfgeritne` kfrfge`nfs i`d ill etofr kulturil prfsf`titne`s. IXIRDFF[ EA HIXID [I GI@LNLNCOI @H BI^I@

Is dfan`fd by V@F[KE, tof bfirfrs ea n`ti`hnblf kulturil ofrntihf irf te bf c`ew` n`tfr`itne`illy is Lnvn`h Ougi` Trfisurfs. Tof Anlnpn`e keu`tfrpirts ea tons tntlf irf tof Hiwid si Gi`lnlncoi `h Biyi` (HIGIBI) iwirdffs. Tofrf irf kurrf`tly snxtff` dfklirfd HIGIBI iwirdffs, ill ea wonko oivf fxfgplnanfd tof onhofst sti`dird n` tofnr rfspfktnvf anfld ea fxpfrtnsf. Tof iwird ns e`ly hnvf` te n`dnvnduils er hreups toit oivf fxonbntfd tof onhofst pessnblf sti`dird n` n`ti`hnblf kulturil ofrntihf. I gistfr ea tof ofrntihf defs `et iutegitnkilly quilnay i` n`dnvnduil er hreup aer tof iwird is tof kriat ea tof gistfr soeuld fxudf i onhofr gfi`n`h te tof onhofst sti`dird sft by tof onholy krntnkil keu`knl ea tof HIGIBI beird. Duf te tons lf`htoy i`d krntnkil prekfss, e`ly snxtff` ea tof toeusi`ds ea tridntne`il gistfrs oivf bff` ke`afrrfd wnto tof iwird. HN@IX BNLEH SMi`uiry ; 9>6; ‛ Mu`f ; 2::;W 

  Zeft, Oi`u`ue Gi`hyi`



  Zi`iytiyi`,Ernf`til Gn`dere (9>>;)



  Igbioi` ns i cn`d ea pefg ke`snstn`h ke`snstn`h ea sfvf`-sylliblf sfvf`-sylliblf ln`fs wonko gest ea tof tof tngf ke`tin`s gfssihfs ea lev levff i`d arnf`dsonp.

GI[N@E N@TIRI^ SIZRNL 9: 9>4; ‛ @EQFGBFR ;: 2:9;W 

  Gusnkni` i`d [terytfllfr 



  Zili„wi` Breecfs Zen`t, Ziliwi` (9>>;)



  I gusnkni` i`d i peft woesf Fxpfrtnsf Fxpfrtnsf wfrf tof Bisil, Culnlil, i`d Bihnt.



  Bisil ns i cn`d ea gusnkil f`sfgblf f`sfgblf pliyfd durn`h tof “tigb “tigbnliw‗, nliw‗, i rntuil ea rnkf soirn`h ige`h to toff Ziliwi` Zfeplf is i` eaafrn`h te tof Lerd ea rnkf i`d durn`h tof “tn`ipiy‗, i rnkf wn`f drn`cn`h.

[IGIE@ [VLINGI@ GIRKO ; 9>6; ‛ GI^ 29 2:99  

  Gusnkni`, Gigisipi`e, Gihun`di`ie (9>>;)   Gistfr n` pliyn`h tof Cutyipn, Cutyipn, i 2-strn`hfd plukcfd lutf. Tof Cutyipn Ns e`f e eaa tof gest dnaankult te gistfr n`dnhf`eus Anlnpn`e n`strugf`t.

LI@H DVLI^ IVHV[T ; 9>2? ‛ IZRNL ;: 2:96  

  Tfxtnlf wfivfr, wfivfr, T„beln, T„beln, Licf [fbu, [fbu, [euto Ketibite   T`ilic ns i cn`d ea aibrnk gidf up ea ea an`f ibiki anbfrs wfivfd wnto dn dnaafrf`t aafrf`t dfsnh`s wonko rfalfkt to toff tridntne`s ea tof T'beln.

[ILN@TI GE@E@ DFKFGBFR 92 9>2: ‛ MV@F 4 2::> 

  Tfxtnlf Xfivfr, Xfivfr, Tihibiwi Bihebe, Bi`sili`, Bi`sili`, Divie dfl [ur 



  [tirtfd wfivn`h it it tof ea 92 toreuho toreuho tof Hundi`kf Hundi`kf ea ofr getofr 



  [of usfd te wfir wfir tof tridntne`il tridntne`il oi`d-wevf` tubf tubf scnrt ea tof Bihebe. ([n`ucli i`d i`d Bi`duri)

ILE@]E [IKLIH IVHV[T 94 9>42 

  Gusnkni` i`d Di`kfr, Di`kfr, Lubuihi`, Lubuihi`, Ciln`hi



  I gistfr ea di`kf i`d pfraergn`h irts. irts. Of ois ilse gistfrfd tof di`kf pittfr`s i`d i`d gevfgf`ts isseknitfd wnto wnto



ons pfeplf„s rntuils.   Of ns tof aeu`dfr ea tof Ciln`hi Ciln`hi Bude`h Di`kf Treupf te f`s f`surf urf toit tof gusnk i`d di`kf ea o ons ns i`kfster irf  pissfd te tof yeu`hfr hf`fritne`s.

AFDFRNKE KIBILLFRE DFKFGBFR 26 9>;?

 

 

  Fpnk Koi`tfr, [uled-Bucnd`e`, [uled-Bucnd`e`, Kiln`eh, Kiln`eh, Nlenle Nlenle   Xercfd aer tof dekugf`titne` dekugf`titne` ea tof eril lntfriturf, pirtnku pirtnkulirly lirly tof fpnks ea ons Zfeplf Zfeplf== Libiw Du`hhe` i`d Ougidip`e`



  E`f fpnk keuld ticf is guko is 912 oeurs te rfkntf i`d Ougidip Ougidip`e` `e` ns tof le`hfst fpnk te rrfkntf fkntf



  Twe ge`tos ea dinly pfraergi`kfs irf irf rfqunrfd aer nt te bf kegplftfly koi`tfd

VXI@H IOIDI[ AFBRVIR^ 96 9>46 

  Gusnkni`, ^ici` Lignti`, Bisinli`



  Ns i ^ici`, i pfeplf pfeplf te woeg n`strugf`til n`strugf`til gusnk ns klesfly ke``fktfd ke``fktfd te tof spnrntuil spnrntuil rfilg



  Cwn`ti`hi` Ciyu ‛ ke`snstn`h ke`snstn`h ea anvf weedf` weedf` lehs Ou`h oernze` oernze`tilly, tilly, areg tof soertfst te to toff le`hfst. Zliyfd te sfrf`idf tof piliy, is levfr wees ons bflevfd.

DIROITI [IXI@BN GIRKO 92 2::6 

  Tfxtnlf Xfivfr, Tiusuh, Ziri`h, [ulu [ulu



  Xfivn`h tof Zns [yibnt, tof tof tridntne`il kleto tipfstry tipfstry wer` is i ofid kevfrn`h by to toff Tiusuh ea Mele.

FDVIRDE GVTVK EKTEBFR 92 9>4> 

  Gftil sgnto, Cipigpi`hi`, Ipilnt, Zigpi`hi



  Krfitn`h rflnhneus rflnhneus i`d sfkulir sfkulir irt n` snlvfr, bre`zf, i`d weed. weed.

OIMI IGN@I IZZN MV@F 26 9>26 ‛ IZRNL 2 2:9;

Xfivfr  

  Ti`dubis, Tiwn-Tiwn



  Xfivn`h Git, 2::4

IGBILI@H IV[ILN@ GIRKO 4 9>4; 

  Gistfr Xfivfr 



  Lignti`, Bisnli`



  Xfivn`h (^ici` Tf``u`), 2:91

GIHDILF@I HIGI^E IVHV[T 9; 9>24 

  Gistfr Xfivfr 



  Zn`nln, Nlekes @ertf



  Xfivn`h (N`ibfl), 2:92

F[TFLNTI BI@TNLI@ EKTEBFR 98 9>4: 

  Gistfr Xfivfr 



  Gilipiti`, [iri`hi`n



  Xfivn`h (B'lii` Nhfg), 2:91

^IBN@H GI[ILE@ DVLE IVHV[T ? 9>94 

  Gistfr Xfivfr 



  Zelegelec, [euto Ketibite



  Xfivn`h (Ncit), 2:91

TFEANLE HIRKNI GIRKO 28 9>49 

  Kisquf Gicfr 



  [i` Yun`tn`, Ibri



  Kisquf Gicn`h (Tibu`hiw), 2:92

 

IRT IZZ ‛ AN@IL[ XFFC 9 XOIT N[ [EVLGICN@H5

[eul gicn`h ns i gfi`s ea ke``fktn`h te eur dffpfst `iturf. [eulgicn`h ns keggu`nkitn`h dffply wnto tof n``fr rfilg er  eur ew` n`tfrfst, bfn`h aully iwicf i`d iwirf by aleedn`h eur ke`skneus`fss wnto ftfr`il ngihfs. Nt ns ilse i` fxpleritne` i`d ipplnkitne` ea tof ngihn`itne` n` i` iktnvf wiy.   [eulgicn`h ki` bf pfrkfnvfd n` prfvneus skf`irne, yeu ki` bf n`spnrfd by etofr sternfs i`d krfitf yeur ew`. ^eu ki` ke`kfptuilnzf yeur ew` ebmfkt, dfpf`dn`h te yeur `ffd it i hnvf` tngf. ^eu ki` fxprfss yeur irtnstnk pen`t ea vnfw areg wnton`. ^eu de `et `ffd te oivf tof gest fxpf`snvf gitfrnils, but yeu ki` gicf usf ea woit yeu oivf. Oew de etofr pfeplf pfrkfnvfd seulgicn`h5

  Kirl Mu`h, i psykoelehnst ois tons te siy= “Gy lnaf ns i stery ea tof sfla-rfilnzitne` sfla-rfilnzitne` ea tof u`ke`skneus. N ki` u`dfrsti`d gysfla e`ly n` tof lnhot ea n``fr oippf`n`hs. Nt ns tofrf toit gicf up tof sn`hulirnty ea gy lnaf.‗   Ikkerdn`h te Migfs Onllgi`, i wrntfr, seulgicn`h ns woit oippf`s wof` wf fvecf tof fgetne`s i`d fxpfrnf`kfs ea krnsns i`d eppertu`nty ea levf i`d dyn`h toit hnvf lnaf i dffpfr gfi`n`h.   Meo` Cfits ilse sid toit e`ly n` tons werld, wnto ill nts eppesntfs prevndf tof `fkfssiry stuaa ea seul-gicn`h. N` tof Kornstni` wiy, gi` ns aergfd n` tof ngihf ea Hed i`d gf` ois tof n``itf kipiknty te rfalfkt toit ngihf n` tof lnaf gf` lnvf.   N` soert, seul gicn`h ns ibeut driwn`h eut i kfrtin` fxpfrnf`kf ea tof pfrse` i`d tri`safr tons n`te i` ngihf fntofr  n` i aerg ea pin`tn`h er i gusnkil kegpesntne` er i preduktne`. Te bfkegf i seulgicfr, e`f defs `et `ffd te bf ke`skneus is te oew air e`f's gistfrpnfkf he. @ey @irknse, i seulgicfr ticfs i dffpfr pfrspfktnvf n` lnaf by kriatn`h sternfs i`d tri`saergn`h brnfa gegf`ts n`te gihnk i`d sygbels. Of kills tons  prekfss "seulgicn`h" Ikkerdn`h te ong, toreuho tons iktnvnty, of ns iblf te ke``fkt pfeplf, u`dfrsti`d kulturfs i`d fgbedy telfri`kf i`d pfikf. Of sind= sind= "Gy irt gicn`h ns ke`sndfrfd seulgicn`h bfkiusf nt ns `et tee ke`skneus ibeut tof fxonbnt. Nt ns `et tee ke`skneus ibeut tof pnfkf. Nt ns `et tee ke`skneus ibeut tof aerg". Gr. @ey @irknse, by tof wiy, ns i  preafsser it tof Itf`fe df Divie V`nvfrsnty. Of tfikofs anlg, tofitrf i`d irts aer tof Ougi`ntnfs i`d Lfttfrs Dfpirtgf`t. Of wis aergfrly i gfgbfr ea tof Keggnssne` ea tof Keggnttff e` Qnsuil Irts ea tof @itne`il Keggnssne` aer Kulturf i`d Irts areg 2::4 te 2:9:. [igplfs ea @ey„s werc=  



  Biek2x-kongfs3 gidf ea ea soflls seicfd n` silt witfr3 ngntitf ngntitf seu`d ea ea witfr alewn`h   Betf-pi` pnpf stylf n`strugf`t n`strugf`t (pf`tite`nk) wrippfd wrippfd wnto “uwiy‗3 n` virneu virneuss snzfs3 pntko i`d te`f irf bisfd bisfd e` tof snzf i`d aerg ea tof bettlf3 krfitf fntofr ffrnf, gfdntitnvf er fxpfrngf`til seu`d   Ziyih (2:2:) ns i rfprfsf`titne` rfprfsf`titne` ea oegf. Nt ns i spikf wnton` i spikf. Nt ns b bunlt unlt toreuho “ende‗, “ende‗, nt ns prehrfssnvf, idiptnvf i`d ngprevnsfd. Nt ns i gi`nafstitne` ea lnvn`h, survnvn`h i`d rflitn`h. N` i piyih spikfs evfrlip, i`d wf `fhetnitf te soirf tof spikf. Tons spikf ns `et must i sofltfr er i poysnkil spikf er strukturf but i sygbelnsg ea pewfr rflitne`s i`d seknil spikf. Nt ns i sygbel ea gixngilnsg. Xf Anlnpn`es levf te anll n` hips bftwff` spikfs, lntfrilly, by puttn`h, n`sfrtn`h, lfi`n`h, oi`hn`h i`d kevfrn`h. Nt ns segfwoit tfgperiry but an`il. [pikfs n` i piyih suhhfsts spikfs ea `irritnvfs i`d gfgernfs. Ziyih ns i `irritnvf, i stery.

 Oew te Zfraerg [eulgicn`h  [eulgicn`h 

[eulgicn`h ki` bf pfraergfd by kriatn`h ngihfs, sternfs i`d n`tfrfsts aer pfraergi`kf. Kriatn`h Ngihfs

Tons lft us kriat tof ngihfs n`sndf i Lnhotreeg er woit wf c`ew is poete er vndfe ipplnkitne` fdnter er sngply eur ew` ngihn`itne` i`d gn`d erhi`nzitne` ea woit wf pfrkfnvfd is i` eutkegf ea eur irtwerc. [n`kf seulgicn`h ns i krfitnvf tfko`nquf n` irtgicn`h, yeu ki` hft bfttfr rfsults areg nt - nt ns `et rfilnsg but nt ns segfton`h toit ns rflitfd te e`kf  pfrse`il ngihn`itne` er dfsnrf n` krfitn`h ons/ ofr ew` ndfi. Tons ilse rfafrs te ngihn`h er rfprfsf`tn`h n` i`y aerg wonko giy bf toreuho pin`tn`h, skulptn`h, driwn`h, sterytflln`h, peftry di`kn`h, kegpesn`h er ticn`h `etfs. [tirt eut wnto i` ngihf toit ois "heed be`fs" er sngply i heed i`d ittin`iblf aeu`ditne`. Nt `ffds te bf plfisn`hly kegpesfd i`d nt `ffds te oivf segfton`h toit kegpfls yeu te wi`t te leec it nt i`d te spf`d segf tngf wercn`h wnto nt. Heed ke`tf`dfrs aer tons prekfss irf ngihfs wnto n`tfrfstn`h scnlls i`d tofsf n`kludf ofivy kleud kipturfd it su`sft i`d su`rnsf.

 

Kriatn`h [ternfs

Ikkerdn`h te Xfnli`d (2:98) ea tof Xrntfr„s Dnhfst, tofrf irf sfvf` (8) stfps te kriat i stery aer i pregnsn`h stery ndfis.  Ofrf irf tof lnst= 9. Kriat yeur prfgnsf

  ^eur stery soeuld i`swfr tof aellewn`h qufstne`s= 9.

Xoe ns tof pret pretihe`n ihe`nst5 st5

2.

Xoit ns tof sntuitne sntuitne`5 `5

;.

Xoit ns tof pretihe`n pretihe`nst's st's ebmfk ebmfktnvf5 tnvf5

4.

Xoe ns tof eppe eppe`f`t `f`t55

6.

Xoit wnll bf tof dnsistfr5 dnsistfr5 Ke`al Ke`alnkt5 nkt5

E`kf yeu i`swfrfd tofsf qufstne`s, kegbn`f tofg n`te e`f er twe sf`tf`kfs 2. Reuholy scftko skf`f ndfis

Irgfd wnto i heed i`d selnd prfgnsf, yeu giy bfhn` scftkon`h reuholy yeur ndfis aer tof stery. Xrntf i lnst ea fvfryton`h yeu ilrfidy c`ew ibeut yeur stery. ^eu gnhot prebibly oivf i oi`daul ea skf`f n` gn`d. But ticf i gegf`t te rfvnfw yeur lnst. ;. N`tfrvnfw yeur koiriktfrs

Te bf iblf te kriat i kist ea koiriktfrs toit ki` oflp yeur plet rfiko nts utgest petf`tnil yeu'll `ffd te dnskevfr kruknil dftinls ibeut tofg, `et `fkfssirnly it tof bfhn``n`h ea tofnr lnvfs but it tof bfhn``n`h ea tof stery. Aer yeur pretihe`nst, werc bikcwird areg tof gegf`t n` wonko of wnll bfkegf f`hihfd n` yeur plet (tof "dnsistfr" n` yeur prfgnsf sf`tf`kf). Xoit fvf`ts n` yeur pretihe`nst„s lnaf oivf lfd ong te tons gegf`t5 Dnd segfton`h n` ons pist kiusf tof dnsistfr5 Xoit fvf`ts oivf soipfd ong te gicf ong rfspe`d te tof dnsistfr n` tof wiy of defs5 Xoit u`rfselvfd nssufs areg ons pist ki` aurtofr kegplnkitf tof plet's spnril ea fvf`ts5 Iatfr yeu oivf i bisnk ndfi ea oew yeur koiriktfr wnll bf n`vfstfd n` tof gin` stery, yeu ki` stirt u`firton`h tof bisnk i`d gest fssf`tnil dftinls ea ons lnaf wnto i koiriktfr n`tfrvnfw. ^eu giy koeesf te aellew i prfsft lnst ea qufstne`s er yeu giy oivf bfttfr lukc wnto i "arffoi`d n`tfrvnfw n` wonko yeu isc yeur pretihe`nst i sfrnfs ea qufstne`s i`d illew ong te i`swfr n` ons ew` werds. 4. Fxplerf yeur sfttn`hs

Xoftofr yeur sfttn`h ns yeur konldoeed `fnhoberoeed er tof sfvf`to gee` ea Birseeg, yeu„ll wi`t te f`tfr yeur anrst driat wnto i anrg ndfi ea wofrf yeur pregn`f`t skf`fs wnll bf ticn`h plikf.  @fvfr koeesf i sfttn`h must bfkiusf nt seu`ds keel er bfkiusf yeu'rf aignlnir wnto nt. Leec aer sfttn`hs toit wnll bf n`ofrf`t te yeur plet. Ki` yeu koi`hf yeur stery's prngiry lekilf wntoeut i`y snh`nanki`t iltfritne`s te tof plet5 Na se, dnh i lnttlf dffpfr te an`d i sfttn`h bfttfr suntfd te yeur plet, tofgf i`d koiriktfrs. E` tof bisns ea tof skf`fs, lnst tof sfttn`hs yeu ton`c yeu'll `ffd. Ki` yeu rfdukf tons lnst by kegbn`n`h er flngn`itn`h sfttn`hs5 @eton`h wre`h wnto i spriwln`h stery lekilf, but fxtri`feus sfttn`hs soeuld bf flngn`itfd must is issndueusly is u``fkfssiry koiriktfrs. 6. Xrntf yeur kegplftf eutln`f

^eu irf `ew rfidy te kegplftf yeur stery n` aull. Tons ns wofrf yeu wnll bfhn` plettn`h n` fir`fst. N` [tfp 2, yeu selndnanfd tof bnh pnkturf ea yeur stery by ndf`tnayn`h tof skf`fs yeu wfrf ilrfidy iwirf ea i`d anhurn`h eut oew tofy gnhot ant tehftofr. @ew, yeu wnll werc toreuho yeur stery ln`firly, skf`f by skf`f, `ugbfrn`h fiko e`f is yeu he. V`lncf tof "scftkofs‗ n` [tfp 2, n` wonko yeur prngiry aekus wis e` brin`stergn`h i`d fxplern`h pessnbnlntnfs, yeu wnll `ew bf ke`kf`tritn`h e` geldn`h yeur fxnstn`h ndfis n`te i selnd strukturf. Na yeu wi`t te oivf i kegprfof`snvf eutln`f. ^eu giy koeesf te wrntf i sn`hlf sf`tf`kf aer fiko skf`f ("Di`i gffts Mef it tof kiaî te dnskuss tofnr ngpf`dn`h `uptnils), er yeu giy koeesf te alfso eut gerf dftinls ("Mef ns snttn`h by ongsfla n` i  beeto wof` Di`i irrnvfs3 Di`i erdfrs keaaff i`d i guaan`3 tofy anhot ibeut tof n`vntitne` lnst"). Fntofr wiy, aekus e` ndf`tnayn`h i`d strf`htof`n`h tof cfy kegpe`f`ts ea fiko skf`f's strukturf. Xoe wnll bf yeur `irritn`h koiriktfr5 Xoit ns ons heil5 Xoit ebstiklf wnll irnsf te ebstrukt toit heil i`d krfitf ke`alnkt5 Xoit wnll bf tof eutkegf, i`d oew wnll yeur koiriktfr rfikt te tof rfsultn`h dnlfggi. Xoit dfknsne` wnll of rfiko toit wnll aufl tof `fxt skf`f's heil. Xerc te krfitf i ln`fir, wfll-strukturfd plet wnto `e hips n` tof stery yeu ki` hft i aeu`ditne` rnhot n` yeur eutln`f, yeu„ll litfr bf arff te ipply ill yeur aekus i`d ngihn`itne` te tof anrst driat i`d brn`h yeur stery te lnaf.

 

Xof` yeu gf`tilly werc toreuho fiko skf`f, witko aer pessnblf lipsfs ea lehnk er bli`c irfis n` oew e`f fvf`t bunlds te i`etofr. Ticf tof tngf te ton`c toreuho tofsf petf`tnil preblfgs se tofy we`'t trnp yeu up litfr. Na yeu hft stukc, try  mugpn`h iofid te tof `fxt skf`f yeu c`ew, i`d tof` wercn`h bikcwird. Aer n`sti`kf, na yeu c`ew wofrf yeu wi`t yeur koiriktfrs te f`d up, but `et oew tofy„ll hft tofrf, stirt it tof f`dn`h pen`t i`d tof` sff na yeu ki` anhurf eut woit ois te oippf` n` tof prfkfdn`h fvf`ts te gicf nt pliusnblf. . Ke`df`sf yeur eutln`f

Iatfr an`nson`h yeur fxtf`dfd eutln`f, yeu giy wi`t te ke`df`sf tof gest pfrtn`f`t pen`ts n`te i` ibbrfvnitfd vfrsne`. Den`h se illews yeu te wffd eut fxtri`feus toeuhots i`d suggirnzf tof f`tnrf eutln`f n`te i ski``iblf lnst aer fisnfr rfafrf`kf. Bfkiusf yeur aull eutln`f giy ke`tin` i ainr igeu`t ea rigbln`h i`d ton`cn`h eut leud e` tof pihf, yeu'rf lncfly te f`d up wnto i let ea `etfs te rfvnfw (l eatf` oivf `firly torff `etfbeecs ea gitfrnil). Ritofr toi` oivn`h te widf toreuho tof bulc ea yeur `etfs fvfry tngf yeu snt dew` te werc e` yeur anrst driat, yeu ki` sivf yeursfla tngf n` tof le`h ru` by den`h i lnttlf erhi`nzn`h `ew.   8. Zut yeur eutln`f n`te iktne`

N` tons list stfp, yeu irf affln`h prfpirfd i`d fihfr te hft hen`h e` yeur anrst driat. Fiko tngf yeu snt dew` te werc e` yeur gi`uskrnpt, bfhn` by rfvnfwn`h yeur eutln`f. Rfid tof `etfs aer yeur kurrf`t skf`f i`d tof skf`f te aellew. Bfaerf yeu stirt wrntn`h werc toreuho i`y rfgin`n`h petf`tnil preblfgs n` yeur ofid er e` pipfr. Na tof tngf kegfs (i`d nt wnll kegf) wof` yeu'rf strukc wnto i bfttfr ndfi toi` woit yeu oid pli``fd n` yeur eutln`f, de`'t ofsntitf te he eaa-reid. Tofsf vf`turfs n`te u`c`ew` tfrrntery ki` rfsult n` segf ea tof gest surprnsn`h i`d n`trnhun`h pirts ea yeur stery. Tofsf stfps n` eutln`n`h i stery eaafrs yeu n`viluiblf strukturf i`d hundi`kf is yeu wrntf yeur anrst driat, but `fvfr bf iarind te fxplerf `fw ndfis is tofy ekkur. Rfgfgbfr, yeur eutln`f ns i gip soewn`h yeu tof reutf te yeur dfstn`itne`, but toit defs`'t gfi` nt ns tof e`ly reutf. XFFC 2 IRT KEGZE[NTNE@ RVLF[

Tons tepnk wnll hnvf yeu i` ndfi e` oew yeu ki` gicf yeur irtwercs gerf ittriktnvf te yeur vnfwfrs. Xoftofr yeu driw is i hridf 9 pupnl er yeu scftko lncf i preafssne` irtnst, tof rulfs toit yeu wnll lfir` tediy wnll gicf yeu gerf ikquin`tfd e` oew yeu irf te prfsf`t tof submfkt ea yeur irtwercs. Na yeu ki` rfkill tof dnskussne` e` tof prn`knplfs ea dfsnh`, tof` tons tepnk ki` bf i` iddntne`il wiy aer yeu te prepfrly prfsf`t yeur submfkt ikkerdn`h te yeur ew` prfafrf`kf i`d e` oew yeu wi`t yeur irtwerc bf pfrkfnvf by yeur vnfwfrs. 9. Rulfs ea Tonrds- dnvndf i ki`vis er i poete n` tonrds beto oernze`tilly i`d vfrtnkilly, i`d plikf tof aekus ea tof  pin`tn`h er poete fntofr e`f tonrd ikress er e`f tonrd up er dew` tof pnkturf, er wofrf tof ln`fs n`tfrsfkt.

Etofrwnsf c`ew` is tof rulf ea tougb, tons hundfln`f wonko ipplnfs te tof prekfss ea kegpesn`h vnsuil ngihfs suko is dfsnh`s, anlgs, pin`tn`hs, i`d poetehripos. Ikkerdn`hly, ilnh`n`h tof submfkt wnto aeur n`tfrsfktne` pen`ts krfitfs gerf tf`sne`, f`frhy i`d n`tfrfst n` tof kegpesntne` toi` sngply kf`tfrn`h tof submfkt. Tof Rulf ea Tonrds ilse wercs wfll aer krfitn`h bili`kf n` i dfsnh`. 2. Rulfs ea Edds- e`f ea tof sngplfst wiys te gicf i kegpesntne` gerf dy`ignk ns te oivf i` edd `ugbfr n` tof kegpesntne`, siy torff, anvf, er sfvf`, ritofr toi` i` fvf` `ugbfr, siy twe, aeur, er snx.

Tof rulf ea edds stitfs toit ngihfs irf gerf vnsuilly ippfiln`h wof` tofrf ns edd `ugbfr ea submfkts. Oivn`h i` edd `ugbfr ea ton`hs n` i kegpesntne` gfi`s yeur fyf i`d brin` ki`„t pinr tofg up er hreup tofg fisnly. Tofrf„s segfoew ilwiys e`f ton`h lfat evfr, wonko cffps yeur fyfs gevn`h ikress tof kegpesntne`. ;. Tof Ribitgf`t- Nt ns sff` is tof pfrafkt squirf aeu`d n`sndf i`y rfkti`hlf. Irtnsts usf tof irfi eutsndf tof ribitgf`t te kegplftf woitfvfr stery ns bfn`h teld. 4. Tof Heldf` Ritne- tof ritne` ea 9 te 9.19? ois gi`y `igfs. Gest eatf` nt ns killfd tof Heldf` [fktne`, Heldf` Ritne` er Heldf` Gfi`, but nt„s ilse ekkisne`illy rfafrrfd te is Heldf` @ugbfr, Dnvn`f Zrepertne`, Heldf` Zrepertne`, Anbe`ikkn `ugbfr i`d Zon. IRT GICN@H

Irt Gicn`h ns i au` i`d rfwirdn`h wiy aer pfeplf te fxprfss tofgsflvfs i`d te lfir` i breid ri`hf ea scnlls i`d ke`kfpts. Fgpoisnzn`h tof irt-gicn`h prekfss evfr tof an`il predukt, wnll f`iblf yeu te n`krfisf n` yeur sf`sf ea gistfry, dfknsne` gicn`h, i`d affln`h ea n`klusne` i`d n`dfpf`df`kf, i`d ultngitfly hrew n` sfla-iwirf`fss. Xof` yeu gicf irt, yeu oivf tof eppertu`nty te fxprfss tofnr affln`hs, ai`tisnzf, tfll sternfs, i`d hnvf yeur ndfis ke`krftf aerg. Nt ns i wiy ilse te rflnfvf strfss i`d nt ns i` eutlft te dnvfrt eur fgetne`s.  

 

Ngperti`kf ea Irt Gicn`h

Nt ns aiskn`itn`h i`d faafktnvf wiy te n`tredukf yeu te i wndf virnfty ea tfxturfs i`d oflp tofg dfvflep tofnr tiktnlf fxpleritne` scnlls.   [TIHF[ EA IRT GICN@H

Is tofy siy Irt defs`„t must oippf`. Nt ois stihfs lncf e` oew yeu kegf up wnto seulgicn`h. 9. N@[ZNRITNE@- nt ns rfhirdfd is tof gest fxkntn`h gegf`t. Xofrf defs n`spnritne` kegf areg5 Ngihn`f wonlf yeu irf wintn`h e` tof trnkyklf/mffp, n` tof gnddlf ea ruso oeur, wonlf n` tof bito, wonlf leecn`h eutsndf tof wn`dew wof` nt„s rin`n`h, wonlf lnstf`n`h n`te i gusnk it i gnddlf ea tof `nhot, wonlf ticn`h yeur keaaff wof` yeu wecf up n` tof ger`n`h,

toesf irf segf ea tof gegf`ts wof` yeu ki` an`d n`spnritne` n` oivn`h i` ndfi ibeut irt. 2. ZFRKELITNE@- tons vntil stihf n` krfitn`h irt. Tons ns tof tngf toit flipsfs iatfr yeu„vf oid yeur ndfi, but bfaerf yeu stirt gicn`h irt, pliyn`h ireu`d wnto ndfis vnsuilly er prekfssn`h i`d rfan`n`h yeur ndfi. ;. ZRFZIRITNE@- tons `ffds gerf iktnvf i`d aekusfd tngf. Nt„s i gittfr ea anhurn`h eut oew te gicf nt oippf`. Erhi`nzn`h yeur supplnfs, krfitn`h i blufprn`t aer woit yeur pnfkf wnll bf, lncf krfitn`h i duggy eutln`f aer i beec  premfkt 4. KRFITNE@- tons ns tof tngf te gicf nt oippf`, yeu irf `ew krfitn`h yeur irtwerc. But rfgfgbfr, tof prekfss ea krfitne` ki` viry dfpf`dn`h e` yeur pfrse`il tfgpfrigf`t, yeur irtnstnk stylf i`d yeur koesf` gfdnug. 6. RFALFKTNE@- tof tngf wof` yeu ki` `ew soirf yeur werc wnto aignly i`d arnf`ds, dflnvfrn`h nt te i klnf`t er oi`hn`h nt e` tof will, kegplftne` toit gest eatf` lfids te i pfrned ea rfalfktne`.

  Aer segf, tof prekfss ea krfitne` ns iktuilly quntf soert i`d guko ea tof werc ois bff` de`f n` tof prfvneus prekfss. Tof toeuhot i`d tngf dfvflepn`h toit ndfi wis tof gerf tngf-ke`sugn`h pirt ea toit premfkt.   Irt Gicn`h Zrekfss (areg Irt Tngf [tudnes)

 Ofrf ns i hundfd n`struktne` n`struktne` e` oew te stirt stirt i`d an`nso i typnkil irt premfkt premfkt usn`h faanknf`ky i`d i`d bfst priktnkfs. priktnkfs.   ZOI[F E@F- bfhn`s wnto scftkon`h, hrnd-ln`n`h, driwn`h, er anlln`h n` u`dfr-pin`tn`hs. Tons poisf n`kludfs lfir`n`h ibeut n`treduktery bfst priktnkfs e` tfko`nqufs i`d ippreikofs, i`d u`dfrsti`dn`h tof irt ke`kfpts. ZOI[F TXE- n`kludfs iddn`h gultnplf liyfrs ea te`f, keler, er pin`t wnton` i` irtwerc. Ofrf, yeu irf rfqunrfd te  preblfg selvf i`d irf f`keurihfd n` tofnr irt te fxplerf, gi`npulitf, i`d gistfr tfko`nquf bisfd irt ipplnkitne`s. ZOI[F TORFF- f`ds wnto yeu iddn`h an`il dftinl i`d kriatsgi`sonp soewkisn`h tofnr an`nsofd premfkts. Tons n`kludfs

dfge`stritn`h tof u`dfrsti`dn`h ea tof irt flfgf`ts, oibnts ea gn`d i`d faaert, keggu`nkitne` scnlls, oibnts ea werc, kegpesntne` ke`kfpts, i`d fxfkutne` n`te i wfll-kriatfd premfkt.  OEX TE V[F RFK^KLFD GITFRNIL[ GITFRNIL[ AER IRT XERC[ (I [IGZLF)

Tons ns vfry sngplf irt werc toit yeu irf wnlln`h te rfkyklf by kuttn`h up, ile`h wnto twe pnfkfs ea klfir ke`tikt pipfr te gicf tof beecgirc sturdy. Tons ns tof bfst fxigplf te rfkyklf yeur lfss-toi`-pfrafkt-irtwerc er prfsfrvf yeur konld's trfisurfd driwn`hs. Beecgircs ki` bf hrfit hnlts tee. Tons premfkt ns fisy te prfpirf. Nt ki` bf de`f it oegf, n` tof klissreeg er n` i hreup. Xoit yeu `ffd irf= 

 

eld irtwerc 



 

klfir ke`tikt pipfr 



 

sknssers



 

rulfr 



 

pf`knl



 

eptne`il= hluf, ke`struktne` pipfr 

 

Oew te de nt= Zremfkt Zrfpiritne`

Hitofr tof ibevf `ffdfd gitfrnils. ^eu ki` prf-kut tof ke`tikt pipfr, na nt `ffd bf.

[flfkt Irtwerc 

An`d i vfry heed keleraul irtwerc toit yeu irf wnlln`h te kut n`te pnfkfs. An`hfr-pin`tfd pnkturfs segftngfs leec vfry `nkf wof` kut n`te rfkti`hlfs but de`'t usf i vfry tonkc pin`t. Znkturfs n` gihizn`f ns ilse usfaul but wf wnll `ffd plin`-kelerfd ke`struktne` pipfr hlufd te tof bikc bfn`h f`kisfd n` klfir ke`tikt pipfr. Kut Irtwerc 

^eu gfisurf i`d girc tof bikcs ea irtwerc pnfkfs n`te rfkti`hlfs ea beecgirc snzf -9 9/2" by 6" (4 by 92kg) ns i heed snzf. Kut eut tof beecgirc kirfaully. Tnp= Twe rfkti`hlfs ki` bf hlufd bikc-te-bikc te gicf i rfvfrsnblf beecgirc er kut i`d hluf ke`struktne` pipfr te tof  bikc aer i`etofr leec. Ipply ke`tikt pipfr

Tof` kut twe rfkti`hlfs ea klfir ke`tikt pipfr aer fiko beecgirc. Tofsf soeuld bf " (lfg) wndfr i`d le`hfr toi` tof kut irtwerc -2" by 6 4 (6 by 9;kg). Rfgevf tof bikcn`h areg e`f pnfkf ea ke`tikt pipfr i`d kirfaully f`tfr tof irtwerc rfkti`hlf e` tof stnkcy sndf. Zrfss dew`. Rfgevf tof bikcn`h areg tof etofr pnfkf ea ke`tikt pipfr i`d kirfaully plikf nt e` tof etofr sndf ea tof irtwerc, gicn`h i si`dwnko. An`nso

[geeto eut i`y trippfd inr bubblfs usn`h tof fdhf ea tof rulfr. Na tof fdhfs ea tof ke`tikt pipfr irf `et fvf`, tofy ki` bf trnggfd slnhotly. Vsn`h tof pf`knl i`d rulfr, driw i strinhot ln`f is i kuttn`h hundf, tof` kirfaully kut ile`h tof ln`f. Tof purpesf ea rfkyklfd irt

Tof purpesf ea rfkyklfd irt ns tons te f`keurihf tof rfusf ea i virnfty ea gitfrnils n` `fw, dnaafrf`t i`d krfitnvf aergs, i`d te pregetf rfkykln`h i`d rfseurkf ke`sfrvitne`. Na yeu ki` rfgfgbfr tof ;R„s bfaerf, tof` rfkykln`h ns pirt ea toit, wonko keuld bf i hrfit oflp `et e`ly te eursflvfs but ilse te eur f`vnre`gf`t. Xf ki` gixngnzf rfseurkfs i`d bf ngihn`itnvf n` ton`cn`h woit keuld bf de`f n`te i skrip gitfrnil. TOF [FQF@ (8) LFE@IRDE DI QN@KN ZRN@KNZLF[ (ZRN@KNZLF[ EA KRFITNQNT^) Lfe`irde di Qn`kn (9462-969>)

  Di Qn`kn wis i prelnank pin`tfr, skulpter, irkontfkt, gusnkni`, sknf`tnst, gitofgitnkni`, f`hn`ffr, n`vf`ter, i`itegnst, hfelehnst, kirtehripofr, beti`nst, i`d wrntfr. Of wis ke`sndfrfd tof gest dnvfrsfly tilf`tfd pfrse` fvfr oid. Gi`y ea ons ke`kfpts weuld bfkegf n`vf`tne`s kf`turnfs litfr. Tons ns tof rfise` woy of wis killfd i "hf`nus" must lncf Ilbfrt Fn`stfn` i`d Mesf Rnzil pfroips. Oewfvfr, i`ye`f ki` bfkegf i hf`nus by dfvflepn`h tof aellewn`h sfvf` (8) prn`knplfs.   Kurnesntê (Kurnesnty)= I` n`sitniblf kurneus ippreiko te lnaf i`d i` u`rflf`tn`h qufst aer ke`tn`ueus lfir`n`h. Hrfit gn`ds oivf e`f koiriktfrnstnk n` kegge`= tofy ke`tn`ueusly isc qufstne`s toreuhoeut tofnr lnvfs. Lfe`irde„s f`dlfss qufst aer truto i`d bfiuty klfirly dfge`stritfs tons. Xoit gicfs hrfit gn`ds dnaafrf`t ns tof quilnty ea tofnr qufstne`s. ^eu ki` n`krfisf yeur ibnlnty te selvf preblfgs by n`krfisn`h yeur ibnlnty te isc heed qufstne`s. Lncf di Qn`kn, yeu soeuld kultnvitf i` epf` gn`d toit illews yeu te breidf` yeur u`nvfrsf i`d n`krfisf yeur ibnlnty te fxplerf nt.

 

Meur`iln`h

 

Tofgf ebsfrvitne`



 

Ke`tfgplitne` (te leec wnto ke`tn`ufd ittf`tne` ‛ te gfdntitf e`.



 

[trfig ea Ke`skneus`fss fxfrknsf



 

Krfitnvf preblfg selvn`h





 



 

An`dn`h tof qufstne`



 

An`dn`h nllustritnvf gftipoers

Dnge`strizne`f (C`ewlfdhf)= I keggntgf`t te tfst c`ewlfdhf toreuho fxpfrnf`kf, pfrsnstf`kf, i`d i wnlln`h`fss te lfir` areg gnsticfs. Xf soeuld lfir` areg fxpfrnf`kf. Lngntn`h eursflvfs te e`f pen` pen`tt ea vnfw er pesntne` cffps us stukc, Hflb siys. “Lfir` te ke`sndfr ngperti`t nssufs areg gultnplf pfrspfktnvfs. Truly fxign`f tofsf pfrspfktnvfs bfaerf gicn`h yeur gn`d up e` i` ndfi… Si`dW dnsknpln`f yeursfla te rfilly leec it dnaafrf`t pfrspfktnvfs.‗ 

  Rfalfktne`



  Affdbikc 



  Kofkc bflnfa i`d seurkfs



  Iaanrgitne`s

[f`sizne`f (Ngprevfgf`t)= Ke`tn`uil rfan`fgf`t ea tof sf`sfs is tof gfi`s te f`lnvf` fxpfrnf`kf. [ipfr Qfdfrf (c`ewn`h oew te sff) wis e`f ea Lfe`irde„s gettefs i`d nt dfan`fd tof woelf ea ons irtnstnk ke`trnbutne` te ougi`nty. Of bflnfvfd toit fxpfrnf`kf wis dflnvfrfd toreuho tof sf`sfs= snhot, seu`d, teuko, tistf i`d sgfll.

N` i sid rfgirc of `etfd toit tof ivfrihf pfrse`, leecs wntoeut sffn`h, lnstf`s wntoeut ofirn`h, teukofs wntoeut affln`h, fits wntoeut tistn`h, gevfs wntoeut  poysnkil iwirf`fss, n`oilfs wntoeut iwirf`fss ea eder er arihri`kf, i`d tilcs wntoeut ton`cn`h. E`f ea Hflb„s suhhfstne` ns te priktnkf snlf`kf Fxpfrngf`t wnto i diy ea snlf`kf. Aer i woelf diy, de`'t tilc, must lnstf`. Nt ns bfst te spf`d yeur snlf`t diy eut n` `iturf, wilcn`h n` tof weeds, oncn`h n` tof geu`tin`s, er strelln`h by tof sfi. Nggfrsf yeursfla n` `iturf's seu`ds. Tons "vfrbil aistn`h" strf`htof`s yeur ibnlnty te lnstf` dffply i`d ns we`dfraully rfarfson`h yeu spnrnt.

[augite (Xnlln`h`fss)= Tof lntfril tri`slitne` aer tons tfrg ns hen`h up n` sgecf. Nt ns ibeut eur wnlln`h`fss te fgbrikf igbnhunty, piridex i`d u`kfrtin`ty. Tof ibnlnty te idipt i`d ikkfpt `fw ndfis ns tof “gest dnstn`hunson`h afiturf‗ ea hf`nus, Hflb siys. Nt„s i` ibnlnty toit ki` bf kultnvitfd but “anrst yeu oivf te rfkeh`nsf oew ngperti`t nt ns.‗ Iatfr toit, nt ns ipplyn`h priktnkil gftoeds, lncf gfdntitne`, aer gi`ihn`h tof `ituril i`xnfty gi`y affl wof` vf`turn`h n`te tof u`c`ew`. 

 

Tornvf e` koi`hf



 

“Fgbrikn`h‗ igbnhunty i`d trustn`h yeur hut. Igbnhunty ki` gfi` i`xnfty aer gi`y pfeplf



 

Kultnvitf ke`ausne` f`duri`kf



 

Fgbedy Ge`i„s sgnlf



 

N`kubitne` i`d n`tuntne`

 

Zensf n` tof aikf ea piridex



  Irtf/[knf`zi (Bili`kf)= Dfvflepn`h i bili`kf bftwff` lehnk i`d ngihn`itne`. Iatfr ill, ngihn`itne` wntoeut lehnk ns diy drfign`h, i`d lehnk wntoeut ngihn`itne` ns bern`h. Etofr tfrgs ter tons irf bili`kn`h bftwff` irt i`d sknf`kf is wfll is woelf brin` ton`cn`h. ton`cn`h. I hrewn`h gnske`kfptne` n` aelc psyko psykoelehy elehy ns tof ndfi ea kitfhernzn`h pfeplf ikkern`h te tof ofgnspofrfs ea tof brin` (lfat-brin` i`d rnhot-brin` degn`i`t preanlfs) i`d eatf` dnskrngn`itfs ihin`st tof rnhotofgnspofrf drnvf` n`dnvnduils (tof “irtnstnk typfs‗), by aiverntn`h tof lfat-ofgnspofrf (tof “priktnkil, sknf`tnank typfs‗).But tof truto ns toit wf irf woelf. Xf oivf e`f aull brin`, `et oila i brin`, i`d wf we`„t bf iblf te fxpfrnf`kf tof aull kipiknty i`d pewfr ea eur supfr-kegputfr gn`d u`lfss wf fgbrikf i`d stirt usn`h eur f`tnrf ofid — i`d `et must tof lngntfd oila wf irf gerf kegaertiblf wnto er seknilly dfan`fd by.  

Xoe weuld yeu bf wntoeut yeur etofr oila5   [e, wis Lfe`irde i sknf`tnst woe studnfd irt, er i` irtnst woe studnfd sknf`kf5 Klfirly, of wis beto. Ons sknf`tnank  studnfs ea rekcs, rekcs, pli`ts, alnhot, alewn`h alewn`h witfr, i`d ougi` i`itegy, i`itegy, aer fxigplf, irf fxprfssfd n` bfiutnaul, bfiutnaul, fvekitnvf, fxprfssnvf wercs ea irt, `et dry tfko`nkil driwn`hs. It tof sigf tngf, tof pli`s aer ons pin`tn`hs i`d skulpturfs irf fxqunsntfly dftinlfd, pin`sticn`hly i`ilytnkil, i`d gitofgitnkilly prfknsf. (Hflb)

 

Kerperilnti (Hrikf)= Tof kultnvitne` ea hrikf, igbndfxtfrnty, ant`fss, i`d pensf= Tons ns ibeut gin`tin`n`h i ofiltoy  bedy is wfll is i ofiltoy gn`d. Oivf yeu fvfr sff` i rfilly u`ofiltoy pfrse` woe wis krfitnvf5 Xonlf tofrf irf i afw fxkfptne`s ofrf i`d tofrf, tofy irf vfry rirf. E`f ea tof kerf ke`kfpts ea di Qn`kn's ippreiko ns cffpn`h eur bednfs ant  bfn`h i au`ktne` ea cffpn`h eur gn`ds ant. Ant gn`ds lfid te gerf n``evitnvf i`d krfitnvf selutne`s.

Ke``fssne`f ([ystfg)= Tons ns tof sngplf rfkeh`ntne` ea tof n`tfrke``fktfd`fss ea ill ton`hs i`d pof`egf`i. Ougi`s sffc ke``fktne`, Hflb siys. “Zoysnkilly, wf sffc ofilto (tof werd ofilto kegfs areg tof Eld F`hlnso reet oil, gfi`n`h “woelf‗), iaafktne`, i`d tof fkstisy ea sfxuil u`ne`. Fgetne`illy, wf yfir` aer i sf`sf ea bfle`hn`h, n`tngiky, i`d levf. N`tfllfktuilly, wf leec aer pittfr`s i`d rflitne`sonps, sffcn`h te u`dfrsti`d systfgs. I`d spnrntuilly, wf priy aer E`f`fss wnto tof Dnvn`f‗. Te f`oi`kf eur sf`sf ea ke``fktne`, of suhhfsts leecn`h it tof rflitne`sonps, pittfr`s i`d ke``fktne`s n` eur lnvfs. “Gicf i gistfr gn`d gip ea yeur lnaf… kofkc toit woit yeu„rf den`h fvfry diy ns n` ln`f wnto yeur vilufs, vnsne` i`d heils.

  Ill ea tofsf prn`knplfs ki` oflp fvfry n`dnvnduil te prepfrly ticf n`te ke`sndfritne` ill ispfkts ea tofnr lnvfs, `et e`ly aer tofnr pfrse`il hrewto, but, aer e`f te prepfrly ton`c n``evitnvfly i`d kfrtin`ly fxtf`d nt te tof keggu`nty. Xf irf `et e`ly tilcn`h ibeut irts ofrf, but wf n`tfhritf tof oelnstnk dfvflepgf`t er hrewto ea i ougi` pfrse`. Rfgfgbfr toit yeu toit  yeu yeursfla ns i` i` irt , yeu giy `et bf ipprfknitfd fvfry tngf, but, rfgfgbfr yeu irf ofrf te f`oi`kf yeursfla, te  pfraerg yeur bfn`h n` i gest u`nquf wiy. XFFC ; I@D 4 XOIT DEF[ TOF IRTN[T DE XNTO TOF NGIHF XONKO XI[ IZZREZRNITFD5

I`y ippreprnitfd ngihf ki` bf poetehripofd er dnhntilly rfpredukfd, kepnfd by gfkoi`nkil gfi`s usn`h i` evfrofid  premfkter toit ns ittikofd dnrfktly n`te tof irtwerc er rfkrfitfd n` sfvfril wiys. Tof rfsult ki` bf i rfil rfprfsf`titne` ea tof ippreprnitfd ebmfkt er i hf`un`f tri`saergitne`. [egftngfs irtnsts rfkrfitf i` ebmfkt er rfpin`t nt. Tofy giy ilse iltfr nts skilf er stylf te krfitf i `fw irtwerc. Tofy giy ilse muxtipesf (plikn`h nt sndf by sndf) dnaafrf`t ebmfkts er ngihfs, brfic tofg n`te arihgf`ts, er rfke`tfxtuilnzf (hlessiry) tofg - toit ns oew tofy rfdfan`f ngihfs er ebmfkts by plikn`h tofg n` i `fw ke`tfxt se toit nt ippfirs is i` ernhn`il werc ea irt. N[ TOF V[F EA IZZREZRNITNE@ [NH@NANKI@T5

^fs, tof usf ea ippreprnitne` n` irt ois pliyfd i snh`nanki`t relf n` tof onstery ea tof irt suko is toesf n` tof lntfriry, vnsuil, gusnkil, i`d pfraergn`h irts. N` tof vnsuil irt, aer n`sti`kf, te ippreprnitf gfi`s te prepfrly idept, berrew, rfkyklf er sigplf ispfkts ea ougi` - gidf, vnsuil, kulturil. N` gest kisfs tof ernhn`il ton`h' rfgin`s ikkfssnblf is tof ernhn`il, wntoeut koi`hfs. Onsternkil Bikchreu`d ea Ippreprnitne` n` Irts

Ippreprnitne` n` irt stirtfd n` 9>8:s wnto Rnkoird Zrn`kf rf-poetehripofd idvfrtnsfgf`ts suko is Girlbere knhirfttfs. Ons gin` werc ns e` bnllbeird idvfrtnsn`h. N` 9>?:s, tons irt wis kegge`ly usfd by irtnsts. E`f ea tofg wis [ofrrnf Lfvn`f woe iddrfssfd tof irt ea ippreprnitn`h ntsfla is i tofgf n` irts. [of eatf` quetfs tof f`tnrf wercs n` ofr ew` werc, aer fxigplf poetehripon`h poetehripos ea Xilcfr Fvi`. Lfvn`f pliys wnto tof tofgf ea “ilgest sigf‗. N` 9>>:s, irtnsts ke`tn`ufd te predukf ippreprnitne` irt, rinsn`h nt is i gfdnug te iddrfss tofernfs, pelntnkil i`d seknil nssufs, ritofr toi` te aekus n` tof wercs tofgsflvfs. N` tons dnhntil ihf, ippreprnitne` ois tediy bfkegf i` fvfrydiy pof`egf`e`. Tof `fw hf`fritne` “rfgnx kulturf‗ oivf ilrfidy ticf` tof stihf `et e`ly ea tof vnsuil irts but ilse ea gusnk, lntfriturf, di`kf i`d anlg. Ikkerdn`h te segf irtnsts, by lnbfritn`h e`f an`illy areg tridntne`il ke`kfpts is ernhn`ilnty, tofy wnll lfid te `fw tfrgs ea u`dfrsti`dn`h i`d dfan`n`h irt. Krntnkil ebsfrvfrs sff tons is tof stirtn`h pen`t ea i ouhf preblfg. Tofy siy toit na krfitne` ns bisfd e` `eton`h gerf toi` kirfarff prekfssfs ea an`dn`h, kepyn`h, rfkegbn`n`h, i`d gi`npulitn`h prf-fxnstn`h gfdni ke`kfpts, aergs, virnfs i`d iltfrs ea i`y seurkf, irt wnll bf trnvnilnzfd, lew-dfgi`dn`h i`d i rfhrfssnvf iktnvnty. [egf siy toit e`ly list pfeplf Ste n`kludf tof irtnstsW woe oivf `eton`h te de irf n`spnrfd n` tons wiy ea ippreprnitn`h irts. Kepyn`h, ngntitn`h, rfpfitn`h quetn`h ernhn`il wercs ea irt ns plihnirnsg i`d ns i vnelitne` ea tof kepyrnhot liw. IZZREZRNITNE@ EA IRT N@TE KE@TFGZERIR^ @IRRITNQF[

Gi`y irtnsts tediy oivf bff` trin`fd n` spfknank irtnstnk stylfs, gevfgf`ts, i`d tfko`nqufs. Tofsf irtnsts ippreprnitf i`d tri`saerg wercs ea irt te viryn`h dfhrff te ant tof tofgf i`d dfsnh`s ea tof sternfs tofy wnso te nllustritf i`d publnso. Tofnr purpesf ea den`h tons ns te n`krfisf tof snh`nanki`kf ea tofnr irtwercs. N` an`f irts, aer n`sti`kf, tofrf irf torff aergs ea `irritnvf ippreprnitf`fss= rfpreduktne`, tri`sanhuritne` i`d stylnzitne`.

 

Rfpreduktne` ns tof gngftnk rfpreduktne` ea i` ernhn`il werc ea an`f irt, i aintoaul rf`dfrn`h ea i` ernhn`il irtwerc, gest arfquf`tly ikonfvfd toreuho i poetehriponk er dnhntil rf`dfrn`h prekfss. N` tri`sanhuritne`, i sn`hlf werc ea an`f irt ns ndf`tnaniblf but tof irtnst ois tri`saergfd tof ngihf te ant tof ke`tfxt i`d  purpesf ea i pirtnkulir pnkturf beird, `irritnvf i`d dfsnh`. N` stylnzitne`, i spfknank werc ns `et rfidnly ndf`tnaniblf but i  pirtnkulir irt gevfgf`t, aer fxigplf surrfilnsg giy bf ideptfd upe` by tof nllustriter. 6 IKT[ EA KVLTVRIL IZZREZRNITNE@

TOF[F IRF= EBMFKT IZZREZRNITNE@, KE@TF_T IZZREZRNITNE@, [T^LF IZZREZRNITNE@, GETNA IZZREZRNITNE@, I@D [VBMFKT IZZREZRNITNE@. EBMFKT IZZREZRNITNE@ N[ LITF@K^ EA EBMFKT[ AER IZZREZRNITNE@ I[ XERC[ EA IRT[. I GETNA GI^ BF RFZFITFD, KEZNFD, N@ I ZITTFR@ ER DF[NH@, EATF@ GI@^ TNGF[ AER IZZREZRNITNE@ V[F. 9. EBMF EBMFKT KT IZZREZRNIT IZZREZRNITNE@ NE@   Ekkurs wof` tof pessfssne` pessfssne` ea i ti`hnblf werc ea irt Ssu Ssuko ko is skulpturf er i pin`tn`h pin`tn`hWW ns tri`safrrfd areg gfgbfrs ea e`f kulturf te gfgbfrs ea i`etofr kulturf. Tof rfgevil ea tof arnfzfs areg tof Zirtof`e` by Lerd Flhn` ns eatf` rfhirdfd is i piridnhg kisf ea ebmfkt ippreprnitne`. 2. KE@T KE@TF_T F_T IZZREZRNIT IZZREZRNITNE@ NE@ 

  Ippreprnitne` irtnsts irtnsts wi`t tof vnfwfr te rfkeh`nzf rfkeh`nzf tof ngihfs tofy kepy. Tofy oepf oepf toit tof vnfwfr wnll  brn`h ill ea ons ernhn`il isseknitne`s wnto tof ngihf te tof irtnst„s `fw ke`tfxt, bf nt i pin`tn`h, i skulpturf, i kellihf, i kegbn`f, er i` f`tnrf n`stillitne`. ;. [T^L [T^LF F IZZREZRNIT IZZREZRNITNE@ NE@ 

  E`f kulturil idepts idepts tof aisone`, aisone`, nke`ehripoy, trf`ds, trf`ds, er stylfs areg areg i`etofr kulturf. 4. GETNA IZZREZRNIT IZZREZRNITNE@ NE@ 

  Tons aerg ns rflitfd te stylnstnk stylnstnk ippreprnitne`. ippreprnitne`. [egftngfs, irtnsts irf n`aluf`kfd by tof tof irt ea i kulturf etofr toi` tofnr ew` wntoeut krfitn`h wercs n` tof sigf stylf. Znkisse, aer fxigplf, wis n`aluf`kfd by Iarnki` kirvn`h but ons wercs irf `et n` i` Iarnki` stylf. 6. [VBM [VBMFKT FKT IZZREZRNIT IZZREZRNITNE@ NE@ 



  Ekkurs wof` segfe`f segfe`f areg e`f kulturf kulturf rfprfsf`ts gfgbfrs er ispfkt ea i`etofr kulturf. Gi`y ea Mesfpo Mesfpo Ke`rid„s `evfls n`velvf submfkt ippreprnitne`, sn`kf Ke`rid arfquf`tly wretf ibeut kulturfs etofr toi` ons ew`.

IZZREZRNITNE@ N@ KE@TFGZERIR^ IRT[

N` sfpiritn`h ngihfs areg tof ernhn`il ke`tfxt ea tofnr ew` gfdni, wf illew tofg te ticf e` `fw i`d virnfd gfi`n`hs. Tof prekfss i`d `iturf ea ippreprnitne` ois ke`sndfrfd by i`torepelehnsts is pirt ea tof study ea kulturil koi`hf i`d kress-kulturil ke`tikt. Ngihfs i`d flfgf`ts ea kulturf toit oivf bff` ippreprnitfd kegge`ly n`velvf aigeus i`d rfkeh`nziblf wercs ea irt, wfll c`ew` lntfriturf, i`d fisnly ikkfssnblf ngihfs areg tof gfdni. Tof anrst irtnst te sukkfssaully dfge`stritf aergs ea ippreprnitne` wnton` ons werc ns wndfly ke`sndfrfd te bf Girkfl Dukoigp. Of dfvnsfd tof ke`kfpt ea tof rfidygidf, wonko fssf`tnilly n`velvfd i` ntfg bfn`h koesf` by tof irtnst, snh`fd  by tof irtnst i`d rfpesntne`fd n`te i hillfry ke`tfxt. By iscn`h tof vnfwfr te ke`sndfr tof ebmfkt is irt, Dukoigp wis ippreprnitn`h nt. Aer Dukoigp, tof werc ea tof irtnst wis n` sflfktn`h tof ebmfkt. Xonlst tof bfhn``n`hs ea ippreprnitne` ki` bf lekitfd te tof bfhn``n`h ea tof 2: to kf`tury toreuho tof n``evitne`s ea Dukoigp, nt ns eatf` sind toit na tof irt ea tof 9>?:„s keuld bf fpntegnzfd by i`y e`f tfko`nquf er  priktnkf, nt weuld bf ippreprnitne`. Tof ke`kfpts ea ernhn`ilnty i`d ea iutoersonp irf kf`tril te tof dfbitf ea ippreprnitne` n` ke`tfgperiry irt. Xf soill dnskuss tofsf n` dfpto n` erdfr te ke`tfxtuilnzf tof wercs wf wnll n`vfstnhitf litfr n` tons tepnk. Te prepfrly fxign`f tof ke`kfpt, nt ns ilse `fkfssiry te ke`sndfr tof werc ea tof irtnsts isseknitfd wnto rfhirds te tofnr getnvitne`s, rfise`n`h, i`d tof faafkt ea tofnr werc. An`illy, tof wrntfr ke`kludfd toit tof `etne` ea iutoernty ns stnll vfry prfsf`t wnton` ippreprnitne` n` ke`tfgperiry irt ‛  but dngn`nsofd rfspe`snbnlnty. Tof kisf ns n` aiver aer ill rfspe`df`ts Ssufd irtnstsW. Ippreprnitn`h i aignlnir ebmfkt te gicf i` irt werc ki` prfvf`t tof irtnst klingn`h kepyrnhot ew`frsonp i`d irtwercs toit “tri`saergfd tof ernhn`il ngihfs irf pfrgnttfd‗ 

  Mfaa Cee`„s “[trn`h ea Zuppnfs‗ SIrt Rehfrs vs. Mfaa Mfaa Cee`sW



  I`dy Xiroel Xiroel e` ons aigeus Kigpbfll„s seup seup ki`



  Zitrnkc Kirneu vs. Rnkoird Zrn`kf

IZZREZRNITNE@ IRT KI[F[ ANLFD N@ KEVRT

 

Ippreprnitne` ikt ois rfsultfd n` sfvfril kepyrnhot nssufs rfhirdn`h nts vilndnty u`dfr kepyrnhot liw. I `ugbfr ea kisfs ‛ liw fxigplf oivf fgfrhfd toit n`vfstnhitf tof dnvnsne` bftwff` tri`saergitnvf wercs i`d dfrnvitnvf wercs. Ige`h toesf woe aikfd i sfrnfs ea liwsunts wfrf tof aellewn`h= TRIDNTNE@IL IRT[ N@ TOF ZONLNZZN@F[

Irts n` tof Zonlnppn`fs rfafr te tof irt wercs toit oivf dfvflepfd i`d ikkugulitfd n` tof Zonlnppn`fs areg tof bfhn``n`h ea knvnlnzitne` n` tof keu`try up te tof prfsf`t tngf. Irts n` tof Zonlnppn`fs irf klissnanfd n`te tridntne`il irts, irts n` Guslng Gn`di`ie er tof Nslignk Irts i`d irts n` tof Kerdnllfri rfhne`. Tofsf irts rfalfkt tof seknftnfs wndf ri`hf ea kulturil n`aluf`kf n` tof keu`try„s kulturf i`d oew tofy oe`fd tof keu`try„s irts. TRIDNTNE@IL GETNA[

Tofsf irf usfd by aelclernst n` i`ilyzn`h3 n`tfrprftn`h i`d dfskrnbn`h tof tridntne`il flfgf`ts aeu`d n` tof lerf ea i  pirtnkulir aelc hreup i`d kegpesf tof aelclerf ea tof virneus rfhne`s i`d kulturfs ea tof werld bisfd e` tof getna  pittfr`s. N` etofr werds, tof aelclernst ndf`tnanfs getnas n` aelclerf te bf iblf te n`tfrprft wofrf, oew, i`d woy tofsf getnas irf usfd se toit tofy ki` u`dfrsti`d tof vilufs, kustegs i`d wiys ea lnaf ea u`nquf kulturfs. Tof gfi`n`h n` kulturil i`torepelehy f`kegpissfs tof usf ea getnas n` tof irfis ea gusnk, lntfriry krntnknsg, vnsuil irts, i`d tfxtnlf irts toit krfitf rfkeh`nziblf pittfr`s n` aelc-irt tridntne`s. Ikkerdn`h te Dr. Girhirft Rfid Gikde`ild, getna rfafrs te tof rfkeh`nziblf i`d ke`snstf`tly rfpfitfd stery flfgf`ts Skegge` koiriktfrs, ebmfkts, iktne`s, i`d fvf`tsW toit irf usfd n` tof tridntne`il plet strukturfs er tilf-typf ea gi`y sternfs i`d aelctilf. TRIDNTNE@IL KRIAT[ soeuld gfft tof aellewn`h rfqunrfgf`ts 

Vsfd gin`ly n` fvfrydiy lnaf wfddn`h i`d au`fril i`d sfise`il sfise`il afstnvils toit i pfrse` fxp fxpfrnf`kf frnf`kf e`ly e   Kfrfge`nil ekkisne`s suko is wfddn`h

ekkisne`illy n` e`f yfir er n` e`f„s woelf lnaf irf ke`sndfrfd te bf pirt ea tof erdn`iry lnaf. 

Gi`uaikturfd by oi`d gi`uil liber ea i tridntne`il kriat irf n`sfpiriblf n`sfpiriblf tfrg areg fiko etofr. Na tof e   Tof ernhn`il afiturfs i`d gi`uil

gi`uil liber ea i tridntne`il kriat ns kirrnfd by gikon`f prekfssfs fvf` wonlf prfsfrvn`h i tridntne`il tfko`elehy, nt ois `e gfi`n`h bfkiusf tof ernhn`il afiturfs ea tof kriat oivf bff` lest. 

Gi`uaikturfs by usn`h i tridntne`il tfko`nquf er scnll dfan`fd is i ke`tn`un`h afitu afiturf rf ns gerf toi` i ou`drfd yfirs. Nt ns stnll stnll ke`sndfrfd e   Tof tfrg tridntne`il ns dfan`fd

“tridntne`il‗3 9) na tof afiturfs pfkulnir te tof kriat predukts irf cfpt u`koi`hfd i`d 2) fvf` na tof n`ntnil tfko`nquf er scnll areg i ou`drfd yfirs ihe er gerf ois `et bff` cfpt pfrafktly tof sigf. 

Gidf tridntne`il gitfrnils scnll, gitfrnils irf ilse vfry snh`nanki`t snh`nanki`t aer tof afiturfs ea i kriat predu predukt. kt. Tof e   Ke`kfr`n`h tfko`nquf i`d scnll,

gin` gitfrnils toit soeuld bf usfd aer kriat predukts bf `ituril substi`kfs. But sn`kf `ituril gitfrnils de `et fxnst i`ygerf tediy i`d irf dnaankult te ebtin`, etofr gitfrnils irf illewfd te bf usfd is le`h is tofsf  

gitfrnils de `et iltfr tof u`nquf koiriktfrnstnks ea tof predukt. Gi`uaikturfd n` i kfrtin` irfi wnto i kfrtin` `ugbfr ea gi`uaikturfrs `ugbfr ea wercfrs, ibeut ;: we wercfrs rcfrs er gerf, woe soeuld bf f`hihn f`hihn`h `h n` tof e   Tofrf soeuld bf f`euho `ugbfr n`dustry n` i dfsnh`itfd irfi. I tridntne`il kriat `ffds i kfrtin` skilf n` gi`uaikturn`h is wfll is i` fstiblnsofd gi`uaikturn`h irfi Tridntne`il kriats ke`snst ea tof aellewn`h= Oi`dnkriats Xfivn`h Fgbrendfry Xeedkirvn`h

Gusnkil n`strugf`ts gicn`h Firtof`wirf tnlfs gicn`h Hlisswerc  [te`fwerc 

OI@DNKRIAT[ irf tof gin` sfkter ea tridntne`il kriats. Tofsf irf typfs ea werc wofrf usfaul i`d dfkeritnvf dfvnkfs

irf gidf kegplftfly by oi`d er by usn`h sngplf teels. Oi`dnkriats oivf bff` fxnstn`h n` prf-onsternk tngfs. Tofsf tridntne`il kriats oivf kulturil i`d/er rflnhneus snh`nanki`kf. Tof anrst fxigplfs wfrf gi`„s `fkfssntnfs suko is aer pretfktne` er kevfrn`hs. Ntfgs gidf by giss preduktne` er gikon`fs irf `et ke`sndfrfd oi`dnkriat heeds. But oi`dnkriat heeds gidf wnto kriat preduktne` prekfss irf ke`sndfrfd oi`dnkriats.

 

Oi`dnkriats wfrf litfr ngprevfd i`d idiptfd ikkerdn`h te f`vnre`gf`til ke`dntne`s i`d ikkfptfd is i` irt toit rfalfkts irtnstnk sf`sf, affln`hs, i`d kulturil koiriktfrnstnks ea i seknfty. XFIQN@H ns i`etofr irt aerg ea tridntne`il kriats. Gitfrnils usfd n` wfivn`h ke`snst ea weel, geoinr, kette`, brnstlfs, i`d snlc. Nt ki` bf de`f wnto ill cn`ds ea kleto. Nts predukts n`kludf plint, kirpfts, ruhs, i`d aflt ebtin`fd by spn``n`h torfid, ke``fktn`h tof anbfrs tehftofr er by etofr gitfrnils.

Tof Nlekes rfhne`, pirtnkulirly tof Nlekes prevn`kfs irf vfry c`ew` n` tof tridntne`il wfivn`h n`dustry. Xfivn`h is i oi`dnkriat ois bff` priktnkfd aer gi`y yfirs n` tof Zonlnppn`fs i`d ke`sndfrfd prngirnly is i gfi`s ea fir`n`h i lnvflnoeed. FGBRENDFR^ ns `et e`ly usfd aer dfkeritne` but ilse is i gfi`s ea keggu`nkitne` teel wnto tof sygbelnsg n` nts dfsnh`s. Tediy, tof teels n` fgbrendfry irf krekoft `ffdlf, `ffdlf, souttlf, i`d oinrpn` dfsnh`fd fntofr is i berdfr er

getna i`d hefs by dnaafrf`t `igfs ikkerdn`h te tof ngplfgf`t usfd is wfll is tof tfko`nquf. Fgbrendfry gitfrnils n`kludf snlc kekee`, weel, ki`dlf stnkc bfid, er i`y lfat-evfr kleto. Fgbrendfry is i` n`dustry ns hf`frilly sff` n` tof Nlekes i`d Qnsiyi` Rfhne`s. XEEDKIRQN@H ois bff` fxnstn`h le`h tngf ihe, tof gest kegge` predukts irf tiblfs, sili sfts, kibn`fts, deers, kupbeird ker`frs, i`d etofrs. Tofsf kriats wfrf hrfitly sngplnanfd i`d ipplnfd gestly te ebmfkts n` dinly usf suko is trnpeds, weedf` sti`ds, wrntn`h sfts, driwfrs, kofsts, spee`s aer dfkeritne`s, rewn`h beits, rfidn`h dfscs, ftk. Irkontfkturil wercs n` weedkirvn`h n`kludf wn`dews, wirdrebf kevfrs, bfi`s, kfnln`hs, pulpnts, keaan`s, ftk.

Tof gitfrnils usfd n` weedwercn`h wfrf gestly wil`ut, fbe`y, resfweed, `irri, ikikni, bigbees, ftk. Xeedf` ebmfkts wfrf krfitfd by suko virneus tfko`nqufs suko is teppn`h, pin`tn`h, rflnfa-f`hrivn`h, kihn`h, keitn`h i`d bur`n`h. Tofsf irf stnll fgpleyfd tediy. Xeedwercn`h ns hf`frilly kegge` n` tof Kerdnllfri rfhne` i`d [eutofr` Tihileh prevn`kfs, fspfknilly Ziftf, Lihu`i i`d n` Zi`hisn`i`. Gicn`h gusnkil n`strugf`ts ns i tridntne`il kriat toit fxnstfd aer gi`y le`h yfirs. Tof gitfrnils usfd aer gicn`h gusnkil n`strugf`ts kigf areg trffs, pli`ts, scn`, be`fs, i`d i`ngil oer`. Gusnkil n`strugf`ts irf klissnanfd n`te strn`h pfrkussne` i`d weedwn`d. HLI]FD FIRTOF@XIRF tnlfs irf usfd aer kfrignk i`d irt purpesf. Irtnsts usuilly krfitf i`ngil dfsnh`s n` tofsf tnlfs. Is i kfrignk irt, nt bfkigf werld aigeus aer tofnr fxtrierdn`iry krfitnvf wercgi`sonp. HLI[[XERC  ns   ns i`etofr tridntne`il irt aerg. [tin`fd hliss wis dfvflepfd gi`y yfirs ihe. Kourko wn`dews irf gidf ea stin`fd hliss n` dnaafrf`t gedfls i`d aergs. Anhurn`fs, guhs, drn`cn`h hliss, utf`snls gidf ea dfkeritnvf hliss werc irf vfry kegge` `ewidiys. Onho quilnty ea hliss wercgi`sonp ns cfpt ilnvf n` tons 29 st kf`tury. [TE@FXERC  is   is i tridntne`il kriat pliys i` ngperti`t relf n` fxtfrner i`d n`tfrner dfkeritne` n` tridntne`il irkontfkturf. Tridntne`illy, predukts ea ste`fwerc ke`snst ea hrn`dfrs, ste`f tiblfs, i`d bf`kofs, hrivfste`fs, ougi` i`d i`ngil anhurfs, i`d dfkeritnvf purpesfs. [te`fwerc tfko`nqufs n`kludf kirvn`h, rflnfa i`d stituf. Er`igf`til getnas usfd irf  pli`ts, hfegftrnk getnas, wrntn`h i`d anhurfs. BI[CFT XFIQN@H ns ilse i tridntne`il kriat toit stirtfd i toeusi`d yfirs ihe. Nt ns kirrnfd eut by wfivn`h rffd, wnllew, i`d `ut bri`kofs, bigbee tru`cs, ritti` i`d etofr gitfrnils. Nt ns usfd aer oegf dfkeritne` n` iddntne` te tof ernhn`il purpesf ea oflpn`h te kirry ton`hs. @ewidiys, biscft-gicn`h ns i vfry heed wiy ea fir`n`h i lnvn`h wonko ns  prfvilf`t n` tof Kihiyi` Qillfy, Kerdnllfri i`d Bnkel Rfhne`s, is wfll is n` segf prevn`kfs n` Qnsiyis Nsli`ds.

Tofrf irf etofr tridntne`il kriats toit irf ivinliblf i`d aeu`d n` segf irfis ea tof Zonlnppn`fs wonko yeu ki` `igf ea.  @fvfrtoflfss, is i rfsult ea koi`hn`h ke`dntne`s ea tof prfsf`t tngfs, rfsultn`h te n`dustrnilnzitne` i`d hlebilnzitne` n` ill irfis ea werc, tof preduktne` ea tofsf tridntne`il kriats ois `ew kfisfd er ibeut te kfisf. Oewfvfr, n` erdfr te pregetf tofnr kulturil vilufs i`d tridntne`s n` tof Anlnpn`e wiy ea lnaf, tofsf wercs ea irt irf  poetehripofd i`d rfkerdfd aer tof irkonvfs i`d irt gusfugs aer ofrntihf i`d pestfrnty. Etofrs irf stnll fxonbntfd durn`h anfstis, afstnvils, i`d tridf ainr aer pregetne` i`d aer n`kegf-hf`fritn`h purpesfs. Tofrf irf stnll tridntne`il kriats toit irf aeu`d i`d ivinliblf n` segf gircfts aer silf purpesfs. Nt ns rfkeggf`dfd toit tof hevfr`gf`t Slekil i`d `itne`ilW soeuld oeld `itne`il i`d rfhne`il tridntne`il kriat fxonbntne`s er kegpftntne`s te pregetf tof Anlnpn`es kulturil viluf i`d ofrntihf. DFKERITNQF GETNA[

[nr Meo` [uggfrse`, i` irkontfkturil onsterni` killfd dfkeritne` i`d er`igf`t is i "suraikf gedulitne`". N` prfonsternk tngfs, dfkeritne` i`d er`igf`t irf n`dnkitfd n` sn`hlf gircn`hs e` i pettfry, but suko gircn`hs oivf bff` lest wnto tof  pissn`h ea tngf. I wndf virnfty ea dfkeritnvf stylfs i`d getnas oivf bff` dfvflepfd aer i le`h tngf n` irkontfkturf i`d ipplnfd irts toit n`kludf pettfry, aur`nturf, gftilwerc, tfxtnlfs, willpipfr, i`d etofr ebmfkts wofrf dfkeritne` ns tof gin`  mustnankitne` aer tofnr fxnstf`kf. Tof vist ri`hf ea getnas usfd n` er`igf`t wfrf driw` areg hfegftrnkil soipf i`d  pittfr`s, pli`ts, ougi` i`d i`ngil anhurfs. Tridntne`il er`igf`t areg fntofr pirts ea tof werld typnkilly rflnfs gerf e` hfegftrnkil i`d i`ngil getnas. DFKERITNQF IRT[

 



 

  I ri`hf ea irtnstnk dnsknpln`fs dnsknpln`fs ke`kfr`fd wnto dfsnh` dfsnh` i`d er`igf`titne` ea ntfgs. ntfgs. Tofsf ntfgs irf usuilly au`ktne`il i`d de `et `fkfssirnly oivf i`y n`trn`snk ifstoftnk quilntnfs.   Ilse klissnanfd klissnanfd is kriats ‛ pirts ea tof lirhfr kitfh kitfhery ery ea ipplnfd irt irt   N`kludf tof krfitne` krfitne` ea biscfts, kibn`fts, kibn`fts, kfrignk tnlfs, aur`nturf, aur`nturf, i`d ikkfssery ikkfssery aur`nson`hs, ruhs, ruhs, kirpfts, tipfstry, fgbrendfry, beec nllustritne`, aleril dfkeritne`s, kfrignk pettfry Sfirtof`wirf, ste`fwirf, perkflin`W, heldsgnton`h werc, snlvfrwirf i`d mfwflry irt. Nt ilse fgbrikfs tofitrnkil sfts, kestugfs, gesink irt, stin`fd hliss werc prfkneus irger, i`d wfipe`ry i`d gistfrpnfkfs.

DFKERITNQF [^GBEL[

Ln`fs, kelers, rfkti`hlfs, i`d etofr dfkeritnvf sygbels oivf `e gfi`n`h n` tofgsflvfs na tofy irf `et pirt ea tof flfgf`ts ea vnsuil irts. KLI[[NANKITNE@ EA DFKERITNQF GETNA[

I getna is prfvneusly dfan`fd, ns i` flfgf`t ea i pirtnkulir submfkt er typf ea submfkt toit ns aeu`d n` i`y irt werc. Nt giy ilse aerg tof gin` submfkt ea i` irt werc. Tof rflitfd getna ea ke`are`tfd i`ngils ns eatf` sff` ile`f, but giy ilse bf rfpfitfd, aer fxigplf n` Byzi`tn`f snlc i`d etofr i`knf`t tfxtnlfs. Xofrf tof gin` submfkt ea i` irtnstnk werc suko is i  pin`tn`h ns i spfknank pfrse`, hreup, er gegf`t n` i `irritnvf, toit soeuld bf rfafrrfd te is tof "submfkt" ea tof werc, `et i getna, toeuho tof sigf ton`h giy bf i 'getna' wof` pirt ea i`etofr submfkt, er pirt ea i werc ea dfkeritnvf irt suko is i  pin`tn`h e` i visf. Er`igf`til er dfkeritnvf irts ki` usuilly bf i`ilyzfd n`te i `ugbfr ea virneus flfgf`ts, wonko ki` bf killfd getnas. Tofsf giy eatf`, is n` tfxtnlf irt, bf rfpfitfd gi`y tngfs n` i pittfr`. Ngperti`t fxigplfs n` Xfstfr` irt n`kludf iki`tous, fhh i`d dirt, i`d virneus typfs ea skrellwerc. Gi`y dfsnh`s n` Nslignk kulturf irf getnas, n`kludn`h toesf ea tof su`, gee`, i`ngils suko is oersfs i`d lne`s, alewfrs, i`d li`dskipfs. Getnas ki` oivf fgetne`il faafkts i`d bf usfd aer prepihi`di. N` cnlng alitwevf` kirpfts, getnas suko is tof oi`ds-e`-onps flnbfln`df irf wevf` n` te tof dfsnh` te fxprfss tof oepfs i`d ke`kfr`s ea tof wfivfrs= tof flnbfln`df sygbelnzfs tof afgilf prn`knplf i`d afrtnlnty, n`kludn`h tof dfsnrf aer konldrf`.Tof ndfi ea i getna ns wndfly usfd n` dnskussn`h lntfriturf i`d etofr `irritnvf is i` flfgf`t n` tof stery toit rfprfsf`t i tofgf. TF_TNLF IRT

Tofsf irf beto irts i`d kriats toit usf pli`t, i`ngil, er sy`toftnk anbfrs te krfitf priktnkil er dfkeritnvf ebmfkts. Tfxtnlfs oivf bff` i au`digf`til `fkfssnty ea ougi` lnaf sn`kf tof stirt ea knvnlnzitne`. Gftoeds i`d gitfrnils usfd te gicf tofg oivf fxpi`dfd f`ergeusly. Tfxtnlf irt stirtfd is i tridntne`il kriat. Tfxtnlfs oivf bff` usfd te kevfr tof ougi` bedy i`d pretfkt nt areg tof flfgf`ts ea tof itgespofrf3 te sf`d seknil kufs te etofr pfeplf, te sterf, sfkurf, i`d pretfkt pessfssne`s i`d te seatf` n`sulitf i`d dfkeritf lnvn`h spikfs i`d etofr suraikfs. Kleton`h gidf ea wevf` kleto, rnkoly fgbrendfrfd snlc, wfll-c`nttfd stekcn`hs, ernf`til ruh ea weel, fgbrendfrfd tiblf kleto i`d kurtin`s, afltfd aur oit, ln`f` sonrt irf segf ea tof bisnk tfxtnlf tfko`nqufs n` tfxtnlf irt n` tof Zonlnppn`fs.   GETNA[ I@D [^GBEL[ Getna- I getna ns i` ngihf, specf`, er wrnttf` werd, seu`d, ikt, er i`etofr vnsuil er strukturil dfvnkf toit ois sygbelnk snh`nanki`kf. Tof ke`kfpt ea i getna ns rflitfd te i tofgf, but u`lncf i tofgf wonko ns i` ndfi er gfssihf, i getna ns i dftinl toit ns rfpfitfd n` i pittfr` ea gfi`n`h toit ki` predukf i tofgf. KLI[[NANKITNE@ EA GETNA=

9. HFEGFTRNK GETNA Tofsf getnas n`kludf ln`fs n` virneus aergs, suko is vfrtnkil, oernze`til, dnihe`il i`d kurvfd. Tofy aerg aibrnk dfsnh`s, suko is strnpfs, plinds, kofkcs i`d knrklfs i`d tofnr isseknitfd dfsnh`s. 2. RFILN[TNK ER @ITVRIL GETNA  @ituril getnas pertriy is dnrfkt rfplnki ea ton`hs is tofy fxnst n` `iturf, suko is alewfrs e` trffs, i`ngils n`  mu`hlf, ougi` anhurf i`d etofr `ituril ton`hs. Tofy irf ilse killfd `evflty pittfr`s. ;. [T^ [T^LN LN]F ]FD D GE GETN TNA A Tofsf irf sngplnanfd virnitne`s ea `ituril er gi`- gidf ebmfkts toit irf `e le`hfr rfkeh`nziblf. [tylnzfd getnas irf ebtin`fd by rfirri`hn`h tof rfil ebmfkts fntofr by sngplnayn`h er fxihhfritn`h te ikonfvf tof purpesf ea tof dfsnh`. 4. IB[TRIKT GETNA Tofsf irf kegbn`itne`s ea keler, snzf, i`d soipf wntoeut rflitne`sonp te `ituril er gi`- gidf ebmfkts

 

[^GBEL[

‟[ygbel„ kegfs areg tof Hrffc werd ‟sygbele`„ wonko gfi`s ke`trikt, tecf`, n`snh`ni i`d gfi`s ndf`tnankitne`. (F`kyklepfdni Brnti``nki, 99>8) N` sygbels ndfis i`d gfi`n`hs irf rfprfsf`tfd. [ygbels irf u`nvfrsil, n` tof sf`sf tofy tri`skf`d onstery. [ygbels dfpnktfd e` ebmfkts illew us te dfkedf segf ea tof gfi`n`hs bfon`d tofg i`d u`dfrsti`d  bfttfr tof kulturfs toit gidf i`d usfd tofg. Typfs ea [ygbels

9. Nke`ehrigs ‛ irf nllustritnvf rfprfsf`titne`s. Tofy irf nke`nk snh`s wonko, is i` nllustritnvf rfprfsf`titne`, fgpoisnzf tof pen`ts n` kegge` bftwff` tof snh`nanfr i`d tof snh`nanfd. 2. Znktehrigs ‛ irf pnkternil rfprfsf`titne`s, suko is N[ET^ZF. Znktehrigs irf nke`nk snh`s wonko rfprfsf`t kegplfx aikts, `et toreuho werds er seu`ds but toreuho vnsuil kirrnfrs ea gfi`n`h. ;. Kirtehrigs ‛ irf tepehriponkil rfprfsf`titne`s wnto kegplfx au`ktne`s Sstitnstnks, ftk.W i`d nke`nk aikts. Aer fxigplf, i` itlis er tof hreu`d pli`s ea i oeusf. 4. Dnihrigs ‛ irf au`ktne`il rfprfsf`titne`s. Tofsf irf gerf e` au`ktne`il kirrnfrs toit usuilly nllustritf. 6. Ndfehrigs ‛ nt rfprfsf`ts i ke`kfpt. Typnkilly, ndfehrigs kerrfspe`d te tof snh` is i sygbel wonko rflitfs te tof ebmfkt er ke`kfpt rfafrrfd te, n`dfpf`df`tly ea i`y aergit ndf`tnankitne` wnto nt. 1. Lehehrigs ‛ irf ke`kfptuil rfprfsf`titne`s lncf wrntn`h. Tofy irf vnsuil, rfafrf`tnil ln`hunstnk snh`s toit de `et ticf tof poe`ftnk dngf`sne` n`te ke`sndfritne`. 8. Typehrigs ‛ irf typehriponkil rfprfsf`titne`s. I typehrig ns i snh` toit ns ilse kegpesfd ea i snh`, dfrnvfd areg i wrnttf` rfpfrtenrf suko is tof ilpoibft. ?. Zoe`ehrigs ‛ irf poe`nk rfprfsf`titne`s. I poe`ehrig ns i snh` toit ns usfd te snh`nay ln`hunstnk er tof etofr seu`ds.