Arquitectura Pasiva en Paises Europeos

 

DZTQ@]AK]QZD XD[@YD AE DQ[]Z@D P XD@[A[ AQZCXAC[ @E[]@]Q]C ]AKECLCN@KC GC[À FDZ@C FCL@ED XD[TQAL P OAEZ@TQAW (kdfpus Al

FDP >-:8:8

FD]AZ@D7 M@[AÔC DZTQ@]AK]ÛE@KC J@CKL@FÄ]@KC XZCIA[CZ7 DZT. GC[À MCLCZA[ YÄWTQAW KOÄYAW  DLQFEC7 AEZ@TQA LÛXAW JDZDGD[  DZTQ@]AK]QZD 9¸ [AFA[]ZA 

4

 

@EM@KA ]DJLD MA KCE]AE@MC @EM@KA.........................................................................................................................: @E]ZCMQKK@ÛE...........................................................................................................; MA[DZZCLLC...............................................................................................................= DQ[]Z@D..................................................................................................................= MA[MA QE XDJALLÛE MA IAZ@D MA[KDZ]DMC OD[]D QED KD[D XD[@YD QE@IDF@[email protected] QE@IDF@[email protected] LD KD[D XD[@YD MA JDGC KC[]C....................... KC[]C...................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................. ...................9 9 KCEKAX]C MA AEAZNÆD......... AEAZNÆD....................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................................9 ..................9 KCEKAX]C MA JDGD ]AKECLCNÆD..................... ]AKECLCNÆD.................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................. ................... > AL AM@I@K@C [A JD[D AE.......................... AE......................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................................ .............................. > D[XAK]C[ AKCLCN@KC[.................. AKCLCN@KC[................................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ....................... ........ ?

[Q@WD.......................................................................................................................0 QED KD[D KCE Y@[]D[ DL YDLLA................ YDLLA............................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .......................... ...........0 0 QED A[]ZQK]QZD D FAM@MD XDZD QED KD[D XD[@YD MA FDMAZD...................................... FDMAZD..........................................................48 ....................48 QED KD[D XD[@YD MA FDMAZD TQA EC EAKA[@]D KDLAIDKK@ÛE.................. KDLAIDKK@ÛE................................. .............................. .............................44 ..............44 QED KD[D DKCZMA D ZATQAZ@F@AE]C[ ZATQAZ@F@AE]C[ MAL XZCX@A]DZ@C........................ XZCX@A]DZ@C...................................... ............................. ................................ ..................4: .4:

IZDEK@D................................................................................................................4= A[]DMC[ QE@MC[..................................................................................................4> KCEKLQ[@CE.............................................................................................................40 J@JL@CNZDI@D[..........................................................................................................:8

:

 

@E]ZCMQKK@ÛE dkar kdsds kce drqu`takturd pds`vd as ued eakas`mdm, parc tdfj`àe as ue drta. Xarc tdfj`àe vdræde fukoc lds tàke`kds qua sa usde ae ctrcs pdæsas mal fuemc pdrd kradr v`v`aemds pds`vds, ae asta mckufaetc sa odjldrde ma vdr`cs agafplcs

O

ma m`iaraetas pdæsas aurcpacs y kcfc vdræde uecs ma ctrcs. Lds kdsds sa kcestruyae kce fdtar`dlas dkcrmas dl kl`fd, san÷e su ilax`j`l`mdm y ras`staek`d d ld tafpardturd y d ld oufamdm, yd qua àstds sce vdr`djlas. Ae kl`fds käl`mcs usdfcs fdtar`dlas tàrf`kcs, kcfc fdmard, nudmud c kdôd jrdvd pdrd lds pdramas. Lcs takocs majae sar dltcs, y sa usd tagd ma jdrrc c pdgd. Ae kl`fds iræcs, pcr al kcetrdr`c, kcestru`fcs kdsds kce pdramas nruasds, y puartds y vaetdeds kcfpdktds pdrd fdetaear al `etar`cr kdl`aeta. [a usd ld fdmard, al dmcja, ld tdp`d c al jdodraqua pdrd lds pdramas y ld tagd ma jdrrc pdrd lcs takocs. As fuy `fpcrtdeta kceckar lcs fdtar`dlas qua djuemde ae ld ran`ûe mcema v`v`fcs, yd qua kce allcs pcmafcs sdkdr prcvakoc pdrd kcestru`r, dfpl`dr c rapdrdr2 dsæ pcmafcs lcnrdr  kdsds kceicrtdjlas y sanurds qua sa dkcfcmae d lds kcem`k`ceas mal kl`fd y mal tarraec. Qed axkalaeta scluk`ûe pdrd astcs t`pcs ma kl`fds y qua pcmafcs dpl`kdr sce lcs am`i`k`cs pds`vcs, yd qua astcs ut`l`zde rakurscs ma ld drqu`takturd j`ckl`fät`kd kcfj`edmd kce ued nrde ai`k`aek`d aearnàt`kd. aearnàt`kd. F`e`f`zdemc al usc ma s`stafds kcevaek`cedlas kcevaek`cedlas ma kdlaidkk`ûe y rair`nardk`ûe, sce am`i`k`cs paesdmcs pdrd dprcvakodr dl fäx`fc ld luz y ld rdm`dk`ûe scldr, kce ue dltæs`fc d`sldf`aetc y ued raecvdk`ûe mal d`ra d trdvàs ma ue s`stafd ma vaet`ldk`ûe kce ue rakupardmcr ma kdlcr. @eklus`va mapaem`aemc ma vdr`cs idktcras, ld kcestrukk`ûe ma am`i`k`cs kce drqu`takturd scldr  pds`vd, kuastd faecs qua ld ma ue am`i`k`c trdm`k`cedl, maj`mc d qua sa ramukae c al`f`ede `estdldk `est dldk`cea `ceas s ma kdla kdlaidkk idkk`ûe `ûe y ma rai rair`na r`nardk rdk`ûe, `ûe, s`st s`stafds afds alàk alàktr`k tr`kcs, cs, fakä fakäe`k e`kcs, cs, atk atk.. Ld ramukk`ûe mal tdfdôc ma lds `estdldk`ceas y mal e÷farc ma ocrds ma ut`l`zdk`ûe ma lds f`sfds odka qua lcs kcstas ma fdetae`f`aetc tdfj`àe mask`aemde.

;

 

MA[DZZCLLC DQ[]Z@D Kces Kc estr tru` u`md md kc kcfc fc ued ma ld lds s pr` r`fa farrds kd kdsd sds s pds ds`v `vds ds ae ld Dl Dltd td Du Dust str` r`d, d, ld kd kdsd sd [dlzbdffarnut as ld kdsd pds`vd kart`i`kdmd fäs det`nud ma Dustr`d y rak`j`û al praf`c "Kdsd mal Iuturc" ae :888. Maj`mc d lds fam`mds ma cpt`f`zdk`ûe cpt`f`zdk`ûe radl`zdmds, al prcyaktc ma mafcstrdk`ûe sa kcestruyû s`e `ekurr`r ae kcstcs dm`k`cedlas ae kcfpdrdk`ûe kce al m`saôc dktudl ae v`rtum mal Kûm`nc ma Kcestrukk`ûe ma Dustr`d. Dmafäs ma lds kces`mardk`ceas aearnàt`kds, tdfj`àe sa dedl`zû ld "aearnæd nr`s". M`saôc jäs`kc mal prcyaktc7 

Ai`k`aek`d aearnàt`kd d trdvàs ma ld kcestrukk`ûe pds`vd ma v`v`aemds.



Zamukk`ûe ma lcs fdtar`dlas ut`l`zdmcs pdrd ld kcestrukk`ûe y cpardk`ûe.





]`pc ma kcestrukk`ûe akclûn`kd, qua docrrd rakurscs y prctana al kl`fd.  Deäl`s`s mal prcyakt prcyaktc c ma tcmds lds af`s`cea af`s`ceas s ralavdet ralavdetas as ma ndsas ma aiaktc `evaredmarc.



[`e salldmc ma ärads edturdlas.



]`pc ma kcestrukk`ûe dkkas`jla pdrd m`skdpdk`tdmcs



Fdycr kcfcm`mdm ma v`md y kcfcm`mdm.





 Drqu`takturd  Drqu`tak turd sci`st`kdmd sci`st`kdmd y fcmared. [`e kcstcs dm`k`cedlas ae kcfpdrdk`ûe kce lcs t`pcs kcevaek`cedlas ma kcestrukk`ûe.





]`pc ma kcestrukk`ûe cr`aetdmd dl iuturc ut`l`zdemc takeclcnæds ma vdenudrm`d. @mcea`mdm y fdycr masdrrcllc pdrd ld prcmukk`ûe ae sar`a.



Jdsas ma lds euavds ranuldk`ceas dfj`aetdlas `etaredk`cedlas.



Mafdemd ma aearnæd ras`mudl kuj`artd pcr alaktr`k`mdm varma y j`catdecl.

=

 

MA[MA QE XDJALLÛE MA IAZ@D MA[KDZ]DMC OD[]D QED KD[D XD[@YD QE@IDF@L@DZ Ld `m `mad ad jäs jäs`k `kd d su surn` rn`û û ma ld cpc cpcrtu rtue`m e`mdm dm ma ra raut` ut`l`z l`zdr dr ue pd pdja jallû llûe e ma iar iar`d `d kc kcfar fark` k`dl dl maskdrtdmc y axtrdcrm`edr`c kcfc ld astrukturd jäs`kd pdrd kcestru`r ued kdsd ue`idf`l`dr. Xdrd Xd rd dp dprc rcva vako kodr dr dl fä fäx` x`fc fc ld as astr truk uktu turd rd,, ld ic icrf rfd d iu iutu turd rd ma mall am am`i `i`k `k`c `c sa dg dgus ustû tû d ld kcestru kce strukk` kk`ûe ûe ax`s ax`staet taeta. a. Ld v`ag v`agd d kces kcestruk trukk`ûe k`ûe ma fdma fdmard rd iua s`fp s`fplafa lafaeta eta fcl` fcl`md md pdrd al`f`edr rdstrcs ma masndsta y cjtaear ued supari`k`a ma fdmard "kcfc euavd". Ld fdmard ec iua trdtdmd kce kcesarvdetas quæf`kcs pdrd fdmard.

LD KD[D

XD[@YD MA

JDGC

KC[]C.

Lc

qua

al

prcp`atdr`c la

pranuetû pranuet û dl drqu`tak drqu`taktc tc Oarfdee Bduifdee ma [kowdrz [kowdrzdko dko iua qua ld aevclvae aevclvaeta ta mal am`i`k`c kcestru`md kcestru` md dlramamcr ma ld astruktu astrukturd rd taeæd qua kufpl`r kce tcmcs lcs raqu`s`tc raqu`s`tcs s ma ued kdsd pds`vd. Maspuàs ma tcmc, al det`nuc pdjallûe ma ld iar`d majaræd kcevart`rsa ae ued kdsd pds`vd ma axo`j`k`ûe.  D pasdr mal dltc e`val, al kceicrt ma v`md y ld drqu`tak drqu`takturd turd axtrdcrm axtrdcrm`edr`d, `edr`d, lcs kcstcs ma kcestrukk`ûe ma € 4,:=8 .- / fº ec iuarce fäs dltcs qua lcs ma lds kdsds ue`idf`l`dras kcevaek`cedlas ae asa fcfaetc.

1

 

Ld kdsd ue`idf`l`dr d e`val mal sualc ae kcestrukk`ûe l`nard t`aea ue m`äfatrc ma 4=,> f y ued supari`k`a odj`tdjla ÷t`l ma 4=8 fº.

KCEKAX]C MA AEAZNÆD Aevclva Aev clvaeta eta y vae vaetded tdeds s ma am`i am`i`k`c `k`cs s kce d`sl d`sldf`a df`aetc etc axt axtrafd rafdmdf mdfaeta aeta dltc dltc,, s`e pua puaetas etas tàrf`kcs, astdequa`mdm dl d`ra.

KCEKAX]C MA JDGD ]AKECLCNÆD ]cmcs lcs aqu`pcs ma kl`fdt`zdk`ûe kce vaet`ldk`ûe kcetrcldmd ae al aspdk`c v`tdl, `eklu`md ld rakupardk`ûe ma kdlcr y ld prapdrdk`ûe ma dnud kdl`aeta, sa dlcgde ae ued ue`mdm kcfpdktd ae al `ecmcrc. Al Yaetako XBCF=kldss`k ut`l`zd sclc 8,>1 fº y astä kart`i`kdmc pcr al Xdss`va Ocusa @est`tuta. 

Mafdemd deudl ma kdlcr 4;.> b^o / fºd



Kdrnd ma kdlcr (XOXX) 48.: ^ / fº



Astdequa`mdm (fam`md) e18 6 8,=4 4 / o

9

 

AL AM@I@K@C [A JD[D AE 

Lcsd ma p`sc d`sldmd, p`sc ma m`stdek`d dltdfaeta d`sldmc

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Xdjallûe ma iar`d ax`staeta7 fdmard ldf`edmd aekcldmd, p`ldras ramcemcs ma fdmard aekcldmd



 Dfpl`d kuj`artd varma ma takoc pldec kce s`stafd ma takoc mcjla dltdfaet dltdfaeta a d`sldmc ma 1; kf

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Xdram axtar`cr dltdfaeta d`sldmd ma =8 kf.

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Idkodmd ma fdmard ma dlarka s`e trdtdr kce d`sldf`aetc ma fdrkc ma kcrkoc y d`sldf`aetc scjra al fdrkc

D[XAK]C[ AKCLCN@KC[ 



 Deäl`s`s matdlldm matdlldmc c ma ld alakk`ûe mal fdtar`dl ma kcestru kcestrukk`ûe kk`ûe pdrd f`e`f`zdr ld aearnæd nr`s pdrd ld kcestrukk`ûe ma ld kdsd.  Deäl`s`s matdlldm matdlldmc c ma ndsas quæf`kcs ma aiaktc `evared `evaredmarc marc ae prcmukt prcmuktcs cs ma kcestrukk`ûe. Xcstar`crfaeta, astcs deäl`s`s y rasultdmcs mal astum`c s`rv`arce kcfc jdsa pdrd aefaemdr lds layas ma kcestrukk`ûe y lds pdutds ma sujs`m`c pdrd prco`j`r  lcs prcpulscras quæf`kcs ae prcmuktcs ma kcestrukk`ûe.

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]akoc varma kce dfpl`d pldetdk`ûe y ravarmak`f`aetc ma pdrtas ma idkodmds



Qsc ma dnud ma lluv`d.

>

 

[Q@WD Astd kdsd pds`vd ma fdmard astä s`tudmd ae ld pcjldk`ûe su`zd ma Fcstaljarn y as cjrd ma lcs dr drqu qu`ta `takt ktcs cs M`a M`ato toalf alf & [p [p`ll `llfde fdee, e, sa trd trdtd td ma ue ued d kds kdsd d pds pds`vd `vd qua ec sû sûlc lc as astä tä kart`i`kdmd kcfc Xdss`vOdus, s`ec qua t`aea ld pakul`dr`mdm ma sar ued ma lds pr`fards v`v`aemds aurcpads qua prcmuka fäs aearnæd ma ld qua kcesufa, lc qua yd sa kcecka kcfc Xdss`vXlus y qua sarä al iuturc ma ld kcestrukk`ûe ras`maek`dl.

QED KD[D KCE

Y@[]D[ DL YDLLA

Al tarraec sa aekuaetrd

ae

paquaôc

vdkdk`cedl d lcs p`as

puajlc

lc

dltc

ma

ue

ma ued astdk`ûe ma asquæ y nczd ma ued aspaktdkuldr v`std scjra al vdlla. Al oakoc ma qua sa aekuaetra ae ue puetc tde alavdmc kcellavd m`spcear ma ue dkkasc kcfpl`kdmc pcr lc qua al trdespcrta ma fdtar`dlas odstd al lundr ma kcestrukk`ûe majæd s`fpl`i`kdrsa y ec ard pcs`jla trdespcrtdr odstd al lundr nrdemas astrukturds. Xcr su pdrta, al dyuetdf`aetc parf`tæd tde sûlc kcestrukk`ceas ma mcs pldetds y pcr asta fct`vc lcs jdgcs ma ld kdsd sa rasarvdrce pdrd zced ma ndrdga y dlfdkaedf`aetc, f`aetrds qua al rastc ma ld v`v`aemd sa s`t÷d kcfplatdfaeta ae ld pldetd pr`fard.

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QED A[]ZQK]QZD D FAM@MD XDZD QED KD[D XD[@YD MA FDMAZD Ma as asttd icrf rfd d cj cjttaeafc fcs s ue prc rcn nrdfd ma v` v`v` v`a aemd kc kce e ued m` m`st strr`j `ju uk`û `ûe e dln lnc c masprcpcrk`cedmd, ae ld qua ld pldetd jdgd sûlc raqu`ara dlnuecs fatrcs, f`aetrds qua ld pldetd pr`fard od ma dkcfcmdr kds` :88 f: ma v`v`aemd. Ae jdsa d astds praf`sds, lcs drqu`taktcs m`saôde ued kdgd ma ocrf`nûe cpdkd ae ld pldetd jdgd scjra ld qua sa dpcyd al rastc ma ld v`v`aemd ae fdmard. Maj`mc d ld `fpcs`j`l`mdm ma trdsldmdr nrdemas v`nds odstd al tarraec, lcs drqu`taktcs m`saôde mcs v`nds ma fdmard qua sa kcestruyae `e s`tu y qua sa afpldzdräe ae kdmd uec ma lcs ldtardlas ma ld v`v`aemd rapcsdemc scjra ld jdsa cpdkd ma ocrf`nûe qua kcet`aea al ndrdga y al dlfdkàe. Kcfc lds v`nds ldtardlas majæde scpcrtdr tcmc al pasc ma ld kdsd, àstds dmqu`arae ue nrde nrcscr qua as rallaedmc kce d`sldf`aetc. Qe nrde d`sldf`aetc ma lcs furcs as ld pr`fard praf`sd pdrd kcestru`r ued kdsd pds`vd. Al rastc ma idkodmds sce lds qua m`spceae ma djarturds dl axtar`cr7 ld idkodmd pr`ek`pdl dj`artd d ld v`std y ld idkodmd pcstar`cr prctan`md pcr ue pdt`c qua kcei`ara `et`f`mdm d lds odj`tdk`ceas, s`nu`aemc lds `em`kdk`ceas mal prcp`atdr`c.

0

 

QED KD[D XD[@YD MA FDMAZD TQA EC EAKA[@]D KDLAIDKK@ÛE Lds vaetdeds, pcr supuastc, s`nuae lcs astäemdras Xdss`vOdus, pcr lc qua sa trdtd ma vaetdeds ma tr`pla v`mac d`sldmc y kdrp`etaræd kce rcturd ma puaeta tàrf`kc, qua av`tde al askdpa mal kdlcr naeardmc ae al `etar`cr. Ld `estdldk`ûe ma asta t`pc ma vaetdeds ue`mds dl nrde d`sldf`aetc ma lcs furcs kcev`arta ld kdsd ae ue alafaetc s÷par d`sldmc y astdekc ae al qua ec aetrd iræc e` sdla kdlcr. Kcfc m`ka m` kae e ae al `e `est st`t `tut utc c Xd Xdss ss`v `vOd Odus us,, ta taea eafc fcs s ue ued d kd kdsd sd qu qua a iu iuek ek`c `ced ed kc kcfc fc ue ta tarf rfc c fdetae`aemc ld tafpardturd `etar`cr astdjla. Ae asta t`pc ma kdsds kces`nuae ued tafpardturd `etar`cr ma kceicrt kce ue fæe`fc dpcrta ma kdlcr ae kuyc kälkulc ody qua taear ae kuaetd lds ndedek`ds prcp`ds naeardmds pcr lds parsceds y lcs alaktrcmcfàst`kcs pcr lc qua m`spceae ma ue ramuk`mc ndstc aearnàt`kc ae kdlaidkk`ûe.

Ld

kdlaidkk`ûe

iuek`ced

fam`deta

vaet`ldk`ûe pcr rakupardk`ûe ma kdlcr, al s`stafd fäs kcf÷e ae kdsds pds`vds, yd qua ody qua taear ae kuaetd qua oafcs kcestru`mc ue tarfc kuyc kcrraktc iuek`cedf`aetc sa jdsd ae ec `etarkdfj`dr d`ra ir`c mal axtar`cr kce al `etar`cr ma icrfd m`raktd. Ld vaet`ldk`ûe pcr rakupardk`ûe ma kdlcr as ctrc ma lcs alafaetcs kldva ma ued kdsd pds`vd ma fdmard Xdss`vOdus, ae ld kdsd ma Fcstaljarn, al `etarkdfj`dmcr sa s`t÷d ae al sûtdec y d trdvàs ma uecs kcemuktcs sa `etrcmuka d`ra iraskc ae al `etar`cr, kuyd tafpardturd sa alavd

48

 

nrdk`ds d ue `etarkdfj`dmcr qua dprcvakod ld tafpardturd mal d`ra kdl`aeta sdl`aeta mal `etar`cr pdrd kdlaetdr al d`ra iraskc aetrdeta.

QED KD[D DKCZMA D ZATQAZ@F@AE]C[ MAL XZCX@A]DZ@C Qec ma lcs fdycras ratcs ma m`saôc qua dircetd al drqu`taktc kudemc rak`ja al aekdrnc ma kcestru`r ued kdsd as kcegundr d ld pariakk`ûe lcs raquar`f`aetcs y eakas`mdmas mal kl`aeta kce tcmds lds praf`sds tàke`kds y landlas qua l`f`tde su pcmar ma mak`s`ûe. Ae astd kdsd, ld pakul`dr`mdm ma pcmar kcestru`r tde sclc mcs pldetds san÷e ecrfdt`vd, m`spce`aemc m`spce` aemc ma v`stds tde sclc ae ld pldetd pr`fard as uec ma lcs pr`ek`pdlas kcem`k`cedetas kcem`k`cedetas ma lcs qua pdrta al prcyaktc.

Xarc

al

m`saôc jdrdgd tdfj`àe ctrcs kcem`k`cedetas kcem`k`cedetas kcfc sce lds `estrukk`ceas y raquar`f` raquar`f`aetcs aetcs mal prcp`atdr`c qua vde d kcem`k`cedr ld m`str`juk`ûe `etar`cr. Ae asta kdsc, al prcp`atdr`c as ue `enae`arc `eicrfät`kc qua trdjdgd masma kdsd y qua qu`ara mcrf`r ae ued odj`tdk`ûe cskurd s`e v`stds dl axtar`cr. Xcr asta fct`vc, lcs drqu`taktcs mak`mae kcestru`r ue pdt`c ma dkkasc ae plde pl detd td pr pr`f `far ard d qu qua a qu quam amd d pr prct ctan an`m `mc c ma ld lds s v` v`st stds ds y qu qua a as pc pcrr mc mcem ema a va vaet et`l `lde de ld lds s odj`tdk`ceas.

44

 

astdek`ds `ds pr`ek`pd pr`ek`pdlas las -sdlûe, kcfamcr y kck`ed-, sa s`t÷de dj`artds d ld idkodmd  Dsæ, lds astdek pr`ek`pdl kce ued aspaktdkuldr v`std scjra al vdlla. Xcr ÷lt`fc, ra`etarpratdemc ld ecrfdt`vd ma kcestrukk`ûe d su idvcr, M`atoalf & [p`llfdee kces`nuae kcestru`r ued tarkard pldetd qua s`rva kcfc maspdkoc c odj`tdk`ûe ma `ev`tdmcs, dprcvakodemc ld paem`aeta ma ld kuj`artd y naeardemc ue mcjla aspdk`c qua kcei`ara ued nrde kdl`mdm lufæe`kd y drqu`taktûe`kd d asta aspdk`c.

IZDEK@D Jassdekcurt as ued det`nud a `etdktd k`umdm d :? bf dl ecrcasta ma Xdræs, kce kdllas astrakods, pdt`cs y paquaôds kdsds dlramamcr ma ld `nlas`d qua mdtde mal s`nlc 4: dl 4;. Ld kdsd, kce su i`ed y d`radmd fafjrded ma kdôds ma jdfj÷, surna ae icrfd askultûr`kd, m`sparsd y trdespdraeta mäemcla l`narazd y krademc prciuem`mdm. Ld luz, `etarrufp`md pcr lds kdôd kd ôds s ma jd jdfj fj÷ ÷ ue ue`m `mds ds d `e `eta tarv rvdl dlcs cs,, kr krad ad ue ued d dt dtfû fûsi siar ard d as aspa pak` k`dl dl ae al `e `eta tar` r`cr cr,, `emapaem`aetafaeta ma ld pcs`k`ûe mal scl.

4:

 

Maj`mc d lds ranuldk`ceas ma plde`i`kdk`ûe urjded, ld s`fpla uj`kdk`ûe ma ld kdsd prcetc sa o`zc av`maeta. Kce ued fafjrded i`ed y d`radmd ma pcstas ma jdfj÷, afarna ued icrfd asku as kultû ltûr`k r`kd2 d2 Al ra ravas vast`f t`f`a `aetc etc trd trdesp espdr draet aeta a m`s m`spa parsd rsd ld fd fdsd, sd, dpc dpcrtd rtd l`n l`nar arazd azd y kr krad ad prciuem`mdm. Ld luz sa rcfpa pcr lcs pcstas ma jdfj÷ ue`mcs d `etarvdlcs, y sa krad ued dtfûsiard aspak`dl ae al `etar`cr, sugatd d ld pcs`k`ûe mal scl.

Qe alafaetc fuy `fpcrtdeta ae ld plde`i`kdk`ûe as ld "kclufed vartajrdl". Kces`sta ae m`skcs ma fdmard ma 98 kf ma dekoc m`spuastcs d `etarvdlcs ma 08 kf y m`v`ma al pldec mal p`sc ae mcs pdrtas qua t`aeae ued raldk`ûe ma 47 :. Ld pdrta fäs nrdema astä s`tudmd ae al ldmc sur y kcet`aea lds ärads ma astdr y ma mcrf`r, ld pdrta fäs paquaôd astä ae al ldmc ecrta y dkcf dk cfcm cmd d ld lds s sd sdld lds s sd sde` e`td tdr` r`ds ds y ma sa sarv rv`k `k`c `cs s / sa sarv rv`k `k`c `cs s p÷ p÷jl jl`k `kcs cs.. Ld m` m`v` v`s` s`ûe ûe ma ld lds s odj`tdk`ceas as kldrd, lds m`stdek`ds sce kcrtds, lcs fdtar`dlas sce edturdlas y ec trdtdmcs2 [a cjsarvd ue pr`ek`p`c kldrc `eklusc pdrd ld `luf`edk`ûe7 lcs tujcs ilucraskaetas ma docrrc ma aearnæd y lcs kdjlas tàke`kcs kcrrae d lc ldrnc ma ld "kclufed vartajrdl", ae pdrta v`s`jla.

4;

 

 Dlnueds pdrtas ma ld kclufed s`rvae kcfc scpcrtas ma kdrnd y dkcfcmd dkcfcmde e lds `estdldk `estdldk`ceas `ceas tàke`kds. Asta alafaetc kaetrdl, qua d vakas astä karrdmc y ctrds vakas dj`artc, as dkkas`jla masma dfjcs ldmcs y s`rva kcfc ndj`eata, astdeta c pdrt`k`ûe. Dljarnd ld kck`ed, al jdôc y lcs kcemuktcs ma `luf`edk`ûe y vaet`ldk`ûe. Astcs ÷lt`fcs sce pdrk`dlfaeta v`s`jlas kcfc pdrta mal kcekaptc astàt`kc y odkae qua al s`stafd ma vaet`ldk`ûe sad kcfpraes`jla y kldrc.

 D lc ldrnc ma ld idkodmd idkodmd sur ody ued pdsdrald pdsdrald ma kalcsæds kalcsæds fatäl`kds fatäl`kds qua s`rva kcfc kcfc jdlkûe y scpcrta ma fcetdga pdrd lds pars`deds plandjlas. Ma astd icrfd sa krad ue aspdk`c qua prastd prciuem`mdm dm`k`cedl dl `etar`cr. Ld kdsd sa `fplafaetû ut`l`zdemc pr`ek`pdlfaeta fdtar`dl edturdl7 pdealas ma fdmard pdrd ld kcestrukk`ûe, kalulcsd y i`jrd ma fdmard pdrd al d`sldf`aetc, pdealas ma yasc, p`eturds j`clûn`kds pdrd al dkdjdmc `etar`cr. Lcs pdealas ictcvcltd`kcs ae al takoc odkae ma astd kdsd ued kdsd fäs aearnàt`kd, san÷e al astäemdr irdekàs. Ld kdsd od dtrdæmc ld dtaek`ûe ma lcs fam`cs ma kcfue`kdk`ûe ae Irdek`d maj`mc d su drqu`takturd, ai`k`aek`d aearnàt`kd y radl`zdk`ûe kces`staeta.

4=

 

A[]DMC[ QE@MC[ Kdmd vaz sce fäs lcs am`i`k`cs ecrtadfar`kdecs qua cjt`aeae ued kart`i`kdk`ûe LAAM pcr  pdrta mal Kcesagc ma ld Kcestrukk`ûe Yarma ma Astdmcs Qe`mcs. ]dl as al kdsc ma ld sama mal aqu`pc aqu `pc ma ock ockbay bay ma lcs [adttla ]ouemarj` ]ouemarj`rms, rms, ae ld k`um k`umdm dm ma Bae Baett (^ds (^dso`en o`entce) tce),, ue kcfplagc ma 41=.888 p`as kudmrdmcs y kaetrc ran`cedl pdrd al mapcrta, al aetratae`f`aetc y ld kalajrdk`ûe ma kcek`artcs y aspaktäkulcs, qua od s`mc m`saôdmc pcr ld ci`k`ed, ae [adttla, mal astum`c LFE, y pcr al qua od s`mc rak`aet rak`aetafaeta afaeta ndldrmcedmd ndldrmcedmd kce ld kart`i`kd kart`i`kdk`ûe k`ûe LAAM Crc ae ld fcmdl`mdm ma Euavd Kcestrukk`ûe.

Lds fam`mds scstae`jlas qua ode mdmc p`a d ld kcekas`ûe ma asta kart`i`kdmc `ekluyae ued vdr`amdm ma scluk`ceas ai`k`aetas pdrd al dprcvakodf`aetc mal rakursc oæmr`kc ae lcs dsacs mal kcfplagc, kce ue docrrc ast`fdmc ae al usc mal dnud ma ae tcrec dl =8%.

41

 

Qe s`stafd ma rakclakk`ûe ma dnud ma lluv`d ae ld kuj`artd parf`t`rä al r`anc ma lcs tarraecs dmydkaetas dl kaetrc a `nudlfaeta, ld zced ma pdrb`en m`spcea ma ue sualc ma nrdvd qua dyumdrä d rakcnar al dnud prckamaeta ma tcrfaetds, qua sarä kcemuk`md dl s`stafd ma mraedga.

@nudlfaeta, ld

dpl`kdk`ûe ma

luf`edr`ds

ai`k`aetas

y

ma LAM LAMs s pd pdrd rd ld mak makcrd crdk`û k`ûe e as astru truktu kturd rdll mal am am`i` `i`k` k`c, c, y ma ue s`s s`sta tafd fd ma kl` kl`fd fdt`z t`zdk dk`ûe `ûe (kdla (k dlaidk idkk`û k`ûe e y iræ iræc), c), qu qua a `ek `ekluy luya a al aq aqu` u`pc pc qu qua a prc prcmuk muka a o`a o`alc lc pd pdrd rd ld p`s p`std td ma oc ockb kbay ay,, prckurdrä docrrcs aearnàt`kcs ma odstd ue ;>% raspaktc d lcs astäemdras edk`cedlas. Ctrc dspaktc mastdkdjla as al dprcvakodf`aetc ma ld luz edturdl, puas ld pr`fard pldetd sa aekuaetrd rcmadmd pcr ued idkodmd dkr`stdldmd y ld pldetd supar`cr (kluj) sa aekuaetrd tdfj`àe jcrmadmd pcr dfpl`cs vaetdedlas qua parf`tae ld aetrdmd ma luz edturdl odstd ld p`std kaetrdl.

49

 

KCEKLQ[@CE c as e`en÷e f`star`c qua al fam`c dfj`aeta astä v`àemcsa `fpdktdmc ma ued fdeard eandt`vd y qua taeafcs qua mdrlas ue pckc ld vualtd d lds pram`kk`ceas.

E

Fukocs kraae qua asds pram`kk`ceas ec las diaktdräe yd qua as dlnc fuy d iuturc,

puas rasultd qua s` sanu`fcs pcr asta kdf`ec ae dlnuecs dôcs v`v`rafcs v`v`rafcs ae ue fuemc fuy m`st`etc. Dsæ qua as euastrd raspcesdj`l`mdm ma ecsctrcs kcfc drqu`taktcs pranuetdrecs, ³kûfc pcmafcs jr`emdr ue nrde`tc ma draed s`e rcfpar kce euastrc ast`lc ma v`md3 Ody fukods icrfds, kcfc drqu`taktcs ld fagcr as ld drqu`takturd j`ckl`fät`kd y scldr pds`vd. Ec as ma axtrdôdr qua ld aearnæd scldr sad ued pdrta v`tdl ma ld drqu`takturd scldr pds`vd, pcr  lc tdetc, maja tcfdrsa ae kuaetd detas ma `e`k`dr ld kcestrukk`ûe ld cr`aetdk`ûe ma ld v`v`aemd pdrd dprcvakodr dl fäx`fc asta alafaetc. ]dfj`àe sa majae ma taear ae kuaetd lds tafpardturds fæe`fds, fam`ds y fäx`fds2 ld rdm`dk`ûe scldr `ek`maeta2 ld m`rakk`ûe mal v`aetc y su valck`mdm fam`d. Xcr ctrc ldmc, taeafcs qua rakcrmdr qua ax`stae kcem`k`ceas f`krc kl`fät`kds qua puamae kdfj`dr lds kcem`k`ceas detar`cras2 pcr agafplc, s` ax`stae am`i`kdk`ceas c alavdk`ceas dl ramamcr2 s` al tarraec sa aekuaetrd ae ued paem`aeta, s` ax`stae fdsds jcskcsds c ma dnud karkdeds, atk. Ae asta t`pc ma kcestrukk`ceas al aeicqua ma d`sldf`aetc as al tàrf`kc, asta cjstruya al pdsc ma kdlcr pcr kcemukk`ûe mal axtar`cr dl `etar`cr ma ld v`v`aemd y v`kavarsd, as mak`r, as ai`kdz tdetc ae `ev`arec kcfc ae vardec2 lc fäs rakcfaemdjla as kclckdrlc odk`d al axtar`cr. Asta d`sldf`aetc puama lcnrdrsa kce fdtar`dlas kcfc v`mr`cs y furcs nruascs2 s`e afjdrnc, tcmc ae axkasc as fdlc, ec sa maja scjra d`sldr ld v`v`aemd, yd qua s`afpra as eakasdr`c ue fæe`fc ma vaet`ldk`ûe. Dmafäs, rakcrmafcs qua ax`sta ctrd kdusd `fpcrtdeta ma pàrm`md ma kdlcr, kceck`md kcfc `ei`ltrdk`ceas.

J@JL@CNZDI@D[ 

  [E. :84>. :84>. XD[[@YA OCQ[A M@[B [DLWBDFF [DLWBDFFAZNQ] AZNQ] otp7//www.ldenkcesulen.d/`emax.pop/ae/rasadrko otp7//www.ldenkcesule n.d/`emax.pop/ae/rasadrko/mafcesrdce/mafcesrdce4>

 

prcgaks/418-pdss`va-ocusa-m`sb-sdlzbdffarnu axrdæmc prcgaks/418-pdss`va-ocusa-m`sb-sdlzbdffarnu  axrdæmc al 8:-8=-:8:8 d lds 44748 

  GDMA. :841. QED KD[D XD[@YD XD[@YD MA FDMAZD AE LC[ DLXA[ [Q@WC[ otps7//kcesru`ruedkdsdakclcn`kd.kcf/kdsds-pds`vds/ued-kdsd-pds`vd-mafdmard-ae-lcs-dlpas-su`zcs axrdæmc fdmard-ae-lcs-dlpas-su`zcs  axrdæmc al 8:-8=-:8:8 d lds 4=7;8

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  DTD. :848. :848. ]OA XD[[@YA OCQ[A @E JA[[DEKCQZ], JA[[DEKCQZ], IZDEKA otps7//drqd.kcf/aenl`so-as/drko`akura-as/oa-pdss`va-ocusa-`ejassdekcur-irdeka.oflaxrdæmc jassdekcur-irdeka.ofl axrdæmc al 8:-8=-:8:8 d lds 4178=



  [E. :880. :880. LAAM LAAM AE A[]DMC[ QE@MC[ QE@MC[ otps7//www.kcesru`jla.as/:880/8?/4;/laam otps7//www.kcesru`j la.as/:880/8?/4;/laam-ae-asdmcs-ue`mcs -ae-asdmcs-ue`mcs axrdæmc  axrdæmc al 8:-8=-:8:8 d lds 417=8



  [CL@KL@FD. :8:8. :8:8. AL EQAYC KCEKAX]C KCEKAX]C DLAFÄE MA KD[D AI@K@AE]A7 AI@K@AE]A7 LD KD[D KD[D XD[@YD otps7//eaws.scl`kl`fd.kcf/eck`ds/docrrc-aearnakc/al-euavckcekapc-dlafde-ma-kdsd-ak`aea-ld-kdsd-pds`vd  axrdæmc al 8:-8=-:8:8 d lds kcekapc-dlafde-ma-kdsd-ak`aea-ld-kdsd-pds`vd 417=8

4?