Architectural Conservation

YCMOU

RIZVI COLLEGE OFARCHITECTURE

Architectural conservation

•Ar.Suvarna Lele. •2.Ar.Jamshedji Bhivandiwala. •3Ar.Tania Shah. •4.Ar.Dhiraj Salhotra. •5.Ar.Chakor Mehta.

SEM XII

• •

Heritage Conservation Objectives Goals Ethics Integrated Conservation & process. Humayun’s Tomb Conservation Management Heritage regulation in MUMBAI • Restoration

ArchItectural conservatIon

HERITAGE

CONSERVATION

PRECINCTS

HERITAGE Not only about built heritage but includes certain distinctive open areas, neighborhoods, and environs which are of historical, aesthetic, cultural or sociological interest and value which we would like to preserve for the posterity as they enrich our history and traditions CONSERVATION Conserving and preserving the Heritage of our historical possession in its pristine and original form, so that it continues to portray its original beauty, distinctive character, unique style or use or association with a distinctive historical personality or event.

Architectural conservation

HERITAGE

CONSERVATION

PRECINCTS

Heritage characteristics to be preserved or conserved are identified as elevational features, floor heights, cornices, special carvings designs, motifs, architectural style, roof-scape etc.

PRECINTS A neighbourhood or an area which has buildings of more or less similar character, Style or Features, etc. and which collectively have a group value of special features. These provide a unique and distinctive character to such neighbourhood or area as a whole and need to be preserved. Examples are- Old village settlements like khotachi Wadi, matharpakadi, Old Bandra village etc.

Architectural conservation

Heritage

Literally is defined as Which is inherited or transmitted by our ancestors or by past ages. As per Heritage Regulations it is defined as – Buildings/ Artifacts/ Structures/ Areas and Precincts of Historic and or Aesthetic and/ or Architectural and/ or Cultural value. Heritage regulations include not only structures and buildings but also open spaces such as Azad, Cross and Oval maidans, Vistas such as Apollo Bunder and Horniman Circle, The seafront promenade etc.

Architectural conservation

Heritage In pre-independence phase Mansara Philosophy and technical details of ancient practices were well documented in ancient texts. 1862, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) estab. under Sir Alexander Cunningham. 1904, The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act Sir John Marshall became its first Director General-(instilled a strong professional culture in the institution and compiled the Manual for Conservation to guide its practice). (Empowered the ASI to protect monuments of national importance). Architectural conservation

Heritage In post-independence phase 1958, The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act was passed to replace the Colonial Act. These Acts consolidated the idea that architectural heritage consisted only of exemplary buildings and that its protection was primarily the responsibility of the government. 1984, The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) was founded. 2004, INTACH adopted Charter for the conservation of unprotected architectural heritage and sites in India. ArchItectural

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Heritage ROLE OF

INTACH

Institutionalized the practice of conservation. Spread awareness of the need to conserve. Initiated to train conservation professionals Began documenting the diverse manifestation of architectural heritage. Undertook a variety of conservation works of unprotected architectural heritage outside the purview of the ASI or SDA.

ArchItectural conservatIon

CHARTER

FOR THE CONSERVATION

OF

UNPROTECTED ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE AND SITES IN

INDIA

Drawing upon the experience of the INTACH Respecting contributions of the (ASI) & (SDA) Valuing various International Charters Acknowledging resource of the ‘living’ heritage Conscious Recognizing , the concept of jeernodharanam Noting the growing role of a trained cadre of conservation architects Convinced that it is necessary to value and conserve the unprotected architectural heritage and sites in India.

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Heritage

RegulationsImposes restrictions on the development of buildings and precincts listed.

Provision for formulating a Heritage Conservation Committee to advice the Municipal commissioner of implementing regulation. Categorization of listed buildings under categories of Heritage Grade-I, II (A & B) and III. Provision for TDR in case full development of property cannot be allowed. Maintaining skyline by restricting height of development around the precinct. Creation of a repair fund to carry out the urgent repairs to conserve the building ArchItectural

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Conservation THE NEED

The majority of India’s architectural heritage and sites are unprotected. They constitute a unique civilization legacy. This unprotected heritage embodies values of enduring relevance to contemporary Indian society. Conserving the ‘living’ heritage, therefore, offers the potential ways of conserving a building. Conserving the unprotected architectural heritage and sites ensures the survival of the country’s sense of place and its very character in a globalizing environment. This ‘living’ heritage also has symbiotic relationships with the natural environments within which it originally evolved.

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Conservation THE NEED

Awareness in common citizen Lack of political will Obsolete rent control and cessed properties Act External funding Knowledge resource Cost Threat from aesthetic domination ArchItectural conservatIon

Conservation OBJECTIVE

The objective of conservation is to maintain the significance of the architectural heritage or site. Significance is constituted in both the tangible and intangible forms. The tangible heritage includes historic buildings of all periods, their setting in the historic precincts of cities and their Relationship to the natural environment. Conservation of architectural heritage and sites must retain meaning for the society in which it exists. Where the evidence of the tangible or intangible architectural heritage exists in fragments, it is necessary to conserve it, even in part, as representative of a historic past. The overarching objective for undertaking unprotected architectural heritage and sites is to establish the efficacy of conservation as a development goal.

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Conservation BUILT HERITAGE

Built heritage means those buildings, artifacts, structures, areas and precincts that are of historic, aesthetic, architectural significance and include natural features within such areas or precincts of environmental significance or scenic beauty such as sacred groves,hills,hillocks,open areas, wooded areas etc.The cultural landscape around heritage site is critical for the interpretation of the site and its built heritage and thus is very much its integral part.

ArchItectural

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Conservation OBJECTIVE OF CONSERVING

BUILT HERITAGE

The conservation of built heritage is generally perceived to be in long term interest of society. This can be better understood if categorized under “ECONOMIC, CULTURAL and ENVIRONMENTAL”

although they are not mutually exclusive and,indeed,they are often interlocked. ArchItectural

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Conservation GOALS

Retain visual identity. Adaptive re-use. Restoration/ Replication/ Rebuilding. Employment generation. Local material and traditional technology. Integrated conservation. Sustainability.

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Conservation ETHICS

Authenticity Conjecture Integrity Patina Rights of the indigenous community Respect for the contributions of all periods Inseparable bond with setting

ArchItectural

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Conservation ETHICS

Minimal intervention Minimal loss of fabric Reversibility Legibility Demolish/ Rebuild Relationship between the conservation architect and the community

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Conservation

INTEGRATED PROCERURE Establishing criteria for listing buildings. Survey and inspection of buildings and areas. Designating conservation areas to maintain and enhance their character and integrity. Establishing the implications of listing buildings Designing controls and guidelines ArchItectural

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Conservation

INTEGRATED PROCERURE Setting financial and other incentives Training building craftsmen Establishing the mechanism for operating an area conservation programme Establishing an advisory body as part of the city or regional authority Training planners, architects and urban administrators in conservation.

ArchItectural

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Conservation process STAGE I

Understanding the place Gathering evidence (documentary and physical) Co-coordinating and analysis evidence Assessing and stating significance ArchItectural conservatIon

Conservation process STAGE II

Conservation policy and its implementation Gathering information for the development of conservation Requirements for retention of Significance Physical condition External Requirements Client’s requirements or feasible uses Developing conservation policy Stating conservation policy and evolving strategies and options for its implementation ArchItectural

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Conservation process LISTING

Inventory of properties/ buildings on criteria: Historic significance Historic integrity Historic context Mapping of vernacular architecture and historic settlements Methodology Background research Field work

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Conservation process GRADING

Charter recommends that buildings and sites be classified as Grade I, IIA ,II Band III in descending order of importance. Objectives: Preserve through the ages an active historical heritage, which is completely utilized by modern society, through restoration and rehabilitation activities. Scientific conservation procedures are encouraged to preserve original forms and materials. Necessary interventions for adapting to modern way of life are permitted. Emphasize on ‘Authenticity’. Tendencies to falsify or creating stylistic imitations are severely discouraged.

ArchItectural

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Grade i

Buildings and precincts Of national or historical importance No interventions Would be allowed on the Exterior or interior

Naval dockyard

Grade II (A& B)

Buildings of regional or local importance

Grade III

Buildings or precincts of Importance for the townscape

Internal changes would be allowed But external subjected to scrutiny

External and internal Changes and adaptive reuse Would be allowed

State bank of India bldng. Sir j j institute of Arts

Evelyn House

ArchItectural

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Management in Conservation Role of local communities Role of INTACH •To facilitate & coordinate with Govt. and other interested groups •Establish benchmarks for professional fees and its adherence. •Review Charter and revise if required every 5 years. •Institutionalize conservation of unprotected architectural heritage sites all over India.

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Role of Local Chapters •Promote culture of conservation •Make inventory of architectural heritage •Compile an annual State of the Architectural Heritage Report.

Role of Regional & Central offices •Compile an annual State of Architectural Heritage Report . •Establish Inter-disciplinary Advisory Committees for grading of listed buildings and sites. ArchItectural

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THE REVITALISATION OF THE GARDENS OF EMPEROR HUMAYUN’S TOMB, DELHI, INDIA

ArchItectural

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INTRODUCTION The first privately funded restoration of a World Heritage Site in India, March 2003 through the joint efforts of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) and the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), under the aegis of the National Culture Fund.

Objective The objective of the project was to revitalize the garden according to the original plans of the builders.

ArchItectural

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HISTORY The tomb is one of the 23 World Heritage Sites in India. The chahâr-bâgh, or four-part paradise garden, is the earliest existing example. tomb was built over nearly a decade beginning around 1565 (AH 973). Influenced by Persian architecture. The architect, Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, was a Persian from Herat, in currentday Afghanistan. It is the earliest example of the use of red sandstone and white marble in such great quantities. IMPLEMENTATION Site works encompassed a variety of disciplines: Archaeological excavation Application of conservation science Hydraulic engineering. ArchItectural

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Features of implementation Removal of truckloads of earth (12,000 cubic metres), Planting of 12 hectares of lawn, Re-setting and alignment of over 3,500 kilometres of path kerbstones, Preparation by some 60 stonecutters of 3,000 metres of handdressed red sandstone slabs (to edge the channels), Creation of 128 ground-water recharge pits and the de-silting and creation of other wells. Creation of a site exhibition, Planning and installation of a new water-circulation system for the walkway channels, Planting of 2,500 trees and plants according to Mughal texts, Repair of fountains, wells and rainwater-harvesting systems, Provision of wheelchair access to a significant part of the site. ArchItectural

conservatIon

Illumination Documentation Wells Earth Removal Pathway Repair Pathway surface: Over 25,000 square metres of pathways in the garden enclosure were repaired. edging stones: 3,200 metres of the large, Delhi quartzite, pathway-edging stones were reset.

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SUMMARY The rehabilitation project included the following main elements: · Reinstating the walkways and conserving the edging stones, · Repair, extension and reactivation of the irrigation system, · Establishing water sources for the water channels and irrigation system, including a pump station for a water-recycling system, · Conserving, repairing and rebuilding the water channel system, · Re-leveling the planted zones and revitalizing them with species and arrangements that conform to the customs and patterns of Mughal sources. · Support for research.

ArchItectural

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A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH Excavations Archival Research Benches Craftsmanship stone carving preparation of lime mortar for masonry. Material Lime Sandstone Minor Structures Octagonal Platform (used as ceremonial royal tent) Wall Mosque Grave Platform. Wheel chair Access Children’ s Workshop To introduce the children to the significance of their heritage. To make each child understand the need and benefits of conservation. To make the study of history and architecture interesting. ArchItectural

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MUMBAI ArchItectural

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Mumbai’s heritage regulation no 67 formulated in the year 1995 Under Maharshtra regional and town planning Act in the purview of the urban development department Regulation no. 67 is defined as conservation of listing buildings, common areas, artifacts, structures and precincts of historical / or aesthetical /or architectural/or cultural value The regulation 67 provides for Application of development control rules Restriction on development /redevelopment/repairs. Preparation of heritage list of buildings and precincts. Power to alter, modify or relax regulations. Hearing etc to persons likely to be affected. Grant of transferable development rights. Maintaining skyline. Restrictive covenants. Repair fund Grading of listed buildings/precincts ArchItectural conservatIon

YCMOU

RIZVI COLLEGE OFARCHITECTURE OFARCHITECTURE

KHOTACHIWADI SEM XII

Khotachiwadi

A cocooned in the interiors of a commercially active hub of Girgaum area, is a quiet and placid settlement of Khotachiwadi. A unique settlement of low-lying, Mangalore tiled sloping roof houses with narrow pedestrian lanes, multitude of crosses and shrines and elegant detailing.

ArchItectural

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Khotachiwadi The area is demarcated as the central core area, transitional buffer area and outer peripheral area according to the concentration of heritage buildings there. It is observed that the peripheral area has undergone greater physical transformation, perhaps as the result of the commercial area around. ArchItectural

Periphery area Buffer Area Core Area Extended precinct Boundary

conservatIon

Khotachiwadi The planning elements that lend a characteristic ambience to Khotachiwadi are: Roofs cape A typical sloping roof of Mangalore tiles, with a timber-eaves fascia and bargeboard is mostly seen here. Street edge With houses directly abutting the street and with no visible front setback, setback forms a very strong element in planning.

Even when the house is slightly set back from the street, a low compound wall with gates takes the place. ArchItectural

conservatIon

Khotachiwadi Front porch/verandah The front porch, with a sloping roof and timber or cast iron balustrade, form a social connection between the house and street. The sitting system of timber benches or “otla” of concrete or stone are also common. External timber staircase A timber staircase leading from the front verandah to the upper floors with ornate balustrade and handrails are also seen.

ArchItectural

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Khotachiwadi The core area is conceived as the most valuable section of the precinct. This area has undergone minimum transformations and has survived the urban demand. The conservation guidelines for development are as mentioned: a) Development plan The boundaries of Khotachiwadi should be extended. b) Amalgamation of plots Clubbing of existing property shall not be permitted as this would lead to high-rise construction. c) Demolition of buildings No building in the area shall be allowed to demolish and if demolition is absolutely necessary then the original status should be retained. ArchItectural

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Khotachiwadi d)

Road widening

To reduce motorized traffic, no road widening should be permitted as it might damage the building line and also this area is meant only for pedestrian circulation. e)

Grade III structures

Any development, redevelopment, repairs, additions, alterations to the existing structures should be referred to the heritage committee.

ArchItectural

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Khotachiwadi f)

Neighborhood landmarks and street shrines

The position and placement of the landmarks are to be retained but not necessarily their design. No additional landmarks shall be permitted. g)

Open spaces

All open spaces, whether private or public, shall be maintained. h)

(i)

The allowable FSI is 1.33.

Modifications to the façade and architectural features

•Replacement should also be avoided, but if the building is completely in despair, duplication should be sensitively treated. ArchItectural conservatIon

Khotachiwadi

j) Sign, signage and street furniture

The entrance to the precinct should be highlighted by a signage. Road names should appear at the end of streets, demarcating a one-way or two-way road. Building name and number should be displayed on the main façade. Predominantly pedestrianised, needs an up gradation. Appropriate street furniture should be added. ArchItectural

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Khotachiwadi (l)

(k) Height restriction As the integral nature of

khotachiwadi is of low-rise cluster of G+1 one-storied cottages, this pattern should be maintained. Maximum height of G+2 is permitted. Provision of attic floor is also allowed.

Façade control and finishes

The prevalent colour scheme of lime-based or non-oil based paints are allowed. Under no circumstances is cladding allowed. ArchItectural

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Khotachiwadi (m)

Change of activity and user

•As khotachiwadi is predominantly a residential neighbourhood, under no circumstances would clubbing of property, to accommodate commercial use be permitted.

•With a unique ambience of vernacular domestic architecture and a picturesque street character of low-rise buildings, kotachiwadi has miraculously survived the onslaught of the mindless building activity going on around.

•Regular maintenance and all the mentioned precautions are necessary in order to prevent this area from degeneration. ArchItectural

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Restoration INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE

Determining the Purpose of Investigation Investigators and Investigative Skills Looking More Closely at Historic Building Materials and Features Architectural Evidence: Studying the Fabric of the Historic Building. Weighing the Evidence Keeping a Responsible Record for Future Investigators

ArchItectural

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Restoration ARCHITECTURAL INVESTIGATION & REPAIRS

Masonry work Plaster work Wood work. Structural repairs Iron and Steel

ArchItectural

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Restoration

ARCHITECTURAL INVESTIGATION 1.Determining the Purpose of Investigation 2.Investigators and Investigative Skills

3.Looking More Closely at Historic Building Materials and Features 4.Architectural Evidence: Studying the Fabric of the Historic Building: 5.After Architectural Investigation: Weighing the Evidence 6.Keeping a Responsible Record for Future Investigators ArchItectural

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Architectural Investigation

Careful examination of the masonry reveals different 'periods of construction and repair through the composition and detailing of bricks and mortar

Analyzing the nail technology can help establish the period of construction and provide other important information.

In many cases, new materials or coverings are placed directly over existing exterior features preserving the original materials underneath. Here, the removal of a modern shingle roof and its underpayment revealed an historic standing seam metal roof.

Destructive investigation can be limited to small areas where evidence can be predicted such as walls being re-built in a different location

ArchItectural

Raking light is used to show irregularities on flat surfaces. Patches, repairs, and alterations can then be mapped by the shadows or ghosts they cast

Discarded items are routinely stored within attics, then forgotten only to be discovered during a Exploratory testing was later investigation. used to verify Seemingly worthless debristhe location of an may help answer many abandoned fireplace. questions.

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Maintenance and rebuilding of old masonry

Historical Context

Mortar for Brick and Stone

Jointing Styles in Brick and Stone

Inspecting & Analyzing Masonry Problems

Traces of tuck pointing

Masonry Repair Procedures

Brick damaged by sandblasting

Deterioration of pure lime mortar

Rebuilding

Repainting

Poor example

ArchItectural

Excellent example

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Conservation of iron and steel Reconstruction and rebuilding

Parts of hereford screen The Hereford Screen. Wrought iron tracery arch, showing the restored paint and gilding scheme and the intricate assembly of the parts ArchItectural

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Repairing woodwork

Hand finished period detail

Repairing windows

Porch balustrade repair

Reproduction of newel post

ArchItectural

Structural member frame repair

Typical wrought damage

conservatIon

Structural restoration and repairs Paint analysis expert Bob Furhoff working in the Campbell Parlor, 1998. © Campbell House Foundation 2004 The exterior restoration, 2001. The exterior restoration, 2001. © Campbell House Foundation 2004© Campbell House Foundation 2004

A representative example is the Philadelphia National Bank building, for which we replaced ver 100,000 SF of brick veneer and brick trusses, furnishing new anchorage throughout. Artist drawing for restoring the Parlor ceiling. © Campbell House Foundation 2004

Artist drawing for restoring the Parlor ceiling. © Campbell House Foundation 2004

ArchItectural

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The Hereford Screen. The cresting shows the intricate polychromy. 250 paint samples were analysed under a microscope to establish the paint layer sequence

ArchItectural

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The Hereford Screen. The wrought iron scrolls, foliage and roundels were carefully dismantled and cleaned locally to remove any traces of rust. Surviving areas of original paint were isolated with an acrylic consolidant before repainting ArchItectural

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1. Poor maintenance

THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS

6.The appointment of non-specialists

3. Cement-rich pointing 4. Inappropriate cleaning 5. Rapid heating systems

2. Sealing damp in with modern renders, sealants and concrete floors

M a s o n r y r e p a i r s

7. Unsympathetic alterations and repairs

ArchItectural b y

S

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REPAIRING OF PLASTER WORK

Typical elements of plaster decorations on facades

ArchItectural conservatIon

REPAIRING OF PLASTER WORK

Typical mould elements

Working techniques

Architectural conservation

PRESERVING HISTORIC CERAMIC TILES

Ceramic Floor Tile Types Unglazed and Glazed Tiles Encaustic tiles

Preservation and Maintenance

1 Cleaning 2 Protective Coatings

Historic Ceramic Floor Tile: Damage and Deterioration Problems 1.Loss of Tile Surface and Pattern.

Repair and Replacement 1.Mortar Joint Repair Tile Repair Tile replacement

geometric tiles

Ceramic mosaic tiles

Tile Glaze Failure. Tile Breakage

Selective Replacement of Individual Tiles Loose, Cracked, Broken or Sectional Replacement Unbonded Tile due to Mortar Failure. of Tiles Moisture Damage to Tile

Architectural conservation

PRESERVING

HISTORIC

Causes of Concrete Deterioration 1Environmental factors 2.Materials and workmanship 3.Improper Maintenance

CONCRETE Planning for Concrete Preservation Document Review Field Survey

Major Signs of Concrete Deterioration

Testing.

Analysis Concrete Repair

pindles have been installed. This sensitive rehabilitation of the Young Creek Bridge (1914), part of Oregon's Columbia River Highway, re-used the historic concrete cap railing and stone piers because they were still in good condition. Pho

Cracking

Structural cracks

Repair of Spalling

Spalling

Deflection Stains Erosion

Repair of Deflection

Repair of Erosion

Corrosion Architectural conservation

Repair of Cracking

Repointing Mortar Joints in Historic Masonry Buildings 1.Identifying the 5Problem Before Repointing 1 5.Properties of Mortar 2.Use of Consultants

3.Finding an Appropriate Mortar Match 6.Budgeting and Scheduling

7.Components of Mortar

4.Mortar Analysis Other Factors to consider Masonry Units Color. Pointing Style

Architectural conservation

8.Contractor Selection 9.Matching Color and Texture of the Repointing Mortar

Preserving Historic Ornamental Plaster

Methods of Production

Decorative Plaster Forms --Cornices, Medallions, Coffers.

Immediate Action Personnel, Materials, and Processes Molding Rubber Molding Plaster

Sheet Metal Templates Models. Molds.

Causes of Ornamental Plaster Damage Ornamental Plaster Substrate Signs of Failure

Repairing and Replacing.

Casting the Molds

Repairing Historic Ornamental Plaster Cornice

Ceiling Medallion

Coffered Ceiling.

Finding and Evaluating a Contractor

Architectural conservation

Preservation of Roofing for Historic Buildings

Historic Roofing Materials Clay Tile

Locating the Problem

Failures of Surface Materials Wood Metal

Slate

Shingles

Metal

Slate Tile

Repair or Replace

Replacing the Historic Roofing Material Craft Practices

Supervision: Alternative Materials

Temporary Stabilization Precautions Maintenance

Architectural conservation

The Maintenance, RepairHistoric Cast Stone

History of Use and Manufacture Early Patented Systems

Maintenance of Cast Stone Installations

Mechanisms and Modes of Deterioration

Separation of the facing and core layers Deterioration of the aggregate Deterioration or erosion of the cementing matrix Deterioration of the iron or steel reinforcement Deterioration of cramps and anchors Deterioration of the Aggregate Deterioration or Erosion of the Cementing Matrix Deterioration or Erosion of the Cementing Matrix Deterioration of Cramps and Anchors

Cleaning

Repointing

Methods of Repair

Re-securing Separated Surface Facing Repairing Reinforcement Spalls and Mechanical Damage Surface Refinishing

Replacement of Historic Cast Stone Installations Air bubbles , Surface cracking or checking , Mold lines Aggregate segregation Surface rippling or irregularity

Architectural conservation

The Repair of Historic Wooden windows

windows should be considered significant to a building if they: 1) are original, 2) reflect the original design intent for the building, 3) reflect period or regional styles or building practices, 4) reflect changes to the building resulting from major periods or events, or 5) are examples of exceptional craftsmanship or design Physical Evaluation 1) window location

2) condition of the paint

The Repair of

3) condition of the frame and sill

Repair Class I: Routine Maintenance Repair Class II: Stabilization

Repair Class III: Splices and Parts Replacement Window Replacement

4) condition of the sash (rails, stiles and muntins) 5) glazing problems 6) hardware,

Architectural conservation

Protecting Cultural Landscapes

Definations Historic Designed Landscape

Historic Vernacular Landscape Historic Site

Treatment for cultural landscapes Preservation Preservation

Restoration Reconstruction Developing a Strategy and Seeking Assistance Developing a Preservation Maintenance Cultural landscape reports Plan and Implementation Strategy Historical Research Recording Treatment Work and Preparing Period Plans Future Research Recommendations Inventorying and Documenting Developing preservation and Existing Conditions maintainance guide Ethnographic Landscape

Preparing Existing Condition Plans

Architectural conservation

Restoration

ARCHITECTURAL INVESTIGATION 1.Determining the Purpose of Investigation 2.Investigators and Investigative Skills

3.Looking More Closely at Historic Building Materials and Features

4.Architectural Evidence: Studying the Fabric of the Historic Building: 5.After Architectural Investigation: Weighing the Evidence 6.Keeping a Responsible Record for Future Investigators ArchItectural conservatIon

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ISSUES

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ISSUES

BROKEN FLOOR RISING DAMP

DAMAGED PLASTER

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ISSUES

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PROPOSAL

TEMPORARY ROOF COVER WITH TARPAULIN REMOVING THE TILES FOR REPAIR WORK

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GIFT SHOP

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