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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS (Railway Board)

INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY AND PLAIN CONCRETE ARCH BRIDGES (ARCH BRIDGE CODE)

ADOPTED !"#! FIRST REVISION $ !"%& SECOND REVISION $ &''#

(Incorporating Correction Sip Upto ! )

ISSED BY

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION LUC"NO# $ %%&' VI$i

 

CONTENTS PAGE No.

1. ".

SOPE DESIGN LOADS AND T#EIR $ET#ODS OF APPLIATION

! !

1 1

! ! 1 ! ! !

1 1

'.

".1 Dea% Loa% "." Li&e Loa% ".' Te(era*ure S*resses ".+ Ri,-sor*enin/ S*resses ".0 Srina/e S*resses S#APE OF T#E AR# RING

1 1 1

+.

T#I2NESS OF AR# RI3

!

"

0.

ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN T#E AR# RING

!

"

5.

0.1 on%i*ions of Loa%in/ 0." $e*o% of Analysis 0.' E4is*in/ Arces 6EFFETI7E LENGT#8 OF AR# RING

! ! ! !

" " " '

=.

A3:T$ENTS FOR AR# 3RIDGES 9.1 Ticness a* *e se;-,acs 9." Forces Ac*in/ on an A,u*(en* 9.' on%i*ions of s*a,ili*y 9.+ Foun%a*ions for A,u*(en*s PIERS OF AR# 3RIDGES .+ ((? resec*i&ely Tere is no resi%ual %eflec*ion or  srea% af*er release of loa% an% Tere is no crac aearin/ on *e in*ra%os of ,ri%/e.

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No*e Te a,o&e cri*eria ;ill ,e alica,le *o se/(en*al an% non-se/(en*al arces of san +.0( *o 10 ( ro&i%e% *e sanBrise ra*io lies ,e*;een " an% 0 9.4.7. In re/ar% *o /au/e con&ersion? *e cer*ifica*ion for *e safe*y of all *e arc ,ri%/es? ;e*er soun% or %is*resse% sall ,e ,ase% on loa% *es* on reresen*a*i&e *ye of  ,ri%/es. Te cri*eria for assessin/ *e safe loa% sall ,e *e sa(e as secifie% in clause 0.'.' a,o&e? ro&i%e% *e follo;in/ con%i*ions are also sa*isfie%. Secial cases? if any? (ay ,e %eal* ;i* on in%i&i%ual (eri*s ,y *e Rail;ays in consul*a*ion ;i* RDSO. (i-

Te con%i*ion of   (asonry an% i*s ,ea&iour un%er *es* loa% are sa*isfac*ory.

(ii-

Tye of foun%a*ion an% na*ure of soil on ;ic i* is foun%e% are sui*a,le.

9.4.9.

Strengt,ening *ea:E LENGTH?? OF ARCH RING0

&.. Te effec*i&e len/* sall ,e *e full len/* fro( se; ,ac *o se; ,ac. Were o;e&er san%rel fillin/ ;i* (asonry or  concre*e is %one in conHunc*ion ;i* *e arc rin/? so as *o ro&i%e roer ,on%in/ ,e*;een *e arc rin/ an% *e (asonry or concre*e in *e san%rel fillin/ *e effec*i&e len/* of *e arc (ay ,e *aen ,e*;een *e oin*s o,*aine% ,y ro%ucin/ *e insi%e &er*ical faces of se; ,acs *o cu* *e e4*ra%os as so;n in *e se*c.

!.

In *e case of  9.4.9.4 s*ren/*enin/ ,elo; in*ra%os of arc? *e ne; arc rin/ soul% ,e %esi/ne% as un%er(a-

To *ae *e en*ire loa% ,y i*self ;ere *e e4is*in/ arc as *rans&erse cracs).

(8-

To *ae *e en*ire loa% ,y co(osi*e ac*ion ;i* *e e4is*in/ arc rin/? ;ere *e e4is*in/ cracs) are all lon/i*u%inal or *ere are no si/ns of  %is*ress in *e e4is*in/ arc? ro&i%e% effec*i&e ,on% coul% ,e ensure% ,e*;een *e ol% an% ne; arc rin/.

9.4.9.7 In *e case of  s*ren/*enin/ of a,u*(en*s an% iers of arc ,ri%/es? *e %esi/n soul% al;ays ,e on *e ,asis of co(osi*e ac*ion of *e ne; (a*erial

ABUTMENTS FOR ARCH BRIDGES0 !.. Ticness a* *e Se;-,acs Te *icness a* *e se; ,ac soul% ,e %e*er(ine% ;i* %ue re/ar% *o *e searin/ s*ress ro%uce% ,y *e ori@on*al *rus* fro( *e arc rin/? ;ic sall ,e assu(e% *o ,e resis*e% ,y *e co(,ine% fric*ion an% searin/ s*ren/* of *e Hoin*. Te coefficien* of fric*ion

VI$

in *is case (ay ,e *aen as >.9 an% *e safe searin/ s*ress as /i&en in lause 1".

(8-

Dea% loa% lus li&e loa% on *e o*er 0B< san.

!.%.

(c-

Dea% loa% lus li&e loa% on *e en*ire san.

Force3 Acting on an A86t1ent0

!.%. Te forces ac*in/ on an a,u*(en* are as follo;s (a-

Reac*ion fro( *e arc.

(8-

Pressure of ear* a* ,ac.

(c-

Wei/* o&erlyin/ fill.

of

a,u*(en* an%

()-

Wa*er ressure an% ,uoyancy C Tese soul% ,e consi%ere% ;en %e* of ;a*er (ay e4cee% 5( *e calcula*ions ,ein/ (a%e ,o* ;i* an% ;i*ou* *e effec* of *e ;a*er ressure an% ,uoyancy ac*in/ *o/e*er.

!.%.% In calcula*in/ *e *rus* of *e arc rin/ for %esi/nin/ *e a,u*(en*? Dyna(ic effec*s (ay ,e ne/lec*e%. !.%.4 Te *o*al *rus* fro( *e li&e loa% (ay ,e assu(e% *o ,e %is*ri,u*e% o&er *e ;ole len/* of *e a,u*(en*? or a len/* ,oun%e% ,y lines %ra;n a* a sloe of 1J ori@on*al *o " &er*ical fro( *e ,o**o( e%/es of sleeers *o *e sec*ion un%er in&es*i/a*ion ;ice&er len/* is less. O&er *is len/*? *e *rus* %ue *o %ea% loa% (ay ,e assu(e% *o a&e a unifor( &alue? correson%in/ *o *a* ro%uce% ,y *e (a4i(u( ei/* of *e fillin/.

For eac of *e a,o&e con%i*ions of loa%in/? *e line of ressure in *e course enu(era*e% a,o&e sall lie ;i*in *e (i%%le alf of e&ery sec*ion of *e a,u*(en*. Te s*resses a* any sec*ion sall no* e4cee% *e ;orin/ s*resses secifie% in clause 1". Te searin/ s*resses a* any lace sall ,e assu(e% *o ,e resis*e% ,y *e fric*ional forces an% safe searin/ s*ren/* of *e (asonry. !.7.

Fo6n)ation3 2or A86t1ent3.

!.7.  Arces sall only ,e ,uil* ;ere foun%a*ion con%i*ions are suc *a* *ere ;ill ,e no ris of uneual se**le(en* or ori@on*al (o&e(en*. !.7.% Te er(issi,le ressure on *e soil sall no* e4cee% *a* secifie% in lause 1'. !.7.4 Te line of ressure sall lie ;i*in *e (i%%le *ir% of *e foun%a*ion an% e&ery effor* soul% ,e (a%e *o ee i* as near  *e cen*er of *e ,ase as ossi,le? *o ensure a unifor( %is*ri,u*ion of ressure. !.7.7 Te %e* of foun%a*ion sall ,e %e*er(ine% ,y *e En/ineer ;i* %ue re/ar% *o *e con%i*ions a* *e si*e ,u* soul% no*? or%inarily? ,e less *an 1."0 (.

!.%.7 Te ac*i&e ear* ressure a* *e ,ac of an a,u*(en* ;ic a%%s *o i*s s*a,ili*y) sall no* ,e *aen *o ,e (ore *an *e ressure of a flui% ;ei/in/ "'0' NB( ' "+> /B('). Tis ressure sall ,e assu(e% *o ac* o&er a ei/* fro( ,e% le&el *o srin/in/ only? %ue allo;ance ,ein/ (a%e for surcar/e of *e o&erlyin/ fill. No allo;ance sall ,e (a%e for  *e surcar/e %ue *o *e li&e loa%.

@. PIERS OF ARCH BRIDGES.

!.4. Con)ition3 o2 Sta8iit+ An arc a,u*(en* sall ,e in&es*i/a*e% for *e follo;in/ *ree con%i*ions of loa%in/-

@.%. are as follo;s-

(a-

Dea% loa% lus li&e loa% on 0B< san a%Hacen* *o a,u*(en*.

@. T,ic:ne33 at Top Te *icness a* *e *o sall ,e a%eua*e *o acco((o%a*e *e se; ,acs on ,o* si%es an% *o resis* *e s*resses i(ose% un%er *e (os* unfa&oura,le con%i*ions of loa%in/. @.%

Force3 Acting on t,e Pier. Te forces ac*in/ on *e ier 

(a-

reac*ions fro( *e a%Hacen* arces?

(8-

;ei/* of (asonry an% fill an% *e ;ei/* of ier i*self.

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(c-

Wa*er ressure an% ,uoyancy ;i* *e sa(e ro&ision as for a,u*(en*s in lause 9.".

soul%? /enerally? no* e4cee% 1>>>(( ;en *e %e* of fill is consi%era,le.

. TYPE OF MASONRY0 @.%.% Te ro&isions re/ar%in/ %yna(ic effec*s an% %is*ri,u*ion of *rus* sall ,e *e sa(e as lai% %o;n for a,u*(en*s in clause 9.". @.4

Con)ition3 o2 Sta8iit+0

@.4. Te s*a,ili*y of iers sall al;ays ,e in&es*i/a*e% for *e follo;in/ *;o con%i*ions of loa%in/(a-

(8-

;en only one of *e a%Hacen* sans carries li&e loa% C Tis con%i*ion ;ill usually /i&e *e (a4i(u( s*resses in *e (asonry of *e ier. Wen ,o* a%Hacen* sans carry li&e loa% C Tis con%i*ion usually /i&es *e (a4i(u( in*ensi*y of  foun%a*ion ressures.

@.4.% Te ro&ision of lause 9.' re/ar%in/ *e loca*ion of *e line of ressure an% *e s*resses? aly *o *e iers also. @.7 Fo6n)ation3 2or pier3  C Tese sall ,e /o&erne% ,y *e sa(e ro&isions as lai% %o;n for a,u*(en*s in lause 9.+.

. DESIGN OF RETURN AND #ING #ALLS . Te re*urn an% ;in/ ;alls soul% ,e %esi/ne% in accor%ance ;i* *e In%ian Rail;ay S*an%ar% Ko%e of Prac*ice for  *e %esi/n of su,-s*ruc*ure of ,ri%/es. '. ECONOMY IN ARCH BRIDGE DESIGN0 '. In *e case of arc ,ri%/es in i/ ,ans? *e ei/* of *e srin/in/? *e len/* of *e arc ,arrel an%? in *e case of  (ul*ile san ,ri%/es? *e si@e of *e san of  *e arces soul% ,e so fi4e% *a* *e *o*al cos* of *e ,ri%/e for *e reuire% ;a*er-;ay is a (ini(u(. '.% In or%er *o a&oi% e4cessi&e la*eral *ension in *e arc rin/ or e4cessi&e loa% on *e en%s of *e ,arrel? *e ei/* of *e arae* ;all a,o&e *e cro;n of *e arc

 Arc rin/s sall ,e cons*ruc*e% . ei*er ;i* &oussoirs of recas* ce(en* concre*e or soun% %ura,le ,uil%in/ s*one? or  ,ric ;or in firs* class ,rics an% 1+ ce(en* (or*ar. Plain ce(en* concre*e cas* in-si*u (ay also ,e use% in ;ic case reinforce(en* sall ,e ro&i%e% as er lause ".0. %. #OR"ING STRESSES %.

Ma3onr+ Arc,e3

%.. Were ac*ual co(ression *es*s are (a%e? *e (a4i(u( er(issi,le co(ressi&e s*ress in (asonry sall no* e4cee% one-ei/* of i*s crusin/ s*ren/*. Tensile an% sear s*resses (ay ,e er(i**e% u*o one-for*ie* of *e crusin/ s*ren/*. %..% In *e a,sence of *es*s? soun% ,ric-;or in li(e (or*ar? ;ic as ar%ene%? sall ,e assu(e% *o a&e a crusin/ s*ren/* of +.'N er s.(( +'.90 2/ er sc(.) an% ,ric-;or in ce(en* (or*ar 5.= N er s(( 9> /. er sc(.). %.% Pain Ce1ent Concrete Arc,e3 C Te ;orin/ s*resses sall no* e4cee% *ose lai% %o;n in *e In%ian Rail;ay S*an%ar% Koncre*e 3ri%/e o%e. 4. FOUNDATION PRESSURE 4. O;in/ *o *e ;i%e &aria*ion in safe ,earin/ ressures on foun%a*ions in %ifferen* ar*s of In%ia? i* is no* ossi,le *o secify er(issi,le ,earin/ ressures ;ic ;ill a&e uni&ersal alica*ion. Desi/ns soul% ,e ,ase% on local con%i*ions an% er(issi,le ressures (ay ,e es*a,lise% on *e ,asis of  *es*s or on er&ious e4erience. Nor(ally? foun%a*ions? unless res*in/ %irec*ly on roc? sall no* ,e less *an 1."0( in %e*. I* is? /enerally? safe *o increase *e er(issi,le ,earin/ ressure a* *e ra*e of 195+9 NB( "

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1> / er s() for eac a%%i*ional (e*re of  %e* ,elo; 1."0 (.

7. SEISMIC EFFECT0 $asonry or lain ce(en* 7. concre*e arces sall no* ,e cons*ruc*e% in @one 7. $asonry or lain ce(en* concre*e arces sall no* ,e cons*ruc*e% ;i* sans e4cee%in/ 5 ( in Mone I7 an% 1>( in Mone III. 9. S"E# ARCHES0 9. Se; arces sall ,e so cons*ruc*e% *a* *e courses are e&ery;ere a* ri/* an/les *o *e lines of *rus*.

af*er a *i(e? *e arc ac*ion in *e fillin/ relie&es *e arc rin/ of a consi%era,le or*ion of *e sueri(ose% loa%. @. STRI"ING OF CENTRES AND APPLICATION OF LOAD0 @. Te cen*ers soul% no* ,e s*ruc ,efore one ;ee af*er *e co(le*ion of  *e arc. @.%  Af*er co(le*ion of any or*ion of *e (asonry of an arc ,ri%/e? *e follo;in/ (ini(u( erio%s of *i(e as secifie% in Ta,leII ,elo; soul% ,e allo;e% *o elase ,efore loa%s as secifie% *erein (ay ,e i(ose% on *a* or*ion of *e (asonry-

&. #EEP HOLES0 &. Wee oles soul% ,e ro&i%e% *rou/ a,u*(en*s? ;in/ or re*urn ;alls? an% arae*s? as (ay ,e necessary? a%eua*e arran/e(en*s ,ein/ (a%e *o lea% ;a*er *o *e ;ee oles. !. FILLING O>ER ARCHES0 !. I* is reco((en%e% *a* *e %e* of *e fill ,e*;een *e un%ersi%e of *e sleeer an% *e cro;n of *e arc soul% no* ,e less *an 1 (. !.% Fillin/ of a orous na*ure? suc as ,ric,a*s or ,allas*? soul% ,e use% *o co&er  *e ;ole e4*ra%os of *e arc *o a %e* of a* leas* '>> (( o&er *e cro;n. !.4 Ear* fillin/ soul% ,e %one in layers? eac ,ein/ consoli%a*e% ,y ra((in/ an% ,y srinlin/ ;i* ;a*er. 3lac co**on soil soul% no* ,e use%. !.7 In e4is*in/ arces *e fillin/ soul% ,e %is*ur,e% as li**le as ossi,le as?

TABLE$II

Descri*ion

0> of  90 of  Full %esi/n %esi/n %esi/n loa% loa% loa%

Or%inary ce(en* (or*ar an% concre*e.

9 %ays

1+ %ays

"< %ays

Rai%ar%enin/ ce(en* (or*ar an% concre*e.

0 %ays

1> %ays

"< %ays

NOTES0 1. Te e4ression Kloa% (eans *e *o*al calcula*e% loa% ;i* *e aroria*e Dyna(ic effec*s allo;ance secifie% for *e see% a* ;ic *e loa% is er(i**e% *o run. ". Te a,o&e erio%s sall ,e sui*a,ly increase% ;ere *e (ean air *e(era*ure is less *an 15 > .

VI

%$