Área Epidemiología y Salud Pública

República Bolivariana De Venezuela Venezuela Ministerio del Poder Popular para la educación Universidad José Antonio Páez Escuela de dontolo!"a #an Die!o $ Edo% &arabobo

INVESTIGACION DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA

Integrantes: Rodr"!uez Mar"a Vir!inia% Vir!inia%

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Vivas Vivas Arle0di

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INTRODUCCION

3a epide4iolo!"a es el estudio de la distribución 0 los deter4inantes de estados o eventos 5en particular de en6er4edades7 relacionados con la salud 0 la aplicación de esos estudios al control de en6er4edades 0 otros proble4as de salud% 8a0 diversos 4étodos para llevar a cabo investi!aciones epide4ioló!icas9 la vi!ilancia 0 los estudios descriptivos se  pueden utilizar para analizar la distribución1 0 los estudios anal"ticos ana l"ticos per4iten analizar los 6actores deter4inantes% 5r!anización Mundial de la #alud7% En odontolo!ia la epide4iolo!ia se encar!a del estudio de incidencia de en6er4edades relacionadas con la cavidad oral1 6o4entando la salud publica1 :ue para ;ree4an 0 8ol4es unto de actividades intelectuales 0 e?peri4entales realizadas de 4odo siste4ática con el ob>eto de !enerar conoci4ientos sobre las causas :ue ori!inan las en6er4edades .u4anas% 3os estudios epide4ioló!icos per4iten establecer la relación entre las causas de la en6er4edad 5variables 5variables independientes7 independientes7 0 la in6luencia de éstas sobre el sur!i4iento de la en6er4edad 5variables 5variables dependientes7% dependientes7% 3os estudios epide4ioló!icos1 estudian la distribución 0 los 6actores deter4inantes de los aconteci4ientos relacionados con la salud de la población para deter4inar la causa o las causas de los 4is4os%

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estudio en la población ele!ida co4o de re6erencia% sus 6unciones son9 bservación 0 re!istro de en6er4edades 0 6actores causales1 !enerar .ipótesis 5#ub>etividad7 para

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lue!o ser co4probada E$i!e*i&"&gia Ana"1tica: Es un procedi4iento epide4ioló!ico anal"tico1 no e?peri4ental con un sentido retrospectivo1 0a :ue partiendo del e6ecto1 se estudian sus antecedentes1 en el :ue se seleccionan dos !rupos de su>etos lla4ados casos 0 controles se!ún ten!an o no la en6er4edad%1 estos a su vez pueden ser e?peri4entales 0 no e?peri4entales1 di6erenciándose en la 4anipulación de variables independientes en los estudios e?peri4entales a través de la asi!nación aleatoria% Este tipo de estudio identi6ica a personas con una en6er4edad 5u otra variable de interés7 :ue se estudie 0 los co4para con un !rupo control apropiado

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:ue no ten!a la en6er4edad% E$i!e*i&"&gia E3$eri*enta": Es caracterizada por:ue el e:uipo investi!ador tiene la posibilidad de asi!nar la e?posición% 3os estudios e?peri4entales 4ás .abituales son los ensa0os cl"nicos1 los ensa0os de ca4po 0 los ensa0os co4unitarios% Es desarrollada en ani4ales de laboratorio se da por 4edio de la observación 0 análisis de in6or4ación a partir de !rupos de ani4ales :ue 6ueron seleccionados

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una etapa supone el 6racaso del estudio1 pues se ro4pe la continuidad en el traba>o% El 4étodo epide4ioló!ico básico consiste en observar1 4edir1 co4parar 0 proponer 5describir1 analizar1 e?plicar e intervenir7% 3a observación debe ser siste4ática 0 protocolizada1 es decir1 basada en nor4as 0 estándares de procedi4iento% 3a 4edición debe !arantizar validez 0 con6iabilidad de los datos% 3a co4paración debe considerar precisión 0 variabilidad de los datos% 3a e?plicación debe evaluar el azar1 los ses!os 0 la con6usión%

Eta$as •

bservación o reco!ida de in6or4ación9 esta puede ser de unas e?periencias  personales son las directas 0 es la de 4á?i4a calidad1 estas están bien orientadas 0 todo lo siste4ática :ue :uera4os% Puede ser indirecta 4ás co4ún1 donde

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0a de4ostrados% 3a .ipótesis debe tener un contenido especi6icado1 población en la :ue se realiza la e?periencia e6ecto esperado 0 6actores de ries!o o causas de

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este% Relación de dosisKrespuesta 0 se!ún esto establecer el tie4po de respuesta% E?peri4entación de la .ipótesis9 se adecuara al tipo de .ipótesis 0 esta tiene :ue tener tres re:uisitos validez de esta ase!urándose de :ue la in6or4ación es real1

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el proceso .a de ser reproductividad 0 por últi4o la e?actitud del proceso% E4isión del in6or4e9 en ocasiones se .abla de le0%

Us&s Medición del nivel de salud de las poblaciones9 para establecer la 6recuencia 0 distribución de los eventos relacionados con la salud 0 la en6er4edad9  Deter4inación del estado de salud1 la 4a!nitud de capacidad o de la discapacidad%  Cdenti6icación de !rupos de ries!o en la población%

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 A0 A0udar en el pronóstico del curso cl"nico con 0 sin trata4iento% Cdenti6icación de los deter4inantes de las en6er4edades9  Establecer relaciones entre 6actores 0 condiciones vinculadas con la aparición 0 distribución de las en6er4edades%  Distin!uir entre9 asociaciones de dependencia estad"stica K entre dos o 4ás eventos1 caracter"sticas o variables% Estas asociaciones pueden o no estar en relación causal 01 deter4inantes1 6actores :ue pueden producir ca4bios en las condiciones de salud% &ontrol 0 prevención de la en6er4edad9  Re4over o eli4inar a!entes pri4arios1 dependiendo del reservorio natural1 4odo de dise4inación 0 sitio de acción%  Prote!er a la población 4e>orando las condiciones del entorno%  Au4entar la resistencia del .uésped 5in4unización1 incre4ento de la resistencia

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tros9  3ectura cr"tica de in6or4ación cient"6ica%  Predicción de escenarios sanitarios%  Estudiar la distribución de los recursos se!ún las necesidades de la población%  Aplicar resultados al escenario cl"nico%

Diferencia c&n e" M5t&!& C"1nic& El 4étodo epide4ioló!ico se utiliza por conocer las caracter"sticas 0 el desarrollo de las en6er4edades 0 otros procesos a6ines :ue a6ectan a la colectividad1 con el 6in de do4inarlas 0 trans6or4ar 6avorable4ente el estado de salud de la población% Mientras :ue en el 4étodo cl"nico se usa el pensa4iento cr"tico :ue consiste en el uso siste4ático del racionalis4o en el reconoci4iento1 6or4ulación 0 solución de proble4as con el 6in de to4ar decisiones

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4edicina cl"nica es lo :ue representa el proceso de investi!ación% El 4édico constru0e el conoci4iento necesario para de6inir la situación1 0 entender el 4ecanis4o del e:uilibrio de la salud as" co4o el de su pérdida 0 plani6icar las acciones necesarias para el 4ane>o de esta situación proble4ática% 3a 4edicina cl"nica en6oca en el paciente individual% #u ob>eto de traba>o es la en6er4edad de una persona 0 los 6actores o circunstancias relacionados con tal estado% 3a 4edicina cl"nica se orienta a las peculiaridades de la en6er4edad 0 su curso en el individuo1 a identi6icar las posibles causas1 considerar el trata4iento 0 evaluar los e6ectos del trata4iento as" co4o su adecuación a las necesidades de un paciente% 3a epide4iolo!"a tiene por ob>eto de traba>o los !rupos .u4anos% El epide4iólo!o usa el 4étodo cient"6ico de descripción 0 análisis epide4ioló!ico en el dia!nóstico de salud1  para planear co4o llevar a cabo el control con trol 0 la prevención de la en6er4edad en una

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causales% Aun:ue la epide4iolo!"a no puede de4ostrar de6initiva4ente :ue una e?posición  particular causó una en6er4edad particular1 p articular1 si puede proporcionar evidencia su6iciente para esti4ular actividades de prevención 0 control%

6 Est#!i& e3$eri*enta": la realización de un estudio e?peri4ental re:uiere de la 6or4ación de un !rupo :ue recibirá al!una intervención 0 de otro !rupo con i!uales caracter"sticas :ue sir va co4o control para 4edir las di6erencias atribuibles a la intervención%%

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3a vi!ilancia epide4ioló!ica1 entendida co4o in6or4ación para la acción1 constitu0e un instru4ento de vital i4portancia para identi6icar1 4edir 0 analizar los proble4as 0 condicionantes de la salud :ue a6ectan a la población 01 sobre esa base1 to4ar decisiones orientadas a pro4ocionar la salud1 prevenir la en6er4edad o1 en su de6ecto1 controlar los  proble4as :ue 0a se .a0an presentado% presen tado% Para :ue las intervenciones en salud sean e6ectivas1 es indispensable contar con un siste4a de in6or4ación 4ediante el cual1 los di6erentes actores sociales :ue participan en el

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T&3igenici!a!: Es una propiedad de ciertos 4icrobios1 co4o bacterias 0 .on!os1 :ue se re6iere a la capacidad :ue tienen de producir sustancias tó?icas 5to?inas7 :ue

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in6ectan 0 daGan los te>idos Pat&genici!a!: Es la capacidad de un a!ente in6eccioso de producir en6er4edad en

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un .uésped susceptible% Vir#"encia: rado de la capacidad de un 4icroor!anis4o para producir una

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en6er4edad Es$ecifici!a!9 Es la probabilidad de :ue un su>eto sano ten!a un resultado ne!ativo en la prueba%

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de salud de las co4unidades 4ediante la pro4oción de estilos de vida saludables1 las ca4paGas de concienciación1 la e!#cacin 0 la in)estigacin% Para esto1 cuenta con la  participación de especialistas en *e!icina8 %i&"&g1a %i&"&g1a8enfer*er1a8 8enfer*er1a8 s&ci&"&g1a s&ci&"&g1a88 esta!1stica esta!1stica88 )eterinaria 0 otras ciencias 0 áreas% en consecuencia se puede 4encionar co4o 6unciones esenciales de #alud Pública 5;E#P7 la descripcion del espectro de co4petencias 0 acciones necesarias por parte de los siste4as de salud para alcanzar el ob>etivo central de la salud pública1 :ue es el 4e>orar la

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