Arco Electrico
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ARCO ELECTRICO TECNICAS DE ALTA TENSION...
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN
DEDICATORIA El presente tema de investigación está dedicado con mucho cariño a mis padres quienes me brindan su apoyo, incentivación a lo largo de mi formación académica que necesito para trabajar día con día, ya que son los testigos del del trabajo perseverante para lograr un nuevo éxito en mi vida profesional.
INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA - UNSA
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN Contenido INTRODUCCIÓN........................................................................................................................ 4 ¿QUÉ ES UN ARCO ELÉCTRICO?............................................................................................... 5 DEFINICION.................................................... .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................... .................... 7 CARACTERISTICAS DE UN ARCO ELECTRICO .............................................. ......................................................................... ........................... 10 CONSECUENCIAS DE LA EXPOSICION A UN ARCO ELÉCTRICO ................................................ 11 CAUSAS DEL ARCO ELÉCTRICO ............................................................................................. 13 RIESGOS POR ARCO ELECTRICO ........................................................................................... 14 LESIONES POR ARCO ELECTRICO ...................................................... .......................................................................................... .................................... 15
................................................................................... ......... 17 PROBABILIDAD DE SOBREVIVIR ............................................................................................. EL ARCO ELECTRICO EN INSTALACIONES ................................................... .............................................................................. ........................... 18
ENERGIA LIBERADA POR UN ARCO ELÉCTRICO ...................................................... ........................................................ 19 ENSAYOS DE ARCO ELÉCTRICO DE INDUMENTARIA DE PROTECCION ................ 19 ENSAYOS DE ARCO ELÉCTRICO EN EL LABORATORIO DE POTENCIA .................. ........ .......... 21 EXTINSION DEL ARCO .......................................................................................... .................. 30
ELEMENTOS PARA LA EXTINCIÓN DEL ARCO................................................... ........................................................... ........ 31 CRITERIOS METODOLOGICOS PARA LA EVALUACION DEL RIESGO ........................................ 37 DIFERENCIAS ENTRE FALLAS FRANCAS Y FALLAS POR ARCO ELÉCTRICO ............................. 39 COMPONENTES PROPUESTOS PARA LA ELABORACION DE UN PROGRAMA DE PREVENCION DE RIESGO POR ARCO ELECTRICO.................................................... ........................................................................................ .................................... 41 CONCLUSIONES ..................................................................................................................... 43
................................................................................................................... 44
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN
ARCO ELÉCTRICO
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN
Recientemente con el incremento de los daños, las perdidas humanas y económicas que son causadas por el Arc Flash, se ha puesto especial interés en los eventos del arc flash en equipos que operan en diferentes niveles de voltaje. Donde la energía incidente del arqueo de una falla es directamente proporcional al tiempo de aislamiento del arco, reduciendo el tiempo de arqueo se tiene un beneficio muy bueno. Esto también resulta benéfico en la reducción del nivel del equipo de protección personal (PPE) y limitando ambos daños directo y colateral de los equipos. El arco eléctrico no es un invento; se le presentó ya al primer físico que intentó abrir un circuito recorrido por una corriente cor riente eléctrica. En efecto, el circuito, siempre inductivo, dota a los electrones de suficiente energía para salvar la distancia que aparece en la zona de separación de los conductores. Normalmente, son estos electrones «pioneros» los que ionizan el gas, sea el que sea, y la creación de plasma facilita desde el principio el paso de la corriente. En estas condiciones podríamos imaginar que la ruptura total es muy difícil de conseguir a no ser que, un mejor conocimiento de este fenómeno nos permita descubrir algunas propiedades que nos van a resultar irreemplazables. Un arco eléctrico o el arqueo de una falla es un flashover de corriente eléctrica a través del aire en los equipos eléctricos con un conductor vivo expuesto a otro o a
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN presión. Se tienen temperaturas extremadamente altas, intenso calor radiante, puede quemar la ropa y causar severas quemaduras que pueden ser fatales.
El aire tiene propiedades aislantes respecto a la conducción de la corriente eléctrica. Sin embargo, si la diferencia de potencial eléctrico entre dos puntos separados por aire una cierta distancia es lo suficientemente su ficientemente grande, puede superarse la rigidez dieléctrica del mismo, permitiendo pasar la corriente a través de él. En ese momento se produce el denominado arco eléctrico, una especie de “salto” de la corriente eléctrica a través del aire desde un elemento conductor a
otro. En un arco eléctrico pueden producirse temperaturas de miles de grados centígrados, temperaturas capaces de fundir los elementos metálicos, normalmente de cobre, existentes en sus proximidades. Tras generarse el arco, se produce una dilatación súbita del aire (explosión) que proyecta los metales fundidos (a modo de metralla) a distancias que pueden alcanzar varios metros. Todas estas características hacen que un trabajador expuesto a un arco eléctrico pueda verse expuesto, entre otros, a los siguientes tipos de riesgos: Altas temperaturas y emisión de radiaciones radiaciones ultravioletas, capaces de provocar quemaduras de tercer grado a la persona expuesta. Proyecciones de materiales fundidos, con capacidad para penetrar en el cuerpo de la persona afectada.
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN Ionización del aire circundante, pudiendo provocar arcos en cadena entre otros elementos en tensión. El daño potencial que el arco es capaz de producir pro ducir va a depender básicamente de: 1) Intensidad de cortocircuito en el punto de operación (Icc). 2) Tiempo de respuesta de las protecciones eléctricas instaladas. La Icc va a estar en función de: Punto de la instalación en el que nos encontremos (a medida que nos alejemos del transformador su valor se irá reduciendo paulatinamente). Intensidad nominal en el punto de operación. Intensidad que será lógicamente proporcional a la potencia admisible en el circuito. Tensión de alimentación. El tiempo de respuesta de las protecciones eléctricas instaladas será a su vez función de: Características intrínsecas de los equipos de protección, tiempo de apertura. Estado de mantenimiento de los mismos. Criterio de selectividad definido en función de los requerimientos funcionales de la instalación. No sólo valores altos de Icc son capaces de provocar daños significativos, al ser el tiempo de respuesta de los dispositivos de protección función del nivel de la Icc, si la Icc es más pequeña, aumentará el tiempo de respuesta r espuesta del dispositivo de protección, incrementándose así también el nivel de riesgo.
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN
Un arco eléctrico es una descarga que se mantiene por sí misma en una atmósfera gaseosa. Esta descarga se origina por la ionización del gas y produce un enlace eléctrico conductor entre electrodos de diferente potencial, con diferente relación de fases o entre una de estas fases y tierra. Los arcos eléctricos no aparecen solo en cortocircuitos, sino también en acciones de desconexión o interrupción de circuitos eléctricos bajo corriente (fusibles, interruptores, cables, conexión de cables, puntos de fijación) si no se toman precauciones especiales. También estos arcos eléctricos de conexión pueden provocar arcos eléctricos. Sin embargo las mayores energías se liberan en caso de arcos eléctricos por cortocircuito. Mientras que en el sector de baja tensión se necesita antes de un cortocircuito galvánico para que se produzca un arco eléctrico, en el sector de alta tensión solo el hecho de no mantener la correspondiente distancia de aire a las piezas que se
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN La liberación de electrones en el arco eléctrico eléc trico se produce desde el cátodo por termo-emisión, la temperatura necesaria para alcanzar este estado de actividad la provoca el mismo arco, a través de la delgada zona de intenso campo eléctrico que aparece delante de dicho electrodo, y en el cual, cu al, los iones positivos libres que van llegando, experimentan una gran aceleración, impactando fuertemente el metal del electrodo catódico, lo que causa el aumento de temperatura. De este modo, el arco se mantiene por simple emisión térmica; sin embargo esto no explica la alta densidad de corriente, además, de la causa que aporta el trabajo necesario para el arranque de los electrones al cátodo. La causa hay que atribuirla a la gran intensidad de campo eléctrico que existe frente al electrodo (zona de caída de tensión catódica), c atódica), capaz de equilibrar las fuerzas que tienden a mantener unidos los electrones al cátodo. En la figura, se pretende mostrar el comportamiento ideal de un arco eléctrico. La temperatura en el cátodo llega a 1900°C, como mínimo y frente al mismo queda una franja de 10-4cm de espesor máximo (zona (zon a de caída de tensión catódica) en la que se pierden de 5 a 20V, a los que corresponde una intensidad de campo de 50 a 1000 kV/cm. Este espacio se encuentra lleno de vapores metálicos procedentes del electrodo que a esta temperatura ya está fundido, el vapor está lleno de abundantes iones positivos con escaso número de electrones a los que les corresponde un 10 al 20%
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN arco, que puede llegar a ser del orden de centímetros, incluso hasta metros, sin s in que varíe la naturaleza del arco. La columna de arco se compone de moléculas gaseosas, y no de moléculas metálicas, por efecto de la difusión.
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN En el ánodo, la temperatura alcanza los 2200°C 220 0°C y los electrones predominan sobre los iones positivos, ya que este, atrae a los de signo contrario; esta zona también se encuentra llena de vapores de metal, debido a la alta temperatura. Pero cabe preguntarse: ¿De dónde proviene la alta temperatura, en un arco eléctrico? La respuesta es simple, esta proviene del transporte de iones y electrones, a través de la masa gaseosa, análogo al caso de un conductor metálico, o mejor aún, líquido. Los portadores de cargas, se ven acelerados por la acción del campo eléctrico en la dirección longitudinal del arco, y los choques elásticos, entre ellos y las moléculas del gas, hace que vayan ganando temperatura, y a la vez se s e la transmitan a las moléculas neutras del gas.
Un arco eléctrico oscilará y aumentará / se intensificará si no es Controlado/limitado en su expansión
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN
Los efectos que puede causar un arco eléctrico, son muchos, empezando con las graves lesiones por quemadura o pérdida de vidas humanas, la posible pérdida en el suministro del servicio, pérdidas materiales, daños a las l as instalaciones, entre otras. En resumen, los riesgos a los l os que se encuentran expuestas las personas, al presentarse una falla de arco, son: * Calor: las altas temperaturas que se presentan en un arco pueden causar quemaduras mortales a distancias de hasta 3m. * Presión (Arc Blast): el arco eléctrico no solo tiene una alta temperatura, sino también una onda de presión de hasta 0.3MPa, que equivale a una presión de » 30T/m2, que podría arrojar a una persona varios metros, o desprender objetos. *Objetos: debido a la alta presión que se presenta, pres enta, un arco eléctrico puede contener metal fundido u objetos que se desprenden de celdas, los cuales al viajar a altas velocidades y presiones actúan como proyectiles. *Sonido: el súbito aumento de presión en el momento que se presenta el arco
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN En la gráfica, se muestra la tolerancia de la piel a la temperatura, según el tiempo de exposición. Se muestran dos curvas de comparación, que se utilizan u tilizan para pronosticar el comienzo de quemaduras de segundo grado, en ella se puede observar que para un tiempo superior a 0.1s y una temperatura mayor a 96°C, se presenta muerte del tejido de la piel, y para este mismo tiempo, con una temperatura por debajo de 80°C, se produciría una quemadura curable. Las consecuencias de la exposición al arco, dependen de lo siguiente:
El número de veces en que los trabajadores laboran expuestos a equipos energizados.
Condiciones de los equipos.
Condiciones y tipo de herramientas utilizadas y uso de elementos de protección personal.
De la complejidad de la labor a desempeñar.
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN
El arco puede ser iniciado por las siguientes causas: Impurezas y Polvo Las impurezas y polvo en la superficie del aislamiento pueden proporcionar un camino para la corriente, permitiendo un flashover y creando la descarga del arco a través de la superficie. Esto puede desarrollar un mayor arqueo. Corrosión La corrosión de los equipos puede proporcionar impurezas en la superficie del aislamiento. La corrosión también debilita el contacto entre las terminales de los
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN Sobre-Voltajes a través de espacios estrechos: Cuando el espacio de aire entre conductores de diferentes fases es m uy estrecho (debido a la mala calidad o al daño de los conductores), el arco puede ocurrir durante los sobre-voltajes temporales. Falla de los materiales aislantes. El arco eléctrico también es causado por lo siguiente: sigu iente:
Utilización o diseño inapropiado del equipo.
Procedimientos de trabajo inapropiados.
Algunos de los riesgos del arqueo de una falla son las siguientes: Calor
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN El área de la ropa, puede ser quemada más severamente s everamente que la piel expuesta. Pérdida auditiva por explosión sonora. El sonido puede tener una magnitud hasta de 140 dB a una distancia de 60.96 cm del arco
Descarga eléctrica
Quemaduras graves
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN
Heridas por esquirlas
Lesiones a los pulmones por la explosión
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN
Una presión de 2000 lbs/ft2 sobre el cuerpo puede causar:
Conmoción cerebral
Colapso de los pulmones
Otras lesiones internas
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN quiere decir, a mayor edad y con un porcentaje alto de quemaduras, menor será la probabilidad de sobrevivir.
Entre los numerosos riesgos a los que se ven sometidos los trabajadores que desarrollan actividades con equipos eléctricos, se encuentra la Exposición al Arco Eléctrico. Sus orígenes pueden ser variados: falla de un aislamiento, caída de una
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TÉCNICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN Los Trabajadores en riesgo deben estar entonces protegidos de estos efectos, para lo cual se les provee de Indumentaria de Protección adecuada. La condición y cantidad de calor a los que se pueden ver expuestos los trabajadores en riesgo, se expresa generalmente en términos de Energía I ncidente (cal/cm2 o kW.s/m2)
ENERGIA LIBERADA POR UN ARCO ELÉCTRICO En estas condiciones, es esencial entonces:
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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