ARCH Notes

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Gate house is example of early roman design based on the fact the gate house has rounded arches, and the columns are specific to imagery to triumphly arches (three arches) Plan for monastery in St Gall – plan to guide the building of the comments. Looks like mini village. Monasteries were places you wanted to be because of their stability. Meant to accommodate pilgrims. Monks could not leave Map of pilgrim map – Starts of in France and ends in Compostela in Spain (pilgrimage) Nobody wanted to go to Rome because of political tensions. People wanted to see the remains of the cross Sainte Foy – (Still in Romanesc period) example of key pilgrimage church on the path from France to Compostela. The theme above the door, depicts the scene of the last judgment when you walk through the doors, it decides whether heaven or hell. And Jesus Christ is in the middle. The image is designed to provide something they can read because back then people were illiterate. Have a long nave Nave of Sainte-Madeleine – Used pictures to depict meaning of something (tipanium). Influenced by Spain, bursars at top of arches stones that make up arch when separated in wedge shape or tapered to fit San Miniato al Monte – block white with black lines, very florentne. Overlooked city, Passad followed a flat geometrical scheme. Designers altered green and white panels. Grotestec figures are in building which shows shift from classical to romenesc architecture Abbey Church of St. Michaels – Double ended church (abbey on each side), popular. Uses banded arches (romenesc) Imperial Cathedral – great example of granger that romanesc arch could achieve because vaulted arches were so hard to make… Vaulted ceilings, nave had to isles Abbey Church of St. Denis – Rose window (rose is symbol of virgin Mary), uses pointed arches, shows the last judgment, lots of vaulting, stained glass, the light entering the cathedral is God, so the light is representing God in the basilica. Gothic arch stresses flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, pointed arches St Denis was the place where monarchs were buried, treasury was here. Abbey Sushet was a regent to the king, a statesman, not a religious figure

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Sketchbook – demonstrating underlying geometry of the world and nature from gothic era. Creating a uniform geometry between figures. Stepping away from Spiritual world view Notre Dame – Has big rose window, contained tunic of virgin Mary, large pilgrimage site, surrounded by markets had enormous ribbed vaults buttress, and had wagon wheel vaults. Church was symbol of prosperity of town (good trade). References to different guilds. Statue of the angel, holding sundial, reminder that life is flinging, church offers plan to live forever. Labyrinth is something that is insurable , think of life as a labyrinth. Lots of ribbed vaults Building looked like mountain from a distance Duomo (Santa Maria del Fiore) – took a long time to build, mystery of how it got built. Built without wooden pre-structure, made two rings to support dome (one sandstone, the other wood) Brunelleschi covered a distance that was almost impossible to cover Ospedale Degli Innocenti – another Brunelleschi building, originally an orphanage, then converted into a hospital. Keying in on barrel vaults, archways Old Sacristy – Brunelleschi (sacristy- place where pries is or changes his garbs) San Lorenzo – cooling effect (cool and beautiful, but not over effective) Alberti – battle of civic properties, then there are private residences (mostly owned by rich families) drawing on coliseum (three tiers of columns) Plasters- columns aren’t holding up anything just for show Triumphal Arch added onto church Villa Rotonda – dominance of architecture, square built building, no a hill, could get great view of the area. Very precise on geometry Tempietto – Transfers us into higher renaissance (brings out the most of resonance), Murdering site of St. Peter (turned upside down). Building itself demands to be seen. Very sculptural like, has dome. Columns look as though they are not holding the top up. Part of a much larger structural that never got built. Linking of many circles within circles. Mannerism – pushing the boundaries of what is now being created (expanding limits of buildings) New Sacristy – Done by Michelangelo, one of the resonance men (good from art to poetry to architecture) pushing of the limits of combining columns together, pendentives have other features. Sculptures look as though they are falling off. Everything looks as though it is on edge

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Sculpture by Bernini – Animated, over elaborate. Columns within wall for extra effect Suleymaniye Mosque – focusing on high resonance, structure for learning. University of its day. Trade center. Not isolated Church designs by da Vinci – never built, focusing on a central plan (usually built on cross) Leonardo Da Vinci – resonance man Vitruvian Man – embodies the resonance, draw on the idea of humanism how do humans fit with geometrical forms Plan for St. Peters – designed by Michelangelo (there were four others before him that died off) under Julius II, centralized on idea of central plan. Using rounded edges, being creative with architecture Piazza Del Campidoglio – inner Rome, taken on by Michelangelo. Sculptures themselves look as though they might start acting. Place used as capital Quatro Fontane – Bernini had some input, had mannerism (curven sense) makes things look as it is off balance. Put two circles together to form distinct oval with coffering in top. On a central plan, oval is central point Front of St. Peters – done by different people (Bernini) keying in on ovatatunda (two intersecting circles that make you want to fill space) hundreds of sculptures around it. Make you feel for the saints, make you feel bad for them, holy place. West Phasad, designed by Michelangelo

10/16/2014    

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Subjective ascetics – articulated in early 1800th century (comes from senses) Ascetics – science of how our senses work Landscapes viewed as works of art Beauty – can be seen in the form of an s curve, this is why women are perceived as beautiful and they are also smoother and smaller than men Sublime – two instincts (reproduction and death, two powerful human emotions) Person looking off of cliff has removed fear of death and is in sublime Caspar David Friedrich – painted images to explain the idea of sublime in pictures Abbey in the Oak Forest- (chronological sublime of time) gothic creation, fallen into ruin, trees are blasted and gnarly, cemetery,

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moments of decline and decay to baffle the viewer with chronological sublime. Plan of Rome (by Piranesi) – view element of chronological sublime Metropolitan Church (Etienne-Louis Boullee) – wanted to artist, dad said no, studies architecture, and becomes a professor, makes drawings of buildings. Proposes ideas of projects, but the idea is too vast and so far beyond the technology they could not build something of this scale. So vast, clouds start to emerge in the ceiling Romantic classism – interest in power of architecture Cenotaph to Newton – memorial or tomb without body. Built for Newton because of his laws and physics developed. Project is inconceivable, and is also too large of a structure. Enter the building through an underground passageway Project was to have holes in top to show the stars of the night when the sun is out, at night the interior could be like the day time. Orrary, planets orbiting sun The oxbow (1830’s) – sublime is not an everyday emotion, storm is moving away, nor is the beautiful Picturesque – Castle Howard – palace with gardens behind it. Wall with crenulations(defense) and arches where vehicles go through, and pyramids (referencing Egypt) Temple of poor men – has 4 porches where you can see other monuments from every direction. Building is made to look out on landscape As you move through castle Howard, you make images and memories with every building as you move through the passage Castle howard is a way to introduce a whole new way to think of the world being divided Landscape division explains the division of the world At the Stowe Landscape Garden, you could basically travel all around the world and see all kinds of sites and therefore see most of Europe Coming across all kinds of pavilions to see how the buildings have developed and the different kinds of buildings people have been exposed to. At end of circuit, there is a horseshoe shape wall (styx), and in it with notable English busts making you realize you have moved through English history Stourhead Garden has been constructed with lakes and trees, and cottages to suggest a little village church

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Landscape of Aeneas at Delos – elements of picturesque, that explains pieces of architecture that help frame different views. Painting about travels There is a mental theory of picturesque, sublime causes fibers of mind to contract and you were paralyzed, and beautiful would cause people to relax Depictions of doctor syntax – reading about picturesque and about to fall into water English garden – can see axis’ and has open grassy areas Humphrey repton – showing picturesque of land as a surveyor, he had the problem of helping people visualize something that hasn’t been created yet, invented the before and after picture Haha – fence is not a desirable element, the purpose of this is so animals cannot get up on main lawn, but can look out and still see them. Basically a trench that has a slope on one side and a cliff on the other The urban garden goes on to effect Bath , which contains the circle and crescent and has dense urban building looking out onto nature The idea of smaller dwellings facing onto picturesque that revolutionized the idea of developments and the suburbs

10/21/14 

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Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand-student of , is a teacher of architecture, he takes all of measurements of buildings and draws all of buildings from antiquity, has various plan types, drawn to scale, he simplifies the buildings, and makes the point that there is a key point (economy, utility, and convinced) utility- how it satisfies in its purpose He shows how buildings can be designed in the future with core geometry Public museum – Durand tries to come up with a way to design this Industrial revolution (early 1900th century) – started in England, England has a lot of coal for the use of a new fuel James watt – invented steam engine, and helped get rid of floods in in coal mines This leads to the development of the factory which helped with isolation of mass production

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Arkwright’s cotton mill – powered by water (water wheel) where power is distributed through building, steam power is portable, this effected the deskilling of labor Cotton was produced from slave labor Cheap cotton underwear was invented and personal hygiene improved along with life expectancy The revolution reinvented the bridge with a new resource of iron (strong in tension and compression) Iron bridge (Severn Bridge) –first large scale use of iron for construction, with a series of iron arches interconnecting the bridge, less material used compared to stone, Abraham Darby uses the joint connection of morteson and tenon techniques New London bridge (Thomas Telford) – big single span bridge of repeated members added up which allowed larger boats to go under Clifton Suspension Bridge – made of series of bars of iron joined with lose joint to allow bridge to move, purely in tension Britannia Bridge – designed as a locomotive bridge, it was more of a tube The locomotive – carriage with steam engine on it, w whole new way of transportation, people thought 20 mph would make the head explode, and there was controversy about how much speed can the mind take The application of steam was looked at as awe but also used to make parody’s The railroads presented problem with their size and smoke produced, so propapla was created (gateway to the city) Kings Cross Station – formed by two barrel vaults, iron construction, glass on tops, and size of vaults mattered because trains are big, lots of people and lots of smoke. This represents internal construction of buildings St. Pancras Station – one of largest stations (next to Kings Cross), one large arch, truss helped span larger distance, shed - the iron and glass part (made by engineer) head house - where ticket office and hotel are located (made by architect) bolts hold the thing together Biblioteque Ste-Genevieve (by Labrouste) – a way to work iron into a new form, the place dupantheon right next to pantheon, this building was the first public library, solid walls with punched openings on first story, then second story is columns with arches

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In the main lobby are square piers, with iron shallow arches not used for support, there are busts of famous French authors, large vaults overhead in the library help make the space feel much more open The arch is supported by a bolt that goes through wall and locks it to the outside of the wall The library is the first place where gas lighting is used, with allegorical illustrations of night and day on the columns Crystal palace – the most important building project in the 1900th century, built in London, comprised of individual parts of iron and glass, exhibition building (start of world fairs tradition) Prince Albert is interested in industrial reform, and has plans for a building that is larger than one he saw on his travels. With the addition of domes and arches they introduce it into the architectural world. Joseph Paxton offered to build it and promised the building could be built and then tore down and be sold again This introduced the idea of a greenhouse because the building was mostly glass and helped plants thrive Invents machines to help create glass building in 6 months Most components are raised into place, start charging admission to watch the building go up Trees were not tore down and are within the building, and start to blossom early The glazing machine helped with the installation of gutters and glass roof The great exhibition dance was created for the crystal palace Lowered entrance fee to enter the palace, but had to keep it high enough so poor people could not enter. The building is a social condenser because the different classes come together The plan consisted of two levels The raj - England claims ownership of India The start of capitalism begins at the height of the revolution The building was taken down and there were ideas of making it into a skyscraper or ring room, the building is rebuilt and then burns down after the rebuild, considered first shopping mall

Start for quiz 5 10/23/14 

Because of industrialization, cities are growing rapidly. As a result of industries developing in and around cities, providing jobs and better housing conditions, moving from country sides into city because machines are taking over agriculture jobs

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Rapid growth in cities in 1900th century Development of middle class during this time. People who have adapted to new income flow from capitalism Planning throughout Europe, shows expansion throughout the city Vienna planning shows a city up against the Ottoman Empire. City had a field around it in case the city had to take down people. Glacis – open field around the walls There are also developments of new weapons As the walls became less useful against foreign nations, there was a call to take them down. In 1857 there was a competition won by a planner (Ludwig Forster) who chose to take down the wall and the glacis in order to make new urban fabric, and fill it with new buildings. Series of apartment buildings and civic buildings Buildings are vaguely neoclassical, with pitched roofs and tighter fabric Enormously wide corridors of roads, people would come and parade through the streets and stroll about, development of the boulevard culture Eclecticism – the use of different parts of mosques Barracks building used for the army Other building were built for different purposes Parliament building is rendered in Greek temple, Greek is prototype for ideas of democracy, except they are more of an empire University of Austria is built in a resonance style, rediscover of text and learning Theater is designed in baroque form, baroque had a key emphases on theater was a guiding metaphor for the baroque Each building reflecting back on their key emphases City of Paris grows even more rapidly than Vienna. Initially a roman settlement Due to rapid growth, there was the development of diseases, mainly cholera, where there are epidemics. This is developed from the underground sewers where the incoming water and outgoing water are mixed due to heavy rain Trains had a major impact on the city as well, due to the city being a major connecting site Napoleon commissions Baron George Eugene Haussmann to open up the city by designing boulevards, and he sees how the pantheon is surrounded by roads and decides that the roads need to be surrounded by buildings (ru su flo)

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Makes books showing how he wanted to redesign the city by opening up the rivers Traffic of Paris becomes a new form of art due to the new boulevards, showing how efficient the city can be Flaneur – someone who is there to look at others, as an excuse a guy who goes to walk his dog just so he could absorb the city The arcade – the passage way. A narrow boulevard covered over to protect from weather, with goods on display in windows Diamond shaped site with a building known as the Paris opera will be School of architecture Ecole des Berux-arts (school of fine arts) is created and really changes how architects design new buildings leading to modernism The model of the opera shows multiple volumes of space Stair hall forms the most important space of the building

10/28/14  

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Crystal palace start of a great fair tradition in London Steel buildings are introduced and one of the most renown buildings is the Eiffel tower, and it amazed people because of the speed it was built at Art nouveau – the new art, part of a widespread movement of new art You can see how the columns are curved around the overhang; there are lots of curves in metal. Just the detail in the new architecture really makes an impact on how new buildings are designed Whiplash lines which are on the wall and the stairs to give a vine like feel on metal elements Metro stations in Paris have the same kind of whiplash lines on its metal pieces Style that spreads really rapidly, said to be the first non-historical style Antoni Gaudl – the façade of Casa Batllo has a front with a cave like feel and the balconies are metal that look like masks Casa Mila (the quarry) – looks like the face of a cliff, have what look like helmets as balconies European designers try to find a way to design structures within the city Wienzeilebrucke – (Otto Wagner) used by trains, also separates out the elements of the bridge with the compression and tension Karlsplatz – train stations that use steel skeletons that share a structural system, that have panels of marble between the steel skeleton. Use of curved elements at the base of structures

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Postsparkasse (postal savings bank) – meant to enfranchise the middle class to help them save money. There are dots on the building which are aluminum bolt heads attached to a little square of marble, which tells how the building was made. When you walk in the place looks like a train shed, with multiple tellers and tons of light to open up the building. Also tries to show how the building has its purposes with aluminum pieces AEG turbine factory – building has a tall shed with a thin wall and a large back. The purpose of the building is to move large turbines so there is a crane in the building that causes the building to move. To counteract this he has a three point arch and a hinge on the thin wall so the wall can move in response to the load on the building Chicago becomes one of the largest industrial places. Lots of ships come through Chicago. Gets tons of rail lines so the products that come from boats can be shipped to other cities and agriculture can be moved about to other cities One of the worst fires is the Chicago fire Chicago tries to maximize the amount of space they have with the amount of people within the city and this leads to the development of the skyscraper First skyscraper is said to be the Home Insurance building (William Le Baron Jenney). Has a steel frame and has the first elevator because of the values of a floor Elevators are thought to be a scary invention due to cables snapping, until Elijah Oddis invents the safety break There is also the invention of electricity for lighting People were amazed at how fast these buildings were produced because the parts were simply snapped together on site and it wasn’t made of concrete so there was no cure time Once frame was in place the exterior cladding could start to be put on. NY times building was one of the first to use the curtain wall Wainwright building (Louis Sullivan) – aimed to make the tall building feel lofty. Wants you to read the cage of steel and emphasizes the verticals, and shows how some verticals are fake shown by the steel work, every other column is fake. The corners are thicker to look like they have a much greater impact on the structure of building New York develops its own kind of architecture, with the use of Europe styles (gothic, greek) White city – was made to have lots of large white buildings that really encompass a great city

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The invention of the Ferris wheel (George Washington Ferris Jr) was made as an icon like the Eiffel tower, it was a way for people to look out over the city

10/30/14     

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The image of American dream is like a development like setting About 66% of Americans own their own home and end up looking like the ones in a development Picturesque is the kind of images used in the suburb setting. Reminded of Stowe Should fix up cottages so the structure looks better when going through landscape Blaise Hamlet, first example of how high end architects are thinking about housing for middle and upper middle class in terms of vernacular and almost peasant buildings, simply brick walls and the addition of little parts. This building design is specific to this image The development of clusters of individual areas outside of cities Llewellyn Park, first place of suburbs. Start of commuting due to distance from city which is where the job is usually Home becomes more dedicated to family ties, and the home becomes a place for the female First book on urban landscape where it helps people understand how their house/land should look to meet an image Riverside is one of most famous suburbs in Chicago, lots of curving trees and roads. Also has railroad running through the place People are moving to the suburb estates because people are critiquing the city. Also people can get a way form things that are at the city that could be creating problems Notion of environment determine, the kind of environment you grow up in determine the kind of character you grow up to be Ebenezer Howard – towns have their attractions (jobs) but also have their down sides (diseases and crowdedness) town country has its beauty and its limited in size, has all the benefits of both worlds of country and city William Morris – writes about socialism, interested in reforming. Comes up with term arts and crafts, finds a way to mass produce items with lots of people with specific skills on that subject. Came up with printing press Red house – uses humblest of materials (the brick), exaggeration of asymmetry, functions of the house needs to give rise to the form

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Stoughton house – utilitarian function inside, shingles spread tightly over the outside of the building, starting to open up the area by widening the doorways and expanding the amount of living space Gamble house – sleeping porches on side and edge of building made with the Japanese joinery, the house has nails to hold it together but also has pegs to hold it together. There is also a joint that is made of metal to join beams together by using wedges and metal strap This house is made with mostly wood, every item is handpicked, tiffany glasses and vases. The true craftsmanship of the house is seen in almost every place Milwaukee Public Library (Frank Lloyd Wright) – competition entry for public library, no schooling on architecture. Goes to work for Sullivan and he sees his skills as something that is amazing One building he places a stair case around the center of the building so when you enter and look up the middle you see right to the roof Winslow House – first building after falling out with Sullivan. How he uses the different materials to show the different levels of the house is what is remarkable yet unusual about this structure. Fireplace in front of house. The hearth represents the heart of the family and is why wright put it here. Has extended roof, gives shadow effects on windows Heurtley house – he keep two separate materials between the floors. Has horizontal lines to emphasize the horizontal portion of the house (lawn). Willits house – (home, family, special dynamics) argues about breaking down the box of this. The front door of this house is hard to find, hidden. Movement around the house makes the person really take in the different styles he has created (diagonal across the first room) Wright is also interested in the suburb and tries to redesign the way we view it Robie house – first house of the prairie era, has a different style of bricks. This house has sections of the house which infer there are private parties which people are not to look into. Entry is hidden. Tightly wound stair case with light coming in (up against masonry mass of house) The different style of bricks don’t have the middle piece which we are used to seeing Balloon frame, construction technique which makes use of soft timber and low skilled labor so houses can be built by people with not a great amount of knowledge. Lots of vertical elements (studs) and is also easy to cut out window openings

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Plumbing and electrical are starting to be hidden because of the new way houses are being built. Allows for a more open space and cleaner space Bathroom invented in late 1900th century (combination of an outhouse, bathtub, and grooming station) Men are going off to work and the home becomes the image associated with women taking care of the kids

11/4/14 (review)  

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Contrast – shows how cities dominate the landscape when compared to a church and a few houses Commissioners plan – use a uniform grid of oblong blocks layout with narrow streets, right angle and straight sighted houses are the most cheap and efficient way to build and the most convenient to live in Central park – inspired by casual organization of picturesque gardens, had to import trees and soil Olmsted introduced separate paths on different grades in central park, for carriages to traverse around Riverside (by Olmsted) – original suburb plans outside of Chicago with subdivisions to divide up houses and landscape, built along curving streets Ebenezer Howard – describes the advantages of living in a town and living in the country, and brings them together to make town and country aka suburb Plan for Ringstrasse – takes place of the main city walls in Vienna. Also takes care of the Glacis Boulevard extensions in Paris – destroys mid-evil Paris and replaces it with a more uniform Paris. Used to help deteriorate against political uprisings, and built to prevent barricades Opera Paris (Garnier) – initially a reaction to an assassination on napoleon III, helped to organize social higharchy. Very interested in having the circulation areas (hallways, stairways and salon rooms to be much larger) Tassel House – art de bou, vision of a modern environment Casa mila (Gaudi) – house meant to look like quarry, large apartment complex in Barcelona, avoided right angles Balloon frame – perfected in 1830’s, precut joints to be shipped and assembled for mass manufacture

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Karlsplatz station – modern style of architecture with the steel and glass construction, skeleton is showing, metro stations all over Vienna Postal savings bank – a place for a post office and a bank in one, make investments and network things, modern style to architecture with the bolt heads showing. Starting to use aluminum as a style of architecture Wainwright building first cage style skyscraper every other middle joint is metal, has fake parts Court of honor – exhibition at world’s fair, very white, reference to the white hall or white buildings. Chicago exposition Plans to expand the city, need more streets, adding railroads Red house – unique house, arts and crafts movement Watts Sherman House – first house to use the shingles style, fully roofed in shingles, instead of panels Frank Lloyd wright- worked in because of his draft work, and later gets commissions which help him achieve his status Robie house – the prairie home, focus on flat style, first American style (claimed because Wright formed the home), calling on the space of the house the function of the house. Walls are tall for privacy

Start of Quiz 6 11/6/14  

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Louis sullivans – regular column grid of steel columns, architectural effort, not interested in space (interested in structure and not in space Fagus Factory (Walter Gropius) – he has repeated alternation of glass panels and columns, read the skeleton of the building. Pulls out the glass and inverts the glass panels. Tries to show you how the building is transparent. Glass isn’t holding anything up (wheel of German words) Gropius establishes the bau house, has an effect on all the arts, uses fundamentals words of Germanic language. When you first enter the school there are different studies that you must go through in order to understand the methods to become an architecture People went through the school making different 3-D structures, different perspectives, shadows and texture. New styles of furniture were made and helped modernize it (made of metal), costume design was big in the Bau house Bauhaus Main building (Gropius) – wall of glass panels, building looks suspended in air. Has glass appearing as glass and beams appearing as beams, utilitarian building

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Schroder House (Gerrit Rietveld) – De Stijl Movement, Dutch movement around modern design for exterior and interior aspects. Abstracting formal elements of the house into planes (walls, roof, and side pieces). Takes everything to the extreme where the planes look like planes to emphasize independence. The internal configuration would change to the functional needs of the owners. Walls would move on tracks to form linear elements. Structural elements can be seen in the furniture, even uses red and blue colors Maison “Citrohan” Project (Le Corbusier, polemicist) – says this is the answer to all of architecture. Have thin strong elements to make vertical structure and thin concrete elements to form horizontal elements. Typical plan is a field of columns, new way to think about the design of a structure. Free plan, none of the enclosures support anything. With flat rooms you can have a roof garden, ribbon windows to allow more light Villa Savoie (Poissy-sur-Seine) – used simply for functional considerations, very utilitarian. Does not have central hearth, the house is a machine to live in. o Main living area lifted up above landscape o Column grid o Followed through on second floor o But different floor plans o Emphasizes movement through the building o Separated the center structure and space o Enters under the building and curves around o Curve is generated by the turning radius of the automobile o Has as much glass as possible o Presents a ramp and stair (two forms of movement) o Uses geometric forms in the forms of movement o Puts column in front of window to demonstrate that there is a difference between the structure and the function o Special dynamism (wright) o Independence of structure and space expression

11/11/14 

Friedrichstrass Skyscraper project (Mies van der Rohe) – focuses on the new building types. Starts imagining the form of the skyscraper. Sheathed in glass, interested in the formal values, interested in reflection.

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Brick Country House (Mies) – walls that extend out into the landscape, alternation of solid forms. Not quite rooms, yet he is recognizing how rooms are German Pavilion, International Exposition (Mies) –building was so inspirational to so many, only stood for about 9 months, been rebuilt. o What we would call walls are now called planes. o Vary in terms of transparency o Marbled wall, with opaque wall, has little bit of roof hanging over o Glass wall with roof plane over hanging. The glass is not doing any structure work o Everything is polished very highly o Double glass wall has some electricity in it so the wall is glowing o Book matched – stone is cut from quarry and then cut again but unfolded. When they are laid out on a wall it looks like half of it was taken and flipped over o The central line (where the cut is) is at an average eye level o Wright said, machines can reveal new ornamental and decorative properties of materials themselves o The water is starting to be viewed as a plane o The different kinds of materials used as the walls really show how each room is different o Mies coined the phrase “less is more” o Nia nix – almost nothing Lovell House (health house) (Richard Neutra) – wants to emphasize how framy and skeletal it is, the glass is not yet installed o Not as grassy as it is today o Classical architecture could not build on this site o Modernism can make use of this o Neutra had panels sprayed on with Gunite, was liquid concrete sprayed from a gun and meant to stay in place on a steel mesh o Enter at the top, oriented towards the pacific ocean o Introduced a ford model A headlight on the staircase o Nothing was custom made (except lighting fixture) These new styles will be known as new international style, they reject old styles and really emphasize planes because of their spatially defining elements Kaufmann House (Fallingwater) (Wright) – tries to synthesize the different European styles, best known house of the 20th century o Organic architecture grows from the site. The building is in a specific part of the environment o Brings together dramatic forms of architecture

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o Kaufmann used to take family to spot (rock) to look at waterfall, so they had wright build the house on a specific spot, yet wright said ill make the house part of the waterfall o Roofs are cantilevered o Rock walls are different cause as they are pulled out giving a different kind of contrast o The materials are from the site so this building is from the area o Emphasizes the diagonal of a room in this house o Spacial core of modern architecture, a single continuous space is made but is seen from the change in roofing, change in furniture, and other changes o The floor is waxed to have shiny rippley surface to represent the stream o There is also a giant hearth that are natural to the site. The rock is part of the house o Wright wanted a giant kettle so the family could have hot tea or something. This is because he wanted to bring together the elemental factors, water, earth, fire o Has glass panels that open up to the river. There is a stairway leading down to the water Villa Mairea (Alvar Aalto) – shows how modern architecture can have different meanings to the culture/country. Builds a villa for a fin using local elements of the site. o Closed to the weather o Has a sona right next to a plunge pool o Inside there is a bench to take off all of gear o The house has lots of birch and pine used to as columns for structural support and design looks Cities begin to be transformed by light Electricity become major things of an exhibition White city had giant carbon arc lamps that shown across the entire city Edison tower would release light from a bunch of light bulbs on a structure Electricity was a major theme of every exhibition

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Philadelphia saving funds society building (George Howe) – recess the internal columns for continuous bands of glass. Has multiple functions within the building. Early versions of escalators in this building Native Americans were using the skyscraper construction

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New York institutes a zoning law which establishes a floor area ratio, which says whatever size you can build up to a volume of whatever the volume is. Either makes a short long building or a tall skinny building, must have same volume. Helps invent the step structure we see on skyscrapers we see today Helped develop different furniture (step looking) City of skyscrapers rising up, in the mode of the sublime, glowing mountain of skyscrapers Plan for city of three million (Corbusier) – notices cities are getting dense and need to create structures for cities that have too many people. Crowded streets no longer make sense. Wants to flatten lower Manhattan, and create large buildings that are taller. Has an airport in the middle of the city (design) Master plan (Mies) – direct a new school of architecture, a lot like the Barcelona building. Geometric forms placed in symmetry or in asymmetry Columbia University Campus – lots of symmetry and has main buildings in the middle wit collective Alumni Memorial Hall (Mies) – providing the structures at their most utilitarian, must represent its own thing. Thicker member in the middle, skeleton is clear, thin elements are there to separate in-fill panels, architecture reduced to its most simple elements. Steel cannot be exposed, so it has to be insulated. Takes two I-beams (web is middle portion of the beam and top/bottom are the flange), takes a piece of sheet metal to join the two beams together. This is here to represent the column, objective zaktelkite o Not about anything other than itself Crown Hall – uses girders so the column is in complete compression, the girders hold everything else up. When seen from the outside it becomes clear that the building is being held up. Does the same thing with the I-beam for the corner beam. He referred to the floor plan as universal space, referred to it as a container (weather enclosure) Chapel – has same principles as all the other buildings Farnsworth House (Mies) –lifts the house of the ground due to flooding of the river. Trying to be as simple and as productive as possible. Two slabs of material, one keeps out the weather one is one you walk on Seagram building (Mies) – breaks from step profile, he pulls it back to half the width, gives it a small footprint, to allow same volume. Uses the same column idea except there is an I-beam on the very outside of it. More complex than prismatic form, has prison like feel to it

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Unite d’Habitation (Corbusier) – series of apartment buildings, raised up off the ground, rooftop has lots of amenities, pools and sculptures. Raw or rough concrete is used for the construction. Each unit has two story space that is narrow, everyone has exterior space Notre Dame du Haut, pilgrimage church (Corbusier) – personal structure, strong emphasize on the rough exterior of the concrete. The wall is battered – sloped inward. Anthropomorphized – elements start looking like two people who have their backs to each other. People tend to read the structure. There is a “gutter” like thing where the water would collect in a well when it rains. Reading the light as it falls across the space Bush hammered concrete – has little ridges where people come by with hammers to smack off pointy parts to give it a rough texture Brutalism – couple of towers that have big beams across that have smaller infill filling up space, rough texture concrete platting over the towers Inside it has 4 story interior, has 6 storys but 36 different floors General Motors Technical Center (Saariner) – flat pane with individual building that come together to create meeting areas, worked with very tight module. Can see structural elements with very thin weather enclosure. Got ideas from the windshield of the car. Modular grid is applied everywhere throughout the structure, integrate all buildings systems Styling dome – new styles are brought out into this space. 186 ft diameter of aluminum with tiny holes perforated throughout to create day lighting effect, where lighting can be dimmed or raised. Emphasizing the breaks in technological advances (GM place) Stairs are supported on thin cables that sway with walking, face is lit from underneath. Can feel other people walking by. One side is brighter than the other and you end up watching other people walk, theater of ascension. Compares women and machines and how they like to show what the men like. Tries to show the lifestyle of the comparison TWA terminal at JFK airport (Saarinen) – recently saved from a threat but was a jet terminal. Interested in making new technologies, thin plate concrete. Building is in a bird like shape, made up of 4 big vaults two of them look like wings. Uses lots of steel reinforcement. Forms are very organic, very subjective to the looks of the building. Has a pit that is focused on the runways so you can watch the planes take off. Has lots of spots to eat with special names to capture the glamor of flying.

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Creates an identification of TWA, effort to brand itself. Had tiny ceramic tiles that covered the surface, to represent the informality of the 1940’s

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Jacques built a set outside Paris made out of steel and glass skyscrapers, as the first idea of modernism Architects will show interest in new materials and new designs, that are more accessible and more open or that tries to excavate the ideas there were at first Brutalism – from French word for raw concrete, gives an aggressive look to the building Dematerialization – modern materials are so strong you can have less of them Late modernism – taking modernism in a new directions Archigram – architecture students at school in London looking to draw artistic themes, make comic books to propose ideas about architecture Moving cities (master vehicle-habitation) – city size building which would hold all the people in the city. Were meant to be walking as well Centre Georges-Pompidou – high tech architecture, in this building they moved all the heating and AC to the outside of the building. Made the formal structure of the building a system. Big steel frame, to give a completely open interior due to everything on the outside Lloyd’s building (Richard Rogers) – the financial building of London, has fire stairs on the outside rendered in curving form in stainless steel. has ducts on the outside due to wanting big open floor, bathrooms are also on the outside. Most of the building is pre-fabricated, realized that energy is not cheap so the sun light and heat could get in based on the material placed on the walls. Has exterior elevators Philips Exeter Academy (Louis Kahn) – library at the academy. Interested in keeping with the neo georgic architecture. Punched openings, uses traditional materials, glass that’s set back a little, roughly square with bevels at corners. The walls is not just a wall, it is a plane as well that is doing some supporting work. The piers get thinner as it goes up, un glazed and open at the top. Getting hints from the exterior that there is something interesting on the interior. o Enter the building on axis, symmetrically disposed o Has stairs leading to central place o Exterior starts to suggest a singular interior space o Has curving stair to lead to books

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o There are circles where the rows of books are o Has large open space with light being let down from above o Has elemental forms, building systems are articulated, the structure is giving its own set of forms. Come together at key points o Building has lots of different geometry o The big windows are there to let light in, the little windows are to adjust your own light, and façade element Postmodern architecture (Leon Krier) – refers to a reference to vernacular forms, a concern for popular understanding. Explains the fundamentals of buildings how they are not changing over years, modernism is being critiqued. Robert Venturi start having design studios Says there are two types of buildings, one being a duck (sell lots of duck stuff) said to be what it is. The other kind is the decorated shed with a symbol that tells about the use of the building. Proposes this is the way you want to build Guild Retirement House (Robert Venturi) – rather ordinary, yet it draws from buildings nearby, over scaling of the building, with a large column in the middle. Knows the rules of vernacular architecture, but breaks them anyway. Pulls out the wall to read the wall as a plane Vanna Venturi House (Venturi) – designed for his mother, returns to classic gable front of the house, breaks in the middle, creates opening for the front entrance, with an arch over the opening but not giving it a structure value. Uses ribbon window. Trabant student Center (Venturi) – has monumental entrance with an additional column that are huge to hold up a thin and tiny roof. Designed as a public street, Portland Building (Michael Graves) – steel cage box with office space, ironic reference to classical forms. Once you remove honesty from modernism, there is a lot of variation and possibilities. AT&T building (Philip Johnson) – harkens back to glory days of New York skyscrapers, clade in stone, structure in steel. Architecture can be an advertisement for a corporation. Starkatecture – hire a star architecture to get your building into the news. Instant advertising Cities begin overhauling them at a colossal scale. Boston flattens/demolished the poor and dirty west end, to rebuild at a new scale. Was affordable housing but is now not

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Pruitt-loge Housing – area in central St. Louis. Idea was to level the area to remove crime and have a better place to live Historic preservation is made to make sure buildings aren’t destroyed anymore Seaside (Duany and Plater-Zyberk) – variety of building types and sizes. Has lots of buildings to create a new town. Home owners could buy their own lot then hire their own architect. The planners wanted something that was dimensionally coherent. New urbanism – new way to think about modernism In seaside they outlaw the ribbon window. Has wood frame construction, main streets with sidewalks, and couple of places where a neighborhood could coheir. The railroad version of a village Creation of a town to

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Gehry House (Frank Gehry) – 1960’s doing a lot of art/ sculpting projects. Starts carving into his own house and expands it, begins to use corrugated metal and chain link fence o Unfinished plywood o Not interested in alignments o Roofs slope off at different directions o Rejects ideas of basic house models o Deconstructivism – to take apart and reassembly in different ways or defy certain aspects o Makes use of materials not usually used o Pull out certain sides o Has cube over kitchen which provides a skylight o Part of incompleteness o Opens up new possibilities Swiss architect Bernard Tschumi argues that architecture is too important to leave to the architects, thinks about cinema Parc de la Villette (Tschumi) – says when he is done the place will create places for people to just enjoy, builds up layers of vegetation, then uses building layer on top of that, replicates the random encounters of the city. Has lots of buildings/structures that either have a purpose or are something we just walk pass. The buildings are all different Guggenheim Museum (Gehry) – clad in titanium steel, no piece of steel is the same, took software used by the air force and adapts it to using it for building construction. Able to develop a set of drawings to

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contractor, then because the steel is made precisely the building is made under budget. From this he changed the way buildings are now made Mass customization – customize individual elements at a mass scale Rejecting forms adding curves and elements that are not usually seen. Uses dynamic spaces Seattle Public Library (Rem Koolhaas) – big walls on outside creat vast spaces. The windows are diamond and slanted. Bookcases are not in line; floor is uneven or sloping, tries to reject the flat floor. The structures holding up the wall are not all at the same angle. When going to get coffee there are red lights to create a different kind of atmosphere. The sloping of the floor carries over to the bookcases. The reference of books is on the floor instead of the shelf Blur Building (Diller Scofidio) – make a pavilion, a building exhibition. On a lake, then created a framework that shot out the lake water to create a fog/mist. Hear people before you see them. Heydar Aliyev Center (Zaha Hadid) – designed as cultural center, big curvy building out in a large space. City is trying to rebuild itself in this sort of modern way. With this new building they are generating tourism. Varied geometries, rejection of idea of walls and ceilings, white panels all over the place. Seems like an art gallery. Phenomenal sets of forms Daniel Libeskind – makes crazy drawings with random lines and wins a competition to make the Jewish museum. Each line connects to somewhere on the map to form a building, his way of establishing character of the building. Lines are scratched in the building, to let light in but also perform a function. Main walkway has beams flying through that form a 3D function. Introduced 2 voids that have iron disks on the floor that are not fixed, shows uncomfortably of what the Jews may have felt Design for office building in Toronto, has the lines running through it but not as sever. Buildings are absorbed by culture. Gift shops have items that resemble the structure French Opera Pentronas Tower (Cesar Pelli) – pair of towers, one of the tallest building in the world for 6 years. Has to take an international style of building and make it relevant to the city Burj Al Arab (Tom wright/WKK) – based on petroleum dollars. Takes desert city and creates a vast scale of buildings. Looks like a sail from a boat, it is a hotel. Built on sand. 800 or so ft with 28 floors, giving high

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ceilings and expensive pieces of art in each room. Tennis game has been played there Burj Khalifa (Adrian Smith/SOM) – tallest building in the world at 1500 ft. advanced form of construction, bundled tube construction (bundles of tubes to reach the height) double the height of the empire state building but half the steel. Helped put the city on the map. Pom islands and the world island – private lots of land made out in the gulf, each house has its own private beach, designed to be seen from the air, looks like a palm.