Arendt and Broch
August 31, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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SQBY BYN N DY DF _E _EQY QY AN AN@E @E^P ^PN N BH TB TB^— ^—77 ‛D SQ AQB@ AQ B@K K EF EFI I EQ EQNF NFIY IY BF K^ K^JE JEF F QD QDCK CKYP YP Gef Jexdjdl Jexdjdldef def Qbadtzs Qbadtzs`k `k 5,1
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
Eastre`t7 Ykds pepnr nxejdfns tkn dfhlunf`n tket tkn Eustrdef wrdtnr efi pbldtd`el e`td e` tdvd vdst st Kn Knrj rjef eff f Ar Arb` b`k k ke kei i bf Ke Keff ffek ek Er Ernf nfit it—s —s di dine ness bf ku kuje jef f rd rdck ckts ts.. Ay nx nxej ejdf dfdf dfc c tkn `brrnspbfinf`n antwnnf Arb`k efi Ernfit efi `bjperdfc tkn twb eutkbrs— wrdtdfcs df cs bf ku kuje jef f rd rdck ckts ts,, tk tknn pe pepn pnrr er ercu cuns ns tk tket et Ar Arb` b`k k ce cevn vn cn cnfn fnre rell dj djpu puls lsns ns tk tket et pr prbv bvbm bmni ni Ernfit—s tkdfmdfc bf kujef rdckts efi tket Ernfit ds dfinatni tb Arb`k df rnceri tb sbjn pbdfts bh intedl. Dt `bf`luins, kbwnvnr, tket Ernfit idi fbt inrdvn knr jedf tknbrntd`el dffbvetdbfs idrn`tly hrbj Arb`k. Mnywbris7 Keffek Ernfit, Knrjeff Arb`k, Kujef Qdckts, Ykn Qdckt tb Kevn Qdckts
Keffek Ernfit—s `rdtd`dsj bh nerly twnftdntk-`nftury `bf`nptdbfs bh kujef rdckts efi knr eltnrfetdvn prbpbsel hbr e rdckt tb kevn rdckts ern ejbfc knr anst mfbwf dines. Kbwnvnr, inspdtn tkn s`kblerly ettnftdbf tket Ernfit—s dines bf kujef rdckts kevn rn`nftly rn`ndvni, tkn kdstbrd`el ae`mcrbufi bh knr `bf`nptdbf kes annf lnss nxplbrni.0 Ykds ds ufhbrtufetn an`eusn ef ewernfnss bh tkds ae`mcrbufi ellbws us tb cresp jbrn nxe`tly tkn brdcdfeldty (es bppbsni tb tkn inrdvetdvn `kere`tnr) bh Ernfit—s dines bf kujef rdckts. Df tkds pepnr, D `bftrda tr daut utnn tb bu burr uf ufin inrs rste tefi fidf dfc c bh Er Ernf nfit it—s —s `b `bf` f`np nptd tdbf bf bh e rd rdck cktt tb ke kevn vn rd rdck ckts ts ay nxplbrdfc knr dfinatnifnss tb tkn dines bh tkn Eustrdef fbvnldst Knrjeff Arb`k.9 5
^fdvnrsdty bh Ynffnssnn, Mfbxvdlln, ;?5 J`@lufc Ybwnr, Mfbxvdlln, YF 03448, ^PE. Njedl7 gjrbadtzs`kO cjedl.`bj. 1 E prnvdbus vnrsdbf bh tkds pepnr wes prnsnftni et tkn 1?5; Jnntdfc bh tkn Ernfit @dr`ln. Ykefms tb tkn euidnf`n efi jy `bjjnftetbr bf tkds b``esdbf, Gefe Lbsefbsme. D wbuli elsb ldmn tb tkefm tkn twb efbfyjbus rnhnrnns es wnll es tkn nidtbr, Dedf Kejpsknr-Jbfm, hbr tkndr succnstdbfs hbr djprbvnjnft. 0 Pnn, hbr dfstef`n, Ykn Qdckt tb Kevn Qdckts, ni. P. InCbbynr nt el. (Lbfibf efi Fnw Fn w Tb Tbrm rm,, 1? 1?5; 5;)= )= E. Cü Cüfi fibc bciu iu,, Qdcktlnssfnss df ef Ecn bh Qdckts7 Keffek Ernfit efi tkn @bftnjpbrery Ptrucclns bh Jdcrefts (Bxhbri, 1?5>)= E. Mnsay, Ykn Qdckt tb Kevn Qdckts7 @dtdznfskdp, Kujefdty, efi Dftnrfetdbfel Lew (Bxhbri, 1?51)= G. Je`Mrneiy, Keffek Ernfit efi tkn Hrecdldty bh Kujef Idcfdty (Lefkej, Abulinr, Fnw Tbrm efi Lbfibf, 1?5;)= P. _ernmk, Keffek Ernfit efi tkn @kellnfcn bh Jbinrfdty7 E _knfbjnfblbcy bh Kujef Qdckts (Fnw Tbrm efi Lbfibf, 1??;)= efi _. Adrjdfckej, Keffek Ernfit efi Kujef Qdckts7 Ykn _rnid`ejnft bh @bjjbf Qnspbfsdadldty (Albbjdfctbf, 1??8). Fbfn bh tknsn abbms ds pertd`ulerly `bf`nrfni wdtk tkn kdstbrd`el ae`mcrbufi bh Ernfit—s dines. 9 ‛Dfinatnifnss— ds bh `bursn idhhd`ult tb ceucn. Df tkds pepnr, D wdll usn sdjdlerdtdns ef efi i id idhh hhnr nf`n `nss an antw twnn nnf f tk tkn n tw twb b wr wrdt dtnr nrs— s— di dine ness es wnll wn ll es tk tknd ndrr nx nxte teft ft `brr `b rrns nspb pbfi finf nf`n `n es prbxy tbnrnf ceucn Ernfit—s ldmnly efi ufldmnly ‛dfinatnifnss— tb Arb`k. @nrtedfly, tkne rneinr skbuli aner df jdfi tket idhhnrnf`ns `ef an prbiu`tdvn efi sb elsb dfhlunf`n KDPYBQT BH _BLDYD@EL YKB^CKY. Xbl. [LD. Fb. 5. Pprdfc 1?1?
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G.J. QBADYWP@K
Ernfit hdrst `ejn tb mfbw Arb`k df 5498 ehtnr rnvdnwdfc bfn bh kds abbms, Yknn In Yk Inet etk k bh Xd Xdrc rcdl dl ] Inr Ybi ins XnrcdlZ, efi tkn twb jnt df pnrsbf df tkn sejn yner tkrbuck e jutuel hrdnfi df Fnw Tbrm, Arb`k—s letnr wdhn Effnjerdn Jndnr-Crenhn.> E hrdnfiskdp antwnnf Ernfit efi Arb`k qud`mly nfsuni efi lestni uftdl Arb`k—s inetk df 54>5. Ef nxteft `brrnspbfinf`n antwnnf Ernfit
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
efi Arb`k tnstdhdns tb tkn hrdnfiskdp efi, df eiidtdbf tb cdvdfc dfsdckt dftb tkndr rnletdbfskdp, ds bh pertd`uler dftnrnst tb Ernfit s`kblers wbrmdfc bf kujef rdckts.8 Ehtnr ell, Ernfit snft Arb`k ef nerly (fbw lbst) ireht bh knr dines bf kujef rdckts df e 5498 lnttnr efi `ledjni tket skn wrbtn wket skn wrbtn ‛df pert an`eusn— bh e 549> ertd`ln bh Arb`k—s. 3 Hlettnrni ay Ernfit—s `bjpldjnft, Arb`k wes necnr tb snfi kds djprnssdbfs efi, yners letnr, wknf efbtknr vnrsdbf bh tkn jetnrdel wes pualdskni, Arb`k ecedf `bjjnftni, prnsnftdfc ef dftnrnstdfc nerly rne`tdbf tb Ernfit—s `bf`nptdbf bh e rdckt tb kevn rdckts.; Df wket hbllbws, D wdll hdrst ids`uss Arb`k—s dines bf kujef rdckts. D wdll hb`us bf tkn 549> ertd`ln ‛Fbtns bf tkn ^tbpde bh ef “Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qdckts efi bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns‚ ]Anjnrmufcnf zur ^tbpdn ndfnr “Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qdckts efi bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns‚Z—, an`eusn Ernfit knrsnlh `ledjni tket tkds pepnr wes tkn bfn tket prbjptni knr tb wrdtn wket skn wrbtn. Pn`bfi, D wdlll cdv wdl cdvnn ef bvn bvnrvd rvdnw nw bh Ern Ernfit fit—s —s ‛ “Yk “Yknn Qdc Qdckts kts bh Jef Jef‚7 ‚7 Ske Skett Ern Ykn Ykny2— y2— bh 5494, knr nerldnst ids`ussdbf bh kujef rdckts. Hdfelly, D wdll ids`uss sdjdlerdtdns efi idhhnrnf`ns antwnnf Arb`k—s efi Ernfit—s ids`ussdbfs bf kujef rdckts. Df ibdfc sb, D wdll ercun tket Arb`k cevn cnfnrel djpulsns tket prbvbmni Ernfit—s tkdfmdfc bf kujef rdckts efi tket Ernfit ds prbaealy dfinatni tb Arb` Ar b`k k df rn rnce ceri ri tb sb sbjn jn pb pbdf dfts ts bh in inte tedl dl.. D wd wdll ll `b `bf` f`lu luin in,, kb kbwn wnvn vnr, r, tk tket et Er Ernf nfit it idi fbt inrdvn knr jedf tknbrntd`el dffbvetdbfs idrn`tly hrbj Arb`k. efbtknrr tkd efbtkn tkdfmn fmnr. r. Df tkd tkdss `es `esn, n, kbw kbwnvn nvnr, r, tkn dfi dfinat natnif nifnss nss ds et ans anstt dfi dfidrn drn`t `t ’ efi sb nvn nvnf f jbrn idhhd`ult tb jemn but. C. Qå` Qå`z, z, ‛Mb ‛Mbfte ftemtn mtn ufi Mbf Mbfstn stnlle lletdb tdbfnf fnf—, —, df Knrjeff Knrjeff Arb`k Kefia Kefiau`k u`k, ni. J. Mnsslnr efi _.J. Lütznlnr (Anrldf, 1?58), pp. >15‐0. 8 Df btk btknr nr wbr wbris, is, D wdl wdlll ercun ercun tket Nldz Nldzean eantk tk Tbu Tbufcfc-Aru Arunkl nkl‛s ‛s bas basnrv nrvetd etdbf bf ’ ‛Er ‛Ernfi nfit—s t—s hrdnfiskdp wdtk Jery J`@ertky ds `krbfd`lni df e wdtty, bhtnf e`nrad`, efi inldckthully cbssdpy nx`kefcn bh pbldtd`el efi `ulturel `bjjnftery. Antwnnf Hrdnfis (544>) ds tkn jbst jb st Ej Ejnr nrd` d`ef ef bh Er Ernf nfit it—s —s vb vblu lujn jnss bh `b `brr rrns nspb pbfi finf nf`n `n,, tk tknn bf bfnn tk tket et wd wdll ll an `r `ru` u`de dell rn rnei ei-dfc df c hb hbrr st stui uinf nfts ts bh Ej Ejnr nrd` d`ef ef tw twnf nftd tdnt ntk k `n `nft ftur ury y ld ldtn tnre rery ry ld ldhn hn,, wk wkdl dlnn kn knrr nx nx`k `kef efcn cnss wd wdtk tk tk tknn jegbr jeg br aut std stdll ll ldt ldttln tln-mf -mfbwf bwf fbv fbvnld nldst st Knr Knrje jeff ff Arb Arb`k `k efi tkn Wdb Wdbfds fdstt lne lneinr inr Mur Murtt Alujnfhnli wdll prbaealy fbt sbbf an trefsletni dftb Nfcldsk br hdfi euidnf`ns anybfi prbhnssdbf prbhn ssdbfel el Cnrj Cnrjef ef s`kbl s`kblers— ers— (N. Tbufc Tbufc-Arun -Arunkl, kl, Sky Ern Ernfit fit Jet Jettnr tnrss (F (Fnw nw Ke Kevn vnf f ef efi i Lbfibf, Lbfib f, 1??;) , p. 54 54)) ’ ds pr prba baln lnje jetd td`. `. Fb Fbtt bf bfly ly Cn Cnrj rjef ef s` s`kb kble lers rs au autt el elsb sb pb pbld ldtd td`e `ell s` s`ddnftdsts efi pkdlbsbpknrs efi df he`t efybfn dftnrnstni df Ernfit—s dines bh kujef rdckts kes cbbi rnesbfs tb an dftnrnstni df Ernfit—s `brrnspbfinf`n wdtk Arb`k. 3 K. Ernfit efi K. Arb`k, Ardnhwn`ksnl7 5498‐54>5, ni. _.J. Lütznlnr (Hrefmhurt, 5448), p. 59 (: lnttnr bh 0 Pnptnjanr 5498)7 ‛kela uj Dkrns Ertdmnls wncnf—. ; Dadi ., ., p. ;0 efi pp. 518‐3 (: lnttnrs bh 3 B`tbanr 549; efi 1; Gufn 5494). >
AQB@K & EQNFIY BF K^JEF QDCKYP
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D Arb`k bf Kujef Qdckts
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
Skdlnn je Skdl jedf dfly ly mfb mfbwf wf es e fbv fbvnl nlds dstt tb tbiey iey,, Kn Knrj rjef eff f Ar Arb` b`k k br brdc dcdf dfel elly ly es espd pdrn rni i tb 4 an`bjn e jetknjetd`def efi pkdlbsbpknr. Df kds fetdvn Xdnffe, kn tbbm `bursns wdtk lneidfc jnjanrs bh tkn Xdnffe @dr`ln su`k es Quiblh @erfep efi Jbrdtz P`kld`m et tkn lb`el ufdvnrsdty. Kbwnvnr, kn fnvnr rn`ndvni e hbrjel incr incrnn nn an` an`eus eusnn kn hed hedlni lni tb `bjp `bjplnt lntnn e Let Letdf df rnqu rnqudrn drnjnf jnft. t. Cdvn Cdvnf f tkn tkn jed jedf f rnsner`k dftnrnsts bh tkn pbsdtdvdstd` Xdnffe @dr`ln, dt ds kerily surprdsdfc tket Arb`k—s hdrst pkdlbsbpkd`el dftnrnsts wnrn fbt df pbldtd`el tknbry, ndtknr. Yket sedi, es nerly es 5454, Arb`k stertni tb wrdtn bf pbldtd`el jettnrs, 5? efi prbjptni ay `bf`rntn pbldtd`el nvnfts su`k es tkn nfe`tjnft bh tkn 540> Furnjanrc re`n lews55 efi kds bwf nxpnrdnf`n bh andfc e rnhucnn es e rnsult bh tkn Efs`kluss, kn `bftdfuni tb nfcecn df `bjjnftery bf `bf`rntn pbldtd`el qunst qun stdb dbfs fs re retk tknr nr tk tkef ef ea east stre re`t `t di dine nes. s. Ar Arb` b`k— k—ss 54 549> 9> er ertd td`l `lnn ‛F ‛Fbt btns ns bf tk tknn ^t ^tbp bpde de bh ef “Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qdckts efi bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns‚ ]Anjnrmufcnf zur ^tbpdn ndfnr “Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qdckts efi bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns‚Z— ds fb nx`nptdbf knrn.51 Df eiidtdbf tb sbjn jbrn cnfnrel rnhln`tdbfs, dt `bftedfs tkn ireht bh e lncel tnxt, wkd`k `buli an idrn`tly eibptni ay e cbvnrfdfc abiy skbuli dt in`din tb ib sb. 50 Df he`t, tkn tnxt wes b``esdbfni ay tkn fnwly hbrjni ^fdtni Fetdbfs efi `bfstdtutns ef (ufsu``nsshul) ettnjpt, bf Arb`k—s pert, tb hbrjuletn ef dftnrfetdbfel adll bh kujef rdckts tb dfhlunf`n tkn Qbbsnvnlt `bjjdssdbf tesmni wdtk irehtdfc tkn ^fdvnrsel In`leretdbf bh Kujef Qdckts. Ykn jedf tknsds bh Arb`k—s ertd`ln ds tket hbr kujef rdckts prbtn`tdbf tb an`bjn truly nhhn`tdvn, ef Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qdckts fnnis tb an supplnjnftni ay ef Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Iutdns. Df btknr wbris, Arb`k jedftedfs tke kett e Adll bh Qd Qdck cktts, bf dts bw bwf, f, wb wbul uli i fb fbtt an nf nfbu buck ck,, au autt tke kett dt wbu bulli ke kevn vn tb an `bjplnjnftni ay e snt bh iutdns tb cuereftnn tkn stealn nxdstnf`n efi nfhbr`njnft bh kujef rdckts. 4
Bf Arb`k—s dftnlln`tuel ae`mcrbufi, snn _.J. Lütznlnr, Knrjeff Arb`k7 ndfn Adbcrepkdn (Hrefmhurt, 54;;) , pp. 48‐550. Bf Knrjeff Arb`k—s dines bf kujef rdckts, snn elsb Lütznlnr—s `bjjnfts df K. Arb`k, Jnfs`knfrn`kt ufi Injbmretdn, ni. _.J. Lütznlnr (Hrefmhurt, 543;), pp. 3‐0?. 5? Pnn ‛Mbfstdtutdbfnlln Idmtetur els injbmretds`kns Snrtnsystnj—, df _bldtds`kn P`krdhtnf (: Mbjjnftdnrtn Snrmeuscean, Xbl. 55), ni. _.J. Lütz Lütznlnr nlnr (Href (Hrefmhurt mhurt,, 543;), 543;), pp. 55‐10. 55 Pnn ‛Xølmnraufi Qnsblutdbf—, df _bldtds`kn P`krdhtnf, ni. Lütznlnr, pp. 54>‐105. 51 K. Arb`k, ‛Anjnrmufcnf zur ^tbpdn ndfnr “Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qdckts efi bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns‚ —, df _bldtds`kn P`krdhtnf, ni. Lütznlnr, pp. 190‐33. Ykn Nfcldsk trefsletdbf bh tkn nssey kes fbt annf pualdskni, aut `ef an hbufi et Arb`k Er`kdvns df tkn Andf An dfn` n`mn mn Qe Qern rn Ab Abbm bm Ld Ldar arer ery y et Te Teln ln ^f ^fdv dvnr nrsd sdty ty Ld Ldar arer ery y (s (snn nn Lü Lütz tznl nlnr— nr—ss `b `bjj jjnf nfts ts df tk tknn nidtdb nid tdbf f qubtni qubtni eab eabvn) vn).. Ell tre trefsl fsletd etdbfs bfs ern ern jy bwf bwf,, aes aesni ni bf tkn pua pualds ldskni kni Cnr Cnrjef jef vnrvnrsdbf. 50 Dadi ., ., pp. 18?‐9.
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Arb`k—s efelysds ancdfs wdtk ef ‛eftdfbjy ]EftdfbjdnZ— antwnnf ‛tkn iuty bh kujefdty efi tkn rn`bcfdtdbf bh sbvnrndcfty ]Kujefdtétsphld`kt ufi PbuvnréfdtétsefnrmnffufcZ—.59 Pdjply put, Arb`k `ledjs tket, bf tkn bfn kefi, tkn In`leretdbf bh Kujef Qdckts df tknbry nxtnfis tb ell kujef andfcs es e mdfi bh nxtre cuereftnn tket ne`k dfidvdiuel `ef eppnel tb hbr tkndr rdckts.
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
Ykds cuereftnn kblis rncerilnss bh wket sdtuetdbf ef dfidvdiuel ds df, tket ds, rncerilnss bh tkn pertd`uler pbldtd`el `dr`ujstef`ns. Ykn cuereftnn ds ufinrstbb st bbi i es e md mdfi fi bh jb jbre rell iu iuty ty bh st stet etns ns tb kn knlp lp wk wket etnv nvnr nr df dfid idvd vdiu iuel el ds bpprnssni df nvnf tkn jbst her ewey `brfnrs bh tkn wbrli. Bf tkn btknr kefi, kbwnvnr, Arb`k fbtns tket tkn dftnrfetdbfel brinr `bfsdsts bh stetns efi tket stetns ern sbvnrndcf e`tbrs. Bf tkn dftnrfetdbfel lnvnl, stetns ib fbt plnicn tb kbfbur tkn rdckts efi dftnrnsts bh ell pnbpln, aut eabvn ell tb kbfbur ne`k btknr— btk nr—ss sbv sbvnrn nrndcf dcfty. ty. E`` E``bri bridfc dfcly, ly, kuje kujef f rdckt rdcktss eau eausns sns `ef an an qud qudtn tn pre precje cjetd td-`elly idsjdssni es jnrn idhhnrnf`ns df dftnrprntetdbf bh dftnrfetdbfel ecrnnjnfts antwnnf idhhnrnft stetns, sb es fbt tb rdsm `bfhld`t. Dftnrvnftdbf bf ankelh bh kujef rdckts, wkdln sef`tdbfni vde ecrnnjnfts, tkus fnvnr an`bjns pre`td`el. Ehtnr ell, ef dftnrvnftdbf `ef elweys an `bfsdinrni suabridfetn tb tkn prdf`dpln bh fbf-dftnrhnrnf`n, tket ds, tkn dine tket tkn spknrn bh dfhlunf`n bh e cdvnf `buftry nfis et dts abrinrs. Ykn sdtuetdbf et tkn dftnrfetdbfel lnvnl ds tkus qudtn ufsetdshe`tbry efi, e``bridfcly, Arb`k usns tkn wbri ‛eftdfbjy— tb `kere`tnrdzn dt. Ykds tnrj ds @rdtdqun dqun. rnjdfd rnj dfds`n s`nft ft bh Meft Meft efi bh tkn tkn eft eftdfb dfbjdn jdnss bh purn purn rne rnesbf sbf df df tkn Hdrst @rdt Ef eftdfbjy ds e sdtuetdbf df wkd`k twb `bftrery stetnjnfts ern nquelly pleusdaln. Arb`k, ay kds wbri `kbd`n, tkus succnsts tket tknrn ds fb sblutdbf tb tkn prbalnj bh kujef rdckts. Dftnrnstdfcly, kbwnvnr, Arb`k dfsdsts df kds nssey tket df tkn `esn bh kujef rdckts, tkn eftdfbjy ds sblvealn ehtnr ell7 wkdln efy sblutdbf jey snnj utbpdef et tkn jbjnft, kn fbtns tket tkn utbpdes bh tbiey ern tkn rneldtdns bh tbjbrrbw.5> Ykn qunstdbf tknrnhbrn an`bjns7 Kbw `ef stet st etns ns tk tket et er ernn ufw ufwdl dlld ldfc fc tb nf nfhb hbr` r`nn kuj kujef ef rd rdck ckts ts an bal baldc dcni ni tb nfh nfhbr br`n `n tk tknj nj22 Arb`k Ar b`k—s —s ef efsw swnr nr tb tk tkds ds pr prbal balnj nj ds ef Df Dftn tnrf rfet etdb dbfe fell Ad Adll ll bh Iu Iutd tdns ns br Qn Qnsp spbf bf-sdadldtd sdadl dtdns ns tke tkett `bj `bjpln plnjnf jnfts ts tkn tr treid eidtd tdbfel bfel Adl Adlll bh Qdc Qdckts kts (tk (tket et ert ertd`u d`ulet letnn kuj kujef ef rdckts).58 E``bridfc tb Arb`k, su`k e Adll bh Iutdns wbuli jemn tkn pnrjdttni efi fbf-pnrjdttni weys bh nxnr`dsdfc hrnnibj `bf`rntn efi wbuli ellbw vdbletdbfs bh kujef rdckts tb an dinftdhdni jbrn `lnerly. E``bridfcly, E`` bridfcly, tkrnn idhhd`ultdns tket ern usuelly essb`detni wdtk tkn nfhbr`njnft bh kujef rdckts wbul wb uli i an jd jdtd tdce cetn tni. i. Hd Hdrs rst, t, tk tknn le lew w `b `bf` f`nr nrfd fdfc fc tk tknn pr prbt btn` n`td tdbf bf bh ku kuje jef f id idcfd cfdty ty,, bf tkds succnstdbf, wbuli an `bf`ndvni bh es e ‛ “fbrjel‚ `rdjdfel lew ]“fbrjelns‚ PtrehcnsntzZ—.53 Ykds wbuli ellbw dfidvdiuels tb eivef`n kujef 59
Dadi ., ., p. 199. Dadi ., ., pp. 199‐;. 58 ., pp. 1>4‐8?, pp. 189‐3 nt pessdj. Dadi ., 53 Dadi ., ., pp. 18>. 5>
AQB@K & EQNFIY BF K^JEF QDCKYP
534
rdckts `ledjs df efy `burt, df`luidfc ibjnstd` `burts, wkd`k (df tkn hdrst dfstef`n) wbuli fbt `ell upbf tkn dftnrfetdbfel `bjjufdty tb dftnrhnrn et ell.5; Pn`bfi, Arb`k `bftnfis tket ay sdcfdfc bf tb ef Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Iutdns, nvnf jelnvblnft stetns (tket ds, stetns dftnft bf vdbletdfc kujef rdckts) wbuli an abufi ay tknsn iutdns df e wey tket tkny wbuli fbt an ay e jnrn prbjdsn tb
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
cuereftnn `nrtedf pbsdtdvn rdckts. Es e rnsult, tkn dftnrfetdbfel `bjjufdty wbuli an ealn tb ids`nrf wkntknr stetns ern hbllbwdfc tkndr kujef rdckts iutd iu tdns ns br fb fbt, t, ef efi, i, e` e``b `bri ridf dfcl cly, y, nd ndtk tknr nr cd cdvn vn up bf tk tknn di dine ne bh ku kuje jef f rd rdck ckts ts el eltb tb-cntknr (ef dine tket Arb`k idsjdssns es ufldmnly) br brcefdzn e `bf`nrtni dftnrvnftdbf tb rnstbrn kujef rdckts df tkn stetn df qunstdbf. Ykdri, hdfelly, wdtk e Adll bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns df ple`n, kujef rdckts dftnrvnftdbfs `buli an jbrn jb rn ne nesd sdly ly gu gust stdh dhdn dni, i, e` e``b `bri ridf dfc c tb Ar Arb` b`k. k. Eh Ehtn tnrr el ell, l, dh e st stet etnn wn wnrn rn tb vd vdbl blet etnn dt dtss iutdns, tkds stetn `buli an sedi tb kevn cdvnf up dts rdckt tb fetdbfel sbvnrndcfty (wkd`k ds `brrnletni wdtk hulhdlldfc `nrtedf iutdns) efi dtsnlh prnsnft nfbuc nfb uck k bh e tk tkrn rnet et tb tk tknn df dftn tnrf rfet etdb dbfel fel ln lncel cel br brinr inr bh st stet etns ns es e wk wkbl blnn tb gu gust stdh dhy y e jd jdld ldte tery ry df dftn tnrv rvnf nftd tdbf bf bf tk tknn pe pert rt bh tk tknn df dftn tnrf rfet etdb dbfe fell `b `bjj jjufd ufdty ty (r (ret etkn knrr tk tkef, ef, hbr dfstef`n, tb eibpt e stretncy bh eppnesnjnft). Arb`k rn`bcfdzns df kds ertd`ln tket nvnf wdtk e Adll bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns, tknrnn jd tknr jdck cktt st stdl dlll an `e `esn snss tk tket et er ernn id idhh hhd` d`ul ultt tb ei eigu guid id`e `etn tn,, ef efi i tk tket et tk tknr nrnn er ernn ld ldjd jd-tetdbfs tb kds succnstdbf.54 Fnvnrtknlnss, kn jedftedfs tket e Adll bh Qdckts supplnjnftni ay e Adll bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns wbuli an jbrn nhhn`tdvn et sblvdfc tkn prbalnj bh nfhbr`njnft tkef e Adll bh Qdckts bf dts bwf. Hurtknrjbrn, e mny mn y tb uf ufin inrs rste tefi fidf dfc c Ar Arb` b`k— k—ss pr prbp bpbs bsel el ds tk tket et dt ej ejbu buft ftss tb e `e `ell ll tb st strn rnfc fctk tknf nf tkn dftnrfetdbfel brinr. Qetknr tkef snnmdfc but fetdbfel sblutdbfs, Arb`k tkdfms tket tkn qunstdbf bh kujef rdckts `ef bfly an te`mlni bf tkn dftnrfetdbfel lnvnl. Df ‛Fbtns bf tkn ^tbpde bh ef “Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qdckts efi bh Qns Qnspbf pbfsd sdadl adldtd dtdns‚ ns‚ —, Arb Arb`k— `k—ss dft dftnrf nrfetd etdbfe bfell `bj `bjjdt jdtjnf jnftt ds jbs jbstt `ln `lnerl erly y nxprnssni df kds `ell hbr ef Dftnrfetdbfel @burt, wkd`k, et tkn tdjn bh wrdtdfc (5498), idi fbt ynt nxdst.1? DD Ernfit bf Kujef Qdckts
Keffek Ernfit stuidni df Jeraurc efi Kndinlanrc wdtk Jertdf Kndinccnr efi Merl Gespnrs efi sb wes tredfni df pknfbjnfblbcy efi nxdstnftdeldsj ay twb bh dts lneidfc twnftdntk-`nftury prbpbfnfts. Ldmn Arb`k, Ernfit wes fbt idrn`tly tredfni df pbldtd`el tknbry, fbr wes skn spn`dhd`elly dftnrnstni df dt prdbr tb Kdtlnr—s rdsn tb pbwnr, tkn nvnft tket `bfstdtutni knr pbldtd`el ewemnf-
5;
Pnn elsb K. Arb`k, ‛Yrbtzinj7 Kujefn _bldtdm7 Xnrwrmld`kufc ndfnr ^tbpdn—, df _bldtds`kn P`krdhtnf, ni. Lütz Lütznlnr, nlnr, p. 04?. 54 Arb`k, ‛Anjnrmufcnf—, p. 188. 1? Dadi ., ., pp. 180‐9.
5 ;?
G.J. QBADYWP@K
dfc.15 E``bridfcly, Ernfit—s ids`ussdbf bh kujef rdckts dssuns ds innply dfhlunf`ni ay knr nxpnrdnf`n bh kevdfc annf stetnlnss efi rdcktlnss iurdfc tkn tdjn bh tkn Ykdri Qnd`k. ‛ “Ykn Qdckts bh Jef‚7 Sket Ern Ykny2— ds Ernfit—s nerldnst ettnjpt tb ids`uss tkn qunstdbf bh kujef rdckts, br, put idhhnrnftly, tb ufinrstefi knr bwf pldckt efi tket bh tkn btknr rdcktlnss pnbpln bh tkn twnftdtwnftd 11
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
ntk `nftury. Ernfit—s 5494 nssey `ef an sedi tb `bftedf twb ercujnfts, bfn ecedfst prnvedldfc nerly twnftdntk-`nftury `bf`nptdbfs bh kujef rdckts efi efbtknr hbr ef eltnrfetdvn prbpbsel bh kujef rdckts. E``bridfc tb tkn hbrjnr, Ernfit `ledjs tket treidtdbfel ufinrstefidfcs bh kujef rdckts lnei tb e snrdns bh skbrt`bjdfcs br ‛pnrplnxdtdns— br ‛epbrdes—, wkd`k rnfinr kujef rdckts dfeinquetn que tn tb knl knlp p tk tkbs bsnn wk wkb b fn fnnin nini i dt jb jbst st,, fej fejnl nly, y, tk tkbs bsnn wk wkb b ke kevn vn an annf nf inprdvn inpr dvni i bh kuj kujef ef rdc rdckts kts.. E`` E``bri bridfc dfc tb Ern Ernfit fit—s —s prb prbpbs pbsel, el, ay `bf `bftre trest, st, kuje ku jef f rd rdck ckts ts df tk tknn pl plur urel el sk skbu buli li an rn rnpl ple` e`ni ni ay e rd rdck cktt tb ke kevn vn rd rdck ckts ts,, tk tket et ds ds,, e 10 aesd` rdckt tb an tkn anernr bh pbsdtdvn (lncel) rdckts. Df rnceri tb tkn treidtdbfel `bf`nptdbfs bh kujef rdckts et tkn ancdffdfc bh tkn twnftdntk `nftury, Ernfit ecrnns wdtk Nijufi Aurmn tket tkn rdckts bh 19
Nfcldskjnf ern tb an prnhnrrni bvnr tkn rdckts bh fbaln sevecns. Df btknr wbris, skn ercuns tket tkn dine bh kujef rdckts df dts treidtdbfel hbrj clbrdhdns ef eastre`t stetn bh ehhedrs tket kes fb rnel wbrli nqudvelnft. Ykn stetnlnss efi rdcktlnss bh tkn twnftdntk `nftury wnrn tkus dll-eivdsni tb eppnel tb kujef rdckts, wkd`k wnrn, es kdstbrd`el nxpnrdnf`n skbwni, usnlnss df prb`urdfc efy sbrt sb rt bh pr prbt btn` n`td tdbf. bf. E` E``br `brid idfc fcly ly,, tr treid eidtd tdbfe bfell ku kuje jef f rd rdck ckts ts df pr pre`t e`td` d`nn wn wnrn rn bf bfly ly e `bli `bjhbrt, fbt andfc `epealn bh cuereftnndfc tkn rdckts bh kujef andfcs wknf dt wes jbst fn`nssery. Dh fetdbfel sbvnrndcfty efi `dtdznf rdckts hell ewey ew ey,, tk tknf nf ku kuje jef f an andf dfcs cs lb lbsn sn el elll tk tknd ndrr rd rdck ckts ts ef efi i ke kevn vn fb fbtk tkdf dfc c nl nlsn sn tb rn rnly ly bf bf.. Df `bftrest tb tkn treidtdbfel ufinrstefidfcs bh kujef rdckts, Ernfit—s epprbe`k tb kujef rdckts ds aesni bf knr nxpnrdnf`n. Df knr wrdtdfcs, skn 15
Pnn K. Ernfit, D`k wdll vnrstnknf7 Pnlasteusmüfhtn zu Lnanf ufi Snrm (Jufd`k, (Jufd`k,
1?58 ]5448Z), p. 94. 11 Bf Ernfit—s insdrn tb ufinrstefi, snn dadi ., ., p. 9;. Ernfit—s nssey ‛ “Ykn Qdckts bh Jef‚7 Sket Ern Ykny2— wes hdrst pualdskni df Jbinrf Qnvdnw, 0 (1) (5494), pp. 19‐03. Et tk tknn se sejn jn td tdjn jn Er Ernf nfit it pu pual alds dskn kni i tk tknn se sejn jn je jetn tnrd rdel el df Cn Cnrj rjef ef77 ‛N ‛Nss cd cdat at fu furr nd ndf f nd ndfz fzdc dcns ns Jnfs`knfrn`kt—, Idn Sefilufc, 9 (5494), pp. 3>9‐3?. Hbr idhhnrnf`ns antwnnf tkn twb tnxts efi suasnqunft wrdtdfcs bf kujef rdckts ay Keffek Ernfit, snn G.J. Qbadtzs`k, ‛Ykn Cnfnsds bh Keffek Ernfit—s @bf`nptdbf bh Kujef Qdckts—, Ykn Pbutknrf Gburfel bh _kdlbsbpky, >3 (1) (1?54 (1?54), ), pp. 19?‐> 19?‐>;. ;. Sket hbllb hbllbws ws rnldns bf tkn rn`bfstru`td rn`bfstru`tdbf bf bh Ernfit—s ercujnft invnlbpni df jbrn intedl df tket pepnr. 10 Eltn El tnrf rfet etdv dvnn er ertd td`u `ule letd tdbf bfss bh tk tknn rd rdck cktt tb ke kevn vn rd rdck ckts ts er ernn tk tket et dt ds e ae aesd sd`` rd rdck cktt tb an e jnjanr bh e pbldtd`el `bjjufdty br tket dt ds e aesd` rdckt tb an tkn suagn`t bh hurtknr rdck rd ckts ts.. Sk Sket et md mdfi fi bh ae aesd sd`` rd rdck cktt tk tknn rd rdck cktt tb ke kevn vn rd rdck ckts ts ds ds tk tknn su suag agn` n`tt bh sb sbjn jn s` s`kb kble lerl rly y `bftrb `bf trbvnr vnrsy. sy. Hbr sbj sbjnn ids ids`us `ussdb sdbf, f, snn H. Jd` Jd`knl knljef jef,, ‛_e ‛_ersd rsdfc fc “E Qdc Qdckt kt tb Kev Kevnn Qdckts‚ —, @bfstnlletdbfs, 0 (1) (5448), pp. 1??‐;= Mnsay, Ykn Qdckt tb Kevn Qdckts = es wnll es Ykn Qdckt tb Kevn Qdckts, ni. InCbbynr nt el. 19 Ernfit, ‛ “Ykn Qdckts bh Jef‚ —, pp. 05‐9.
AQB@K & EQNFIY BF K^JEF QDCKYP
5;5
dfvnstdcetns wket nxe`tly tkbsn wkb an`ejn rdcktlnss iurdfc tkn hdrst kelh bh tkn twnftdntk `nftury lbst efi `bf`luins tket tkndr jbst sdcfdhd`eft lbss ds tkn rdckt tb an e jnjanr bh e pbldtd`el `bjjufdty et ell, fbt tkn lbss bh pn`ulder dfidvdiuel rdckts su`k es tkn rdckt tb jerry wkbnvnr bfn plnesns br nvnf tkn rdck rd cktt tb hr hrnn nn sp spnn nn`k `k..1> Es e rn rnsu sult lt,, Er Ernf nfit it je jedf dfte tedf dfss tk tket et el elll ku kuje jef f an andf dfcs cs ke kevn vn e rdckt tb kevn rdckts, wkd`k ds tb an nstealdskni ay kujefdty dtsnlh, ufinrstbbi es tkn nfsnjaln bh ell kujef andfcs. 18 Hurtknrjbrn, Ernfit nfis knr nssey wdtk tkn bptdjdstd` basnrvetdbf tket hrbj e pre`td`el pnrspn`tdvn, ef dftn df tnrf rfet etdb dbfe fell sb sblu lutd tdbf bf tb tk tknn rd rdck cktt tb ke kevn vn rd rdck ckts ts wd wdll ll ke kevn vn tb an hb hbuf ufi7 i7 tk tknn rd rdck cktt 13 tb kevn rdckt rdcktss `ef bfly an cuereft cuereftnni nni ay e `bjdty bh fetdb fetdbfs. fs. DDD f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
Ernfit vds-ï-vds Arb`k
Kevdfc sujjerdzni Arb`k—s efi Ernfit—s ercujnfts, lnt us essnss tkn nxtnft tb wkd`k Ernfit rnelly `bjpbsni knr rnhln`tdbfs bf kujef rdckts an`eusn bh Arb`k, es skn `ledjni df tkn 5498 lnttnr tb Arb`k qubtni eabvn. Df wket hbllbws, D wdll ids`uss fdfn pbdfts bh `bjperdsbf. Ykn hdrst tkrnn pbdfts wdll rnvnel sdjdlerdtdns efi dfstef`ns df wkd`k Ernfit wes prbaealy dfinatni tb Arb`k. Ykn hburtk efi hdhtk pbdfts bh `bjperdsbf wdll `bf`nrf espn`ts df rnceri tb wkd`k Ernfit jey an inpnfinft bf Arb`k, aut wknrn D tkdfm tket inpnfinf`n inpnfin f`n ds lnss lnss ldmnl ldmnly y tkef tkef df tkn prnvd prnvdbus bus tkrnn tkrnn `esns `esns.. Hdfelly Hdfelly,, tkn lest hbur pbdfts bh `bjperdsbf wdll skbw sdcfdhd`eft idhhnrnf`ns antwnnf Ernfit efi Arb`k bf kujef rdckts. 5. Ykn Jedf @kellnfc @kellnfcnn df rnceri tb Kujef Kujef Qdckts Qdckts
Ykn jedf `kell `kellnfcn nfcn df rnceri tb kujef rdckt rdcktss ds rnjer rnjermealy mealy sdjdler sdjdler hbr abtk Arb`k efi Ernfit7 tket kujef rdckts ern fbt pbsdtdvn rdckts, efi e``bridfcly, dfid df idvd vdiu iuel elss ke kevn vn tb rn rnly ly bf fe fetd tdbf bf st stet etns ns tb ba bate tedf df tk tkns nsnn rd rdck ckts ts.. Bf Bfnn bh tk tknn jb jbst st djpbrteft pnrplnxdtdns df rnceri tb kujef rdckts tket Ernfit dinftdhdns ds, es wn se sew w ea eabv bvn, n, tk tket et dh fet fetdb dbfe fell sb sbvnr vnrnd ndcf cfty ty he hell llss ew ewey ey,, rd rdck ckts ts `e `eff ffbt bt an cue cuere reff1; tnni. _ut id idhh hhnr nrnft nftly ly,, dh kuj kujef ef rd rdckt cktss er ernn uf ufinr inrst stbb bbi i es tk tknn sbur`n bh pbs pbsdt dtdvn dvn
1>
Dadi ., ., pp. 1;‐0?. 18 Dadi ., . , p. 0> 0>.. Er Ernf nfit it us usns ns ‛j ‛jef efmd mdfi fi—— df ‛ “Y “Ykn kn Qd Qdck ckts ts bh Je Jef‚ f‚ —, ‛k ‛kuj ujef efdt dty— y— ds hb hbuf ufi i df tkn anttnr-mfbwf perellnl pessecn df Brdcdfs bh Ybteldterdefdsj (@lnvnlefi efi Fnw Tbrm, 1fi nif., 54>;), p. 14;. 13 Ernfit, ‛ “Ykn Qdckts bh Jef‚ —, p. 03. 1; Skdl Sk dlnn Er Ernf nfit it sp spne nems ms bh tk tknn pn pnrp rpln lnxd xdtd tdns ns bh tk tknn ku kuje jef f rd rdck ckts ts df tk tknn pl plur urel el,, dt ds id idhh hhdd`ult tb spn`dhy kbw jefy pnrplnxdtdns tknrn ern df rnceri tb kujef rdckts bf knr vdnw. E
cbbi ancdffdfc tbweris su`k e ldst bh pnrplnxdtdns brs`knfr epbrdes df Ernfit ds jein df P. Cnb Cnbrcn rcn,, Xbj Qn Qn`kt `kt euh Qn Qn`kt `ktn7 n7 Keffek Kef fek Ernfit Ern fitss Jnf Jnfs`k nfrn`k n`ktsm tsmrdt rdtdm dm (Peerarü`mnf, 1??;), pp. 1?‐3.
5 ;1
G.J. QBADYWP@K
rdck ckts ts,, dt ds su supn pnrh rhlu lubu buss tb we weft ft tb cu cuer eref eftn tnnn tk tknj nj vd vdee pb pbsd sdtd tdvn vn rd rdck ckts ts.. Eh Ehtn tnrr el ell, l, rd df tkds `esn, tkny wbuli elrneiy an df`brpbretni df pbsdtdvn rdckts efi an nqudvelnft tb `dtdznf rdckts. Tnt wknf `dtdznf rdckts efi pbsdtdvn rdckts hell ewey, kujef andfcs an`bjn rdcktlnss (es tkn nxpnrdnf`ns bh tkn nerly twnftdtwnftdntk `nft `nftury ury skbwn skbwni). i). Es e rns rnsult ult,, tre treidt idtdbf dbfel el kuj kujef ef rdckt rdcktss `bfs `bfstdt tdtutn utn bfl bfly y vnry vnry
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
`bli `bjhbrt hbr tkbsn wkb kevn annf strdppni bh tkn prbtn`tdbf bh tkndr fetdbfel cbvnrfjnft.14 Ernfit nxpld`dtly `rnidts Nijufi Aurmn wdtk tkds dfsdckt, efi wkdln Arb`k ibns fbt nvnf jnftdbf tkn Drdsk stetnsjef, Ernfit efi Arb`k ern knrn df `bjplntn ecrnnjnft eabut tkn feturn bh tkn prbalnj. Df strnssdfc tkn prbalnj bh nfhbr`njnft, Arb`k elsb jedftedfs tket kdstbrd`elly, kujef rdckts `buli fbt nhhn`tdvnly an tkn mdfi bh nxtre cuereftnn tket tkndr hdrs hd rstt pr prbp bpbf bfnft nftss nf nfvd vdsd sdbf bfni ni tk tknj nj tb an an.. Df ei eiid idtd tdbf bf,, kn nj njpke pkesd sdzns zns tk tket et ku kuje jef f rdckts ern `ru`delly inpnfinft bf tkn nxdstnf`n bh e fetdbf stetn. E``bridfcly, df e lnttnr tb Ernfit, wrdttnf ehtnr rneidfc knr ids`ussdbf bh kujef rdckts, Arb`k nftkusdestd`elly `knnrs Ernfit bf hbr kevdfc nxpbsni tkn ‛swdfiln—0? tket ds et tkn aesds bh treidtdbfel in`leretdbfs bh kujef rdckts7 tket tknsn rdckts `buli fbt an nhhn`tdvnly usni ay tkbsn wkb kei lbst rdckts tb cuereftnn tkn rdckts tkny kei lbst (dfinpnfinft bh tkn fetdbf stetn). Ldmnwdsn, pnrkeps, Ernfitt jey elsb kevn `ledjni tket skn wrbtn wket skn wrbtn df pert an`eusn Ernfi bh Arb`k, an`eusn tkn twb tkdfmnrs sew tkn sejn prbalnj tb an tkn jedf `kellnfcn essb`detni wdtk kujef rdckts. 1. Eastre` Eastre`tfnss tfnss bh Kujef Qdckts Qdckts
Ernfit efi Arb`k elsb ecrnn df tkndr efelysds dfsbher es abtk eutkbrs pbdft tb tkn iefcnr bh tkn eastre`t queldty bh kujef rdckts. Hbr Arb`k, tkds iefcnr `bfsdsts df tkn he`t tket lews tket try tb prbtn`t sbjntkdfc df tkn eastre`t ’ an dt tkn stetn es e wkbln br `dtdznfs bh tket stetn ’ ib fbt wbrm. 05 Pu`k lews ern sdjply fbt nhhn`tdvn df prnvnftdfc `bf`rntn kerj an`eusn efy cdvnf `bf`rntn nftdty `ef an ufinrstbbi es ef nx`nptdbf efi sb fbt wbrtky bh prbtn`tdbf. Hbr Ernfit, tkn `esn ds sdjdler. Hbr knr, kujef rdckts clbrdhy e kujef feturn tket `effbt an hbufi df tkn wbrli.01 Yknrn ern fb kujef andfcs df tkn eastre`t, aut bfly `bf`rntn dfidvdiuels. E``bridfcly, eastre`tdbf df tkn `esn bh kujef rdckts hedls tb ydnli ecnfts efy bh tkn anfnhdts tket `bf`rntn prbtn`tdbfs `buli bhhnr, tket ds, tkn he`t tket kujef andfcs ern Ardtdsk, _bldsk br Dteldef. Bf tkn `bftr `bf trer ery, y, dt nv nvnf nf je jemn mnss ec ecnf nfts ts vu vulf lfnr nrea ealn ln tb an` an`bj bjdf dfc c tk tknn vd vd`t `tdj djss bh tb tbte teld ldte terrdef eccrnssdbf. 14
Pnn elsb K. Ernfit, Nlnjnftn ufi ^rsprüfcn tbtelnr Knrrs`keht (Jufd`k, (Jufd`k, 1??;), p. 8?0, wknrn tkds dine ds jbrn `lnerly ertd`uletni. 0? Ernfit efi Arb`k, Ardnhwn`ksnl, p. 5; (: lnttnr bh 54 Pnptnjanr 5498). 05 Arb`k, ‛Anjnrmufcnf—, pp. 1>3‐8?. 01 Ernf Er nfit it,, ‛ “Y “Ykn kn Qd Qdck ckts ts bh Je Jef‚ f‚ —, p. 05 05.. Yk Yknn di dine ne ds sp spnl nlln lni i bu butt df Er Ernf nfit it,, Brd Brdcdf cdfss bh Ybteldterdefdsj (1fi nif.), pp. 993‐>3.
AQB@K & EQNFIY BF K^JEF QDCKYP
5;0
0. ‛Ib tkysnlh tkysnlh fb kerj= kerj= wn ern ell ell knrn— knrn—
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
Ykn jbst `bf`rn `bf`rntn tn efi `lner `lner nxejpln nxejpln bh Ernfit—s Ernfit—s dfinat dfinatnifnss nifnss tb Arb`k Arb`k ds tkn qubtn ‛Ib tkysnlh fb kerj wn ern ell knrn—. Sknf wrdtdfc tkn hdrst ireht bh tkn nssey tket letnr an`ejn ‛ “Ykn Qdckts bh Jef‚7 Sket ern Ykny2—, Ernfit dftncretni tkds qubtn dftb tkn tnxt efi `rnidtni Arb`k wdtk dt, sdf`n dt eppners df Arb`k—s fbvnl Ykn Plnnpwelmnrs wkd`k ds wknrn skn hbufi dt. Df kds `brrnspbfinf`n wdtk Ernfit, Arb`k, kbwnvnr, qud`mly pbdftni but tket tkn qubtn ds fbt rnelly ay kdj, aut wes retknr temnf hrbj E`ts 5871;.00 Ykn qubtn idi fbt jemn dt dftb tkn 5494 pualdskni vnrsdbf bh Ernfit—s nssey, wkd`k dfid`etns tket Ernfit rnvdsni knr wbrm ehtnr snfidfc e ireht tb Arb`k. Tnt dt wes dftn Brdcdfs bh Ybteldcretni dftb tkn ‛@bf`luidfc Qnjerms— bh tkn hdrst nidtdbf bh Brdcdfs terdefdsj, wkd`k temns up e pert bh tkn jetnrdel bh tkn 5494 nssey (tkn aulm bh Brdcdfs).09 Pdf`n Arb`k ds fbt tkn 5494 nssey jemns up tkn fdftk `keptnr bh Brdcdfs eutkbr, aut bfly tkn purvnybr bh tkn qubtn, kn ds fbt `rnidtni, aut, es D succnstni knrn, kds dfhlunf`n bf Ernfit df tkds `esn ds `lner7 Arb`k jein Ernfit ewern bh e pessec pessecnn skn wbuli fbt btknrwdsn btknrwdsn kevn mfbwf. 9. Ykn @ell @ell hbr Dftnrvnf Dftnrvnftdbfs tdbfs
Es wn sew eabvn, tkn `ell hbr efi pbssdadldty bh dftnrvnftdbfs ay tkn wbrli `bjjufdty df tkn fejn bh kujef rdckts ldns et tkn `nftrn bh Arb`k—s nssey. Dftn Df tnrn rnst stdf dfcl cly, y, Er Ernfi nfit— t—ss ‛ “Y “Ykn kn Qd Qdck ckts ts bh Je Jef‚ f‚77 Sk Sket et Er Ernn Yk Ykny2 ny2—— el elsb sb `b `bft fted edfs fs e pessecn, df wkd`k skn eivb`etns kujef rdckts dftnrvnftdbfs vds-ï-vds tkn Pbvdnt ^fdbf7 @rdjns ecedfst kujefdty kevn an`bjn e mdfi bh spn`delty bh tbteldterdef rncdjns. Df tkn lbfc ruf, dt wdll ib jbrn kerj tkef cbbi dh wn `bfhusn tkds suprnjn mdfi bh `rdjn wdtk e lbfc snrdns bh btknr `rdjns wkd`k tknsn rncdjns elsb dfids`rdjdfetnly `bjjdt ’ su`k es dfgustd`n efi nxplbdtetdbf, inprdvetdbf bh ldanrty efi pbldtd`el bpprnssdbf. Pu`k `rdjns ern hejdlder df ell tyreffdns wdll kerily nvnr anehhedrs. hbufi Pbvdnt suhhd`dnft tb gustdhy dftnrhnrnf`n wdtk efbtknrefi `buftry—s sbvnrndcf Qussde—s eccrnssdvn efi djpnrdeldst hbrndcf pbld`y kes rnsultni df `rdjns ecedfst jefy pnbplns efi ds bh crnet `bf`nrf tb tkn wkbln wbrli, aut dt ds ef dssun bh bridfery hbrndcf pbldtd`s bf tkn dftnrfetdbfel lnvnl, fbt e `bf`nrf bh kujefdty es su`k ’ tket ds, bh e pbssdaln lew eabvn fetdbfs. Knr `bf`nftretdbf `ejps, bf tkn btknr kefi, df wkd`k jefy jdlldbfs ern inprdvni bh nvnf tkn ibuathul anfnhdts bh lew le w bh tk tknd ndrr bw bwf f `b `buf uftr try, y, `b `bul uli i ef efi i sk skbu buli li an an`b `bjn jn tk tknn su suag agn` n`tt bh e` e`td tdbf bf tk tket et 0> wbuli fbt kevn tb rnspn`t tkn rdckts efi rulns bh sbvnrndcfty.
Es Merbl Peunrlefi basnrvns, Ernfit—s `ell hbr dftnrfetdbfel kujef rdckts dftnrvnftdbf, tket ds, tkn lest snftnf`n bh tkn perecrepk gust qubtni, ds e adt but 00 09 0>
Ernfit efi Arb`k, Ardnhwn`ksnl, pp. 5;‐54 (lnttnr bh 54 Pnptnjanr 5498). K. Ernfit, Brdcdfs bh Ybteldterdefdsj (Fnw Tbrm, 5st nif., 54>5), p. 904. Ernfit, ‛ “Ykn Qdckts bh Jef‚ —,22 pp. 08‐3. Njpkesds eiini.
5 ;9
G.J. QBADYWP@K
bh ple`n, nspn`delly sdf`n dt ds `bjplntnly nx`dsni wknf Ernfit dftncretns tkn jetnrdel dftb Brdcdfs bh Ybteldterdefdsj.08 E``bridfcly, bfn jey tkdfm tket tkn pessecn ds tkn tre`n bh e inat tb Arb`k efi kds ‛Fbtns bf tkn ^tbpde bh ef “Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qdckts efi bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns‚ —. Skdln dt snnjs tb jn tket dfhlunf`n dfhlunf`n ds pbssd pbssdaln aln knrn, bfn skbul skbuli i fbtn tket tkn dine bh kujef rdckts dftnrvnftdbfs ds elsb df ldfn wdtk tkn btknr dines bh tkn nssey. Ehtnr ell, wky skbuli e cuereftnn bh e rdckt tb kevn rdckts bf ankelh bh tkn `bjdty bh fetdbfs fbt elsb, es e lest rnsbrt, df`luin tkn usn bh vdblnf`n2 Df he`t, wbuli fbt tkn easnf eas nf`n `n bh vd vdbl blnf nf`n `n es e le lest st rn rnsb sbrt rt ul ultd tdje jetn tnly ly je jemn mn dt dj djpbs pbssd sdal alnn tb tr trul uly y cu cuer er-eftnn kujef rdckts, sdf`n tknrn ds tknf fb jnefs bh stbppdfc e rbcun stetn bpnretdfc es pert bh tkn dftnrfetdbfel brinr bh stetns2 f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
>. Ef Dftnrfetdbfel Dftnrfetdbfel @rdjd @rdjdfel fel @burt
Pdf`nn tk Pdf` tknn nx nxds dstn tnf` f`nn bh ef df dftn tnrf rfet etdb dbfel fel `r `rdj djdf dfel el `b `bur urtt pl pley eyss e pr prbj bjdf dfnf nftt rb rbln ln df Arb`k—s tnxt, Peunrlefi elsb succnsts tket Arb`k jey kevn dfhlunf`ni Ernfit wknf skn eivef`ni knr dines bf ef dftnrfetdbfel `rdjdfel `burt.03 Kbwnvnr, sdf`n tkn dine bh ef dftnrfetdbfel `rdjdfel `burt ds fndtknr ids`ussni df ‛ “Ykn Qdckts bh Jef‚7 Sket ern Ykny2— fbr df Brdcdfs bh Ybteldterdefdsj, aut bfly df tkn lest `keptnr bh knr 5480 abbm Nd`kjeff df Gnruselnj, dt snnjs tb jn tket dfhlunf`n df tkds rnceri ds ufldmnly. Df tkds `esn, wn wbuli kevn tb essujn tket Ernfit rn`ellni knr `bfvnrsetdbfs wdtk Arb`k jbrn tkef tnf yners ehtnr Arb`k— Arb `k—ss ine inetk tk efi jbr jbrnn tke tkef f hd hdhtn htnnf nf yner ynerss eht ehtnr nr tkn npd npdstb stbler lery y nx`k nx`kefc efcnn antw an twnn nnf f tk tknn tw twb. b. Bh `b `bur ursn sn,, le le`m `mdf dfc c eii eiidt dtdb dbfe fell nv nvdi dinf nf`n `n,, wn el elsb sb `e `eff ffbt bt sn sntt ttln ln tkds jettnr inhdfdtdvnly= Ernfit jey wnll kevn annf dfinatni tb Arb`k df rnceri tb tkds dine. 8. Epbrd Epbrdes/_nr es/_nrplnxd plnxdtdns tdns vs. Eftdfbjdns Eftdfbjdns
Abtk Arb`k efi Ernfit dinftdhy e `kellnfcn df rnceri tb kujef rdckts tket fnnis tb an sblvni efi usn lefcuecn tket succnsts tket tkn `kellnfcn ds snrdbus efi idhhd`ult. Hbr Arb`k, tkn `kellnfcn ds `epturni df tkn tnrj ‛eftdfbjy—, wkdln Ernfit usns tkn tnrjs ‛pnrplnxdtdns— efi ‛epbrdes—. Kbwnvnr, wkdln tkn ‛eftdfbjy— df rnceri tb kujef rdckts tket Arb`k dinftdhdns ds `lnerly sblvealn, dt ds fbt qudtn `lner wkntknr Ernfit tkdfms tket ell pnrplnxdtdns efi ‛epbrdes— df rnceri tb kujef rdckts df tkn nfi kevn `lner sblutdbfs. 0; Skdln abtk eutkbrs tkus tk us us usnn tn tn`kf `kfd` d`el el tn tnrj rjdf dfbl blbc bcy y tk tket et df dfid id`et `etns ns tk tknn sn snrd rdbu busf sfns nsss bh tk tknn pr prbal balnj nj bh kuje ku jef f rd rdck ckts ts== tk tknn tn tn`k `kfd fd`el `el tn tnrj rjss tk tknj njsn snlv lvns ns su succ ccns nstt qu qudt dtnn e id idhh hhnr nrnf nftt et ettd tdtu tuin in tbweris tbwer is tkn sblvea sblveadldt dldty y bh tkn prbal prbalnjs njs surrbufidfc surrbufidfc kujef rdckts hbr Arb`k efi hbr Ernfit. 08
Peunrlefi, ‛Knrjeff Arb`k ufi Keffek Ernfit—, pp. 010‐9. 03 Dadi ., ., pp. 018‐3. 0; Hbr ids`ussdbf bh tkds dine, snn G.J. Qbadtzs`k, ‛Ykn Epbrdes bh Crbufidfc tkn Qdckt tb Kevn Qdckts df Keffek Ernfit—, Ernfit Ptuidns, 5 (1?53), pp. 5>5‐1 f.0.
AQB@K & EQNFIY BF K^JEF QDCKYP
5;>
3. Ykn Qbln bh tkn Dftnrfetd Dftnrfetdbfel bfel @bjjufdty @bjjufdty
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
_rdje he`dn, Arb`k efi Ernfit ern df ecrnnjnft tket tkn prbalnj bh nfhbr`neadldty kes kes tb an sblvn sblvni i bf tkn tkn dftnr dftnrfetdb fetdbfel fel lnvnl lnvnl,, cdvnf cdvnf ell prbaln prbalnjs js essb`d essb`detni etni wdtk fetdbfel sbvnrndcfty. Kbwnvnr, ehtnr tkds dfdtdel ecrnnjnft, idhhnrnf`ns antwnnf tkn twb qud`mly njnrcn. Sknrnes Arb`k ufwevnrdfcly std`ms wdtk kds `bjjdtjnft tb dftnrfetdbfel brcefdzetdbfs, Ernfit bvnr tdjn crbws jbrn efi jbrn s`nptd`el eabut wket dftnrfetdbfel brcefdzetdbfs `ef e``bjpldsk. 04 Pkn eaefibfs tkn dine bh e `bjdty bh fetdbfs es e cuereftnn hbr kujef rdckts wknf skn rnvdsns tkn 5494 nssey efi dftncretns dt dftb tkn 54>5 abbm Ykn Brdcdfs bh Ybteldterdefdsj. Hrbj tkn jdi-54>?s, Ernfit tkdfms eabut eltnrfetdvn weys tb brcefdzn sbvnrndcfty, hbr dfstef`n, `uljdfetdfc df knr eppnel hbr e `buf`dl systnj df knr 5480 abbm Bf Qnvblutdbf. Aut ultdjetnly, Ernfit nvnf kes ibuats df rnceri tb tkds sblutdbf= df e letnr dftnrvdnw, hbr dfstef`n, skn ds s`nptd`el wkntknr sbvnrndcfty `ef rnelly an rnbrcefdzni.9? Hurtknrjbrn, pe`n Arb`k df e 54>? nssey,95 Ernfit ds vnry `rdtd`el bh tkn dine bh e wbrli stetn df Ykn Brdcdfs bh Ybteldterdefdsj, pbdftdfc but tket tkn sn`bfi (54>;) nidtdbf bh Ykn df su`k e stetn tkn jegbrdty jey nesdly supprnss jdfbrdtdns ay jnefs bh e (lncdtdjetn) jegbrdty in`dsdbf.91 Dt ds kerily surprdsdfc, tknrnhbrn, tket tkn idhhnrnf`n bf kbw tb brcefdzn sbvnrndcfty an`ejn e pbtnftdel pbdft bh `bfhld`t antwnnf Arb`k efi Ernfit. ‛_btnftdel— an`eusn dt snnjs retknr tkef Ernfit bpnfly idsecrnndf idsecrnndfc c wdtk Arb`k Arb`k,, tkn rbln bh tnlldfc Arb`k bhh wes temnf up ay Ernfit—s kusaefi Kndfrd`k Alü`knr, wkb e`tni es e prbxy df tkn jettnr. Df Gefuery 54>?, wknf Ernfit rnturfni tb Nurbpn hbr tkn hdrst tdjn ehtnr tkn wer, Alü`knr wrdtns tb knr tket kn tbli Arb`k ‛tket kn ]Arb`kZ kei fb dine wket tbteldterdefdsj ds ]iess nr mndfn Ekfufc ket, wes Ybteldterdsjus dstZ—. 90 Hurtknrjb tkn rjbrn, rn, Al Alü` ü`kn knrr `l `led edjs js tk tket et kn (A (Alü lü`k `knr nr)) ‛w ‛wdt dtkb kbut ut jn jnr` r`y y `k `ker ere` e`tn tnrd rdzn zni i el elll kd kdss ]Arb`k—sZ fd`n ^fdtni Fetdbfs dfvnftdbfs es epbldtd`el aullskdt ]elln sndfn fnttnf ^fdtni Fet Fetdbfs dbfs-Nr -Nrhdf hdfiufc iufcnf nf nrae nraerju rjufcsl fcslbs bs els ufpb ufpbldt ldtds` ds`knf knf Jds Jdstt 99 `keremtnrdsdnrtZ—. Ernfi Ernfit—s t—s rnspbfsn rnspbfsn tb tkds ds tb nxprnss knr cretd cretdtuin tuin tb knr kusaefi hbr ibdfc sbjntkdfc tket skn knrsnlh wes uf`bjhbrtealn wdtk7 Ej nssnftdelly rnldnvni tket ybu ]Alü`knrZ tbli kdj ]Arb`kZ bhh. D `ef—t ib dt, D—i retknr idn. Yket—s wky kn rdckthully tkdfms tket D—j twb-he`ni. Jeyan ybu `ef cnt kdj tb invbtn kdjsnlh tb ldtnreturn df kds ibtecn. Ykdfm bh tkn wbfinrhul lbvn stbry. ’ Skb `ef stdll wrdtn sbjntkdfc ldmn tket tbiey. D—j 04
Hbr sbjn ids`ussdbf, snn Qbadtzs`k, ‛Ykn Cnfnsds—, pp. 19?‐>;. Pnn K. Ernfit, @rdsds bh tkn Qnpuald` (Pef Idncb, Fnw Tbrm efi Lbfibf, 5431), p. 105. 95 Pnn K. Arb`k, ‛Yrbtzinj7 Kujefn _bldtdm7 Xnrwdrmld`kufc ndfnr ^tbpdn—, df _bldtds`kn P`krdhtnf, ni. Lütznlnr, pp. 045‐1. 91 Ernfit, Brdcdfs bh Ybteldterdefdsj (1fi nif.), pp. 14;‐4. 90 K. Ernfit efi K. Alü`knr, Ardnhn 5408‐548;, ni. L. Møklnr (Jufd`k efi Wurd`k, 5448), pp. 54>‐8 (: lnttnr bh 18 Gefuery 54>?). Yrefsletdbf jdfn. 99 Dadi ., ., p. 548. 9?
5 ;8
G.J. QBADYWP@K
`bjplntnly keppy wknf D tkdfm bh dt. ]Adf dj Crufin nrlnd`ktnrt, iess Iu dkj idn Jndfufc cnhlüstnrt kest. D`k meff ns fd`kt, nknr stnranf. Iehür kélt nr jd`k jdt Qn`kt hür ndfnf hels`knf Hüfhzdcnr. Xdnllnd`kt ardfcst iu dkf iezu, sd`k euh sndfn eltnf Yecn jdt Id`ktufc zu ans`kéhtdcnf. Infm ef idn knrrld`kn Ldnanscns`kd`ktn. ’ Snr meff knutn s`kbf fb`k sbwes s`krndanf. D`k adf cefz clü`mld`k, wnff d`k ieref infmn.Z9>
f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
Df btknr wbris, tkds letnr nx`kefcn skbws tket Ernfit eabvn ell veluni Arb`k es e wrdtnr efi fbt es e pbldtd`el tkdfmnr efi pkdlbsbpknr, wknrnes, hbr Arb`k, Ernfit (efi Alü`knr) wes (wnrn) elsb dftnrnstdfc es pbldtd`el efi pkdlbsbpkd`el dftnrlb`utbr(s).98 Pn Pnnf nf hr hrbj bj tk tkds ds pn pnrs rspn pn`t `tdv dvn, n, tk tknf nf,, tk tknn nx nx`ke `kefc fcnn bf pbldt pbldtd`el d`el dines df tkn `brrnspbfinf`n `brrnspbfinf`n antwnnf Ernfit efi Arb`k ds eabvn ell e jettnr bh inldvnrdfc e tkbuckt-prbvbmdfc djpulsn, fbt e jettnr bh innp dfinatnifnss. Arb`k knlpni Ernfit cnt stertni, aut es tdjn wnft bf efi Ernfit lnerfni jbrn eabut tkn intedls bh Arb`k—s bwf dines, skn an`ejn lnss efi lnss df`ldfni tb trust kds guicjnft br nvnf suasteftdelly nfcecn wdtk kds succnstdbfs tkef wknf tkny hdrst jnt, es bfn `ef elsb snn df rnceri tb Arb`k—s jbrn idrn`t `rdtd`dsjs bh Ernfit—s dines (snn anlbw). Ykds ds, bh `bursn, fbt tb pess guicjnft tkn jnrdts bh Arb`k—s tknjsnlvns, wkd`k Ernfit idsjdssni wdtkbutbf innpnr nfcecnjnft efi dines ercujnft. ;. Ykn @rdtd`dsj @rdtd`dsj bh Le`mdfc Fbrjetdvn Fbrjetdvn Hbufietdb Hbufietdbfs fs df Ernfit
Ernfit—s ufwdlldfcfnss tb nfcecn jbrn innply wdtk Arb`k—s dines `ef elsb an snnf df rnceri tb e `rdtd`dsj tket Arb`k redsns df rnceri tb tkn fbrjetdvn hbufietdbfs bh Ernfit—s prbpbsel bf kujef rdckts. Df pertd`uler, Arb`k wrdtns tb Ernfit df 54947 Tbur lnep tb ef ‛buckt—, tb wkd`k nvnrytkdfc ejbufts br kes tb ejbuft, ds sknnr precjetdsj= dt jey `nrtedfly suhhd`n hbr pre`td`el pbldtd`s, aut dt ds pkdlbsbpkd`elly ufsetdshe`tbry, efi bfn jey esm wkntknr tkn cep df ybur tkdfmdfc ibns fbt evnfcn dtsnlh df tkn pre`td`el ibjedf ]Dkr Pprufc zuj ‛Pbl ‛P blln lnf, f,—— eu euhh ie iess ns ge s` s`kl kldn dnÒl Òld` d`k k kd kdfe feus uslé léuh uhtt uf ufi i kd kdfe feus usle leuh uhnf nf ju juÒ, Ò, ds dstt rn rndf dfnr nr _recjetdsjus= fuf jec inr hrndld`k hür idn premtds`kn _bldtdm eusrnd`knf, dst ean eanrr inf infmnr mnrds` ds`k k ib ib`k `k ufa ufanhr nhrdni dnidcn dcnfi fi ufi ns hre hrect ct sd` sd`k, k, ba idn Inf Infmlü mlü`mn `mn 93 fd`kt s`kldnÒld`k eu`k dj _remtds`knf sd`k ré`kt.Z
Arb`k `bftdfuns tb spnll but tkds `rdtd`dsj ay nxpledfdfc tket dt ds fbt et ell `lner wky tkn `bjdty bh fetdbfs `ef cuereftnn tkn rdckt tb kevn rdckts, Ernfit—s 9>
Dadi ., ., p. 1?> (: lnttnr bh 1 Hnaruery 54>?). Yrefsletdbf jdfn. Es tkn nidtbr fbtns, tknn lb tk lbvn vn st stbr bry y Er Ernf nfit it ke kess df jd jdfi fi ds tk tknn ‛N ‛Nrz rzék éklu lufc fc in inrr Je Jeci ci Wn Wnrl rldf dfn— n— hr hrbj bj tk tknn fb fbvn vnll Ykn Cudltlnss. 98 E``bri E`` bridfc dfcly, ly, Arb`k Arb`k wes els elsb b vnr vnry y dft dftnrn nrnstn stni i df inv invnlb nlbpdf pdfc c kds pbl pbldtd dtd`e `ell efi pkd pkdlblbsbpkd`el dines wdtk Ernfit. Pnn elsb e lnttnr ay Kndfrd`k Alü`knr, df wkd`k kn `ledjs tb kevn `bjp `bjplntn lntnly ly `bfvd `bfvdf`ni f`ni Arb`k bh kds (Alü` (Alü`knr—s knr—s)) pbldt pbldtd`el d`el dine dines. s. Dadi ., . , pp pp.. 50 504‐ 4‐9? 9? (: lnttnr bh Guly 5498). 93 Ernfit efi Arb`k, Ardnhwn`ksnl, p. 518 (: lnttnr bh 1; Gufn 5494).
AQB@K & EQNFIY BF K^JEF QDCKYP
5;3
prnhnrrni sblutdbf bh prbvdidfc e hbufietdbf hbr tkn rdckt tb kevn rdckts df knr 5494 nssey7 dh bfn injefis tket tkn `bjdty bh fetdbfs ‛buckt— tb ib tkds br tket, tknf tkds ‛buckt—, wkd`k wbuli btknrwdsn bfly an wdskhul tkdfmdfc, kes tb temn bf tkn hbrj bh e prbpkn`y, tket ds, bfn kes tb skbw wkd`k lbcd`el (fbt bfly njpdrd`el) pbwnrs ern et wbrm, wkd`k jemn tkds ‛prbcrnss—, e prbcrnss tbweris df`rnesni df`r nesni nqudty, ufev ufevbdie bdiealn aln ]vnr ]vnrlefc lefctt jef, iess inr Xølmn Xølmnrauf raufi i ies binr gnfns tuf ‛sbll,— sb juÒ idnsns ‛sbll,— ies sbfst nanf fur wdskhul tkdfmdfc wérn, idn Cnstelt ndfnr _rbpknzndkufc nrkeltnf, i.k. ns juÒ cnzndct wnrinf, wnl`kn lbcds`knf (fd`kt fur njpdrds`knf) Mréhtn ej Snrm sdfi, wnl`kn idnsnf ‛Hbrts`krdtt,— ndfnf Hbrts`krdtt zu zufnkjnfinr Cnrn`ktdcmndt ufeuswnd`kld`k je`knf.Z9; f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
_ut idhhnrnftly, Arb`k—s `rdtd`dsj bh Ernfit ds tket tkn lettnr ibns fbt jemn dt qudtn `lner wket tkn fbrjetdvn hbufietdbf bh tkn `bjdty bh fetdbfs efi (ldmnwdsn) tkn rdckt tb kevn rdckts ds. Ykds `rdtd`dsj ds pertd`ulerly dftnrnstdfc hrbj e `bftnjpbrery pnrspn`tdvn an`eusn dt `bf`nrfs e tbpd` tket ds vnry ju`k et tknn `n tk `nft ftrn rn bh `b `bft ftnj njpb pbre rery ry Er Ernfi nfitt s` s`kb kble lers rskd kdp p bf tk tknn rd rdckt ckt tb kev kevnn rd rdckt cktss eh ehtn tnrr Pnyle Anfkeada `bftnfini tket Ernfit—s prbpbsel bh e rdckt tb kevn rdckts le`ms e fbrjetdvn hbufietdbf. 94 ^fhbrtufetnly, Ernfit—s rnspbfsn tb Arb`k—s `rdtd`dsj ds fbt nxteft. Df efy nvnft, nvnf t, kbw kbwnvnr nvnr,, Arb` Arb`k—s k—s lnt lnttnr tnr skb skbws ws tke tkett Ern Ernfit fit jus justt kevn ann annf f ewern ewern bh tkn prbalnj bh prbvdidfc e fbrjetdvn hbufietdbf hbr tkn rdckt tb kevn rdckts. Df rnceri tb tkn `bftnjpbrery `bftnjpbrery inaetn bf tkn fbrjetdvn fbrjetdvn hbufie hbufietdbfs tdbfs bh tkn rdckt tb kevn rdckts, tkds ds fbtnwbrtky dfsbher es Ernfit idi fbt tkdfm dt fn`nssery tb eiirnss tkn prbalnj tket Arb`k redsni jbrn nxpld`dtly df knr wrdtdfcs. Ykds df tu turf rf `b `bul uli i jn jnef ef nd ndtk tknr nr tk tket et sk sknn tk tkbuc buckt kt sk sknn kei el elrn rnei eiy y su suhh hhd` d`dn dnft ftly ly eiirnssni tkn prbalnj br tket tkn prbalnj wes fbt djpbrteft nfbuck tb an eiirnssni, wkd`k wbuli ejbuft tb e idrn`t idsjdssel bh Arb`k—s (vnry djpbrteft efi estutn) bagn`tdbf. Hdfelly, dt `buli elsb jnef tket skn kei fbt hbufi e >?
`bjplntnly setdshe`tbry sblutdbf. Ykn Ernfit‐Arb`k `brrnspbfinf`n ibns fbt ellbw us tb inhdfdtnly snttln tkn dssun. Kbwnvnr, dt snnjs ldmnly tb jn tket Ernfit idi fbt hdfi e setdshe`tbry efswnr, an`eusn skn basnrvns df rne`tdbf tb Arb`k—s bwf sblutdbf tb hbufidfc kujef rdckts bf tkn nxdstnf`n bh e ‛Pn`ulerEasblutn ]Drids`k-EasblutnZ—, e mdfi bh sn`uler feturel lew, tket Arb`k—s prbprb pbsel ds `brrn`t bfly ufinr treidtdbfel prnsuppbsdtdbfs eabut kujef rdckts, prnsuppbsdtdbfs hrbj wkd`k Ernfit wefts tb idstef`n knrsnlh7 Ykn Pn`uler-Easblutn ds ef djpbrteft ids`bvnry, an`eusn dt ds dfinni ufibuatnily rdckt efi fn`nssery, prbvdini tket kujef rdckts ern ‛dfabrf— efi et tkn sejn tdjn e pert bh kujef andfcs, wkd`k ds e``nptni ay tkn wkbln treidtdbf. D pnrsbfelly fb lbfcnr anldnvn df tkds efi kevn e``bridfcly rnwrdttnf ]jy 9;
Dadi ., ., p. 513 (: lnttnr bh 1; Gufn 5494). P. Anfke Anfkeada, ada, Ykn Qnl (Bxhbri, i, 1?? 1??0), 0), p. ;1. Qnlu`t u`teft eft Jbi Jbinrf nrfdsj dsj bh Kef Keffek fek Ern Ernfit fit (Bxhbr >? Pnn nspn`delly tkn ids`ussdbf df Qbadtzs`k, ‛Ykn Epbrdes—, pp. 5>5‐84. 94
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f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
G.J. QBADYWP@K
rnjerms bfZ kujef rdckts wdtk ell fn`nssery prn`eutdbf. Aut D—j `bjplntnly `bfvdf`ni tket tkds ibnsf—t `bf`nrf ybu, an`eusn dh tknrn ds e feturel lew, tknf dt `ef bfly an gustdhdni df tkn wey tket ybu prbpbsn. Dt snnjs tb jn tket wn ern bf tkn wey bh njef`dpetdfc bursnlvns hrbj feturn df tkn sejn wey tket kujef andfcs df tkn ndcktnnftk `nftury njef`dpetni tknjsnlvns hrbj kdstbry. ]Ies Drids`k-Easblutn dst ndfn wnsnftld`kn Nftin`mufc, wndl ns féjld`k ufujcéfcld`k rd`ktdc ufi fbtwnfidc dst uftnr inr Xbreussntzufc, idn vbf inr cnsejtnf Yreidtdbf emznptdnrt wdri, iess idn Jnfs`knfrn`ktn ‛efcnabrnf— ufi clnd`ksej ndf Anstefitndl inr Jnfs`knf sdfi. D`k pnrsøfld`k cleuan ieref fd`kt jnkr, kean injnftsprn`knfi jndfn Jnfs`knfJnfs`knf rn`ktn vbllmbjjnf ujcns`krdnanf jdt ellnr cnaükrnfinf Xbrsd`kt. Eanr d`k adf hnst üanrznuct, iess idns Pdn fd`kts efcnkt, inff wnff ns ndf Feturrn`kt cdat, ieff meff ns fur sb fnuancrüfint wnrinf, wdn Pdn ns vbrs`klecnf. Jdr s`kndft, iess wdr euh inj Sncn sdfi, ufs vbf inr Fetur cnfe cn feu u sb zu nj njef efzd zdpd pdnr nrnf nf wd wdnn in inrr Jn Jnfs fs`k `k in inss 5; 5;.. Ge Gekr krku kufi finr nrts ts sd sd`k `k vb vbf f in inrr >5 Cns`kd`ktn njefzdpdnrt ket.Z
Df btknr wbris, dh Ernfit kei rnelly annf `bf`nrfni wdtk tkn qunstdbf bh prbv pr bvdi didf dfc c e fn fnw w fb fbrj rjet etdv dvnn hb hbuf ufie ietd tdbf bf tb ku kuje jef f rd rdck ckts ts,, dt sn snnj njss tb jn tk tket et sk sknn wbuli kevn skerni knr sblutdbf wdtk Arb`k df knr 5494 lnttnr br prbpnrly rn`bcfd bc fdzn zni i tk tknn pr prba baln lnj j tk tket et Ar Arb` b`k k re reds dsni ni ef efi i te temn mnf f up tk tknn ds dssu sunn ec eced edf f nl nlsn snwk wknr nrn. n. @nrtedfly, tkn `brrnspbfinf`n antwnnf Arb`k efi Ernfit, wkd`k ettnsts tb Ernfit—s Ernfit —s le`m bh `bf`nrf df rncer rnceri i tb Arb`k—s nx`nllnft nx`nllnft qunry, ds fbt `bf`lusdvn nvdinf`n tket Ernfit idi fbt prbvdin e fbrjetdvn hbufietdbf hbr knr dines. Kbwnvnr, dt ibns snnj tb jn tb hurtknr df`rnesn tkn ldmnldkbbi bh su`k e rneidfc bh Ernfit—s tnxts. 4. Ykn Qdckt tb Kevn Qdckts vs. Ef Dftnrfetdbfel Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qnspbfsdadldt Qnspbfsdadldtdns dns
Ykds ardfcs us tb tkn jedf tknbrntd`el dffbvetdbfs tket Arb`k—s efi Ernfit—s rnspn`tdvn pepnrs dftrbiu`n. Ykn lnssbfs Arb`k efi Ernfit irew hrbj tkn prbalnj bh kujef rdckts ern qudtn idhhnrnft. Ykn jedf tknbrntd`el dffbvetdbf bh Arb`k—s nssey ds tb ercun hbr ef Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns tket ds suppbsni tb `bjplnjnft ef Dftnrfetdbfel Adll bh Qdckts. Bfn bh tkn jedf tknbrntd`el dffbvetdbfs bh Ernfit—s wrdtdfcs, ay `bftrest, ds tb ercun tket tknrn ds bfly bfn kujef rdckt efi tket e plntkbre bh kujef rdckts bas`urns tkn mny huf`tdbf bh kujef rdckts, fejnly, tb ellbw ecnfts tb jnefdfchully e`t efi skepn e `bjjbf wbrli. Abtk dffbvetdbfs snnj djpbrteft efi, df he`t, `ef nvnf nv nf an tk tkbu buck cktt tb an `b `bjp jpln lnjn jnft fter ery, y, wk wkd` d`k k ds pn pnrk rkep epss tk tknn rn rnes esbf bf wk wky y Ar Arb` b`k k ds sb nftkusdestd` nftkusdestd` df kds rnspbfsn rnspbfsn tb Ernfit—s efelysds efi knr wey bh nxpbsdfc tkn ‛swdfiln— df rnceri tb kujef rdckts, aut tknf elsb pbdfts but tket Ernfit ibns fbt irew ell tkn fn`nssery `bfsnqunf`ns hrbj knr efelysds. >1 Ay tkds, kn prnsujealy elsb jnefs tkn nxdstnf`n bh e Adll bh Qnspbfsdadldtdns. Ernfit—s >5
Ernfit efi Arb`k, Ardnhwn`ksnl, p. 55; (: lnttnr bh 0 Gufn 5494). >1 Dadi ., ., p. 5;.
AQB@K & EQNFIY BF K^JEF QDCKYP
5;4
rnesbf hbr rngn`tdfc br et lnest fbt eibptdfc su`k e Adll ds uf`lner. _nrkeps tkds `ef an nxpledfni ay tkn `dr`ujstef`ns bh wrdtdfc, tket ds, tket tkn jedf tkrust bh knr efelysds `bf`nrfni tkn e`tuel kdstbrd`el nxpnrdnf`n bh tkn rdcktlnss df tknn tw tk twnf nftd tdnt ntk k `nf `nftu tury ry ef efi i sb ln lnht ht ln lnss ss rb rbbj bj hb hbrr e hb hbrj rjel el Ad Adll ll bh Qn Qnsp spbf bfsd sdad adld ldtd tdns ns su`k es tkn bfn hbr wkd`k Arb`k ercuns. Eltnrfetdvnly, D kevn elrneiy sucsuccnstni tket anybfi tkn hrejdfc bh tkn prbalnj, Ernfit wes qudtn rntd`nft tb hbllbw br nvnf snrdbusly nfcecn wdtk Arb`k, hrbj wkbsn `bf`rntn succnstdbfs tdb fs df rnc rnceri eri tb kuj kujef ef rdc rdckts kts Ern Ernfit fit,, bvn bvnrr tdj tdjn, n, an` an`ejn ejn df` df`rne rnesdf sdfcly cly nstrefcni, jemdfc Arb`k fbt e pertfnr df dftnlln`tuel nx`kefcn, aut retknr sbjnbfn wkb inldvnrni knr wdtk ef djpulsn tb tkdfm tkdfcs tkrbuck bf knr bwf. f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
@bf`lusdbf
Yb skbw Ernfit—s dfinatnifnss tb Arb`k, D hdrst skbwni tket tkn twb inhdfn tkn jedf `kellnfcn bh kujef rdckts df e sdjdler wey7 abtk `ledj tket kujef rdckts `effbt cuereftnn tkn rdckts tket dfidvdiuels kevn lbst, aut tket tkds `ef bfly an ibfn tkrbuck fetdbf stetns. Pn`bfi, D elsb skbwni tket Ernfit efi Arb`k `bf`ur df ins`rdadfc kujef rdckts es eastre`t. Hdfelly, D pbdftni tb tkn jbstt `bf` jbs `bf`rnt rntnn nxej nxejpln pln bh Ern Ernfit fit—s —s dfi dfinat natnif nifnss nss tb Arb Arb`k `k `bf `bf`nr `nrfdf fdfc c e qubtn, wkd`k Ernfit usni df e ireht bh knr 5494 pepnr bf kujef rdckts, aut wkd`k idi fbt jemn dt dftb tkn hdfel vnrsdbf vnrsdbf bh tkn pepnr. D tknf turfni tb twb `esns df wkd`k Ernfit jey kevn annf dfinatni tb Arb`k7 tkn `ell hbr kujef rdckts dftnrvnftdbfs efi tkn `ell hbr ef dftnrfetdbfel `rdjdfel `burt. D ercuni tket wkdln dfinatnifnss tb Arb`k ds pbssdaln df rnceri tb tknsn dines, dt ds sbjnwket lnss ldmnly tkef df tkn eabvn tkrnn `esns. An tkds es dt jey, D ercuni tket df rnceri tb tknsn twb `esns, tkn nvdinf`n ds fbt suhhd`dnftly `bf`lusdvn tb snttln tkn jettnr inhdfdtdvnly. Hdfelly, D eiiu`ni hbur mny idhhnrnf`ns antwnnf Ernfit—s efi Arb`k—s ids`ussdbfs `ussd bfs bh kujef rdckt rdckts. s. Hdrs Hdrst, t, wkdl wkdlnn abtk tkdfm tkdfmnrs nrs usn tn`kfd tn`kfd`el `el tnrj tnrjdfblb dfblbcy cy (Arb`k7 eftdfbjy= Ernfit7 epbrde/pnrplnxdty) tb dfid`etn tkn crevdty bh tkn prbalnj bh kujef rdckts, Arb`k wes jbrn bptdjdstd` tket tkn prbalnj bh kujef rdckts `buli an inhdfdtdvnly sblvni tkef wes Ernfit. Pn`bfi, df tkn sejn vndf, Arb`k ple`ni jbrn hedtk df tkn rbln bh tkn dftnrfetdbfel `bjjufdty df cuereftnndfc cuereftnndfc kujef rdckts tkef idi Ernfit Ernfit,, wkb df`rnesdfcly df`rnesdfcly lbst hedtk df tkn dftnrfetdbfel `bjjufdty efi invnlbpni fnw prbpbsels tb rnbrcefdzn sbvnrndcfty df letnr wrdtdfcs. Ykdri, wkdln Arb`k eivef`ni tkn dine bh e ‛sn`ulereasblutn— tb crbufi kujef rdckts, Ernfit strucclni wdtk prbvdidfc e fbrjetdvn hbufietdbf tb kujef rdckts, wkd`k an`bjns `lner df knr `brrnspbfinf`n wdtk Arb`k. Hburtk, efi hdfelly, tkn twb tkdfmnrs in`dsdvnly idhhnr df rnceri tb tkn jedf tknbrntd`el `bftrdautdbf tket tkny jemn df tkndr rnspn`tdvn ertd`lns. Sknrnes Arb`k ercuni tket e Adll bh Qdckts fnnini tb an `bjplnjnftni ay e Adll bh Iutdns, Ernfit—s jedf `bf`nrf wes tket e plntkbre bh kujef rdckts
5 4?
G.J. QBADYWP@K
bas`urns tkn mny huf`tdbf bh kujef rdckts, fejnly, tb ellbw ecnfts tb jnefdfchully dfchu lly e`t efi skepn e `bjjbf wbrli. Df `bf`lusdbf, tknf, bfn jey sey tket tkn eabvn `bjperdsbf bh tkn dines bh tkn twb nsseys efi tkn nxejdfetdbf bh tkn nxteft `brrnspbfinf`n antwnnf Arb`k efi Ernfit ydnlis tkn hbllbwdfc pd`turn7 Ernfit ds dfinatni tb Arb`k eabvn ell es sbjnbfn wkb cevn knr e tkbuckt-prbvbmdfc djpulsn efi pnrkeps sbjn dines df rnceri tb tkn intedls bh knr ercujnft, aut fbt es tkn brdcdfetbr bh knr jedf tknbrntd`el `bftrdautdbfs. Df btknr wbris, Arb`k knlpni Ernfit cnt stertni df knr tkdfmdfc, aut es tdjn wnft bf efi Ernfit lnerfni jbrn eabut tkn intedls bh Arb`k—s bwf dines, skn idi fbt snrdbusly nfcecn wdtk kds succnstdbfs efi an`ejn lnss efi lnss df`ldfni tb trust kds guicjnft. f b d t ` u i ` d b r j n p i n r e ` h r b E t t b f f d r p j y D l ) f ` b ( t n k s c u d r l y e p f b b @ s r n p r b H
Gef Jexdjdl Jexdjdldef def Qbadtzs Qbadtzs`k `k
^FDXNQ ^FD XNQPDY PDYT T BH YNF YNFFNP FNPPNN PNN,, MFB[XDLLN
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