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Molclr Grfuhn Vorøc`hg Aovgmmo Hlkp`mgalrgs)

V@X_GM@AGAOX X@C F@C @kgb oc y a`so÷l oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

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Grfuhn, Molclr V`sugm`agaos V`sugm`a gaos s`c f`c 4 `kgboc y a`so÷l oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm / Molclr Grfuhn y Vorøc`hg Aovgmmo 9 hlkp`mgal plr Molclr Grfuhn

y Vorøc`hg Aovgmmo. - mg oa. - Euocls G`ros 4 Zrlkotol M`erls, 5::0. 5::p. 9 57x7X hk. @XEC 02>-0>202>-0>2-?21-8:6-0 ?21-8:6-0

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Osto m`erl rohlclho vgr`gs f uoctos ao `csp`rgh`øc4 om aoegto gpgs`lcgal

slero om ràb`koc ao mg v`sugm`aga oc mg mmgkgag org y ngstg h`v`m`zgh`øc ao mg `kgboc -os aoh`r, cuostrg àplhg-, mg alhoch`g uc`vors`tgr`g oc ucg hçtoarg

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pr`lr`tgr`gkocto hlchorc`ag plr oso aoegto' y mg `cvost`bgh`øc ghgaàk`hg,

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alcao alca o tolrëg y kàtlal hlcfmuyoc oc mg hlcstruhh`øc ao uc ledotl ao ostu-

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a`l. _cg tr`gag -mg flrkg oc quo Hngrmos Xgcaors Zo`rho bustgeg pocsgr om s`bcl y mg Xok`øt`hg- oc mg hugm, oshgpgcal gm e`cgr`skl, om torhor tàrk`cl suplco s`okpro m g pls`e`m`aga ao grt`humgh`ø grt`humgh`øc c hlc ltrlsy octlchos ag mubgr g ucg (`m`k`tgaç) gporturg s`bc`f`hgcto. Gsë, g pgrt`r ao ucg rofmox`øc slero

mgs humturgs hlctokplrçcogs y su romgh`øc hl c om hgkpl aom a`so÷l, so ger`orlc kômt`pmos `ctorrlbgctos4 om vorhlkl soct`al p r`v`mob`gal, mg `kgboc y mls koa`ls ao hlkuc`hgh`øc oc mg slh`oaga bml bmlegm egm , mg rrogm`aga ogm`aga hlkl ospoht ospohtççhuml, mg hroh`octo `ca`st`ch`øc ao mgs osforgs ao ml pôem`hl y ml pr`vgal -y om àcfgs`s oc mg pr`vgh`aga-.9mgs `kçbocos trgukçt`hgs ao cuostrl t`okpl, mgs

plmët`hgs ao mg k`rçag, mg kgrhg aom a`so÷l oc osgs `kçbocos y oc os gs plmët`hgs, su `kprlctç, quo hlcf`burg m`sg y mmgcgkocto cuostrls klals ao vory ao sor4 vokls yg uc kucal a`so÷gal sobôc ppgutgs gutgs y tocaoch`gs tocaoch`gs tgke`àc bml-

Vo

egmos , aosao om trgzgal uregcl g mgs pgctgmmgs, aosao mls gcuch`ls gcuch`ls ao tlal

G`r mg

t`pl g cuostrg prlp`g `kgboc, tgmmgag oc huorpl y gmkg plr mg kl ag y plr mgs pgutgs quo mg slh`oaga `kplco pgrg mg hlcauhtg y pgrg om euoc v`v`r . _c euoc v`v`r alcao om a`so÷l gplrtg grklcëg ostàt`hg, hmgr`aga hlku-

oc

cl HL

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c`hgt`vg, lraoc' hlchoptugm, sgt`sfghh`øc ao aosols y cohos`agaos.. .y gm

k`skl t`okpl `kplco hlca`h`lcgk`octls y aotork`cgh`lcos, so `aoct`f`hg `aoct`f`hg

ng _c Hg HL

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Xo trgtg ao Hlkuc`hgh`øc @ y @@ oc mg Hgrrorg ao A`so÷l Brçf`hl ao mg Fghumtga ao Grqu`tohturg Grqu`tohturg,, A`so÷l y _regc`skl ao mg _c`vors`aga ao Euocls G`ros (FGA_GDEG), g hgrbl ao Molclr G auhn hlkl Zrlfoslrg Q`tumgr ‑prlfbslrg tgke`àc ao mg Fghumtga ao H`och`gs Xlh`gmos ao mg @D EG h `cvotg`bgac`c aom @cst`tutl B`cl Borkgc`‑ y Vorøc`hg Aovgmmo hlkl Gaductg, y ao mg quo flrkgc l @lc4 'gcgm bgco mls rostgctos gutlros.

 

Mwclr

rfghn y Vorøc` Vorøc`hg hg Aovgmm Aovgmmoo

hlc møb`hgs ao k orhgal y hlc `ch`tgh`lcos gm hlcsukl, trgegdg slerà cuostrls

ctrlauhh`øc

octs ostrgtob`gs, prlplc`ocal ucg k`rgag hrët`hg slero om klal ao hlchop-

gfohtls, hlcf`burg sudotls o `aoct`agaos, oc mg tocs`øc octroropot`h`øc o `c-

t @ `c `zgrmgs y plr ocao, slero om odorh`h`l k`skl a o mg prlfos`øc.

trls s`keøm`hls ao mg hlkuc`hgh`øc bmlegm , suplco uc `cvlmuhrgk`octl

hl` t`pl aom a`so÷l, om brçf`hl oc pgrt`humgr, g mg muz ao mg noroch`g ao mg k laora y sus utlpëgs`chukpm`ags, roshgtgcal mg prolhupg h`øc slh`gm y uc`vor-

Qgmoc`ch`aoch`g oco aom kucal ao ‑mls nly gpgroho pçm`agkocto rofmodgag okegrbl mls a`shursls a`so÷l prlau h`als oc su hgkpl y suss`c o ctlrcls, tgctl a`sh`pm`cgr hlkl prlfos`lcgm‑, quo lsh`mgc octro ucg aof`c`h`øc rostr`ht`vg, rostr`ht` vg, quo ml m`k`tg g ucg k org tàhc`hg ao "roslmuh`øc ao prlemokgs pgrg

ohl cho ptugm`zgh`øc aom "hgkpl" ‑oc om soct`al ao Z`orro Elura`ou‑ aosao porspoht`vg sok`øt`hg ao gc çm`s`s humturgm quo mo rost`tuyo su v`chumgh`øc hlc om grto y hlc a`vorsgs a`sh`pm`cgs, trgzgcal ucg trgyohtlr`g n`stør`hg ao su hl` `st _ch`øc hlkl prlfos`øc y hlk l hgrrorg uc`vors`tgr`g ao mg _EG . Om hgpëtuml ao Mot`h`g Xgesgy `cagbg sle ro om pgpom aom a`so÷l oc mg humturg v`mt 'gm , mg hlcstruhh`øc ospohumgr ao mg `kgboc ao së, mls "huorpls aøh`mos" ao mg klag y sus proshr`ph`lcos, mgs aotork`cgh`lcos ostàt`hgs y tgke`àc slh`g@c h p`o lporgc sl ero mg hlcf`burgh`øc ao `aoct`agaos y mgs `aoct`f`hgh`lcos so-

clvgh`øc, alh`m`aga o `rrovoroch`g. _c prltgblc`skl quo, hlkl ltrls rob`s-

ostàt`hl porl tgke`àc àt`hl y plmët`hl.

lporgr slero mg rgh`lcgm`aga hlkuc`hgt`vg aom korhgal y ucg hlchoph`øc kçs gkpm`g, quo ml m`bg g prlemokçt`hgs slh`gmos, humturgmos y plmët`hgs ao

cuostrl hlcfm`ht`vl prosocto. Ostg ômt`kg hlchoph`øc os mg quo pr`v`mob`gkls oc cuostrl trgegdl, tgctl oc mg hçtoarg hlkl oc mg `cvos t`bgh`øc4 ucg `ctorrlbgh`øc gutlrrofmox`vg gutlrrofmox`vg y hrët`hg slero mg hlcst`tuh`øc k`skg ao oso hgkpl y sus sgeoros o `chukeoch`gs, g mg muz ao mgs trgcsflrkgh`lcos aom hgp`tgm`skl tgraël porl tgke`àc g mg muz ao ltrls sgeoros, hlc mls hugmos t`oco ucg `cqu`otgcto‑y g vohos `bclrgag‑ voh`caga4 mgs grtos v`sugmos, mg f`mlslfëg, mg slh`lmlbëg, mg m`cbýëst`hg, mg sok`øt`hg, mg hrët`hg humturgm, om ps`hlgcçm`s`s... Zocsgr osg grt`humgh`øc octro uc hgkpl aom sgeor ‑ y aom nghor‑ romgt`vgkocto ospohëf`hl y om gchnl kucal ao cuostrgs slh`oagaos "bmlegmos" oc hlcstgcto aovoc`r os ml quo prlplcokls g mls mohtlros ao osto m`erl. Oc oso hgk`cl s`cbumgr ao mg mohturg ngerç octlchos rotlrcls g klkoctls okemokçt`hls ao mg rofmox`øc y mg hrët`hg slero mg humturg, tlkgs ao pls`h`øc slero om prosocto y gmbucgs gvocturgags n`pøtos`s slero om futurl‑pgrt`humgrkocto oc mg Zr`korg Zgrto‑, porl tgke`àc uc g vuomtg slero mls hmçs`hls, slero pgrga`bkgs toør`hls fucagkoctgmos, quo aodgrlc nuommgs `kelrrgemos oc cuostrls klals ao vor y ao pocsgrfora`cgca ao Xgussuro, Hngrmos Xgcaors Zo`rho, K`dg`mEgdtëc, Àk`mo Eocvoc`sto, _keortl Ohl... Mg Xobucag Zgrto, quo mls "trgo" cuovgkocto gm

Vorøc`hg Aovgmmo, plr su pgrto, gcgm`zg mg hlcf`burgh hlcf`burgh`øc `øc a`shurs`vg aom

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g oc hugctl hugctl g mg grklcëg octro flrkg y fuch`øc y prlplc`oca prlplc`ocal l ucg

c

xugmos, gcgm`zgcal oc pgrt`humgr om `kpghtl ao mg v`sugm`aga oc mgs humturgs

Duvoc`mos y om ostgtutl gke`bul aom a`so÷l oc mg klstrgh`øc ao mg a`foroch`g Zrx uc @ , quo lsh`mg octro ucg k gylr v`s`e`m v`s`e`m`aga `aga y ghoptgh`øc y om r`osbl ao Galrkoh`k`octl plmët`hl. Vgmor`g Aurçc pmgctog a`vorsls `ctorrlbgctos oc tlrcl ao mg koklr`g aom Nomgal roh`octo oc mg Grboct`cg, tgm hlkl so k gc`f`ostg oc mgs "kgrhgs" ureg7 7 7 7 X quo mg ômt`kg a`htgaurg aodø‑s`c quoror aodgr‑ oc mg h`uaga ao Euocls Gmëos. @ .g v`voch`g e`lbrçf`hg ao mg h`uaga , mgs nuommgs quo g hgag ucl mo ngNgc, aosao a`st`ctls mubgros, ao su prlp`g n`stlr`g, so grt`humgc gquë g mgs nuommgs trgukçt`hgs ao ucg torr`emo oxpor`och`g hlmoht`vg. Om quà nghor hlc

ox roct rls ao aotoch`øc, hlc su hgrbg ao lprle`l y sufr`k`octl, os puostl

k` romgh`øc hlc ucg klv`m`aga ao mg koklr`g , alcao om a`so÷l `cflrkgm,

kocto g cuostrls ostua`gctos ao brgal y plsbrgal. Oc mg pr`korg pgrto, om hgpëtuml ao Molclr Grfuhn ge lrag mls a`mokgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga hlctokplrçcog y sus usls, g kocual prlemokçt`hls, oc mls koa`ls ao hlkuc`hgh`øc. Mg tocs`øc octro "rogm`aga" y roprosoctgh`øc, octro pôem`hl y pr`vgal, octro soauhh`øc n`pcøt`hg y gprlp`gh`øc rofmox`vg os

K`t4dorl, gplrtg gplrtg su als`s ao rovums`øc àt`hg y plmët` plmët`hg, hg, hlcvlhgcal tgke`àc f` mg rofmox`øc. Oc mg sobucag pgrto, ostrohngkocto m`bgag hlc cuostrl prlbrgkg a o ost ua mlx,77t @ mçc Vgzo`mmos, rov`s`tgcal om Hursl ao M`cbýëst`hg Bocorgm ao Fora`cgca ao Egusçcro, rogm`zg ucg suborocto `cagbgh`øc slero om "s`bc`f`hgal" ‑hlc trghgm u aom "s`bc`f`hgcto"‑, quo om brgc m`cbý`stg aodgrg s`c aokgs`gal aosgrrlmml, fmuoet@lcgcal gs`k`skl, oc mg hlcfrlctgh`øc hlc gmbucls ao sus sobu`alros, mg ko` l`m ao "høa`bl" oc mls usls ao mg hlk uc`hgh`øc.

gcgm`zgag oc romgh`øc hlc mgs ostrgtob`gs bmlegmos ao mg koa`gt`zgh`øc porl tgke`àc gm `ctor`lr aom hgkpl aom a`so÷l y su `cvlmuhrgk`octl pohum`gr oc

t` vm D`k @ voregm y v`sugm os gelragag plr Agc`omg Xm`pgi y Kgrëg Xtobkgyor,

prosocto pgrg flrkumgrmos cuovgs probuctgs, ostç aoa`hgag kuy ospoh`gm-

7:

@ ut ocrëg ao mg ocuch`gh`øc y su prlauht`v`aga pgrg om hgkpl a o mg a`shur77

 

7 ::7 7 :7

Vorøc`hg 7 ovgmmo

f r ý m y

qu`ocos flhgm `zgc oc mls gpl rtos ao Ok`mo Eocvoc`sto y su `kplrtgch`g pgrg ucg kodlr hlkprocs`øc aom aom prlhosl ao mg hlkuc`hgh`øc hlkuc`hgh`øc mg romgh`øc `ctojr-

su edot`vg quo àstg ostgemoho y om ghlctoh`k`octl quo bocorg plc`ocal g

ocuch `galr y aost`cgtgr`l oc ucg hl ‑roforoch`g g uucc kucal. Mg vgm`aoz vgm`aoz ao osto pgrga`bkg pgrg om hgkpl aom a`so÷l, quo eushg agr vlz g trgvà trgvàss ao mg `kgboc ‑sghgrmg ao gclc`kgtl‑ os osoch`gm. 7

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Agc`omg F`lr`c ` y Mot`h`g Xhn`mkgc och grgc om aosgfël ao gr grt`humgr, t`humgr, oc sus G puctos pgrg om soct`al ao mg `kgboc a`vorsgs plsturgs toør`hgs toør`hgs frocto g ommg, gmbucgs aom hgkpl v`sugm, ltrgs aom hgkpl aom mocbugdo, flhgm`zgcal oc mg clh`øc ao porflrkgt`v`aga Om `ctoràs ao ostg grt`humgh`øc os ov`aocto4 høkl mg

t

`kgboc puoao aoh`r y slero tlal nghor so bô c m l s k l al s ao su m o ht urg urg y m l s

pgrçkotrls gcgmët`hls ao su `ctorprotgh`øc, huost`lcos osoch`gmos oc mg prçht`hg y mg h rët`hg aom a`so÷l. F`cgmkocto, Mgurg Hlrt` y Mu`s`cg Zoromk`tor `ctorrlbgc uc toxtl hmçs`hl

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mg Os

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ao _keortl Ohl quo prlemokgt`zg dustgkocto om ostgtutl ao mg `hlc`h`aga

‑`c st`tuyocto aom aomgg v`sugm`aga‑y plco oc om hoc trl ao mg oshocg mg huost`øc ao mg roprosoctgh`øc, roprosoctgh`øc, ucl ao mls a`mokgs ao mg `kgboc. ¼Høkl vokls, h økl `ct o rrpr pr o tgk tgk l s o sgs fl r k gs h uyg r o mgh`ø mgh`ø c h l c o m l edo t l o s ao uc g vgbg so k o dgczg yg quo cl t`ococ c`cbuc g ao mgs prlp`oagaos ao gquàm< gquàm< Cgturgmozg Cgturgmozg l h lc v och `øc, `ccg t`s kl l h øa `b ls a o roh lcl h `k`octl, n o g q uë uë om a oe oe g to s le ro om hugm mgs gutlrgs vuomvoc aosao mgs prolh prolh upgh`l cos ao osto t`okpl. t`okpl. Zlr h`ortl mgs a`foroctos k`rgags prlp`gs y s`cbumgros ngemgc tgke`àc

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‑hlk l mgs `kçbocos‑ ao ucg trgkg slh`gm, hl moht`v moht`vg. g. Mg quo so ng `al tod`o tod`ocal cal g trgvàs ao mls g÷ls octro mls `ctobrgctos ao mg hçtoarg, gquë roprosoctgals roprosoctgals ‑g

trgvàs ao eôsquoags, `cqu`otuaos, `cqu`otuaos, mohturgs y aoegtos‑ y oc om a`çmlbl , s`ok-

pro ghuh`gcto o `cst`bgalr, hlc cuostrls ostua`gctos. _c a`çmlbl `c`ctorrukp`al quo lfrohok ls gnlrg g mg v`sugm`aga .

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Molclr Grfuhny Vorøc`hgAovgmmo Zr`kgvorgao 5::>

_r hl Hl F gh ng _c` hga hgc grtt h`gm 5

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Mg `kgboc y om hgkpl aom a`socl4 a`socl4 sudotls `aoct`agaos koklr`gs

 

pr

Vor om k ucal hlc l trls ldls. ldls. Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

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M o l c l rG rf u h n

Qn Gh mg

Mg `kgboc a`sputg gmg hlsg su prosoch`g. K`octrgs quo mg hlsg so hlctoctg hlc sor mg `kgboc kuostrg quomg hlsg os y høkl os.

r`h

Mg `kgboc os ml quo sghg gmg hlsg ao su s`kpmo prosoch`g pgrg p l c or m g oc p r o‑ soc h` g . t .

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¼Wu`àc rohngzgrmg nlyvor oc mg `kgboc om `cstrukoctl ao uc plaorslero

mls oco rpls y mls ospër`tus< so probuctg Kgr`o‑ Dlsà Klcazg`c (5::5) gm hlk`oczl ao uc m`erl hlc uc tëtuml `cqu`otgcto4 ¼Mg kgboc puoao kgtgr< @ctrl-

auho gsë uc tokg rohurr rohurrocto octo oc ml quo ng agal oc mmgkgrso mg hu humtu mturg rg l mg org ao mg @kgboc , oc hlcstgcto ghomorgh`øc, alcao pgrohoklsv`v`r, pocsgr y ghtugr `rgvàs ao mgs pg ctgmmgsy ao sus rofrghh`lcos o c tlals mls ospgh`lss`bc`f`hgctos. ospgh`lss`bc`f`hgctos.

Hu omohtl, om plaor aom vor , hlkl soct`al quo ng tr`ucfgal `chlctostgemotuo cto slero tlals mls aokçs, so ng oxtoca`al g tgm puctl quo mgs hlsgs aom

tu ucal --àsgs quo proox`stoc g cuo strg ox`stoch`g‑so cls rovo mgc hgs` s`c sslrlrprosg, egdl ucg flrkg ao k`rgr klaomgag aosao mg kçs t`orcg `cfgch`g p l r o m

v`aol y mg tomov`s`øc, lraocgags oc ospgh`ls ostàt`hls ‑y g kocual ostçt`hls‑,/ lcag voz kçs a`stgctos ao ucg pmocg oxpor`och`g socslr`gm. Mg h`uaga, plr odokpml, so lfroho kocls hlkl hlcbmlkorgal hgøt`hl y v`ergh`øc aom huorpl quo. hlkl hlcstomgh`øc ao `kçbocos trgegdgags plr om a`so÷l‑m`cogs grqumtohtøc`m omms, trgzgal ao mgs hgmmos, so÷gm`zgh`øc, v`ar`orgs, ledotls, gcuch`ls, hgrtomosy

K`gr

kuhnoaukeros ghlraos hlc om fmudl aom k`rgr‑, mg cgm u rg ¡H_

p l r Xm

pgum h gpgroho yg a lkost`hgag, proa`spuostg gm ochugaro a o mg m'lt m'ltl l ttos quoa

 

Molclr Grfuhn

Vor om kucalhlc ltrls ldls Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

okeomosl ao mg hlctokpmgh`øc4 om pg`sgdo yg cl hlkl "porhoph`øc ao ucg `rro-

pot`emo modgcëg", gm aoh`r ao Rgmtor Eocdgk`c, s`cl hlkl prosoch`g ofëkorg -qu`zç gpocgs uc gmtl oc uc tlur- progcuch`gag oc mls flmmotls turëst`hls, mls

supmokoctls ao mls a`gr`ls, mls f`mkos puem`h`tgr`ls, mgs pçb`cgs woe. Mls huor-

pls, f`cgmkocto, tgke`àc pgrohoc ngeor pora`al su hlcs`stoch`g ysu a`foroc-

h`g, tgmmgals ao kgcorg uc`flrko plr mg klag, mg puem`h`aga -y mg v`lmoch`g aom hlkprgr-, mgs a`otgs, mg soxugm`aga, mg torgpàut`hg.... Qgctl mg `kgboc ao së hlkl mg `kgboc aom kucal ngc pgsgal, `cov`tgemokocto, gm romstrl aomg v`s`e`m`aga. s osg pm`torgh`Lc\aomgy`s`emo,s`o gquomml quo okorbo egdl mls hçclcos ao ucg v`sugm`aga hlcflrkgag, ostoroltëp`hg, a`so÷gag-cl pgroho yg ngeor `kçbocos "`cbocugs", quo cl rosplcagc g ost`mes l tocaoch`gs aotork`cgals- ml quo ng mmovgal tgctl g mg hgrghtor`zgh`øc ao cuostrg àplhg-oc mg koa`ag oc quo slkls hlctokplrçcols ao vgr`gs aàhgags y. cuostrg portococh`g . g ommg so todo oc mg trgkg ao mls a`shursls kçs quo oc puctugmos ghlctoh`k`oc-

tls-hlkl g su huost`lcgk`oct huost`lcgk`octl4 l4 a`st`ctls\pocsgalros a`st`ctls\pocsgalros so ngc lhupgal ao osg ospoh`o ao aoskgtor`gm`zgh`øc aom kucal quo suplco su trgcsflrkgh`øc oc `kgboc y oc ` kgboc hgpgz ao ropot`rso gm `cf`c`tl.

iys1l` `

Pg Ngccgn Grocat (Y70?>770214 (Y70?>770214 21) ngeëg porh`e`al hrët`hgkocto quo

Zlarëgkls so÷gmgr gaokçs ltrls n`tls oc hugctl g mg hrët`hg ao mg v`s` e`m` a ga , s`c plstumgr ucg oqu`vgmoch`g toør`hg octro ommls4 om e`oc hlclh`al g c`-

r u ml ao Eocdgk`c (Y7025[70>5 (Y7025[70>547?-82) 47?-82) "Mg lerg ao grto oc mg àplhg a h su ro prlauht`e`m`aga tàhc`hg" alcao ageg huoctg ao mg pàra`ag aom gurg, aom lr` 

romgt`vg aoklhrgh`g-9 om oxgmtgal "sosoct`stg" Buy Aoelra (7021), hlc su tgke`àc hmçs`hl Mg slh`oaga aom ospohtçhuml hrët`hl klragz ao mg ospohtghumgr`aga aom plaor, ao mg tomov`s`øc, aom h`co, aom uregc`skl9 om gplhgmëpt`hl Dogc

Eguar`mmgra (Y702>770>1) ao mls g÷ls '2: hlc su hlchoptl ao "s`kumghrl"

-`kgboc "kçs rogm quo ml rogm"-quo provoëg ucg "a`scoym`zgh`øc5smom "a`scoym`zgh`øc5smom k` `c al\\ y`dpg pàra`ag `rropgrgemo aom ghlctoh`k`octl9 uc kçs horhgcl Uàb`s Aoergy (770087700?), cl kocls rltucal, hlc su kotçflrg aom "Ostgal-pgctgmmg y mls "h`uagagcls-vlyours" y tgke`àc, oc ltrg vocg, Zgum V`r`m`l (70>0), hlc su hlchoptl ao ghomorgh`øc y aosgpgr`h`øc4 mg suporpls`h`øc ao `kçbocos s`c f`c

quo hlcauho g mg kuorto ao mg `kgboc, mg muz aosmukergalrg ao ml pôem`hl (Z`o tork`cg plr gc`qu`mgr mg porhoph`øc v`sugm.

Zorl s` e`oc ostgs prolhupgh`lcos fuorlc ghlkpg÷gcal om aospm`obuo

g v`s`e`m`aga org ucl ao mls rgsbls osoch`gmos ao mg klaorc`aga -y ucl ao mls

roquor`k`octls hlcst`tut`vls ao mg aoklhrgh`g- y so÷gmgal osg gkpm`gh`øc aoskosurgag ao ml slh`gm quo fgblh`tgrg tgctl ml pôem`hl/plmët`hl hlkl mg cgh`octo osforg ao mg `ct`k`aga4 "Hlkpgrgags hlc mg rogm`aga ao ml v`stl y lëal,

`chmusl mgs kgylros fuorzgs ao mg v`ag ëct`kg-mgs pgs`lcos aom hlrgzøc, mls pocsgk`octls ao mg kocto, mgs aom`h`gs ao mls soct`als-mmovgc ucg `ch`ortg y lshurg ox`stoch`g, ngstg quo so trgcsflrkgc, aos`ca`v`augm`zgags, hlkl s` a`-

dàrgkls, oc ucg flrkg gaohugag pgrg mg gpgr`h`øc pôem`hg"< Xlero gquommgs flrkgs pr`k`boc`gs ao gpgr`h`øc pôem`hg-mg clvomg, mg gutle`lbrgfëg, mg cgrrgh`øc- mg tomov`s`øc ng nohnl plr h`ortl uc mgrbl hgk`cl.

W, oc tgctl uc`h`aga m`bgag gm çke`tl ao ucg trga`h`øc quo so a`fuk`cg oc

mg hlp`g, mg roprlauhh`øc oc hugmqu`or suporf`h`o -gucquo àstg suplcbg ucg

mgt`cl o `chosgcto ao mgs tohclmlbëgs ao mg hlkuc`hgh`øc y mg `cflrkgh`øc

t` ml mgrbl aom s`bml ^^, ospoh`gmkocto oc su sobucag k `tga --om surb`k`octl ao mg tomov`s`øc ao kgsgs, mls kucals ao mg s`kumgh`øc tohclmøb`hg, hlkl A`s-

cry, mg plmët`hgispohtçhumlplmët`hgispohtçhuml- om prlemokg ao mg `kgboc -l e`oc, mg `kgboc rlkl prlemokg,gctor`lr gm o) o ao mg v@s`e`m`ag grs-o roklctg k ‑ hn kg's çmmçQqu`zç g mls lem`bgals gchostrlsbr`obls, ao alcao v`oco su ot`klmlbëg4 .\.. Z@) @ k rltcg`4 `k`tgr, rokoagr, roprosoctgr//k`kos`s4 `k`tgh`øc, f`burg, ropro  \ bom t` gh` c , `kgboc, y muobl, oc om mgtëc, `këtlr-gr`s- gro hlp`grroprlauh`r, m`cb` r, tlkgr hlkl klaoml //`kgbl 4 `kgboc, ropr`sor`tgh`øc, gpgr`och`g, ro' codl, sokodgczg, `aog.

  

 

Gs , omplaor ao mg `kgboc so prosoctg aosao gct`bul hlkl pgrgaød`hl4 'Aosao mg f`mlslfëg plmët`hg,Grocat gcgm`zgeg mg hlcst`tuh`øc ao mgs osforgs ao ml pôem`hl yml pr`vgal oc om gf`gczgk`octl ao mg klaorc`aga yo lraoc eurbuàs oc om s`bml ^V@@@, ocfgt`zgcal mg prook`coch`g ao ml slh`gm, quo "fgblh`tgeg" tgctl om çke`tl ao ml pôem`hl ‑oc mg oaga gct`bug rosorvgal søml g ml plmët`hl‑ hlkl om aorcl‑om aoshuer`k`octl ao ao mg ml pr`vgal, alcao aospuctgeg mg cuovg socs`e`m`aga aom sudotl kl-

`ctor`lr`aga hlkl ospgh`l ëct`kl ao rofmox`øc y ao gfoht`v`aga‑ quo aoeorëg slkotorso g mls hçclcos aomg slh`oaga g trgvàs ao mg uc`flrk`aga ao mg hlcauhtg. Oc cuostrl t`okpl, mls koa`ls ao hlk uc`hgh`øc ngc gsuk`al pr`lr`tgr`gkoc`o oso pgpom robumgalr ao mgs hlcauomgs quo ngho ao ml pr`vgal uc gsuctl pôem`hl, `chmusl ao `chukeoch`g aom Ostgal (clrcps, prln`e`h`mkos , hlctrlmos, torgpàut`hgs, oth.).

pu `r

 

m g l , oc tgctl hlcmmovg mg `aog ao rofmodl, `k`tgh`øc, roprosoctgh`øc,

bh mg @chumpg ah ucg suorto ao pohgal lr`b`cgm4 om ao cl sor, dustgkocto, uc lr`b`cgm. Zlr om ltrl, mg prohguh`øc y om toklr ao mg `kgboc4su `cqu`otgcto vo-

t`maga hlc mg `kgb`cgh`øc, om pom`brl ao soauhh`øc quo hlcmmovg y plr ocao, , ar @alm`g Ng, gm rgv`osgc mg n`stlr`g aosao mls pr`ch`p`ls k`skls ao mgsbrgcaos , om `b` ucos ao Lhh`h`octo9hlkl `ctora`hh`øc Geslmutg ao mg `kgboc ao A`ls-y

plr o

lc`l slspo

ko mg `cfgko r` o t` bo h 7‑ pg rg mls noerols9 hlkl 9

 

Molclr Grfuhn

prln`e`h`øc pr`korl y homoergh`øc aospuàs, pgrg mls hr`st`gcls, oc om trçcs`tl octro mg pr`k`t`vg hlcaocg aom fot`hn`skl y mg `almgtrëg quo suplcëg om cuovl klcltoëskl y om umtor`lr aospm`obuo ao mg `kgboc oc om quo so gsoctø om plaorël uc`vorsgm ao mg @bmos`g. 8 Mg pubcg octro ml v`s`emo y ml `cv`s`emo, octro ml roprosoctgemo roprosoctgemo y ml `rropro  ` mg Z@

soctgemo , octro mg oxgmtgh`øc y mg hlcaocg ‑y tgke`àc, octro mg aoshlcf`gczg oc mg `kgboc plr su aoe`m`aga oc tgctl voraga y su hlctrgf`burg, mg hlcf`gczg oc om mlbls mg pgmgerg, om soct`al, gkpgrgal plr mgs ostruhturgs flrkgmos ao mg mocbug‑ quoageg gsë `cst`tu`ag hlrcl ucl ao mls a`mokgs ao Lhh`aocto4 sus ohls rosuocgc tlagvëg nly oc mls grbuk octls oc tlrcl ao mg pr`kghëg y gôc, mg v`lmoch`g ao mg `kgboc ‑tgke`àc oc gmbucls ao mls gutlros h`tgals‑ gsë

r`

hlkl oc a`shus`lcos a`shus`lcos ghtugmos slero mg ropr roprosoctgh`øc osoctgh`øc ‑y ml `rroprosoctg-

Qn

emo ‑ ospoh`gmkocto oc romgh`øc hlc ghlctoh`k`octls trgukçt`hls, hlkl om

G

nlmlhgustl, mg Xnlgn. 

Mg

s `

Qo

0 @W N 

5 tl o

r

gh o

Wu`zç osg aoshlcf`gczg so aor`vo ao ucg mohturg oxtrokgagkocto m`torgm ao mls mls br`obls, br`obls, alcao mg `aog `aog ao hlp`g oc Zmgtøc Zmgtøc y ao k`kos`s oc Gr`støtoGr`støtomos puoaoc sor octoca`ags hlkl `chgpghos ao lfrohor ucg a`kocs`øc voragaorg aom kucal. X`c ok egrbl, om f`møslfl Zgum U`hlour moo ao ltrg kgcorg mg k`kos`s gr`stltàm`hg4 uc klstrgr g mls nlk eros hlkl oc ghtl y g mgs hlsgs h l k l ngh`àcalso4 X` mg k`k os`s hlkplrtg ucg roforoch`g `c`h`gm g ml rogm (...) osto klv`k`octl ao roforoch`g os `csopgrgemo ao mg a`kocs`øc hrogalrg. Mg k`ko-

g

ll

kucal brgal ‑ ,uc rohlclh`k`octl ao su `aoct`aga `aoct`aga ghlrao\ hlc s`g4 cl ucg hlp`g s`cl ucg oct`aga uo prlplco uct`pl ao `ctor\

coh` øc pgrt`humgr, pgrt`humgr, a`forocto a`forocto ao mg mg hgsg k`skg. Gsë, su plaor cl hlcs`sto oc „ tm hgpgh`aga ao gm kucal c` oc gquomml quo cls ngho ‑l cls `kp`ao‑ hlclhor ao mg hlsg s`cl oc su fuorzg ao ro‑prosoctgr‑os aoar, klstrgr gmbl cuovl‑, ocao om mg k lal oc quo `kpghtg oc qu`ocos mg mooc, y plr ocao, oc mg a`rohh`lcgm`aga rospuostg kçs quo oc su gdusto g gquomml quo mg `csp`rg. Hlkl oc om moc ugdo, laokls ngemgr octlchos ao mg fuorzg porflrkgt`v porflrkgt`vg g ao

mg @ kgboc.  

plstumgrso gsë quo os qu`zç osg pltoch`g ao mg `kgboc ml q uo pork`to vor om kucal ao ltrg kgcorg ‑ghoptgcal yg quo cl ngy ucg kgcorg @ckoa`gtg, a`rohtg, cl koa`gag plr ml s`keøm`hl, ao vor om kucal‑ y oc osg a`foroch`g mg `kgboc tgmmg su mubgr, oc porpotug lsh`mgh`øc octro prosoch`g y gusoch`g. Zlrquo s` oc voraga hgs` s`okpro so mg ghusg plr ml quo kuostrg‑mg pu @s`øc oshøp`hg, mg gtrghh`øc klrelsg, mg plrclbrgfëg so cutroc ao omml‑

tgke`àc plarëg ostgr oc m`t`b`l plr ml quo lhumtg ‑y gquë mg aupm`h`aga aom tàrk`cl pgctgmmg\quo osg mg voz rofrghh`øc y vomgaurg. Oc osg lesos`øc ao mg prosocag quo gsoa`g g cuostrg slh`oaga koa`gt`zgag, ocosg ospoh`o ao v`sugm`aga M buo pgroho cl aodgr cgag gfuorg, c` ml nlrrlrlsl c` ml ëct`kl, c` ml s`c`osG OAgm.

s`s os pl`os`s, y rohëprlhgkocto. (...) Uohuorag quo c`cbôc a`shursl puoao

trl c` ml porvorsl, Dghquos Aorr`ag (7006)prlplcëg dustgkocto rohmgkgr uc aorohnl ao k`rgag pgrg quo mls h`uagagcls h`uagagcls pua`àrgkls poa`r g mls mls koa`ls ao hlkuc`hgh`øc om ghhosl g ml quo së quoag gfuorg ‑ml cl klstrgal, ml horhohorho-

gelm`r cuostrg portococh`g g uc kucal. (...) Mg voraga ao ml `kgb`cgr`l, mg

cgal, ml hocsurgal‑ oso uc`vorsl slero om hugm so rohlrtg gquomml quo so

pltoch`g ao aotohh`øc lctlmøb`hg ao mg plosëg, osl os plr k ` pgrto, ml quo vol oc mg k`kos`s k`kos`s aoK`støtomos. aoK`støtomos. (U`hlour (U`hlour,, (702?[ 7022427). Cuostrg porspoht`vg so `cshr`eo dustgkocto oc ostg mëcog ao `ctorprotg-

r

Vor om kucal hlc ltrls ldls. Zøaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

h`øc, quo mo ltlrbg g mg `kgboc `kgboc uc ostgtutl prlp`l‑y cl ucg hugm`aga ao so-

O7 plaor ao mg `kgboc fuo hlkproca`al kuy tokprgcgkocto hlkl `kpls`h`øc ao gutlr`aga ‑ cl ltrg hlsg os om hlkpmodl horoklc`gm v`sugm quo ghlkpg÷g oc mls r`tls tlags mgs `cvost`aurgs, aosao om hurg pçrrlhl ngstg om pgpg, y plr h`ortl, tlags mgs rogmozgs aom kucal‑ y tgke`àc hlkl ochgrcgh`øc aom Zgaro gusocto oc mg f`burg aom N`dl, oc ucg nukgc`zgh`øc quo, hlkl mgs ao mls sgctls, fuo v`lmoctgkocto rohngzgag plr mg Uoflrkg p rltostgcto. 'Oc lhgs`øc ao mls 6: g÷ls aom Qk ao mg sobucag buorrg, y oc om kgrhl ao cutr`ags hlckoklrgh`lcos, kuhngs ao ommgs hoctrgags oc mg`kgboc (oxpls`h`lcos fltlbrçf`hgs y pmçst`hgs,h` pmçst`hgs,h`co, co, alhukoctgm, oth.) so roght`vø om v`odl aoegto slero mg roprosoctgh`øc ao mls hgkp ls ao oxtork`c`l , quo tuvl oc Frgch`g kuhnl prltgblc`skl. No gcgm`zgal ucl ao osls aoegtos oc om hgp` hgp`tuml tuml @kgb`cgr poso gtgal (Grfuhn, 5::>). 8

7>

kuostrg ‑oc uc prlhosl ao prlfucag octrlpëg quo om h`co y mg oshr`turg hlclhoc e`oc‑ y plr h`ortl, sus prlhoa`k`octls, om h øk l aom klstrgr. Osto trçcs`tl ao mg `kgboc g mls prlhoa`k`octls ao su v`sugm`zgh`øc cl os s`c hlcsohuoch`gs. Xuplco oc h`ortl klal gegcalcgr oso osoch`gm`skl quo protocaorëg protocaor ëg ochlctrgr oc mg `kgboc k`skg su geslmuh`øc l su hlcaocg ‑`kgboc `aëm`hg l v`lmoctg v`lmoctg l vorgz u leshocg‑ oc v`rtua ao su tokg l ao su hlctoc`al , pgrg pgsgr g mgs klagm`agaoshmo su gpgr`h`øc ,g mls ochugaros, mls hlctoxtls, mgs klt`vga.gcos, mgsr`tm gh`'cm  @ Og hq) dlr ‑y gmmë om trgegdl  O

/77so nghor‑vor porflk`gcv

tr`c lyoo-2

pc lmlh 

`st`ctg porl cl `cfor`lr . Mg p`cturg, aosao sus hlk`oczls hlkl grto rom`b`ls rom`b`lsl, l, oauhgt`vl, os omlhuocto gm rospohtl4 orgc mgs prlp`gs hlcch`lcos ao roprosoctgh`øc mgs quo agegc flrkg y soct`al g mgs prçht`hgs ao mls fom`brosos, y cl ucg ç u puostg gctor`lr`aga ao mgs k`skgs quo mgs `kçbocos vocarëgc g rofmodgr . (Egxgcag77,702> 70

7  

MolclrGrfuhn •

k`skl ao mg k`rgag, mg flhgm`zgh`øc, flhgm`zgh`øc, om puchtrlc, sobôc U lmgca Egrtnos (70>5)– oso mubgr quo gtrgo, quo aostommg aostommg hlc uc pmus ao s`bc`f`hgh` s`bc`f`hgh`øc. øc. Ml quo ostç o-c. rtl\octlchos ` cl os slmgkocto ml quo mg `kgboc cls lfroho g vor s`cl tgk, e`oc l quo cls p`ao. Zlrquo mg `kgboc slm`h`tg gmbl g cuostrg hgm`aga ao porhoptlros, kçs gmmç ao mg gtoch`øc hlchoctrgag oc om ngz muk`clsl quo mg

hlcf`burg gcto cuostrls ldls. G së, ucg `kgboc sorç vorgz, v`lmoctg l trgukçt`hg, plarç `csp`rgr rohngzl l hlkpgs`øc, sobôc om klal oc quo h`rhumo y mls çke`tls `cst`tu`als -o `cst`tuyoctos, vlmv`ocal g su plaor porflrkgt`vlMg

_

ao su rohoph`øc.

¼Xuplco ostg plsturg gcto mg `kgboc, hlkl lporgcal oc su prlp`g møb`hg, a`spocsgag ao su gaohugh`øc hugh` øc gm kuca kucal, l, ucg rocuch`g g su pltoch`gm` pltoch`gm` aga

Mg

vor`a`ht`vg, `cflrkgt`vg y hlbc`t`vg< Zlr h`ortl quo cl, mg huost`øc os qu`zç aof`c`r hugm`tgt`vgkocto osg pltoch`g, `ca`slh`gemo aom vgmlr ao voraga, kçs gmmç ao mg s`kpmo "f`aom`aga g mls nohnls" l ao mgs "euocgs-l kgmgs- `ctoch`lcos". P gquë octrgkls tgctl oc om torrocl ao mg àt`hg hlkl ao mg `aolmlbëg. Vlm-

Os

v`ocal g mg gutlr& quo h`tgkls gm hlk`oczl, plr h`ortl mg `kgboc cl puoao

Qo

v`orto oc çcbomos. Os om usl y om geusl ao mg `kgboc-s`c lmv`agr su ghoph`øc

r` G

a`

70 mg

Hc (5

tl

ao Zr

Zru

kgtgr4 mg v`s`øc aom hr`koc cl cls tlrcg gsos`cls c` mg aom pgrgësl cls hlc-

ps`hlgcgmët`hg, os ohumgr so ôc mg hugm tlag k`rgag cls aovuomvo s`okpro cuostrl prlp`l rlstrl- ml quo qu`zç roqu`org o kgylr osfuorzl ao mg hrët`hg,

-oc tgctl soburgkocto hlctr`euyo, hlkl tgctgs ltrgs hlsgs oc mg `corh`g kg-

quëc`hg ao ml slh`gm, g mg hlcf`burgh`øc ao ucg v`lmoch`g ao mg suedot`v`aga

huyls rgsbls pohum`gros ao ostg àplhg vgmarëg mg pocg `ctorrlbgr. Zlr h`ortl, g ostg gmturg hgerëg probuctgrso s` ostgs `aogs puoaoc gpm`hgrso g tlal t`pl ao `kçbocos, grtëst`hgs, fltlbrçf`hgs, `cflrkgt`vgs, poagbøb`hgs, puem`h`tgr`gs, ao a`so÷l, fgk`m`gros... Uohlclh`ocal mgs a`foroch`gs rospoh-

t`vgs-y romgt`vgs- plarëg aoh`rso quo së, quo mg `kgboc kçs `clhocto hlcmmovg ucg v`s`øc aom kucal y so `cshr`eo oc uc hlctoxtl rohlclh`emo ao `ctom`b`e`- . m`agayplrocao cl oshgpg ao ucg vgmlrgh`øc pls`emo oc tàrk`cls ao sus ofohtls ao soct`al. Vgmlrgh`øc quo, guc hugcal ostà `cst`tu`ag slh`gmkocto, cl

p`orao su ghoctugh`øc `ca`v`augm, mg tlcgm`aga quo aor`vg, oc hugctl g su prlauhh`øc y rohoph`øc, ao mg oxpor`och`g pr`vgag, aom klal oc quo so `cshr`eo oc om kgrhl ao mg prlp`g n`stlr`g. Ledotl ao rovoroch`g l ao galrgh`øc, ao

Vor om ku cal hlc ltrls ldls. Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs hi mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

ngstg mg pums` pums`øc øc oXhgcwlzçcog. Gsë, mg lsh`mgh`øc lsh`mgh`øc octro pproso roso tomg y gusoch`g y ucg h`ortg `kprlctg ao sghrgm`aga ngc quoagal cgturgmkocto

gslh`gags g mg `kgboc-pruoeg ao omml, mg fltlbrgfëg, slero tlal mg quo gtoslrl om çmeuk fgk `m`gr, huyl aostomml ovlhg tgctl mg prosoch`g hlkl oso voml ao gusoch`g quo rlzg mg klrtgm`aga, sobôc Cgchy, prosocto oc tlag `kgboc.

G ucquo mg v`sugm`aga cls alqu`or, hlcfuca` hlcfuca`ocal ocal g kocual h`ortls mëk`tos `caoh`sls ao mlsocvuomvo bàcorls, plr plarëg ostgemohorso s`c okegrbl ucg a`st`ch`øc cotg octro mgs `kçbocos ao grto-ao tlags mgs grtos v`sugmos- y mg fltlbrgfëg hlkl prçht`hg-fgk`m`gr, por`laëst`hg, alhukoctgm, grtëst`hg-y om gsoa`l hlcstgcto ao mg puem`h`aga y tlag suorto ao duobls omohtrøc`hls alcao mg pr`korgs cls prlplcoc ucg mohturg s`c t`okpl-l kodlr9 hlc cuostrl prlp`l

t`okpl- mgs sobucags cls slkotoc g mg t`rgcëg ao su t`okpl. Qgke`àc a`f`oro a`f`oro plr h`ortl om høkl y om pgrg quà ao ucgs y ltrgs4 k`octrgs quo mgs pr`korgs tocaorëgc g ost`kumgr mg s ocs`e`m`zgh`øc, mg rofmox`øc, mgssobucags, `ca`st`cbu`emos oc om fmudl hlct`cul ao mg v`s`e`m`aga, pgrohoc kçs e`oc tocaorg mg fgsh`cgh`øc, g tlkgrcls sudotls `rrofmox`vls, hgut`vls ao cuovgs `almgtrëgs. Vlmv`ocal gm klal oc quo h`rhumg mg m g `kgboc koa`çt`hg hlctokplrçcog,

yg nokls gct`h`p  R`c s rgsbls)g protocs`øc ao «klstrgrm l tlal , mg s` kumtgco`aga kumtg co`aga, mg lx` `aga g `ckoa`gtoz mg `mu `mus`øc s`øc aom a`rohtl geslmutl. geslm utl.

Oc mgs hgaocgs ao clt`h`gs plr odokpml, tgctl mlhgmos hlkl bmlegmos, so ngho

-aocto oso ofohtl tgke`àc pgrgaød`hl, plr om hugm om quoror gegrhgr tlal puoao roaucagr oc cl vor cgag oc tgctl hgag ghlctoh`k`octl gpgroho roau-

=6

h`al g su këc`kg oxpros`øc. Zorl gaokçs, osg protocs`øc ao u c`vorsgm c`vorsgm`aga, `aga, oso vor tlal -oc ucg somohh`øc quo plr supuostl gt`ocao g ml kçs `kpghtgcto- cls s`tôg gcto uc oshoc o. .'h`ø`  - . alcao om ospoh-

t G huml Hlt`a`g Hlt`a`gcl, cl, s`c slmuh`øc ao hlct`cu`ag hlct`cu`aga, a, pgroho hlcaocsgr tlals mls hlcfm`htls y k`sor`gs Osg `cs`stoch`g o mg upgr`h`øcl uo aosgfëg mg `kpls`e`m`aga ao mg p ros oc

ag tgc tolr`zgag plr Aorr`ag-i\ ho oc voraga g mg v`s`e`m`aga ao uc kucal (Eorocto4 k`rgkls slkls k`rgals hlc àc fgs`s quo rosumtg plr ml kocls

m`tto.Oc osg møb`hg ospohumgr pgrohorëg quo cgag oshgpg g gmbôc c`vom,

toklr l ao gelk`cgh`øc, ao `rg l ao tr`stozg, su vgmlr bu bugrag grag ostrohng ostrohng romg-

ao rob`strl4 tgctl mgs hçkgrgs porslcgmos, quo tur`stgs l s`kpmos pgsogctos osbr`koc oc tlals mls puctls aom pmgcotg -alcao kçs ao ucg

a  aosol4 om aosol ao vor, h`øc mls gfohtls, hlcaomgmgpgs`øc, plrA`ls h`ortl4o h`ortl4o-gr aosaohlc mg `kpls`e`m`aga `kgbocy ao hMuo `cqu`otgeg g mls gct`buls

voz quoagrok ls rotrgtgals s`c sgeorml-, hlkl mgs hgmm hgmmodorgs, odorgs, quo ghohngc om plsø ao mgs kumt`tuaos, ductl hlc mgs yg hmçs`hgs, quo cls k`rgc aosao egchls,

5:

 

`kgboc os søml uc so÷uoml so÷uoml ao Xoauhh`øc Xoauhh`øc y/l ao v`lmoch`g4 k`octrgs quo mgs

gt` omokoctgm,

57

75

W s t . h s.s. h– 7 H s o i c r y  

 

M hlclr G r fuhn

oa`f`h`ls, hgdorls, snlpp`cbs, gorlpuortls... _c kucal alcao proh`sgkocto osgs cuovgs tohclmlbëgs ao hlkuc`hgh`øc ngc lporgal ucg a`smlhg  

h`øc aom t`okpl y aom os\pgh`,l, a`fuk`cgcal frlctorgs y a`st gch`gs oc ucg pgtocto s`kumtgco`aga trgcscgh`lcgm 4 s`okpro ostgkls gnë, alcao mg `kgboc cls gtrgpg, om Hngm cls hlcvlhg eom `kpor`lsl slc`al aom tomàflcl homumgr cls `ctorpomg.

X` tlkgrcls als plmls gct`tàt`hls ao oso vor tlal , om ao ml pr`vgal y ml ëct`kl quo suplco ucg hgag voz kgylr pork`s`v`aga ao `kgboc y pgmgerg,

g kocual oc aosm`z ngh`g mg prlhgh`aga‑ ucg `ct`k`aga pôem`hg huyg m`eorgh`øc, tgke`àc pgrgaød`hgkocto, tork`cg roflrzgcal om gutlhlc gutlhlctrlmtrlm-6 y om

ao mls ghlctoh`k`octls trgukçt`hls ‑buorrgs, gtoctgals, hrëkocos hgtçstrlfos, huyg ghukumgh`øc oc h`ortls prlbrgkgs tomov`s`vls tomov`s`vls yg hlcflrkg uc bàfg t7a ovmgggr gr c l rsgsh`okegrbl g flrkg g aom ok ospohtçhuml, 9ocoo  ag oso g m b l kçr s @ o scnôshg\oc.   om mëk`to ao mg `kgboc, oc su vomgaurg, sog oc om huorpl orøt`hl l ostgmmgal, mg `aoct`f`hgh`øc, bmg`rQ&lsg l cl, hlc om aost`cl l mg v`ag aom ltrl‑su fom`h`aga l su aosvocturg‑ y tgke`àc, plr h`ortl, oso kohgc`skl s`c pgusg ao mg klaom`zgh`øc slh`gm, quo trgzg om ukergm, s`okpro vgr`gemo, ao ml pork`t`al y ml

prln`e`al, mls soct`k`octls rohlkocagemos y mls ltrls, osg bost`øc ao mgs pgs`lcos quo os hlcst`tut`vg aom lraoc slh`gm. Mg `kgboc, hlkl oc om grto sghrl ao Lhh`aocto, s`buo hukpm`ocal cl søml uc pgpom gmohh`lcgalr y\poagbø-

b`hl, kgrhgal fuortokocto plr mg `aolmlbëg, s`cl tgke`àc a`sh`pm`cgalr4 ngy ucg robumgh`øc ao mgs hlstukeros quo so protocao hgag voz kçs uc`vorsgm y tgke`àc uc cuovl rob `strl aom k`oal, kçs gmmç ao mgs frlctorgs, quo cls hlmlhg g tlals plr gct`h`pgal oc om mubgr pls`emo ao mg vëht`kg‑ y ngstg aom v`ht`kgr`l. _c k`oal pgrgm`zgcto ‑mg oxpros`øc wgr lc torrlPos s`bc`f`hgt`vg‑ plr om hugm so lptgrëg plr mg hlcsorvgh`øc ao ml ox`stocto, guc hugcal su sustoctl sog mg hlorh`øc y mg koct`rg. V`lmoch`gs slero ml ëct`kl y slero ml slh`gm, quo cl cohosgr`gkocto so

pmgskgc oc `kçbocos v`lmoctgs4 om plaor ao mg `kgboc so grt`humg gquë hlc om plaor, g sohgs, y àsto so odorho tgke`àc g trgvàs ao mls prlhoa`k`octls tàhc`-

6

Om slh`ømlbl Clreort Omëgs (N> 27 700 7) gcgm`zgeg mls kohgc`skls plr mls hugmos mg puostg oc

mg oshocg pôem`hg ao 75-? pgs`lcos (hlkl om aoplrto) l mls gfohtls prlp`ls aom çke`tl pr`vgal (soc-

t`k`octls, soxugm`aga) kçs quo lporgr ucg kgm m`eorgm`zgh`øc ao mgs hlstukeros tork`cg roflrzgcal mg hlcauhtg, om gutlhlctrlm. ,

5

Vo r om kucal hlc ltrls ldls. Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

hls, rotør`hls4 mg ropot`h`øc lesos`vg ‑ml vokls oc hugmqu`or clt`h`orl‑ om r`tkl gmuh`cgtlr`l, om slc`al gvgsgmmgcto, om ochugaro ofoht`stg, mg gbros`v`aga voregm. X`c okegrbl, y poso g su ov`aocto hgrçhtor ospohtghumgr, mg puostg oc oshocg ao ml trgukçt`hl, kçs gmmç aom ghlstukergk`octl, cl aodg ao sush`tgr mg hlkpgs`øc, tgke`àc tgke`àc ommg bmlegm . Os quo, gcto mgs `kçbocos `kçbocos aoslmgalrgs ‑y s`c auag v`lmoctgs‑ao tgctgs buorrgs nukgc`tgr`gs ‑om h`c`skl cl t`oco @k`tos‑, gcto mg tlrturg, mg aosplsos`øc, mgs poclsgs k`brgh`lcos hlctokplrçcogs, rosumtg a`fëh`m sustrgorso g oso soct`k`octl, quo pgroho gf`rkgrso

hlrcl ucg cuovg àt`hg.

Zorl ¼os osl suf`h`octo< ¼Gmhgczg pgrg mlbrgr ucg trgcsflrkgh`øc aom osmgal ao mgs hlsgs< Zlrquo mg hlkpgs`øc c` cls oxhumpg c` cls ox`ko ao ltrls prltgblc`skls, toør`hls, rofmox`vls, hrët`hls y plmët`hls quo, hlkl ocuch`galros y rohoptlros gvozgals, tgke`àc plarëgkls‑y aoeorëgkls‑odorh`tgr. Qgctl kçs hugctl quo mg kgc`pumgh`øc koa`çt`hg ‑oc su soct`al sok`øn g ho ho r ‑ v o r ‑

hlke`cg oso rob`strl àp`hl ao mg `cflrkgh`øc, om sufr`t` hl, ao k`octl ao plemgh`lcos octorgs, hlc mg v`lmoch`g hlt`a`gcg ao mg hrøc`hg rldg, hlc mls aosgfuorls ao mg plmët`hg y mg oforvoshoch`g ao mg prltostg mlhgm, oc uc hlcbmlkorgal huyg `ctocs`aga os a`fëh`m prlhosgr ‑sukgal g omml mls ltrls ofohtls ao pgctgmmg , mg puem`h`aga, om h`co ao ghh`øc hgtgstrøf`hg, mls duobls omohtrøc`hls, mg @ctorcot2 .. Os gcto mg clrkgm`aga ao osto oxhosl quo puoao slerovoc`r slerovoc`r mmgg toctgh`øc

t o rgpàut`hg ao sustrgorso ml kçs pls`emo g mg v`s`e`m`ambm ‑omob`r cl vor‑ l `c`o kgr, hlkl oauhgalros, pgaros, hlkuc`hgalros, fuch`lcgr`ls, supr`k`r,

hgag ucl oc su osforg ao `cfmuoch`g, h`ortls robëstrls\pltoch`gmkoc to cobgt`vls ao osg klstrgh`øc. Oc ofohtl, mls tàrk`cls aom aoegto hlctokplrçcol ‑toør`hls porl tgke`àc durëa`hls, ostàt`hls, àt`hls y plmët`hls‑ t`ocaoc tgctl g roaof`c`r om ostgtutl ao mg `kgbocy mg k`rgag oc cuostrl hlcfm`ht`vl hlcfm`ht`vl prosocto hlkl g `ctoctgr plcor rohguals g su usl `ca`shr` `ca`shr`k`cgal. k`cgal. ZorlM0r\q\   r`tor`ls so ngrëg osg somohh`øc< ¼Wuà mëk`tos `ctorvocarëgc oc mg aoh`s`øc< Zlr h`ortl ngy mëk`tos quo mg slh`oaga puoao rohlclhor hlkl

@ mgy gaokçs ltrl rob`strl, alcao pgrohoc `aoct`f`hgrso prlauhtlros y porhoptlros4 mls cuovls _sls ao v`aols l fltlbrgfëgs tlkgags plmmg bocto hlkôc , q uo slc ok`t`als oc prlbrgkgs ao `cflrkgh`øc‑ hlkl oc mgs hgaocgs ao clt`h`gs‑ y quo protocaoc oxprosgr ltrls puctls ao v`stg , r @ k`ao om vgmlr a`foroch`gm rospohtl ao mgs `kçbocos prlfos`lcgmos ostgrëg puostl oc su gpgrocto hgp`gh` øc osplctçcog, slrpros`vg l a`rohtg‑cl so vg g eushgr om ghlctoh`k`octl s`cl quo àsto `rrukpo om om prosocto aom sudotl y os rob`strgal plr uc homumgr l hçkgrg a`b`tgm, s`okpro m`stls g a`spgrgr.

58

 

vor og kucgc hlc ltrls ldls. Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

a`lclr rfuhn

a`so`th54‑ a`so`t h54‑ l ergca`cb‑ ng s`al pr`lr`tgr`g. Oc om ltrl

ao rosplcsge`m`aga h lkôc4 gquommls quo `cfr`cboc mls hr`tor`ls eçs`hls ao mg socs`e`m`aga, socs`e`m` aga, om pualr, mg hlcv`voch`g l oxg mtgc om la`l, mg a`shr`k`cgh`øc, mg xoclfle`g, om sox`skl, porl, hlkl sgeokls, mg a`st`ch`øc cl s`okpro os tgc

ox( rokl, hlkl v`kls, tgke`àc pgsgc plr om ldl aom a`so÷l mgs `kçbocos ao

cët`ag c` t`oco ucg lem`bgag romgh`øc tokçt`hg. O Oc c rocuch`g g hgrbgr tlal om

hlch`och`g‑gcto hlch` och`g‑gcto ommgs, sog g c` c`vom vom cgh`lcgm, `ctorcgh`lcgm, bueorcgkoctgm,

posl oc mg `kgboc k`skg, Kgr`o‑Dlsà Klcazg`c prlplco a`st`cbu`r octro

cl bueorcgkoctgm... Zgrohorëg quo mg hgpgh`aga ao vor ostç tgc m`bgag gm `kpor`l ao mg flrkg ‑y ao mg puostg oc flrkg‑ quo tlag ml quo oshgpo g ommg hlrro hm r`osbl ao `cv`s`e` `cv`s`e`m`aga. m`aga.

0 v`s`e`m`aga o `kgboc, mg pr`korg hlkl ropot`h`øc, pgs`v`aga y hlcflrk`skl ar`sdl ‑hugmqu`org sog su tokgt`zgh`øc‑, mg sobucag hlkl ght`tua alemo-

hg. Ostl

kocto ght`vg‑tgke`àc aom porhoptlr‑ngh`g

mgs k`sor`gs aom kucal, aosao mls clt`h`orls, mg fltlbrgfëg l om h`co alhu-

kh t` tgm g mgs hgkpg÷gs quo slm`h`tgc cuostrg slm`agr`aga‑l cuostrg euocg

Kômt`pmosvgr`gemos plarëgc- lcfmu`r oc mg oxpm`hgh`øc ao osto focøkocl,

ngemg ao ucg alemo rosplcsge`m`aga4 mg aom prlauhtlr ao mgs `kçbocos l ao,

q uo pgroho ngeor hukpm`al hukp m`al hlc hrohos gquom aosol ao uc`vorsgm`aga uc` vorsgm`aga quo

qu`oc mgs plco oc h`rhumgh`øc‑koa`ls, `cst`tuh`lcos, `ca`v`auls‑y ltrg rosplcsge`m`aga `comua`emo, `comua`emo, g mg quo no mmgkgal rosplcsge`m` rosplcsge`m`aga aga ao mg k`rgag , quo vuomvo mg huo st`øc ngh`g clsltrls, ngh`g mg ltoch`g hrët`hg aom k`rgr y om

gc`kgrg oc mls g÷ls '8: g mg mobocagr`g Oshuomg ao mg Egungus ‑ucl ao mls n`tls fucagh`lcgmos fucagh`lcgmos aom a`so÷l k laorcl‑gucquo kuy modls plr h`ortl ao sus plstumgals4 mlbrgr mlbrgr mg grt` grt`humgh`øc humgh`øc fom`z octro mg euocg flrkg , mg fuch`lcgcfuch`lcgca`gm , mg hgm`aga y mg pls`e` pls`e`m`aga m`aga ao sor usgal y a`sfrutgal plr mgs kgylrëgs, y alcao o stàt`hg, àt`hg y plmët`hg orgc tàrk`cls `ca`slh`gemos. Zlr om hlctrgr`l, om

r o s p lcao r oc hlcsohuoch`g.

om„ otg- hiaëzm.

Mg,

rm-tgào]@ à 5. Mg kgrhg aom a`so÷l (l mg hgpturg somg k`rgag) -e¼ ? X` hgag àplhg `csp`rg sus prlp`gs kotçflrgs, so aodg aof`c`r plr h`ortls -s`bc`f` s`bc `f`hgctos hgctos hmgvo, tlag gmus`ø mus`øc c g mg org ao mg `

oeorëg ghlkpg-

m g

`grso, s`c toklr ao oxgborgh`øc, oxgborgh`øc, hlc hl c om gtr gtr`eu `eu a`so÷g . c ofohtl, om a`so÷l, `cvlmuhrgal fuortokocto oc mg humturg v`sugm, os pgrto osoch`gm ao oso

aospm`obuo aom korhgal y aom hlcsukl quo so oxprosg oc tocaoch`gs y ost`mls bmlegmos tgctl g c`vom ao mgs pgctgmmgs hlkl ao ml mlss ledotls ‑hlcstru`ls s`keøm`hgkocto oc osgs pgctgmmgs‑, tgctl g c`vom ao mg kghrl v`sugm`aga uregcg‑alcao `chmusl pgrohoc ngeorso elrrgal mls rgsbls vorcçhumls ao

Lr`octo y Lhh`aocto‑ , hlkl ao mgs kgrhgs ao okprosgs, `cst`tu `cst`tuh`lcos, h`lcos, hlrplrgh`lcos, ble`orcls ‑hgag bost`øc ghu÷g su prlp`g `kgboc `cst`tuh`lcgm‑ y ngstg pgësos‑om tur`skl y om hlk orh`l pgrohoc ngeor `cst`tu`al mg cohos`aga ao mg kgrhg pgës ‑ gkàc ao sus ``ctorvoch`lcos ctorvoch`lcos nge`tugmos oc hugmqu` hugmqu`or or kgtor`g s`bc`f s`bc`f`hgcto, `hgcto, ao mg tgrdotg porslcgm g mg `kgb`corëg gutle`lbrçf` gutle`lbrçf`hg hg

aom emlb lmg kgtor`gm`aga kgtor`gm`aga aom huorpl, kçs gmmç ‑l kçs ghç‑ ao mg klag, aom kçs s`kpmo s `kpmo ledotl ledotl ao a`so÷l ngstg om nltom elut`quo , mg bgstrlclkëg blurkot , mls egrr`ls l h`uagaos hlcvort`als oc plmls ao a`so÷l. Gsë,

hlkl oc ucg puostg oc ge`skl ‑l uc duobl ao h gdgs hn`cgs‑ mg `kgboc a`so-

÷gag aom gutlkøv`m a`so÷gal gpgroho oc mg pgctgmmg tgke`àc a`so÷gag, oc om

ghtugm aospm`obuo uc`vor uc`v orsgm aom a`so÷l ‑quo cl suplc suplco o cohosgr`gkocto

flrkgs uc`vors uc`vorsgmos gmos ‑ vg ao mg kgcl ao ucg tocs`øc pgrgaød` pgrgaød`hg hg octro nlklbocomzgh`øc y a`foroch`gh`øc, alcao h`ortg uc`flrk`aga ao mls hlcsukls ‑o c çke`tls bolplmët`hls bolplmët`hls y humturgmos kuy a`vorsls‑ cl gtocôg mg hroh`octo aos`bugmaga, oso ge`skl octro mg r`quozg oxtrokg y mg plerozg oxtrokg quo os

ucl ao mls polros kgmos ao mg bmlegm`zgh`øc.

Oc oso oshocgr`l prlemokçt`hl om a`so÷l lporg trgzgcal fubghos s`ctlcëgs s`ctlcëgs -177777k grhg, ucg kôs`hg, uc o st`ml, st`ml, `bugmkocto ghoptgals gquë y gmmë‑y ghocargags a`vorboch`gs. V`v`kls s`c auag mg hlctucaoch`g ao uc hgp`tgm`skl

mrcmmscghmlc mrcmm scghmlcgm gm alcao kgtor`gm`aga kgtor`gm`aga y v`rtugm`aga so s o gr grt`humgc t`humgc tgke`àc tgke` àc ao

klals pgrgaød`hls4 s` om ledotl ostç gusocto kuhngs vohos oc mg hlkpmodg ro` K`hg puem`h`tgr`g quo ml plco oc oshocg kocls plr su sor quo plr su `cvost`a t`rg s`keøm`hg, osg hgrbg s`keøm`hg ml h lcst`tuyo proh`sgkocto oc om kçs ct k` gcto ledotl ao aosol‑om elmsl k ët`hl quo ngstg puoao gmqu`mgrso plr al aëgs plr om k`skl vgmlr ao hlkprg ao uc odokpmgr‑ltrl ao gmtg hgm`aga oc om korhgal‑ alcao yg c` s`qu`org mg plsos`øc s`cl mg korg k l s tr g h`ø c om hu`cl s` , aov`oco uc kohgc`skl `aoct`f`hgtlr`l. _c hgp`tgm`skl kotgfëmmhl , lf77: ml mmgkg Xhltt Mgsn (5::?), alcao mg lsh`mgh`øc octro kg rhngc-

`øc y aoskgtor`gm`zgh`øc gmhgczg tgctl gm a `corl ‑côkorls a`b`tgmos quo rm eudgc oc pgctgmmgs `korhlcohtgags huyg këc`kg fmuhtugh`øc os `cqu`oygm k`skl t`okpl oct`agaos hlrpørogs huyl trçcs`tl, kuhngs vohos `mo-

kgrhl ao ucg hgkpg÷g, ao uc prlbrgkg y ao ucg tokplrgm`aga alcao7.5\, 5?

51

 

Vor om kucalolc ltrls ldls Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

bgm, so ag g trgvàs ao mls vonëhumls kçs poaostros‑ hlkl g mls e`ocos y sorv`h`ls, suporgals gkpm`gko cto plr mg oxpgcs`øc `m`k`tgag ao mls koa`ls osg poh`o ao ostgal a`b`tgm aom pmgcotg quo so kgc`f`ostg gôc oc mls r`chlcos

kçs rokltls y aosgkpgrgals. _c hgp`tgm`skl huyls pr`ch`p`ls, sobô slc mg gutl-lrbgc`zgh`øc y mg a`foroch`g pr`ch`p`ls quo plarëgkls s`c aos-

ao mgs vgcgugra`gsgrt

`sur,hrmom s`bml ^^ porl quo lporgc yg hlkl ofohtls ao rohlrkmo`Qtl aom kucal quo cls rlaorao‑Qnr`e`t`cgtra@QXH os sb``s 2  2 gtoc` r m os

, so grt`humgc cohosgr`gkocto g v g lros s`fo`et`m`hlsy hlc f` b`m rgc plr h`ortl flrkgs ao v`ag, oc sus gspohtls ledot`vlsy suedot`vls.

X@ cls rok`t`rcls gm kuc al pr`vgal y su roh`ctl kët`hl, mg hgsg, om nlbgr,

koarl trgcsfor`r g mg prlp`g ght`v`aga aom a`so÷l4 mg puostg oc flrkg ‑quo os

plrh`ortl, plrh`ort l, puostg oc soct`al‑ s`okpro egdl mg `k prlctg ao mg a`foroch`g, ao Womkucal>[ 700:), 700:), quo oc cu ostrl

t`okpl vgc ao mgsa `otgs g mg b`kcgs`g, mg soxugm`aga, om ylbg, om s p g om gorl@cslml, mls aoplrtos, mgs sustgch`gs kçb`hgs , mg hlskàt`hg, hlskàt`hg, mgs torgp`gs, torgp`gs, mg gulcyuag, mg h`rubëg ‑plrquo ngy roeomaëgs `chlrrob`emos-- y plr h`ortl, mgs

Q_Orfmhfmtg quo, kçs gmmç ao sus euocls l kgmls rosumtgals ‑o `c-

ômt`kgs clvoagaos quo mg ostomg ao mg klag aodg oc mg lr`mmg ao hgag tokpl-

2O26, ao mg hlch`och`g quo so tocbg ao omml‑ hlch`orco, oc a`vorsg koa`ag, tgctl g mg ostàt`hg hlkl g mg àt`hg y mg plmët`hg.

hugcal om smlw alwc om gmodgrso ao mg tocs`øc tocs`øc ao mls hoctrls uregcls e ushgcal

`ar`gkls gf`rkgr octlchos, `cv`rt`ocal mg probuctg ao cuostrl hl-

k`oczl, quo om a`so÷l gyuag g v`v`r‑ l gm kocls ml protocao< Xoburgk octo së oc romgh`øc gm korhga& aom hugm os uc ostëkuml porkgcocto‑ y hgs` ucg hgusg

of`h`octo‑, yoc kumt`pm`h`aga ao usls slh`gmos romgh`lcgals hlc mg hmgr`aga ao mg hlkuc `hgh`øc, sus gspohtls `ca`h` `ca`h`gmos‑hlkl gmos‑hlkl mg so÷gmàt`hg so÷gmàt`hg‑l ‑l hlbc`t`vls ‑mgs hgkpg÷gs ao provoch`øc provoch`øc y oauhgh`øc, octr octroo k uhnls ltrls odokpmls‑ porl tgke`àc oc ml qu o ngho gm hlcflrt `ca`v`augm y mg fuch`lcgm`aga ao mls le-

rgag. Zorl tgke`àc, hlkl rgsbl ao àplhg, so cls rohlk`ocag ao voz oc

proh`sgkocto gquommls s`t`ls aom kucal quo porv`voc, `chroëemokocto, gdofmôc

mls kgcagtls ao mg `kgboc y om a`so÷l‑gucquo, gm mmobgr, cls slrproc-

hmgkgs v`ocal quo gôc gmmë cls osporgc kgbcëf`hgs hrogh`lcos gutøhtlcgs,

Grmosccgmos, Grmosccgm os, quo rosplcaoc g pgutgs y klaomls `coquëvlhgkocto a`so÷gals.

Flrkg ao mls huorpls quo os tgke`àc a`so÷l ao mgs gmkgs, s` so cls pork`to @c kotçflrg, plrhugctl mg hlcstruhh`øc ao `aoct`agaos o

`aoct`f`hg47:KX ‑hlc osls klaomls prlpuostls aom «euoc v`v`r ‑ cl a`st`cbuo octro

dotls quo ml hlcst`tuyoc. X`c çc`kl ao rospuostgs tltgm`zgalrgs tgctl om os-

noalr y oxtor`lr oxtor`lr s`cl quo `cvlmuhrg mg ttltgm` ltgm`aga aga aom sor‑l gm kocls, osg

pgh`l ao ml pôem`hl hlkl om ao ml\pr`vgal ‑ hgag voz kocls a`shorc`emos‑

tLtgmmh`ca `kgb`cgr`g quo hrookls sor-, plc`ocal oc duobl cl slmgkocto

ostçc gtrgvosgals plr uc kpal ao vor. quo mmovg mg `kprlctg aom a`so÷l4 755y uc ov`aocto octrocgk`octl‑y ghlstukergk `octl‑, ucg cgturgm`zgh`øc ao flrkgs o `kçbocos quo fuorlc gmbucg voz kotgfør`hgs, a`sruptwgs‑hlkl mgs

omohh`lcos ostàt`hgs, ostàt`hgs, flrkgmos, s`cl tgke`àc ‑ y slero tlal‑ mg @rccu` aom Gfohtl, quo os mg mg quo slst`oco osgs `aoct`f`hgh` `aoct`f`hgh`lcos. lcos. Gsë, oso hm`socl ar osptn . hël `or`lr‑ao mg hgsg r`o mgs porslcgs‑ os hlcs` `tut`vl ao @c s`Kdo`mvëaga, huyls rgsbls e`lbrç t`oøs, s`cbumgros, mmovgc s`okpro mg `kprlctg ao mlslh`gm.

56

52

 

Vor om kucal hlc ltrls ldls Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

@ rlc l G rfuhn

Wu`zç plr osl, plr mg gbua`zgag hl ch`och`g aom plaor ao mls gfohtls y mgs pgs`lcos oc mg v `ag hlt`a`gcg, mgs trgkgs slh`gmos, mg plmët`hg, osto hgp`tgm`skl kotgfës`hl ngyg nohnl ao oso alc `ctgcb`emo aom gfohtl uc prlauhtl kçs aom korhgal ‑ gkàc ao ucg fu orzg prlpumslrg aom k`skl‑ g trgvàs aom a`so÷l, mg puem`h`aga, om ergca`cb, mmgg humturg okprosgr`gm y mls koa`ls ao hlku c`hgh`øc oc bocorgm, alcao slkls `ctorpomgals `ctorpomgals dustgkocto ‑y hroh`octokocto‑ hroh`octokocto‑ oc cuostrl sor oklh`lcgm kçs quo rgh`lcgm, tgctl `ca`v`augm hlkl hlmoht`vl. > _cg `ctorpomgh`øc quo plc o om ghoctl oc mg v`voch`g, mls soct`k`octls, mg oxpor`och`g, om vgmlr ao ml gutàct`hl, ml voragaorgk octo v`v`al, sushopt`emo ao sor gtost`bugal plr mg n`stlr`g, plr mg prosoch `g y plr mg prlp`g vlz, yg sog oc om p`sl tomov`s`vl, tomov`s`vl, oc om gv`sl gv`sl puem`h`tgr`l, oc mg oshocg aom hr`koc , oc mg os-

hr`turg gutle`lbrçf`hg l gutlf`hh`lcgm. Ostg tocaoch`g proplcaorgcto oc mg oshocg hlctokplrçcog, quo os proh`sgkocto mg klstrgh`øc, g kocual oxghore gag, ao mg suedot`v`aga‑y ao mg pr`-

fo caoch`gs ov`aoctokocto bmlegmos, aotohtgemos oc mls kçs a`stgctos oscg cls, quo puoaoc moorso trgcsvorsgmkoct trgcsvorsgmkoctoo ‑ y s`ctlkçt`hg s`ctlkçt`hgkocto‑ kocto‑ tgctl oc mls hlcsukls humturgmos hlkl oc om ao ltrls prlauhtls‑huyl hlcsukl

oc vo raga tgke`àc tgke`àc os humturgm ‑ y quo agc h`ortg ttlcgm`aga lcgm`aga g mg àplhg, uc g @c. ao mls t`okpls cuchg tltgmkocto cuovl ‑ hlkl oc mg klag, ngy s` s`okokpro ro v` vgms‑ porhopt`emo tgctl oc om nlr`zlcto aom ghlctoh`k`octl hlkl oc aotor`cuh`gao mg v`ag hlt`a`gcg y quo so kgc`f`ostg cët`agkocto oc mgs aotor-

@Z

m``` cgh`lcos aom soct`al hlkôc. X` ostg tlcgm`aga suedot`vg `kprobcg tlal t`pl ao a`shursls y prçht`hgs,

a`fuk`cgcal mls mëk`tos octro pôem`hl y pr`vgal‑ huyg a`foroch`gso sgmagrëg oc ucg suoco ao ospgh`l hlkôc ‑ tgke`àc mls ghlctoh`k `octls trgukçt`hls aodgc su kg rhg oc om aovoc`r ao mgs v`ags s`cbumgros4 mg prohgr`zgh`øc aom trgegdl, mgs k`brgh`lcos flrzlsgs, mls otorcls flhls ao hlcf m`htl, om gukoctl ao mg v`lmoch`g, om aotor`lrl gk e`octgm, nghoc s`c auag g ucg socsgh`øc ao

vgh`aga‑ oc mls a`st`ctls çke`tls ao ml pôem`hl, sog oc mg i`c hlkl oc mgs

kgylr frgb`m`aga ao mg v`ag (Eutmor, 5::6), `chrokoctgag plr mg lesos`øc ko-

pgctgmmgs, ko mmovø gm ostua`l y mg aof`c`h`øc ao ucos gh`l Grfuhn, 5::5) quo vg k uhnl k çs gmmç ao mls bàcorls a`shurs`vls a`shurs`vls trga`h`lcgmos‑e trga`h`lcgmos‑e `lbrgfëgs, gutle`lbrgfëgs, a`gr`ls ëct`kls, hlrrosplcaoch`gs‑pgrg `cvlmuhrgr cuovls bàcorls y flrkgs m`torgr`gs, koa`çt`hgs, plmët`hgs, ao mgs grtos v`sugmos, om h`co, om togtrl y ngstg mgs h`och`gs slh`gmos‑hgag voz kçs `ctorosgags oc mg pgmgerg oc a`rohtl,`om tost`klc`l y mls romgtls romgtls ao v`ag aom ghtlr slh`gm ‑, s`c hlctgr om sôe`tl b`rl gutle`lbrçf`hl ao mgs `ctorvoch`lc os oc mg mg woe, alcao mg slh`gm`zgh`øc ao mg oxpor`och`g y mg `ctrus`øc ao ldls gdocls oc mg `ct`k`aga

a @ çt`hg ao nghorcls ospohtgalros oc pr`korg f`mg ao tlags mgs aosbrgh`gs‑y octlchos, qu`zç, hlctoctgrcls hlc mg rut`cg aom s`kpmo pgsgr. Ao cuovl oc uc vg`vàc pgrgaød`hl, ucg àplhg plrtoctlsg ao aoshuer`k`octls, gvgchos hëoc-

so ng nohnl yg ucg prçht`hg hlrr`octo, poso g mg aualsg vorgh`aga ao mls a`-

hnls y mls nohnl s quo oc ommg h`rhumgc.

n`hls y tohclmøb`hls, ao bocorgh`øc ao `ckocsgs r`quozgs, ao gporturg ao

nlr`zlctos fës`hls fës`hls y koctgmos ‑mg e`ltohclmlbëg, mg kçqu`cg ao A`ls ‑ t`oco ucg hlctrghgrg lshurg, ao hroh`octo `coqu`aga, alcao om rospotl g mg v`ag y mls tgc koctgals aorohnls nukgcls pgrohoc quoagr oc ucg korg ocuch`g-

h`øc. X`c rooa`tgr om aosochgctl klaorcl aom s`bml ^^ gcto mg a`stgch`g ` csgmvg emo octro om prlbrosl ao mg tàhc`hg y ucg kgylr dust`h`g ao mg v`ag nukgcg ‑oc tgctl yg cl gm`octgc mgs v`odgs v`odgs utlpëgs‑ hgeo nly plr ml kocls om huost`lcgk`octl hrët`hl, h`ortg pruaoch`g gcto mg oxgmtgh`øc homoergtlr`g aom kor-

hgal y ao mg mg hlkuc`hgh`øc fom` fom`zz oc uc kucal s`c frlct frlctorgs orgs ‑plr kçs quo sl plagkls sustrgorcls g mg kgrgv`mmg tàhc`hg ao osg hlkuc`hgh`øc y v `vg s Oc ucl ao mls tgctls flrls ao @ctorcot slero om ergca`cb hlkl ostrgtob`g hlkpmodg ao hlcstruhh`øc ao ucg `aoct`aga `cst`tuh`lcgm ‑y fuortokocto a`foroch`gm‑oc tlals sus gspohtls, so gmuao g Qlk Zotors, burô ao burôos (s`h), pgrg oxpm`hgr quo oso pgrt`humgr pgrt`humgr ghh`lcgrt`oco quo vor hlc mg pgs`øc, hlc mg n`stlr`g quo quorgkls hlctgr, hlc mg hgusg quo klt`vg cuostrg okprosg. Mgs n`stlr`gs y oxpor`och`gs sorçc kçs `kplrtgctos oc om futurl quo mls prlauhtls, sobôcZotors, plrquo mg hgpgh`aga ao trgcsk`t`r oklh`øc os ml kçs `kplrtgcto oc uc kucal hlctrlmgal plr mg tohclmlbëg (7/me 7?/:0/:>).

Zlr ltrg pgrto, s` om grqu`tohtl, )lr odokpml, s`okpro ostuvl kuy horhg aom ps`hømlbl, plr mg hlkpmod`aga quo suplco om a`so÷l a`so÷l aom ospgh`l g nge`tgr, ngy gnlrg tgke`àc ucg grqu`tohturg oklh`lcgm , alcao om vohtlr ao mg fuch`lcgm`aga ao oso ospgh`l pgsg g uc sobucal pmgcl pgrg gtocaor cl søml g bustls y proforoch`gs s`cl g mg hlcf`burgh`øc suedot`vg prlfuca prlfucag g ao mls futurls nge`tgctos.

5>

kls pr`s`lcorls ao sus r`tls y prçht`hgs-  uc kucal alcao ofoht`vgkocto mg v`rtugm`aga elrrg mëk`tos porl tgke`àc hrohoc kurgmmgs fës`hgs, søm`ags,

Gcgm`zgcal hrë t`hgkocto om pgpom proplcaorgcto ao @ctorcot yoc pgrt`humgr a om eushgalr Bllbmo oc mls nçe`tls ao cuostrg v`ag prlfos`lcgm y hlt`a`gcg, mg f`møslfg Eçregrg Hgss`c (5::>) pmgctogeg

@c cohos`aga cohos`aga ao cl hlcfuca`r `cflrkgh`øc hlc humturg , ocfgt`zgcal om prlhos prlhosll ao `cagbgh`øc `cagbgh`øc y omgelrgh`øc porslcgm porslcgm quo suplco ostg ômt`kg, cl rookpmgzgemo plr mg korg ghoptgh`øc ghoptgh`øc ao mls rosumtgals quo grrldo ucg eôsquoag eôsquoag oc mg woe.

50

 

 

søra`ags, hlkl oc ltrgs orgs, sopgrgcal pgësos y rob`lcos, gflrtucgals y

pg k` puctl kçx`kl, om ltrl os dustgkocto su hgpgh`aga ao lporgroc om c`vom

aosgflrtucgals aom pmgcotg. Osg a`stgch`g ao mg hrët`hg -quo cl so `aoct`f`hg

@mmunømmol, oc mg `cvost`aurg gfoht`vg quo ngho aom ledotl mbl kçs quo mg sukg

 

hlc om pos`k`skl-pork`to `r kçs gmmç h ` m ` `

prlp 'oagaos rogmos y rofuorzg oc mg `kgboc mg gtrghh`øc kotgfør`hg,

gh`øc cgturgm cgturgm aom ostgal a ao o

mgs hlsgs pgrg nghor ao mg prçht` prçht`hg hg ‑ to ør`hg oauhgt`vg, hlkuc`hgt`vg, grtës-

t`hg, a`shntst`hg- uc ospgh`l ao `ctok-`bcb`øcro`cqu`otua ao trgcsflrkgh`øc y tgke`àc ao ros`stoch`g. 7 º

@U a

@s7 @chmçc -oc su alemo ghoph`øc ao a`foroch`gh`øc y ao prost`b`l. Agal

quo ` n @kçbocos hlc mgs quo `ctorghtugkls hlt`a`gcgkocto fuch`lcgc hlc

L u oct`co ` gh` l r oc gusoch`g, ucg ao mgs robmgs ao lrl aom a`so÷l os proh`sg-

gusoch`g, plcor oc oshocg ucg vlz , gucquo oc voraga ml `mmofm`r ropgrgr osg gusoch`g,

mët`roc` c` oc oshocg os mg trgkg ao romgh`lcos-slh`gmos-octro ocuch`gal ros

8. Om a`so÷l yo aosgfël ao mg hrët`hg

y (@C t ¡`als. Gsë, mgs `cv`tgh`lcos, suboroch` suboroch`gs, gs, m`k`tos y gavortoch`gs quo `oc` b` oc om a`çmlbl a`rohtl hlc ostgs `kçbocos/toxtls a`so÷gals fuch`lcgc

¼Huçmos slc mls `ctorrlbgctos quo so pmgctogc nlyoc om hgkpl aom a`so÷l<

plc m`mo cls ngemgc aosao ucg flrkg aoe`ag -yg sog plr gdustgrso gdustgrso g uc pmgc

¼Wuà aoegtos sush`tg su prçht`hg oc osto hlctoxtl prlemokçt`hl< Oc mëcogs

(7 k`hg) mol ao kgcugm ao a`so÷l , yg sog plr br`tgr g mls hugtrl v`octls quo ngc

bocorgmos, tgctl om hgkpl a`sh`pm`cgr hlkl prlfos`lcgm pgroho aoegt`rso

t`mal (mmgr cgags.

octro om rohlclh`k`octl ao su plaor hlkuc`hgt`vl y mg ros`stoch`g g mg tolrëg,

Zorl cl so trgtg slmgkocto ao mg `kpls`h`øc ao ucg flrkg-prlauhtl ao

octro su alh`m`aga gm korhgal y om hlkprlk`sl àt`hl, octro ucg aof`c`h`øc

Hlk p mo ¡gs romgh`lcos klrflmøb`hgs hlkpls`t`vgs, sok`øt`hgs, gslh`gt`vgs,

osoch`gm`stg ao mg `aoct`aga -hlrplrgt`vg- y mg `co `coquëvlhg quëvlhg kumt`pm`h`aga

, mLcao go gmtorcgc trga`h`øc o `cclvgh`øc- ml quo mmovg mg k`rgag g aotocorso

`aoct`tgr`g aom kucal ghtugm. Gsë, sobôc mgs vlhos, so agrç `kplrtgch`g gm `c-

ln `r gmbl oc pgrt`humgr quo so aostghg, sgmo ao gclc`kgtl, plarëgkls aoh`r,

vlmuhrgk`octl oc mg rogm`aga h`rhucagcto, hugmqu`org sog mg `ctorvoch`øc ro-

oc uc nlr`zlcto sgturgal ao `kçbocos. Os tgke`àc mg hgpgh`aga aom slplrto

quor`ag y cl slmgkocto oc romgh`øc hlc huost`lcos ao gmhgcho slh`gm y

o v l hgr om hgrçhtor lf`h`gm ao mg ostruht ostruhturg urg quo ocu ocuch`g. ch`g. Vlmv`ocal g mg a`-

plmët`hl-aofocsg ao mg pgz, aom koa`l gke`octo, ao vgmlros ao aoklhrgh`g,

@f`oc``mlt 7 porflrkgt`vg, om n hor aom a`so÷l so slst`oco tgctl oc flrkgs (v`sug-

dust`h`g, oqu`aga, othàtorg-l e`oc so plcarç om ghoctl oc mls gspohtls tàhc`-

mo) 'hlmkgs hlkl oc su hgrçhtor ao mocbugdo gutlr`zgal4 ml quo a`ho

hls, flrkgmos, oc mg of`hgh`g ao rospuostg gm korhgal, gm `ctoràs puctugm aom

Ngc ygmk`skl t`okpl quo gplrtg v`s`emokocto gm klal klal ao usl ao mlsospg-

hlk`tocto . Gs`k`skl, gm ngemgr ao a`so÷l g kocual so ngemg kçs ao sus

h`ls oc mes quo `ctorv`oco lporg hlrcl rohlragtlr`l aom lraoc `cv`s`emo quo

ledotls -p`ozgs, hgkpg÷gs, ovoctls, tocaoch`gs-quo ao mg prçht`hg s`bc`-

ml a`ho

robumg.

f`hgcto -y plr ocao, slh`gm- quo ml sustoctg. Os dustgkocto oso gkpm`l hgkpl

_c @ hghoc-vor, hlkl voc`rcls gcgm`zgcal, quo puoao sor tgke`àc uc

ao `chukeoch`gs om quo cls `ctorosg gquë, su a`kocs`øc hlkl prçht`hg porl tgke`àc hlkl a`sh`pm`cg, ospoh`gm`zgh`øc, prlfos`øc. Xu mubgroc mg trgkg ao

egto 7-hlclhor -l rohlclhor-, y plr ocao a`foroch`g ry qu`zç vgmlrgr hlkl :777hl   ml lr`b`cgm, aohëg uc gcuch`l puem`h`tgr`l, cl os gmbl quo so hrog plr

mg humturg, oc s`ctlcëg hlc om hm`kg ao àplhg , tgm hlkl ml nok nokls ls oselzgal,

pr`ko' g voz s`cl gquomml quo cl puoao sor hlp`gal . Gpuostgs-y aosgfëls-

porl tgke`àc su aof`c`h`øc hlkl hgkpl aom sgeor, oc om kgrhl ao `cst`tuh`l-

`` `g

cos oauhgt`vgs, slero tlal uc`vors`tgr`gs. .

`lal o`` mg hlcstruhh`øc ao mg kgrhg.

`ctorvoch`øc aom a`so÷l slero a`vorsgs suporf`h`oss`bc` f`hgc tos, slero

X` su prlm`forgh`øc, su ue`hu`aga, os ucl ao mls hlkplcoctos aom plaor

X@ om a`so÷l os `ca`slh`gemo ao mg humturg ao mg `kgboc -quo kuhnls hlc-

aom a`so÷l , quo hlc om hgp`tgm`skl plst-`caustr`gm bmlegm`zgal bmlegm`zgal pgroho gmogc-

,g p l c o c g ucg rogm pàra`ag ao mg pgmgerg, om toxtl, mg grbukoctgh`øc-su

plao t'`a 7777)677 hº t`oco quo vor kuhngs vohos hlc hugm`agaos v` cugmos, hlc 'ºOctro mgs voctgdgs quo lfroho mg woe ostç plrh`ortl om h`eorght`v`skl', quo pork`to mg mg hlcflrkgh`øc rçp`ag ao brgcaos hlrr`octos ao lp`c`øc y/l klv`m`zgh`lcos hlmoht`vgs ao `kplrtgch`g oc prl ao h`ortgs hgusgs, g c`vom mlhgm ºbmlegm ºbmlegm,, `aoct`f`hgags hlc uc `aogm ao dust`h`g. 8:

Gfmu`r HL g Kgr`omg Gctu÷g, a`so÷galrg brçf`hg ao mgrbg trgyohtlr`g oc cuostrg hçtoarg, ostg su@rmo r lesorvgh`øc.

87

 

olclr Kut n

ucg prlkosg n`pltàt`hg n`pltàt`hg ao fom`h`aga-m fom`h`aga-mgg elcaga aom prlauhtl l aom kocsgdo, mls vgmlros vgmlr os quo, hlch`octo l `chlch`octokocto so trgcsk`toc- s`okpro oc hlkpotoch`g hlc ltrgs prlk prlkosgs, alcao mg hlcf`gczg hlcf`gcz g y mg hroa`e`m`aga-t hroa`e `m`aga-tgkgke`àc `ctgcb`emos- slc uc fghtlr aoh`s`vl.

Osg a`stgch`g aom prlauhtl oc së `c`skl , quo mg koa`gt`zgh`øc v`oco lpo-

Vor om kucal hlc ltrls ldls. Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc @cslhtoaca bmlegm

K`hg -quo os ml quo ostgrëg oc duobl oc om hgsl- hlch`orco slmgkocto gm quà aodgcal oc suspocsl om høkl . Pg so÷gmgkls, oc mg pr`korg pr`korg pgrto, quo mg mg v`lmoch`g -l mg cobgt`v`aga, l mg gbros`v`aga- ao mg `kgboc cl ostç tgctl oc ml quo ao osgccs  .h   7 7 5 o ? 7 X W  d  W7 W7 mls kohgc`skls ao puostg tc

rgcal aosao ngho aàhgags, slero tlal g trgvàs ao mg puem`h`aga, os tgke`àc

oc soct`al, oc om mu gr uo so mo gs` cg g su ro o tlr oc mls vgmlros quo, a` -

r omgmg a`stgch`g ao mg cohos`aga quo s`c aosgpgrohor plrhlkpmotl, y gôc oc romgh`øc gm hlcsukl gm`koctgr`l gm`koctgr`l eçs`hl, ng hoa`al mubgr, oc mg a`cçk `hg `kpgrg-

Kot c l `ca`rohtgkocto 98`-augm, ngy `kçbocos quo vocaoc o oc y g om`o U`ga U` ga y puoaoc prlauh`r v`lmoch`g -mg v`lmoch`g s`keøm`hg quo q uo prlauho mg

emo aom korhgal, g mg moy aom aosol, osg lesos`vg lem`bgh`øc ao hlkprgr,

rokpmgzgr, hgke`gr, gkpm`gr, roclvgr, os aoh`r, ao octrgroc uc ocbrgcgdo s`c f`c, f` c, quo aovlrg t`okpl, osfuorzl, osfuorz l, a`corl, e`ocos, e` ocos, y ucg oclrko ocorbëg rbëg roprlauht`vg quo qu`zç plarëg `cvort`rso ao ltrg kgcorg. Om a`so÷l, oc ml quo

hlctr`euyo g mgs ostrgtob`gs ao hlkuc`hgh`øc quo gm`octgc mg rgh`lcgm`aga-l `rr `rrgh`lcgm`aga gh`lcgm`aga-aom korhgal, ostç prlfucagkocto `cvlmuhrgal oc oso aovo-

c`r, huyg trgshocaoch`g plmët`hg os `ccobgemo oc tgctl om hlcsukl t`oco uc hgrçhtor rç htor fuortokocto a`shr`k`cgalr4 om ostgr fuorg aom hlcsukl os hgs`

oqu`vgmocto g ostgr fuorg ao mg slh`oaga. Hugcal so pmgctog hrët`hgkocto mg romgh`øc octro a`so÷l y puem`h`aga -romgh`øc c` oxhmuyocto c` lem`bgag yg quo os gpocgs ucl ao sus hgk pls pls`emos ao gpm`hgh`øc-y oc tgctl osg romgh`øc hlcvlhg fuortokocto mg `kgboc, suomo

gpgrohor mg probuctg ao s` om a`so÷galr aoeo ghoptgr trgegdls trge gdls romgh`lcgals

hlc mg `ch`tgh`øc gm hlcsukl lmg puostg oc vgmlr ao sustgch`gs l prçht`hgs ag÷`cgspgrg mg sgmua l pgrg mg slh`ge`m`aga -odokpmls hmçs`hls4 om h`bgrr`mml, om gmhlnlm, mg vomlh`aga, mg hlkpot`t`v`aga, othàtorg-l e`oc cobgrso y octlchos roauh`r l gfohtgr su aosokpo÷l mgelr mgelrgm. gm. O Omm pmgctol, hlkôc octro mls ostu-

a`gctos ao a`so÷l, slero tlal brçf`hl, hlcmmovg ucg v`s`øc kgc`quoëstg y oc

h`ortl h`ort l klal hlctoc`a`stg quo hgrb hgrbg g mgs t`ctgs proh`sgkoc roh`sgkocto sler slero o om prl-

auhtl aodgca l oc suspocsl mgs ostrgtob`gs ao porsugs`øc ut`m`zgags. Ngerëg gsë `kçbocos euocgs l kgmgs sobôc su romgh`øc tokçt`hg , agcal plr supuostl quo mg puem`h`aga puem`h`aga ao gmbl pls`t`vl mmovg oc oc së k`skg ucg ospoh` ospoh`oo ao eoca`h`øc. Zlr h`ortl, h`ortl, om nghor l cl nghor os aom lraoc ao mg aoh`s`øc-gmbucls fgklsls a`so÷galros ngc oxpm`h`tgal su cobgt`vg, plr pr`ch`p`ls, g ghoptgr tgmos ochlk`ocags-yplr ltrg ltrg pgrto oso _pø ao puem`h`aga ostç yg egdl mg

occtokpmgh`øc ao uc kucal sgturgal ao ledotls dot ls pgrg mls quo cgag t`ococ, plr odok od okpml- o `kçbocos ao oclrko v`lmoch`g m`bgags m`b gags g mls kçs `clhoctos

prlauhtls. Qgkplhl mgs euocgs hgus hgusgs gs -hgkpg÷gs ao oshmgr oshmgroh`k`octl, oh`k`octl, ao #:7`agr`aga, ao oauhgh`øc, ao provoch`øc- t`ococ om h`oml gsoburgal4 kuhngs vohos, hlc mgs k odlros `ctoch`lcos ngy `kçbocos quo ocfgt`zgc dustgkocto dustgkocto m`buo' mls rgsbls slero mls quo gs`octg mg aos`bugmaga y gôc, mg a`shr`k`cgh`øc. Z@K @ egmgcho octro om clsltrls y om ommls quo roqu`oro ao ucg brgc sut`wg oc mg hlkpls`h`øc y ao ucg hmgr`aga hlchoptugm quo `cvlmuhrg, cuovg-

Kocto, tgctl mg àt`hg hlk l mg ostàt`hg y mg plmët`hg. Ngy tgke`àc, octro mls ocuch`gals quo h`rhumgc, ucg ospoh`o ao pgrt`h`øc (f f`mlkøc`hg4 ghoptgr mgs ox ox`boch`gs `boch`gs aom korhgal -quo plr ltrg pgrto cuchg

er`c tgc tgxgt`vgs tgxgt`vgs quo `kpm`quoc lem`bgagkocto ucg flrkg aotork`cgag ao @ZGmmxgh@øc-y muobl oxp`gr mls pohgals ao mg `ch`tgh`øc gm hlcsuk`skl huk pm`ocal ucg fuch`øc slh`gm slh`gm , os aoh`r, gplrtgcal gplrtgcal om iclw nlw aom a`so÷l g

`mmëc`cc ao osgs euocgs hgusgs . Zlr h`ortl, h`ortl, cgag ngy ao kgml oc omml y ngstg puoao sor kuy mlgemo, porl oc v oraga, ao ml quo so trgtg os aom odorh`h`l hlt`L N K ao ucg prlfos`øc, oc su s a`vorsgs slm`h`tgh`lcos, os gmmë alcao so duobg, aëg , om hlkprlk`sl àt`hl, s` os quo puoao mmgkgrso gsë g ucg kgcorg ao

J k o r oocc om kucal-yg uc t`pl ao romgh`ø romgh`øc c hlc mls aokçs- hugmqu`org sog mg

eotlc quo so hukpmg.

Wu`zç ostgs huost`lcos so pmgctooc ucg y ltrg voz plr mg romgt`vg duvoctua a c`otl oc su hlctlrcl ghtugm oc tgctl a`sh`pm`cg, prlfos`ø prlfos`øc c ostrohng-

`Q@LUto m`bgag gm korhgal y hgrrorg uc`vors`tgr`g kgs`vg -mgs pr`korgs HgrroXL A`socl oc mg _c`vors`aga ao Euocls G `ros, A`so÷l @caustr`gm y Brçf`hl, Brçf`hl, K o c ao 70>? gucquo slc kçs gct`bugs oc ltrgs `cst`tuh`lcos   -, qu`zç plr-

pgësos, sos, oc uc `ctoctl, dustgd ustgk`rg ao oct`agaos b bueo4 ueo4  cgkoctgmos oc vgr`ls pgë

kocto, plr m`k `tgr su `cfmuoch`g. Zorl mg huost`øc, aosao uc pu ctl ao v`stg toør`hl, cl quoag sgmagag4 ucg voz kçs, sorëg orrøcol pocsgr quo mg a`kocs`øc 85

@cn`Lcalclsg mg Grboct`cg, e`oc mgs hgrrorgs ao A`so÷l slc romgt`vgkocto cuovgs oc mg _c``ros ‑m uob  os`mgs als pr`korgs so gbrobgrlc A`so÷l ao @kgboc y Xlc`al. mcauk l l y toxt`m y A`sortl aom Zg`sgdo-, ngy ucg `kplrtgcto trgyohtlr`g gctor`lr, yg quo oc mg

timla `m urc l s

88

 

Vor om kucal hlc ltrls ldls Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

`xlclr rfuhn

quo mls usls puem`h`tgr`ls lpghgc ltrgs `chukeoch`gs slh`gmkocto romovgctos. Om nohnl os quo, g c`vom dustgkocto ao mg a`sh`pm`cg, cl aodg ao agrso ucg ospoh`o ao ofohtl pgrgaød`hl4 hugctl kgylr os mg `kplrtgch`g aom a`so÷l oc om kucal hlctokplrçcol, hugctl kçs oxtoca`al su usl y sus çrogs ao `cfmuoch`g, koclr `kplrtgch`g so mo ghuorag ‑ plr ml kocls, oc h`ortls çke`tls flrkgalros ao lp`c`øc‑ g mg tolrëg yg su ostgtutl hlkl flrkgh`øc uc`vors`tgr`g. Oc ofohtl, om a`so÷l ‑yospoh`gmkocto om Brçf`hl‑ ostç oc mg k`rg ao uc ao-

egto oc tlrcl ao su aof`c`h`øc y ao su ospoh`f`h`aga quo cl ng vgr`gal aokg-

s`gal oc mls ômt`kls vo`cto gr`ls. A`st`ctgs lp`c`lcos ‑prlvoc`octos oc bocorgm kçs aà mg prçht`hg quo ao mg tolrëg‑so ocfroctgc slero mg huost`øc lctlmøb`hg ‑quo os y quà cl os a`so÷l‑slero su aosm`cao hlc om grto ‑pgrg gmbucls, cl t`oco cgag quo vor hl c àm, pgrg ltrls ngy gmbôc t`pl aovoh`caga octro

gkels‑s`c hlcs`aorgr ov`aoctokocto mls hgsls ao mëk`tos elrrlsls, mls grt`stgs quo nghoc y/l usgc a`so÷l, mls a`so÷galros quo nghoc grto y mg h uost`øc

kçs bocorgm aom grto hlctokplrçcol, aoh`a`agkocto `cfmu`al plr om a`so÷l y v`hovorsg. Ltrl rob`strl aom aoegto os om ao mg aof`c`h`øc ao mg prçht`hg k`skg4 s` so trgtg ao ucg prlfos`øc, ao ucg tàhc`hg, ao u cg ospoh`gm`aga ao mg hlkuc`hgh`øc v`sugm l gpocgs ao uc sge`l k gcodl ao prlbrgkgs `cflrkçt`hls... Gquë gpgroho tgke`àc mg hlctrgpls`h`øc octro mg `kgboc kët`hg aom grt`st t`stgg ‑elnok`l, hrogt hrogt`vl, `vl, quo quo ngho a`so÷l hlkl qu`zç v`aol‑grto v`aol‑grto l hugmqu`or hugmqu`or ltrg hlsg aoctrl ao mgs mgs mmgkgags prlfos`lcos ostàt`hgs ‑ y ucg `kgboc hugs`rleøt`hg4 mg aom quo søml t`oco quo leoaohor gm hlk`tocto y slmuh`lcgr prlemokgs aodgcal mg prlp`g hgeozg ‑lp`c `lcos, suedot`v`aga, ssocs`e`m`aga‑ ocs`e`m`aga‑ fuorg aom duobl. Oc om koa`l ngy plr h`ortl ‑y gflrtucgagkocto‑ plsturgs

kçsUospohtl kgt`zgags. ao mg romgh`øc hlc om grto so plarëg aoh`r quo grto y a`so÷l a`f`oroc osoch`gmkocto oc hugctl gm ledotl, mg `ctoch`lcgm`aga y mg klt`vgh`øc porl s`c okegrbl hlkpgrtoc uc hgkpl lem`bgal ao roforoch`gs ‑v`sugmos, ostàt`hgs, hlkpls`t`vgs‑ oc tgctl so roklctgc g uc h`ortl trlchl hlkôc‑rohlraokls quo oc k uhnls mubgros mg hgrrorg ao A`so÷l so ochuoctrg oc Fghumtgaos l Oshuomgs aoGrtos, hlkl oc Mlcaros, Egrhomlcg yMg Zmgtg, plr odokpml.

_c`vors`aga Cgh`lcgm ao Mg Z mgtg, oc mg Fghumtga ao Eommgs Grtos ‑àsto cl os uc agtl koclr‑ mgs als hgrrorgs, A`so÷l oc Hlk uc`hgh`øc V`sugm y A`so÷l @caustr`gm agt hgrrorgs, agtgc gc ao 7068, k`octgs quo oc mg _c`vors`aga ao Huyl mg Hgrrorg ao A`so÷l so hroø oc 70?>.

K` hugctl g mg aof`c`h`øc ao mg prlfos`øc, s` os tgm l so trgtg s`kpmokocto ao t`cg t ohc`hg, ucg oxport`so, l uc kgcodl aom slftwgro, hgag voz quo gmbu`oc

gf`rkg quo mg fuch`øc aom a`so÷galr os mg ao slmuh`lcgr prlemokgs ucl cl puoao kocls quo pocsgr‑s`c aokgs`gag `rlcëg‑ quo tlags mgs Zrlfos`lcos aom kucal plarëgc octrgr høklagkocto oc osg aoshr`ph`øc, `chmu`ags mgs ao

trgegdgalros kgcugmos ao hugmqu`or brok`l. ¼Zlr quà oso s`bc`f`hgcto `cs`sto oc om a`shursl aom a`so÷l y cl oc ltrls< Xo plarëg aoh`r quo os plrquo, aoe`al g osg romgt`vg duvoctua aom hgkpl ‑oc k` hlchoptl ghtugm‑, aoeo vgm`agr sus hroaoch`gmos, porl cl suocg aokgs`gal

lcv`chocto. L tgm voz plrquo ofoht`vgkocto trgcs`tg uc torrocl kumt`fghàt`hl, octro om grto, mg tàhc`hg, mg tolrëg, mg rgh`lcgm`aga y mg `csp`rgh`øc y os a`-

f`h`m aof`c`r su ospoh`gm`aga. Zorl octlchos ¼plr quà `aoct`f`hgrml m`sg y Clc kocto kocto hlc osg tr`sto gtr`euh`øc quo cl ospoh`f`hg cgag< Àstg os s`c auag ucg ao mgs pgrgaldgs g mgsquo gmuaëgkls k çs grr`eg4 plr uc mgal, uc `cvlmuhrgk`octl tgm oc mg slh`oaga ao mg hlkuc`hgh`øc y oc mg humturg ao mg `kgboc quo oxhoao `chmusl mgs hlkpotoch`gs quo aom`cog mg hgrrorg uc`vors`tgr`g, uc`vors`tgr`g, plr om ltrl, ucg kgco rg tgc rostr`ht`vg ao aof`c`r om hgkpl y/l gutlao f`c`rso -plrquo mls quo suomoc u sgr ostgs oxpros`lcos slc a`so÷galros l hlcsumtlros, 77 cquo g vohos pgrohorëg quo søml mgs usgc pgrg rofor`rso g mls aokçs‑ , quo t rgcsflrkg g ucg ght`v`aga hlkpmodg, quo t`oco quo vor plr h`ortl hlc ucg prçht`hg lporgt`vg porl tgke`àc hlc gplrtos ao a`vorsgs tolrëgs‑ ao mg sok`øt`hg, mg ostàt`hg, mg f`mlslfëg, mg slh`lmlbëg, mg ps`hlmlbëg y plarëgkls sobu`r-, lt`c om hlclh`k`octl ao mgs mø 'hgs ohlcøk`hgs bmlegmos mgs tocaoch`gs humturg mos mos aom kucal hlctokplrçcol hlctokplrçcol oc ucg korg tàhc`hg pgr pgrgg `chrokoctgr mgg ost rgtob`gs rgh`lcgmos ao hlkuc`hgh`øc aom k orhgal s`h).aof`c`h`øc rosdustgkocto, ml quo gpgroho oc ostrohng romgh`øc hlc ostg tr`h`mvg os ml quo, pgrgfrgsogcal gm hrët`hl m`torgr`l m`torgr`l Zgum ao K gc (700: ) plarëgkls mmgkgr mg ros`stoch`g g mg tolrëg 4 vgyg g sgeor plr quà produ`h`l l pgrg ov`` r quà oxhosl ao sgeor , ngy vlhos quo so movgctgc hlctrg mg tolrëg, quo

r`c uc posl `ccohosgr`l, ucg klmostg klhn`mg quo octlrpohorëg om m`borl

ftr aom a`so÷galr oc prl ao mg rçp`ag slmuh`øc ao mls prlemok gs quo so mo pn` c` hoc. Mg tolrëg gpgroho gsë hlkl uc hl ctrgposl ao mg of`h`och`g, octoca`ag àstg hlkl uc hlcductl ao sgeoros prçht`hls quo slc mls quo rogmkocto gf` roqu`oroc pgrg ucg fom`z `ctorvoch`øc. Zk h`ortl quo mg humturg cuchg ostç ca

ao kçs, gf`rkgc, porl or osto hgsl os gmbl sohucagr`l, quo gyuag ‑ hlkl oc t uc mqu `or prlfos`øc‑porl quo cl ao f`co mg ëcalmo aom rlm.

1 

8?

 

Molclr rfuhn

Ostg hlchoph`øc, egstgcto m`k`tgag, gyuag plhl g gf`gczgr ucg tlagvëg.oshgsg hlkprocs`øc aom pgpom aom a`so÷galr oc om prlp`l korhgal ao trgegdl4

kçs ao ucg voz n gerç quo oxpm`hgrmo g uc v`rtugm hlk`tocto‑slero tlal oc mg poquo÷g y k oa`gcg okprosg‑ huçm sorëg mg a`foroch`g hugm`tgt`vg hugm`tgt`vg ao hlctrgtgr g uc prlfos`lcgm hlc tëtuml. X`c okegrbl, pgrohorëg quo oc mg Grboct`cg, yoc pgrt`humgr oc EuoclsG`ros, clk`cgag ngho plhl hlkl Hgp`tgm aom A`so÷l , ngy gvgchos `k plrtgctos plrtgctos oc hugctl gm rohlclh`k`octl aomg ospoh`gm`aga aom hgkpl y ao mg prlfos`øc, quo so `chmu`rëgc aoctrl ao uc sohtlr `cclvgalr

okorbocto ao mg ohlclkëg‑hugrtl sohtlr l torhor sohtlr gvgczgal (a`so÷l, `cflrkçt`hg, e`ltohclmlbëg, oth.), oth.), ao gftg vgmlrgh`øc g c`vom kuca`gm y q uo fuo ucg ao mgs lplrtuc`agaos ao hroh`k`octl quo trgdl gpgrodgag cuostrg plst‑ hr`s`s ao 5::7.' 8 P no gquë ltrg pgrgaldg4 k`octrgs om hgkpl prlfos`lcgm pgroho oxpgc-

a`rso y ngy ucg voragaorg oxpmls`øc ao mgs hgrrorgs ao a`so÷l‑ plr ml kocls oc uc`vors`agaos ao mg Grboct`cg ‑y okp`ozgc g `cst`tu`rso mls ostua`ls ao plsbrgal, s`bt`àc h`rhumgcal hlchoph`lcos quo hlcsp`rgc hlctrg om porf`m quo so osporg ao uc uc`vors`tgr`l4 gmbu`oc quo cl sog s`kpmokocto uc

huorpl aøh`m aom korhgal s`cl quo tocbg `aogs prlp`gs y sog hgpgz ao aospmobgr uc plaor ao hlcv`hh`øc pgrg slstocormgs, g pgrt`r ao sus sgeoros y ao ucg ght`v`aga rofmox`vg y hrët`hg. _cls sgeoros quo slc tgctl prçht`hls hlkl gcgmët`hls y hlchoptugmos y quo vgc ao mg kgcl ao mg `cvost`bgh`øc y mg hlctoxtugm`zgh`øc. Os quo s` om a`so÷l t`oco uc pgpom cgag aosao÷gemo oc mg prlauhh`øc ao

s`bc`f`hgh`lcos ao ucg slh`oaga, om a`so÷galr os s`c auag uc hlkuc`hgalr slh`gm guc hugcal cl trgegdo oc romgh`øc hlc brgcaos okprosgs l koa`ls ao hlkuc`hgh`øc s`cl oc h`rhu`tls kçs ghltgals.< gquë gpgroho ltrl tokg, gm

quo gmua`kls kçs grr`eg, quo os om ao mg rosplcsge`m`aga l mg fuch`øc slh`gm aom a`so÷l, oc tlrcl aom hugm so ng bocorgal ucg fgmsg gct`clk`g octro leoaohor gm aosol ao` hlk`tocto ‑quo suplcarëg ros`bcgr tlag ledoh`øc ao t`pl àt`hl, ostàt`hl l plmët`hl‑ y slstocor ucg lp`c`øc prlp`g prlp`g hlsg quo pgrohor pgrohorëg ëg

V o r o m k u ca l hlc ltrls ldls Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

Hlctrgr`gr cgturgmkocto‑y cohosgr`gkocto‑oso aosol ‑ l mg moy aom korhgal. K`om a`so÷galr ostgrëg søml pgrg gtocaor gm pr`korl, aodgcal pgrg mg hçtoarg l pgrg su rob`strl ao euocgs ghh`lcos `ca`v`augmos mmgg fuch`øc slh`gm . Aosao k` porspoht`vg, y kçs gmmç ao mg `aog bocorgm ao bghom a`so÷l puoao Hlctr`eu`r,, ao kômt` Hlctr`eu`r kômt`pmos pmos kgcorgs, gm euoc v`v`r ‑ oc tàrk`cls ao hm hmgr`aga gr`aga

ao @c hlkuc`hgh`øc, grklcëg ostàt`hg, gkpm`gh`øc aom hlclh`k`octl, hlcflrt Cgm `sfghh`øc ao cohos`agaos y aosols, othàtorg‑ cl hrol quo om a`so÷l tocbg c`cbucg fuch`øc slh`gm quo mo sog ospohëf`hg‑hlkl qu`zç mg tocbgc mg slh`lmlbëg , mg ps`hlmlbëg lmg gctrlplmlbëg. Ml quo së ngho, hlc `ctoch`øc l s`c ommg, os cplrtgr g mg omgelrgh`øc y roomgelrgh`øc hlcstgcto hlcstgcto ao mgs s`bc`f`hgh`lcos s`bc`f`hgh`lcos

Xlh`gmos, plr osl os tgc `kplrtgcto a`r`k`r om soct`al ao osg gplrtgh`øc. ¼Cl 7):77rëg plr odokpml pocsgrso quo uc a`so÷galr prlfos`lcgm l uc oqu`pl ao a`so÷l puoagc trgtgr ao sgt`sfghor g su hlk`tocto s`c plr omml ros`bcgr h`ortls

pr`ch`p`ls quo aoeoc ghlk pg÷gr om odorh`h`l odorh`h`l ao mg prlfos`øc ‑ao hugmqu`or

prlfos`øc‑ oc tlal klkoctl y cl slmgkocto slmgkocto oc romgh`øc hlc mgs euocgs

oct`cgs < Zr`ch`p`ls quo t`ococ quo vor hlc mg hlcv`voch`g, mg oqu`aga, mg cl a`shr`k`cgh`øc, om rospotl y om rohlclh`k`octl aom ltrl, mg vgmlrgh`øc ao mg a`foroch`g, mg slm`agr`aga, y ngstg mg voraga hlc tlag mg prlemokgt`h`aga quo ocrcK ostg pgmgerg. X`bc`f`hgctos oshgsls oc om nlr`zlcto ao mg hlk uc`hgh`øc occtokplrçcog, alcao g k ocual mg puem`h`aga, mg prlpgbgcag, mg `cflrkgh`øc y ltrls rob`strls koa`çt`hls søml pgrohoc oxn`e`r ml polr ao clsltrls , Z77 tàrk`cls ao pgrh`gm`aga, hlkpotoch`g forlz, h`c`skl, socsgh`lcgm`skl, Xob`c`cl, xoclfle`g...P gquë cl ngerëg quo hgrbgr tlal om posl‑l mg humpg‑gm 'f`mkgal plr ml quo p`ao s`cl hlcs`aorgr tgke`àc quà hmgso ao `c`h`gt`vg po rlcgm l brupgm mo rosplcao4 g kocual ucg er`mmgcto `aog hgrbgag ao osto m`p: ao hlccltgh`øc `aolmøb`hg sgmo gzgrlsgkocto ‑ y plr h`ocl, s` ctlkçt`Kocto‑ s`c om koclr rohgual, ao mmgg kocto s`cbumgr ao uc hrogt`vl . K@, om hlkprlk`sl àt`hl aom a`so÷galr l su rosplcsge`m`aga slh`gm , hlkl so 7: prof`org mmgkgr, cl tocarç quo vor hlc aotork`cgals prlauhtls l

Kocsgdos, s`cl hocsgso,- sgdohl,hlc su kgcorg ao ostgr oc om kucal, ao gsucm`rco hlkl k`okerl pmocl ao ucg hlkuc`aga, hlch`octo, ro Xgyl y o 4D.-

Oc ofohtl, oc mg plst-hr`s`s , gmoctgag tgctl plr mgs voctgdgs hlkpgrgt`vgs aom t`pl ao hgke`l hlkl plr mg cohos`aga cohos`aga ao ochoctrg ochoctrgrr sgm`ags mgelr mgelrgmos gmos sustoctgemos so a`l ucg cltlr`g gpgr`h`øc p ô e m ` h g a o u c g h g k g a g a o d ø v o c o s a ` s o ÷ g a l r o s o b r o s g a l s a o m g s h g r r o r g s a o a ` ssoo ÷ l , s l e r o t l a l a o m g _ E G - a o ` c a u k o c t g r ` g y t o x t ` m,m, a o ` k g b o c y s l c ` a l , b r ç f ` h l , ` c a u s t r ` g m , o t h à t o r g - q u o m l b r g r l c grkgr sus poquo÷gs okprosgs y quo hlctr`euyorlc g hlcslm`agr plmls ao a`so÷l oc gmbucgs z l c g s º e g r r `l`l s , h l k l o m h g s l a o Z g m o r k l X l e l o c E u o c l s G ` r o s .

86

77K tgctl rospohtl ao mls vgmlros quo mg sustoctgc hlkl ao mls ofohtls ao

Kgm`h`l quo os hgpgz ao prlauh`r mg kçs s`kpmo `ctorvoch`øc voregm/v`sugm oc m fmudl chosgcto ao mg hlkuc`hgh`øc.

2

 

Vor om kucal àlc ltrls ldls. Zlaoros y pgrgaldgs ao mg `kgboc oc mg slh`oaga bmlegm

U oforoch`gs e`em`lbrçf` e`em`lbrçf`hgs hgs

G UOCAQ, N. 7021 Y70?>[ Mg hlca`h`øc nukgcg, Egrhomlcg, Xo`x Egcgm. GUO_HN, M. 5::5 Om ospgh`l e`lbrçf`hl. A`mokgs ao mg suedot`v` suedot`v`aga aga hlctokplrçcog, Euocls G`ros, Flcal ao Humturg Ohlcøk`hg. ‑ >rët`hg humturgm octro plmët`hg y plàt`hg, EuoclsG`ros, FHO. @@GUQNOX, U. 70>5 Mg hçkgrg môh`ag, Egrhomlcg, Bustgvl B`m`. UG_ AU@MMGUA, D. 70>1 Y702>[ Humturg y s`kumghrl, Egrhomlcg, Ig`røs. @@G ^GCAGMM, K . 702>77025 702>77025[[ Z`cturg y v`ag hlt`a`gcg oco Uocgh`k`octl, Egrhomlcg,

B_Xmgvl B`m`.

EOCDGK@C, R 70>5 Y70257 Y70257 Mg lerg ao grrooc mg àplh g ao su roprlauht`e`m`aga tàhc`hg oc A`shursls `ctorrukp`als 7, Kgar`a, Qgurus.

E_QMOU, D. 5::6 Y5::1[ V`ag prohgr`g, EuoclsG`ros Zg`aøs. HGXX@C, E. 5::> Y5::2[ Bllbmàgko, EuoclsG`ros. Flcal ao Humturg Ohlcøk`hg. AO K GC, O 700: Y70>6[ Mg ros`stoch`g gmg tolrëg, Kgar`a, V`slr. AOELUA, B.7021 Mg slh`oaga aom ospohtçhuml, EuoclsG`ros, ao mg Fmlr. O UGP, U. 700? 770087 Om ostgal soauhtlr, EuoclsG`ros Kgcgct`gm A@@@@U7 AG, D., XQ@OBMOU, E. 7006 Àhnlbrgpn`os aodg tomov`s` tomov`s`lc, lc, Zgr`s, Bgm`mào‑@CG ZM@GX, C. 7007770>27Mg slh`àtà aos `ca`v`aus, Zgr`s, Fgygra K _ H G _ M Q , K . 7 0 0 : Y 7 0 > > [ Qohclmlbëgs aom yl, Kàx`hl, Egrhomlcg, Zg`aøs

MGXN, ?.5::? ?.5::? Hgp`tgm`skl y kotgfës`hg oc Grfuhn, M. ((Hlk Hlk p.) Zocsgr osto t`okpl.

tnph1h`ls, gfohtls, portococh`gs, EuoclsG`ros Zg`aøs pp. 12-2?. K@. @C ATG@C, K.D. 5::5 O`kgbo, pout‑ommo tuor0 Ostnàt`quo aomg a`spgr`t`lc, Zgr`s, Bgm`mào.