Arborização Urbana

 

 

 

 

ADCÅÍJ GKLQ_]

GADA_KÅÍJ DK] K]]JMCKÅÑA] DA LQHCMÌRCJ] DJ _CJ E_KHDA DJ ]QI ” GKLQ_] Rkuij Ocar Rrascdahta

Qhcdkda da ]kðda a Lacj Klocahta ” Q]K Krctk Oarelkhh ” Mjjrdahkdjrk

Iacik Lkrck da Kilacdk ” Kssassjrk Tãmhcmk Lkrck Djijras Oam ” Ksscstahta Tãmhcmk

Mjhsaifj da Dcrceahtas Luhcmcpkcs da Lacj L acj Klocahta - MJHDCLLK @kmnsjh Lùiiar ” Rrascdahta Wkitalcr Ejilkcar ” Wcma-Rrascdahta

Kutjrck/Rrjduåíj

Ocýijej @kmnsjh Lùiiar ]amratërcj Lacj Klocahta dj Luhcmìpcj da Hjvj Fklourej Rrascdahta djda Mjhsaifj da Dcrceahtas Luhcmcpkcs da Lacj Klocahta - MJHDCLLK/GKLQ_] ?° Wcma-Rrascdahta Hkmcjhki dk KHKLLK

Mkpk0  Mkpk0  Rrj`atj Erëgcmj0 Erëgcmj0 Clprassíj, kmkoklahtj a adctjrkåíj0 adctjrkåíj0 HJWK R_JWK

 

;-CHT_JDQÅÍJ Ks ërvjras da ruk síj mjlpjhahtas dj klocahta urokhj a axarmal erkhdas oahagìmcjs hk laifjrck dk qukicdkda da vcdk, fkrljhczkhdj k mcdkda a k hkturazk, oahagcmckhdj tjdk k pjpuikåíj. Ahtratkhtj, k gkitk da pikha`klahtj a mjhfamclahtj tãmhcmj-mcahtìgcmj, kickdjs â asmkssaz da lktarcki ocoicjerëgcmj, rasuitk al chðlarjs prjoialks, jhda js ekstjs mjl mjhtrjia a lkhutahåíj dks ërvjras tjrhk-sa ulk prajmupkåíj mjhstkhta. Mkdk dck lkcs, js aspkåjs icvras astíj daskpkramahdj. Mjl j mrasmclahtj dks mcdkdas, ks ruks trkhqùciks pksskl k tar erkhda vjiula da trïhsctj a ks mksks mjl quchtkcs síj suostctuìdks pjr adcgìmcjs, ludkhdj k pkcskeal urokhk. Dasta ljdj, k mjhsarvkåíj dastk pkcskeal, k mjhvcvàhmck da saus fkoctkhtas a k qukicdkda da vcdk pksskl k dapahdar da ul pikha`klahtj mjh`uhtj mjl tjdjs js aialahtjs dk mcdkda, klpkrkdj pjr ulk iaecsikåíj agcmkz. J Rjdar Rðoicmj ã j raspjhsëvai paij pikha`klahtj, mjl k pkrtcmcpkåíj dk mjluhcdkda, Qhcvarscdkdas a dalkcs ktjras sjmckcs. Al earki js raspjhsëvacs paij pikha`klahtj a lkhutahåíj dk krojrczkåíj da ruks híj dcspñal da chgjrlkåñas pramcsks sjora j pktrclôhcj kroýraj. Ksscl, k prclacrk lcssíj mjhscsta al rakiczkr ul chvahtërcj mcrmuhsmrctj dk vaeatkåíj urokhk, j clprjvcsj a jrekhczkhdj ks kåñas sjora dkdjs ramjifcdjs hk rakicdkdaraduzchdj ijmki. J saeuhdj pkssj ã jrekhczkr ulk aqucpa mmkpkmctkdk kpkmctkdk qua mjhduzk js trkokifjs da lkha`j dk krojrczkåíj urokhk. J tcpj da chvahtërcj, js pkrïlatrjs k saral khkicskdjs, damjrral dks mkrkmtarìstcmks dks mcdkdas, dk krojrczkåíj axcstahta, dks hamasscdkdas dk pjpuikåíj, oal mjlj djs ramursjs dcspjhìvacs. K pkrtcr dj chvahtërcj pjda-sa mjjrdahkr js trkokifjs da lkhutahåíj a clpikhtkåíj dk krojrczkåíj urokhk. J chvahtërcj dava sar ravcskdj ahtra ul parìjdj da 1 k ;2 khjs, pkrk raecstrkr ks vkrckåñas jmjrrcdks hasta chtarvkij da talpj. J pikhtcj dava joadamar kieuhs mrctãrcjs oëscmjs, astkoaiamcdjs hj pikha`klahtj. _amjlahdk-sa josarvkr josarvkr kieuhs mjhdcmcjhkhtas, tkcs mjlj0 k) prjduåíj ju kqucscåíj kqucscåíj da ludks kdaqukdks a as astudj tudj dks asp aspãmcas ãmcas chdcmkdks> o) mjlpjrtklahtj hj lacj urokhj dks aspãmcas> aspãmcas> m) chtaerkiczkåíj mjl mjl js dalkcs aialahtjs dk mcdkda> mcdkda> d) dclahsñas da ruks a pkssacjs> pkssacjs> a) kiturk da mjhstruåñas> g) axcstàhmck ju híj da ramujs da `krdcl> e) prasahåk da da radas kãraks a suotarrïhaks> f) ijmkiczkåíj dks dcgarahtas ktcvcdkdas> mjhdcåñas da miclk a sjij>  `)c) giuxj da vaìmuijs a padastras.

 

Rkrk qua ks ëraks vardas a ks ërvjras da ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs mulprkl mjl ks suks guhåñas hj lacj urokhj a sa mjhsarval al astkdj kdaqukdj a skdcj, ã hamassërck k kdjåíj da prëtcmks scstalktczkdks da lkhutahåíj. Hk krojrczkåíj urokhk, k prchmcpki ktcvcdkda da lkhutahåíj da ërvjras ã k pjdk da ekifjs. Ërvjras hk zjhk urokhk a pjdk tal ulk raikåíj luctj krrkcekdk hk lahta dks passjks, qua luctks vazas mjlatal erkhdas arrjs sjo k ciusíj da astkr rakiczkhdj k prëtcmk lkcs kmartkdk. Mjhtrk k pjdk a suks mjhsaqùàhmcks dkhjsks híj axcsta dagask, k híj sar k tahtktcvk da ramjlpjr j ljdaij jrcechki, dagchcdj eahatcmklahta. Cstj hj ahtkhtj, híj scehcgcmk qua k pjdk davk sar suprclcdk, qukhdj gjr rakilahta hamassërcj. Rkrk cssj ã clprasmchdìvai j mjhfamclahtj prãvcj dj mjlpjrtklahtj dk aspãmca a sau mcmij prjdutcvj. Mjl pikha`klahtj kdaqukdj, k clpikhtkåíj a k mjhsarvkåíj dk krojrczkåíj urokhk talsa k pjsscocicdkda da da mjhstctucr al ul ul oal da erkhda erkhda vkijr â mjluhcdkda, mjluhcdkda, tjrhkhdj-s tjrhkhdj-saa ul aialahtj assahmcki hk mjlpjscåíj dk mcdkda. Rjrãl, pkrk qua rakilahta ul pikhj da krojrczkåíj tahfk àxctj tjrhk-sa hamassërcj k mjhsmcahtczkåíj dk pjpuikåíj sjora k clpjrtïhmck dks ërvjras hj lacj urokhj, oal mjlj suk davcdk lkhutahåíj a k clpikhtkåíj da iaecsikåíj luhcmcpki dcsmcpichkdjrk, mjl k gchkicdkda da mjcocr qukiquar chtargaràhmck haektcvk sjora ks laslks. ? - K_OJ_CPKÅÍ K_OJ_CPKÅÍJ J Q_OKHK K ërvjra ã k gjrlk vaeatki lkcs mkrkmtarìstcmk hk pkcskeal urokhk, k quki kj ijhej dk fcstýrck, tal sa chmjrpjrkdj al astractk raikåíj mjl k krquctaturk dks mcdkdas. Mjhscdarkhdj lkcs k suk mjhdcåíj da sar vcvj dj qua jo`atj da ulk mjlpjscåíj krquctatôhcmk, mjhmiuc-sa qua k laslk mjhtrcouc pkrk jotar ul klocahta urokhj kerkdëvai. K krojrczkåíj urokhk tal chgiuàhmck damcscvk hk qukicdkda da vcdk hks mcdkdas a pjrtkhtj, hk skðda dks pjpuikåñas. K clpjrtïhmck dks ërvjras, hj lacj urokhj, ekhfk raiavïhmck lkcjr, prchmcpkilahta qukhdj k mjhmahtrkåíj dks fkoctkåñas kulahtk, dacxkhdj k pjpuikåíj iclctkdk âs prkåks, ruks, kvahcdks a pjumjs `krdchs pkrtcmuikras. ]aeuhdj LK]IKN, ktrkvãs da astudjs a josarvkåñas, mfaeju-sa k mjhmiusíj, dk hamasscdkda da ulk mjrraikåíj da ërak varda pjr fkoctkhta (l?/fko.) hjs mahtrjs pjpuikmcjhkcs, sahdj kdjtkdk, paik Gjjd khd Kercmuitura Jrekhczktcjh - GKJ, k prjpjråíj da ;? l¿ pjr fkoctkhta, pkrk qua j fjlal pjssk dasgrutkr da ul laifjr hìvai da vcdk. K Jrekhczkåíj Luhdcki dk ]kðda-JL] kdjtk k saeuchta prjpjråíj, mjhgjrla k mjhdcåíj sjmcki0 - ;? l¿/fkoctkhta pkrk pjpuikåñas da mikssa okcxk> - ;2 l¿/fkoctkhta pkrk pjpuikåñas da mikssa lãdcks> - 5,1 l¿/fkoctkhta pkrk pjpuikåñas da mikssa kitk. Hk lkcjrck dks mcdkdas orksciacrks, krojrczkr scehcgcmk kpahks pikhtkr ërvjras. ]jlahta qukhdj mjlaåkl surecr js prjoialks ã qua sa parmaoa qua krojrczkr híj ã pikhtkr qukiquar ërvjra. Hjs prj`atjs da krojrczkåíj dava-sa josarvkr ulk sãrca da mjhdcmcjhkhtas, tkcs mjlj0 astudj dk aspãmca, mjlpjrtklahtj hj lacj urokhj, chtaerkiczkåíj mjl jsaxcstàhmck dalkcs aialahtjs mcdkda, da ruksda a pkssacjs, kiturk da dks mjhstruåñas, ju híj dadkramujs dadclahsñas `krdcl, prasahåk radas kãraks a suotarrïhaks, ijmkiczkåíj dks dcgarahtas ktcvcdkdas (mjlãrmcj, chdðstrcks a rascdàhmcks),

 

mjhdcåñas da miclk a sjij, giuxj da vaìmuijs a padastras. Kiãl dastas kspamtjs, dava-sa iavkr al mjhscdarkåíj js kspamtjs muiturkcs a fcstýrcmjs dk pjpuikåíj ijmki, suks hamasscdkdas, khsacjs a mjhfamclahtj dk sctukåíj jrcechki. Híj kpahks j pikhtcj pjda sar laifjrkdj, lks mjl k kdjåíj da pikha`klahtj, k lkhutahåíj tkloãl sarë oahagcmckdk a rakiczkdk da ljdj lkcs agcmkz. Qlk mcdkda pjda sar qukhtctktcvklahta oal krojrczkdk lks kprasahtkr prjoialks hk krojrczkåíj. Rkrama ul pkrkdjxj, lks gkz sahtcdj, pjcs luctjs prjoialks pjdal surecr qukhdj híj sa pikha`k tudj lchumcjsklahta, khtas dj pikhtcj.  gcl da qua k krojrczkåíj urokhk kprasahta js laifjras rasuitkdjs, dava-sa rakiczkr ul pikha`klahtj mjhscdarkhdj-sa tjdjs js aialahtjs dk mcdkda a, hj mksj da `ë astkr astkoaiamcdk, ã hamassërcj k aikojrkåíj da ul pikhj da mjhsarvkåíj. Rkrk qua astas jo`atcvjs sa`kl kimkhåkdjs, tjrhk-sa hamassërcj j trkokifj al aqucpa, ju sa`k, js trkokifjs daval sar dasahvjivcdjs pjr ulk aqucpa luitcdcsmcpichkr mjlpjstk pjr ocýijejs, aheahfacrjs gijrastkcs a kerôhjljs,  `krdchacrjs, krquctatjs a tãmhcmjs dks mjlpkhfcks mjlpkhfcks prastkdjrks da sa sarvcåjs rvcåjs urokhjs. =-J RKRAI DJ RJDA_ RÐOICMJ HK _ADQÅÍJ DJ] MJHGICTJ] AHT_A Ë_WJ_A] A A[QCRKLAHTJ] Q_OKHJ] Js mjhgictjs dk krojrczkåíj hj lacj urokhj síj damjrrahtas dk gkitk da pikha`klahtj a mjhfamclahtj dk aspãmca qua sa pikhtju ju sa astë pikhtkhdj. Hjrlkilahta, pikhtkl-sa ërvjras da erkhdas prjpjråñas al pkssacjs pðoicmjs axìeujs. Erkåks k assas arrjs a k lë pikhtkåíj, ks sjloraklahtj ërvjras sjgralda luctks chmrclchkåñas ch`ustks. prchmcpkcs prjoialks ahmjhtrkdjs síj0 prãdcjs paik prjxclcdkda da Js rkljs hks `khaiks> kåíj da rkìzas kerasscvks iavkhtkhdj pcsjs, jostruchdj mkhkiczkåñas, darruokhdj lurjs a dasijmklahtj dj lacj-gcj. Ks mjpks dks ërvjras tkloãl síj raspjhsëvacs paij ahtupclahtj da mkifks, prjoialks mjl radas kãraks da dcstrcoucåíj aiãtrcmk a taiagôhcmk, oal mjlj chtargaràhmck hjs schkcs da trïhsctj a iulchërcks. K pjpuikåíj urokhk dasa`k tar kmassj k iuz, eës ahmkhkdj a taiagjha. Mjl k krojrczkåíj lki pikha`kdk, k ërvjra, alojrk dasa`ëvai, pkssk k sar vcstk mjlj hk chtrusk, híj lkcs mjlj ul mjlpjhahta hkturki dj klocahta. =.;-Mjhgictjs mjl ks radas ëraks à mjlul ahmjhtrkrljs hks hjssks mcdkdas ërvjras axtralklahta kitks sjo radas kãraks. Luctks daiks gjrkl pikhtkdks paij ýreíj luhcmcpki raspjhsëvai paik krojrczkåíj urokhk a jutrks paik pjpuikåíj, sal j lahjr mjhfamclahtj djs prjoialks qua k laslk pjdarck earkr. Axcstal kchdk, kquaiks qua `ë astkvkl hj ijmki, qukhdj dk chstkikåíj dk gckåíj kãrak, pikhtkdks al talpjs pksskdjs. J mjhtktj djs ekifjs mjl js gcjs pjdal krraoahtë-ijs, prjvjmkhdj chtarrupåíj hj gjrhamclahtj da ahareck, quaclk da trkhsgjrlkdjras a kpkraifjs aiãtrcmjs, quaork da mjhdutjras a ktã kmcdahtas gktkcs. Tkcs trkhstjrhjs síj kerkvkdjs prchmcpkilahta al talpjrkcs ju al dcks da erkhda vahtkhck. Mjhgjrla AIAT_JRKQIJ (;331), al ulk pasqucsk rakiczkdk ahtra ;363 a ;33;, paij Dapkrtklahtj da Ëeuks a Ahareck Aiãtrcmk- DKAA, al ?31 luhcmìpcjs dj Astkdj da ]íj Rkuij, mjhstktju-sa qua ks ërvjras axcstahtas sjo radas aiãtrcmks al 3;,1% djs mksjs síj chkdaqukdks. Hk raecíj dk erkhda ]íj Rkuij a luhcmìpcjs vczchfjs, al ;33;, raecstrju-sa al tjrhj da 7.222 jmjrràhmcks ahvjivahdj chtargaràhmcks da ekifjs mjl k rada aiãtrcmk a hul parìjdj da ;? khjs jmjrrarkl =6 kmcdahtas, sahdj qua ;4 dastas gjrkl gktkcs.

 

Ktukilahta k sjiuåíj ahmjhtrkdk pkrk klahczkr asta tcpj da prjoialk ã j trkokifj da pjdk, al earki lutcikdjrk, jhda passjks sal trachklahtj a mjhfamclahtj kdaqukdj mjrtkl js rkljs da gjrlk rkdcmki. Js trkokifjs rakiczkdjs pkrk icoarkr k rada kãrak síj ks pjdks al gurj, "W" a da raokcxklahtj da mjpk. K pjdk al gurj dacxk hjrlkilahta ul aspkåj pkrk qua k gckåíj pjssk pksskr icvralahta. Hk pjdk al "W", js gcjs síj icoarkdjs, lks k mjpk kprasahtk ul kspamtj asekifkdj a al earki, ks ërvjras parlkhamal al dasaquciìorcj. Astks pjdks síj pra`udcmckcs âs ërvjras a, hk lkcjrck dks vazas, mjlprjlatal suk skhcdkda, pjdahdj iavë-iks â ljrta. ]KHMFJTAHA (;334), pramjhczk qua ks pjdks scstalëtcmks pkrk icoarkåíj da radas kãraks, hk lkcjrck dks mcdkdas orksciacrks dava mjrraspjhdar k marmk da 62% dj vjiula djs sarvcåjs agatukdjs al ërvjras urokhks. Rkrk qua assa tcpj da mjhgictj sa`k avctkdj, ramjlahdk-sa j pikhtcj da aspãmcas da lãdcj pjrta hks mkiåkdks jpjstk k rada kãrak, dacxkhdj icvra js ijmkcs jhda pksskl js gcjs ju kchdk, j pikhtcj da aspãmcas kroustcvks. Al pkssacjs jhda fë krojrczkåíj sjo radas kãraks, sueara-sa qua sa`kl suprclcdj js rcsmjs. Hassas mksjs ramjlahdk-sa qua ks ërvjras lkcjras sa`kl suostctuìdks pjr jutrks da lahjr pjrta. K ousmk paij ahtahdclahtj ahtra js ýreíjs raspjhsëvacs paik ahareck aiãtrcmk, taiagôhcmk, TW k mkoj, ahtra jutrks dava sar astcluikdj, sa`k hk gjrlk da mjhvàhcjs, sa`k hk gjrlk da ul pikha`klahtj chtaerkdj. Asta ahtahdclahtj pjda sar hj sahtcdj da saral clpikhtkdjs js mkojs prjtaecdjs, dctjs "mkojs amjiýecmjs", qua síj lkcs rascstahtas, oal mjlj, k rakiczkåíj da pjdks kdaqukdks pkrk k icoarkåíj dk gckåíj kãrak, J luhcmìpcj da Lkrcheë - R_, gjc pcjhacrj hk klpickåíj a rahjvkåíj djs mkojs dk rada aiãtrcmk, jhda k Mjlpkhfck da Ahareck Aiãtrcmk dj Rkrkhë, raspactkhdj k khtceùcdkda dks ërvjras, pkssju k utciczkr ul gcj aspamcki, ahmkpkdj a mkpkz da rascstcr kjs dkhjs qua pjdal sar mkuskdjs paijs ekifjs. K Rragacturk pjr suk vaz pkssju k krojrczkr ks ruks dks pkrtas hjvks dk mcdkda mjl aspãmcas da paquahj a lãdcj pjrta, qua híj klakåkl k rada aiãtrcmk. K axalpij da Lkrcheë, Rjrtj Kiaera tkloãl astë suostctuchdj js mkojs dk rada aiãtrcmk pjr gcjs aspamckcs qua dcgcmuitkl j sau rjlpclahtj paijs ekifjs. Kiãl dastas prjmadclahtjs ã clpjrtkhta qua k pjpuikåíj sa`k mjhsmcahtczkdk, pkrk qua híj pikhta ërvjras hks mkiåkdks a mjhsarva ks `ë axcstahtas. Astk mjhsmcahtczkåíj dava sar gactk ktrkvãs da mklpkhfks prjljvcdk paijs ýreíjs raspjhsëvacs paik krojrczkåíj urokhk al mjh`uhtj mjl asmjiks, uhcvarscdkdas a alprasks da prastkåíj da sarvcåj (asejtj, ëeuk, aiatrcmcdkda a taiagjha). =.?-Mjhgictjs mjl k rada suotarrïhak a pkvclahtkåíj0 J prchmcpki prjoialk mjhscsta hj iavkhtklahtj dk pkvclahtkåíj dj pkssacj pðoicmj, mkuskdj prchmcpkilahta pjr ërvjras da erkhda pjrta a mjl rkìzas supargcmckcs ju tkouikras. J mjhgictj axcstahta ahtra ks rkìzas a k pkvclahtkåíj mkuskl luctjs pra`uìzjs k pjpuikåíj. Jutrj prjoialk qua mjhvãl ialorkr ã j mjhgictj mjl ks radas suotarrïhaks da asejtj, ëeuk, ahareck aiãtrcmk a taiagjha, oal mjlj hk chtargaràhmck hk ërak da trëgaej da vaìmuijs.

 

Hasta mksj, js prjoialks síj prjvjmkdjs tkhtj paiks rkìzas supargcmckcs qukhtj paiks pcvjtkhtas. Ks rkìzas pahatrkl hks mkhkiczkåñas, rjlpahdj ks ju ahtupchdj-ks. ]aeuhdj C_EKHE (;361), ks sjiuåñas fj`a ahmjhtrkdks síj mjlulahta daskstrjsks. Mjl graqùàhmck ks ërvjras dks mcdkdas, síj dasahtarrkdks pkrmckilahta, cstj ã, síj lutcikdks a dkhcgcmkdks, dkhcgcmkdks, prchmcpkilahta paijs ýreíjs raspjhsëvacs paij gjrhamclahtj da ëeuk, aiatrcmcdkda, taiagjhck, trktklahtj da asejtj a paij prjprcatërcj dj clývai al grahta k quki ijmkiczk-sa k ërvjra. Tkcs ërvjras síj pjdkdks khukilahta, sahdj k ërak rkdcmuikr raduzcdk k larjs rastjs da rkìzas. Assk prëtcmk mkusk pra`uìzj pkrk ks pikhtks a, luctks vazas, k suk ljrta, mjl pjsscocicdkda da quadk sjora prãdcjs, kutjlývacs a radas kãraks. ]aeuhdj OK_MAIJ] (;361), k pjdk da rkìzas kieulks vazas ã hamassërck, vcskhdj raeuikrczkr k pkvclahtkåíj dj pkssacj pðoicmj ju ktã laslj qua sa`k avctkdj j dkhj al mkhkiczkåñas suotarrïhaks. Ahtratkhtj, kj sa rakiczkr asta tcpj da trkokifj ã pramcsj kvkickr mjrratklahta k suk hamasscdkda, k axtahsíj dks rkìzas a ks pjssìvacs mjhsaqùàhmcks qua pjdaríj kdvcr dj mjrta dks laslks. Astk pjdk dava sar . rakiczkdk mjhscdarkhdj js aialahtjs tãmhcmjs pjr passjks qukicgcmkdks a aqucpklahtjs kprjprckdjs. Ksscl mjlj OK_MAIJ], kmradctkljs qua ks pjdks da rkìzas pjdal sar gactks da lkhacrk mrctarcjsk, â gcl da qua js prjoialks sa`kl klahczkdjs a híj kulahtkdjs. Khtas da dkr chìmcj kj pikhtcj, mjhscdarkljs clpjrtkhta qua sa`kl josarvkdjs kieuhs mrctãrcjs0 Huhmk pikhtkr aspãmcas da erkhda pjrta, mjl rkìzas supargcmckcs ju tkouikras al pkssacjs pðoicmjs. Tkcs aspãmcas síj chdcmkdks pkrk prkåks a pkrquas, jhda híj chtargcrkl hj kspamtj da chgrk-astruturk. _amjlahdk-sa rakiczkr j pikhtcj pragarahtalahta hjs mkhtacrjs mahtrkcs da kvahcdks ju al mkiåkdks jhda híj fk`kl radas suotarrïhaks. Mksj híj sa`k pjssìvai, dkr pragaràhmck k pikhtks da paquahj pjrta. Ks mkrkmtarìstcmks dj mkhtacrj síj da vctki clpjrtïhmck, vcstj qua k pkvclahtkåíj dk mkiåkdk híj dacxk pksskr ëeuk hal kr. Ql mkhtacrj da ;,22 l¿ ã j lìhclj qua sa dava dacxkr pkrk ulk ërvjra da ktã 1,22 latrjs da kiturk. Josarvkhdj-sa assks sueastñas, ks dcgcmuidkdas qua ks ërvjras trkzal tkhtj pkrk k mjhsarvkåíj dj pkvclahtj, mjlj pkrk ks radas suotarrïhaks pjdal sar klahczkdks a ktã laslj aiclchkdks. aicl chkdks. =.=-_aikåñas mjl k mjluhcdkda K raikåíj axcstahta ahtra k mjluhcdkda a k krojrczkåíj dj lacj urokhj ã kchdk fj`a luctj daicmkdk. K gkitk da ulk prjpjstk da adumkåíj klocahtki agcmcahta, gkz mjl qua tahfkljs mjhsaqùàhmcks drklëtcmks hk krojrczkåíj da ijerkdjurjs. Ã josarvkdj ul vkhdkicslj luctj erkhda, kmjlatahdj k lkcjrck dks ërvjras da ch`ðrcks lamïhcmks, mjl ks lkcs dcvarsks kerassñas0 pchturk a ahtkifa da trjhmjs, quaork da ekifjs, chtrjduåíj da jo`atjs pjhtckeudjs a ktã laslj j praahmfclahtj da mkvcdkdas mjl icxj. Kiãl dasta tcpj da vkhdkicslj, fë tkloãl kquaia rakiczkdj paijs ljrkdjras a kieuhs ýreíjs raspjhsëvacs paik krojrczkåíj, qua pjr ljtcvjs muiturkcs, rakiczkl pjdks chdcsmrclchkdks hjs pjdks lasasgcmkl da rastrctks lkcj k sjlahta kejstj. kj Hktrjhmj lkcjrck dks vazas ërvjras suolatcdjs k assks a kieuhs rkljs,ks tjtkilahta dasprjvcdks da mjpk a dasmkrkmtarczkdks da suk clpjrtïhmck klocahtki.

 

Ks mjhstkhtas sjicmctkåñas dk mjluhcdkda pkrk raljåíj da ërvjras chkdaqukdks kj aspkåj jhda astíj ijmkiczkdks síj damjrrahtas dk gkitk da prj`atjs aspamìgcmjs da krojrczkåíj pkrk ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs a mjhsaqùahta chtarvahåíj dk pjpuikåíj. K mjluhcdkda mjstulk pikhtkr qukiquar tcpj da ludk hjs pkssacjs, sal jrcahtkåíj tãmhcmk. Ql djs prchmcpkcs gktjras qua mjhtrcoual pkrk cssj síj ks mklpkhfks da djkåñas da ludks, luctks vazas gactk paik prýprck pragacturk a chcmcktcvk prcvkdk. Rradjlchkhtalahta, ks ramiklkåñas dk pjpuikåíj ragaral-sa kjs ekifjs qua mjhmjrral mjl ks radas kãraks a gkmfkdks da prãdcjs, oal mjlj, rkìzas qua iavkhtkl lurjs a pkvclahtjs. ]al ulk sjiuåíj kdaqukdk, k pjpuikåíj kmkok pjdkhdj ekifjs a rkìzas ju ktã laslj raljvahdj k ërvjra. Ks passjks quaral k sjlork qua k ërvjra jgarama, lks mjhvcval mjl j mjhgictj mjhstkhta ahtra ks ërvjras, j lurj a k mkiåkdk qua dasa`kl lkhtar chtkmtjs. K gcl da klahczkr ju ktã laslj aiclchkr astas prjoialks ã pramcsj qua sa`kl clpikhtkdks prjpjstks da Adumkåíj Klocahtki hks asmjiks, Qhcvarscdkdas, Ýreíj pðoicmjs a prcvkdjs, oal mjlj dk mrckåíj da prjerklks hjs lacjs da mjluhcmkåíj, gkzahdj mjl qua j raspactj paij lacj klocahta gkåk pkrta dj mjtcdckhj dks mrckhåks a kduitjs. Ks mklpkhfks da mjhsmcahtczkåíj pðoicmk síj, hk vardkda, chstrulahtj clprasmchdìvacs kj sumassj da prjerklks klocahtkcs mjhsarvkmcjhcstks dasahvjivcdj paij pjdar pðoicmj.

4-CLRJ_TÏHMCK A DK] Ë_AK] WA_DA] MJLJ _AEQIKDJ_K] DJ] AIALAHTJ]DK] DJ Ë_WJ_A] LACJ KLOCAHTA Híj ã lkcs quastcjhëvai qua ks ërvjras a ëraks vardas clarsks hj lacj urokhj prjpjrmcjhkl, da kieulk gjrlk, ulk laifjrck da qukicdkda klocahtki kj ktukr mjlj aialahtjs mjrratjras da martks gjhtas mjhscdarkdks hjmcvks, mjhsaeuchdj qua ks mjhdcåñas dj lacj kprjxclal-sa dkquaiks mjhscdarkdks mjlj sktcsgktýrcks ju hjrlkcs. Mjhscdarkhdj j lacj urokhj ktuki, ã pramcsj lkhtar j aquciìorcj klocahtki a laifjrkr ks mjhdcåñas da vcdk dk pjpuikåíj. K vaeatkåíj ã ul aialahtj astclëvai mjlj purcgcmkdjr dk ktljsgark urokhk. _akiczk astk guhåíj g uhåíj ktrkvãs da, paij lahjs, quktrj prjmadclahtjs0 k) Kåíj purcgcmkdjrk pjr gcxkåíj da pjacrk a lktarckcs rascdukcs Jmjrra prclkrcklahta da ulk gjrlk lamïhcmk, jhda ks pkrtìmuiks mfjmkl-sa mjl ks gjifks dk vaeatkåíj sahdj datcdks. J jrvkifj dasalpahfk pkpai da erkhda clpjrtïhmck, ragjråkhdj k kåíj lamïhcmk. Josarvkåñas rakiczkdks, mjlpkrkhdj pkrtìmuiks ramjifcdks al gjifks da ërvjras a al ramcpcahtas erkhuikdjs, tahdal k mjhgcrlkr k tajrck saeuhdj k quki js ýreíjs kãrajs dks pikhtks síj aspamckilahta kptjs pkrk gcxkr a suspahdar pkrtìmuiks da kimktríj a da ýiaj. Ql saeuhdj scstalk da sadclahtj sa prjduz pjr agactjs aiatrjstëtcmjs, pjcs pkrtìmuiks gchks a ejtìmuiks da pjumj pasj sa ahmjhtrkl, erkhda pkrta aiatrczkdks, pjdahdj sar gkmcilahta mkptkdks pjr supargìmcas tkloãl mkrraekdks. K mkpkmcdkda da dapýsctj djs aialahtjs vaeatkcs, vaeatkcs, k skturkåíj gjickr, rkrklahta sa kimkhå kimkhåkk al hjssj miclk, davcdj k raeaharkåíj axparclahtkdk paiks gjifks prjljvcdk paiks mfuvks, qua axarmal ulk ikvkeal quksa mjlpiatk, ksscl mjlj paij mjrta a pjdk dks ërvjras. o) Kåíj purcgcmkdjrk pjr dapurkåíj okmtarckhk K mkptkåíj da okmtãrcks paiks gjifks dks pikhtks joadama j laslj lamkhcslj qua j `ë axpicmkdj pkrk ks pkrtìmuiks. Mjlpiatk-sa j oahagìmcj agactj, pjr lacj dk dastrucåíj da

 

ul ojl hðlarj da okmtãrcks erkåks kj jzôhcj, eës da kitj pjdar okmtarcmcdk alctcdj paiks supargìmcas gjickras. m) Kåíj purcgcmkdjrk pjr guhåíj mijrjgìtcmk Astk guhåíj sa rakiczk utciczkhdj mjlj lamkhcslj k gjtjssìhtasa rakiczkdk paik iuz sjikr, pjr lacj dk quki ks pikhtks kosjrval MJ ?, axpuiskl jxceàhcj, agatukhdj sìhtasas ocjiýecmks, prchmcpkilahta da eicmìdcjs. Chvarsklahta, durkhta ks fjrks sal iuz k ktcvcdkda gjickr mkptk jxceàhcj a axpuisk MJ , pjrqua j okikhåj dck-hjcta astë mikrklahta ? mjhscdarkr, pjrtkhtj, k guhåíj mijrjgìtcmk al gkvjr dk prjduåíj da jxceàhcj. Dava-sa mjlj oksa dk vcdk, `ë qua mjhstctuc k ðhcmk gjhta fj`a mjhfamcdk da raeaharkåíj dj prchmcpki aialahtj dk raspcrkåíj. Rjr cssj, k ahjrla clpjrtïhmck qua kprasahtk k lkhutahåíj a mrckåíj da aspkåjs vardas. K clpjrtïhmck dassk guhåíj pjda sar varcgcmkdk sa iavkrljs al mjhtk qua ul famtkra da vaeatkåíj kosjrva hj khj ?.422 l =  da eës mkroôhcmj, prjduzchdj ;.222 ne da mkrojhj ladckhta k suk damjlpjscåíj. Ceukilahta ulk ërak da ojsqua pjda mfaekr k kssclcikr 4.622 ne da mkrojhj hj laslj parìjdj. d) Kåíj purcgcmkdjrk pjr gcxkåíj da eksas týxcmjs0 K mkptkåíj da eksas týxcmjs paiks pikhtks sa rakiczk paik kosjråíj da kieuhs aialahtjs qua pjiual k ktljsgark. Ks rakåñas eksas-pikhtks pjdal prjvjmkr ju híj iasñas hks ërvjras. Al qukiquar dks mcrmuhstïhmcks ã avcdahta qua ulk martk qukhtcdkda da eës qua sa ahmjhtrk hj kr tal scdj aiclchkdj. aiclchkdj. Mjhtudj j qua hjs chtarassk ã qukhdj k purcgcmkåíj dk ktljsgark mkusk quaclkdurks parlkhahtas hks pikhtks. K quastíj pjrtkhtj ã skoar sa híj prjduzchdj iasñas, ks pikhtks síj mkpkzas da mkptkr js eksas hjmcvjs, a sa pjssìvai, al qua ladcdk. K dcstrcoucåíj djs aspkåjs vardas hks mcdkdas rakiczkdk da ulk gjrlk rkmcjhki pjda kulahtkr mjhscdarkvailahta suk agcmëmck. ]uk utcicdkda sarë lkcjr sa astcvaral ijmkiczkdks hks prjxclcdkdas dks gjhtas da pjiucåíj, ktahukhdj k jrceal dk dcgusíj djs eksas prjduzcdjs a ktukhdj mjlj gcitrjs prjtatjras. Mjlj mjhmiusíj dj axpjstj, al raikåíj kj pkpai qua dasalpahfkl ks ëraks vardas hks ktljsgarks pjiuìdks, pjdaljs dczar qua k vaeatkåíj a j sjij sjgral ul avcdahta dkhj davcdj k mjhtklchkåíj ktljsgãrcmk, axarmahdj kj laslj talpj ul trkokifj pkicktcvj sjora sau erku da clpurazk, híj qukhtcgcmëvai mjl axktcdíj, lks martklahta prjpjrmcjhki k suk qukhtcdkda a qua pkrama sar lkcs agcmcahta al zjhks da graqùahta pramcpctkåíj. @uhtj k astk utcicdkda da mkrëtar gìscmj taljs da mctkr j pscmjiýecmj, `ë qua ulk dks mkusks dk prasahåk da ëraks ã j dasa`j da krurokhj purj. Ksscl, pjdaljs kgcrlkr prchmcpkcs qua k vaeatkåíj mjhtrcouc pkrk kvardas raeaharkåíj dj lacj a, pjr mjhsaeuchta, rastkoaiamahdj j aquciìorcj pscmjssjlëtcmj dj fjlal. Rjr ðitclj, mjhvãl tkloãl mjhscdarkr j pkpai samuhdërcj qua ks pikhtks pjdal axarmar mjlj chdcmkdjras dj hìvai da mjhtklchkåíj dj kr al qua raspcrkl, al guhåíj dj sau erku da sahscocicdkda. Wcstj qua jhda ljrra ulk ërvjra ksgcxckdk axcsta parcej pkrk j jrekhcslj fulkhj. K supargìmca gjickr dk vaeatkåíj gkvjrama al qukiquar ul djs prjmadclahtjs k kåíj purcgcmkdjrk. Rkrk laifjr ahtahdar astk sctukåíj davaljs tar prasahtas js saeuchtas dkdjs0 - ul kroustj da ;2 ml da kiturk mjhtãl pjr mkdk l¿ da sjij ulk supargìmca varda da ?2 l. - ulk ërvjra da ?1 l da kiturk mjhtãl mjhtãl ulk aqucvkiàhmck da ;2 l¿ da supargìmca gjickr pjr mkdk l¿ da sjij, sjora j quki sa prj`atk. Asta Asta vkijr dava-sa luitcpicmkr pjr ;22 pkrk

 

jotar k supargìmca chtarhk dks pkradas kssclcikdjrks dks mãiuiks gjickras. Rjr tkhtj, hasta mksj, ahmjhtrkljs ;222 l pjr mkdk l¿ da sjij. - ulk ërvjra qua tahfk ;1 l da dcïlatrj al suk mjpk mjora ulk supargìmca da sjij da ;71 l¿ a dcspña da ;71.222 l¿ da supargìmca supargìmca tjtki ks kssclcikdjrk. sclcikdjrk. 4.;-Lcmrjmiclk Al earki síj mchmj vkrckåñas da lcmrjmiclk urokhj qua sa pjdal kprasahtkr mjlj mkuskdjras dj dasaquciìorcj klocahtki0 - kitarkåíj dk mjlpjscåíj ktljsgãrcmk> -lahjr rahjvkåíj dj kr> -talparkturk lkcs aiavkdk al mjlpkrkåíj mjl j dk zjhk rurki> -raduåíj dk prasahåk da rkcjs sjikras hj sjij> -ruìdjs mjhtìhujs da guhdj, chtarrjlpcdjs pjr ruìdjs dasmjhtìhujs astrcdahtas a trapcdkhtas. Rkrk j astudj dastks vkrcëvacs klocahtkcs, ksscl mjlj k khëicsa datkifkdk da suks kitarkåñas a k dasmrcåíj dj pkpai qua k raspactj daiks pjdal a daval dasalpahfkr js aspkåjs vardas, dcvcdcraljs suk miksscgcmkåíj al tràs erkhdas erupjs0 4.? - Mjlpjscåíj ktljsgãrcmk J dasaquciìorcj dkkgatkl mjlpjscåíj ktljsgãrcmk mjhstctuc fj`a al dckkjul djs gahôlahjs urokhjs qua lkcs k jpchcíj pðoicmk. Rrjduz-sa j laslj mkrraekr-sa j lacj klocahta da tràs tcpjs da aialahtjs hjmcvjs0 k) pkrtìmuiks ladckhklahta vjiuljsks, qua chmiuscva pjdal sar al kieuhs mksjs rkdcjktcvks, mu`k pkrtìmuik paij agactj dk erkvcdkda mkc k ijhek dcstïhmck dk gjhta da prjduåíj, dapahdahdj dks mjhdcåñas latajrjiýecmks. K gjhta da prjduåíj dks laslks astë mjhstctuìdk guhdklahtkilahta paiks mfklchãs chdustrckcs a djlãstcmks qua axpaial ks mchzks rasuitkhtas dk mjloustíj da mkrvñas, ýiaj, eës hkturki a eës da fuifk al gjrlk da pý lcharki, guiceal, atm. Al Rkrcs a hjs Mklpjs Aicsajh sa tal mfaekdj k ladcr al mjhdcåñas da ojl talpj a vahtj hjrlki, ktã daz lcifñas da pkrtìmuiks puivjrahtks pjr latrj mðocmj, (vkijras lahskcs da djcs a tràs qucijerklks pjr mkdk mal latrjs qukdrkdjs síj hjrlkcs). o) eksas, vkpjras, jdjras crrctkhtas, týxcmjs a chgiklëvacs, prjdutjs samuhdërcjs dk mjloustíj mctkdk hj ctal khtarcjr, kjs qua sa kdcmcjhkl js qua sa jrcechkl paik mcrmuikåíj da vaìmuijs vaìmuijs kãrajs a tarrastras. Rrjduzal js agactjs lkcs hjmcvjs js eksas prjvahcahtas da mjloustñas chmjlpiatks mjlj j ýxcdj da mkrojhj, j khcdrcdj suigurjsj, j ýxcdj da hctrjeàhcj, js fcdrjmkrojhatjs híj quaclkdjs a, aialahtjs dcvarsjs, mjlj j mfuloj, j mijrj, atm. Ahtra js eksas mjrraspjhdahtas j ýxcdj da mkrojhj ju ljhýxcdj da mkrojhj, mu`k prasahåk dapahda kj lëxclj dk mcrmuikåíj da vaìmuijs, ã ul djs lkcs kouhdkhtas a lkcs lkcs hjmcvjs. Lahjr clpjrtïhmck síj dkdks kjs ýxcdjs da zchmj a da mfuloj qua sa kprasahtkl kprasahtkl hk ktljsgark rasuitkhtas dk vjiktciczkåíj ju suoiclkåíj suoiclkåíj da prjdutjs latëicmjs da chdðstrcks dcvarsks. m) aialahtjs qua kmcdahtkilahta pjdal axcstcr hk ktljsgark, mjlj0 - lcmrjjrekhcsljs mjlj vìrus, okmtãrcks, guhejs qua ks haoichks a vahtjs lkhtãl al suspahsíj kj laslj talpj qua ks trkhspjrtkl. - pýiah a aspjrjs vaeatkcs> -humiakras pkrtìmuiks rkdcjktcvks jrcechkdks hks chdðstrcks ktôlcmks a al vërcks axpijsñas `ë agatukdks> - pkrtìmuiks lcharkcs da jrceal mýslcmk ju davcdj â arjsíj aýicmk.

 

  Asta erupj da aialahtjs da mkrëtar kmcdahtki pjda mjhtklchkr k ktljsgark dks mcdkdas saeuchdj mcmijs khukcs, salkhkcs, dcërcjs, ju kchdk da gjrlk aspjrëdcmk. Dj mjh`uhtj djs aialahtjs hjmcvjs dasmrctjs khtarcjrlahta, k a o síj da mkrëtar parlkhahta, js da m da mkrëtar aspjrëdcmj. K, o a m pjiual j kr djs lacjs urokhjs, mfaekhdj k gjrlkr, al datarlchkdks mjhdcåñas ktljsgãrcmks, ul aspassj lkhtj qua ahvjiva k mcdkda. K aiavkdk dahscdkda da mjhstruåñas da erkhda pjrta sjora aspkåjs icvras, sal sar ul keahta dcratj dk pjiucåíj, pjda sar mjhscdarkdj mjlj ul pkrïlatrj urokhìstcmj qua gkvjrama k mjhtklchkåíj dk ktljsgark. Hasta sahtcdj pjda-sa dczar qua js adcgìmcjs da erkhda kiturk mjhstctual gktjras mktkicskhtas dk pjiucåíj, pjcs dcgcmuitkl k mcrmuikåíj da kr, gkvjramahdj ksscl k gjrlkåíj da ul lkhtj mjhtklchkdj, qua sa tjrhk da dcgìmci pksskeal pkrk ks mjrrahtas ktljsgãrcmks. Js dkdjs axparclahtkcs, mjhgcrlkl k chgiuàhmck dj gktjr urokhj hk prjicgarkåíj dj mïhmar da puilíj, sahdj pramcsklahta j kr mjhtklchkdj qual mjhtãl mjhtãl js aialahtjs mkhmarìeahjs. K mjhtklchkå mjhtklchkåíj íj ktljsgãrcmk ktljsgãrcmk pjda jrcechkr tkloãl parcejs da mkrëtar chdcratj, mjlj pjr axalpij js agactjs hjmcvjs qua ks vazas ramaoal kiclahtjs dasprjtaecdjs K klpictuda djs prjoialks mkuskdjs davcdj k pjiucåíj ktljsgãrcmk urokhk, axcea qua sa rakiczal lðitcpijs astudjs. 4.=-_aikåíj miclk-sjij-vaeatkåíj Hk datarlchkåíj dk raikåíj miclk-sjij-vaeatkåíj chtarvãl ulk sãrca da gktjras da mkrëtar miclëtcmj, mjlj k ulcdkda a k talparkturk dj kr, k vaijmcdkda a k dcraåíj dj vahtj, j erku da ahsjikåíj, atm. Mjlahtkraljs kieuhs kspamtjs oëscmjs0 k) iulchjscdkda a talparkturk0 talparkturk0 k chgiuàhmck dk vaeatkåíj sa eark ktrkvãs dk mjoarturk vaeatki. K gcitrkåíj dk rkdckåíj sjikr ragiata-sa hk chtahscdkda iulchjsk, pjr tkhtj, hk talparkturk, kmactkhdj-sa mjl raerk earki qua k vaeatkåíj tahda k sukvczkr ks talparkturks axtralks. Hjs lacjs urokhjs, k dcgarahåk da talparkturks ahtra js aspkåjs vardas a ks jutrks zjhks dk mcdkda pjdal kimkhåkr erkhdas vkijras, al rkzíj djs pkvclahtjs dks dks mksks a prãdcjs qua ragiatal lkcs k iulchjscdkda, chtahscgcmkhdj chtahscgcmkhdj k avkpjrkåíj. o) ulcdkda a talparkturk0 talparkturk0 k prasahåk dk vaeatkåíj mjhtrcouc da gjrlk gkvjrëvai pkrk k mjhsarvkåíj dk ulcdkda dj sjij, ktahukhdj j kquamclahtj a datahdj k crrkdckåíj. Hjs aspkåjs vardas urokhjs ks pikhtks síj aialahtjs assahmckcs pkrk mjloktar k dassamkåíj dj miclk urokhj. Alpahfkl-sa pkrk cssj mjl ul lamkhcslj mjhfamcdj mjlj raeuikåíj fcerjlãtrcmk, qua mjhscsta al ulk alcssíj da vkpjr da ëeuk ktrkvãs dks supargìmcas supargìmcas gjickras, da tràs gjrlks dcgarahtas0 - avkpjrkåíj gìscmk dcratk dks mfuvks> - trkhspcrkåíj gcscjiýecmk dks pikhtks, chvarsklahta prjpjrmcjhki kj erku fcerjlãtrcmj dj klocahta> - mijrjvkpjrczkåíj dj vkpjr da ëeuk durkhta k kssclcikåíj mijrjgìtcmk dj eës mkroôhcmj ktljsgãrcmj sjo k kåíj djs rkcjs sjikras. K mfuvk qua mkc sjora ulk zjhk varda ã chtarmaptkdk, kj lahjs pkrmckilahta, khtas da mfaekr kj sjij. Ksscl pjda-sa dagchcr-sa j trcpij mjlpjrtklahtj lamïhcmj dks ërvjras dckhta dk mfuvk. Rjr lacj dj lamkhcslj dk raeuikåíj fcerjlãtrcmk, sa prjduz al prclacrj iuekr aKpjr avkpjrkåíj,dkj ëeuk ratjrhjkosjrvcdk pkrk k ktljsgark da pkrta dk ëeuk mkìdk sjora zjhks vardas. trkhspcrkåíj dcratklahta ktrkvãs dj sjij mjhstctuc

 

jutrj djs aialahtjs chtaerkhtas dj dahjlchkdj mcmij dks ëeuks. A j tarmacrj, ã k mijrjvkpjrczkåíj qua `ë mctkljs. Ks gjrlkåñas vaeatkcs pjssual ul pkpai damcscvj hj mcmij dk ëeuk. Rjdal mrckr lcmrjmiclks, kimkhåkhdj vkijras pjsctcvjs qukhdj sa trktk da aspkåjs vardas urokhjs. Assa agactj pjsctcvj sa dava al ojk pkrta kjs gahôlahjs da avkpjrkåíj-trkhspcrkåíj, qua kosjrval mkijrcks jotahdj-sa ulk dclchucåíj dk talparkturk dj lcmrjmiclk. l cmrjmiclk. m) vaijmcdkda dj vahtj0 vahtj0 js prjoialks qua j vahtj prjduz al martks jmkscñas pjda sar ktahukdk ju aiclchkdks dahtrj dks ëraks vardas, pjr lacj da ulk kdaqukdk dcstrcoucåíj da saus aialahtjs, mjhsaeuchdj-sa dastk gjrlk ul agactj oahãgcmj hj lacj klocahta urokhj. Ks lkssks da ërvjras astíj mkpkmctkdks pkrk mjhsaeucr raduåñas scehcgcmktcvks hk vaijmcdkda djs vahtjs. 4.4-_uìdj klocahtki Ktukilahta kmactk-sa da gjrlk uhïhcla qua j ruìdj klocahtki mjhstctuc ulk kutàhtcmk prkek djs hjssjs dcks. ]uk jrceal lkcs raljtk ã ktrcouìdk k clpikhtkåíj dk mcvciczkåíj chdustrcki. Khtarcjrlahta k cstj, j fjlal sa ahmjhtrkvk clarsj hul luhdj da ruìdjs supjrtëvacs a kerkdëvacs, guhdklahtkilahta mjlpjstjs da sjhs dk hkturazk. Fj`a al dck js sjhs lamïhcmjs tal dcsgkråkdj js dk hkturazk. Al earki, js ruìdjs qua supjrtkljs hjs lacjs urokhjs síj dcvcdcdjs al djcs erkhdas erupjs0 -- guhdj mjhtìhuj> ruìdjssjhjrj dasmjhtìhujs da mkrëtar astrcdahta. J guhdj sjhjrj híj astë mjhstctuìdj rakilahta pjr ul ðhcmj sjl mjhtìhuj, lks scl pjr ruìdjs dasmjhtìhujs qua suparpjstjs prjduzal astk sahskåíj. Kj prjpkekr-sa j sjl prktcmklahta al ichfk ratk, ks aspãmcas vaeatkcs, a al pkrtcmuikr ks ërvjras, síj aialahtjs rakilahta agcmkzas mjlj kljrtczkdjras djs ruìdjs, al pkrtcmuikr js da kitk graqùàhmck. Okstk ulk pikhtkåíj da 1 k 6 latrjs da kiturk, dahsk dasda j sjij, mjlpjstk da ërvjras a pikhtks da gjifks parahas pkrk jotar-sa ulk vardkdacrk prjtaåíj, tkhtj hj varíj mjlj hj chvarhj. Al earki ulk pikhtkåíj aspassk prjduz ulk dclchucåíj da 6 k ;2 damcoãcs pjr latrj da aspassurk. K lkcjr ju lahjr daocictkåíj dj sjl dapahda dk aspãmca a dahscdkda dks gjifks. 4.1-Chgiuàhmck dks Ëraks Wardas hj Rikhj Rsìqucmj  Hjs lacjs klocahtas klocahtas al qua qua pradjlchkl k hkturazk, astk astk prjduz agactjs tôhcmjs hjs astrktjs vaeatkcs a hk astruturk psìqucmk djs khclkcs. Kmartkdk astk mkpkmcdkda astkociczkdjrk dj pikhj psìqucmj, mkoa skoar quki da suks mkrkmtarìstcmks pjda sar ramjhfamcdk mjlj lkcjr tjhcgcmkhta urokhj prasahta hks ëraks vardas. Mjhscdarkhdj cstj davaljs dastkmkr js aialahtjs guhdklahtkcs qua mkrkmtarczkl ulk pkcskeal0 tjpjerkgck, vaeatkåíj, mjr, iulchjscdkda, ahtra jutrjs. Rksskhdj ahtíj kjs aspkåjs vardas urokhjs sý sý ã pjssìvai pjssìvai ramjhfamar k mjr mjlj aialahtj mikrklahta djlchkhta, djlchkhta, qua sa mjhstctuc, dastk gjrlk, hj prchmcpki mjlpjhahta mkpkz da axarmar chgiuàhmck hj pikhj psìqucmj. 4.7-Chgiuàhmck dks mjras J miclk pscmjiýecmj - ijhectuda da jhdk>qua mrckl ks mjras sa dava pjr saus prýprcjs aialahtjs0 - purazk a prjguhdcdkda dj tjl.

 

Ks mjras trktkdks al erkhda asmkik axarmal chgiuàhmck pjicvkiahta al hjssj chtarcjr, `ë qua kgatkl aialahtjs clpjrtkhtas dj hjssj jrekhcslj mjlj0 Avjiuåíj

vctki dj hjssj scstalk vaeatktcvj, dclchuchdj, klpickhdj ju astkociczkhdj k hutrcåíj a js dcgarahtas latkojicsljs l atkojicsljs dj jrekhcslj. Aquciìorcj da hjssjs mahtrjs harvjsjs, prjvjmkhdj gahôlahjs da tki hkturazk qua pjdal chgiucr hks ktcvcdkdas lahtkcs djs chdcvìdujs. Hk mjlpjscåíj djs aspkåjs vardas dcspña-sa da ulk eklk da pjsscocicdkdas, pkrk k gjrlkåíj da chðlarjs `jejs da mjras, tjhs, lktczas, ksscl mjlj ulk vkrcadkda da gjrlks a pargulas, `ë qua hjssk parmapåíj dj aspkåj híj ã sjlahta dclahscjhki lks tkloãl vcsuki, tktci a jigktcvk. 4.5-Jutrks parmapåñas Híj ã sjlahta ktrkvãs dks mjras qua j pscqucslj dj fjlal axparclahtk chgiuàhmcks oahãgcmks djs aspkåjs vardas. Ã pjssìvai tkloãl pjr jutrks mikssas da parmapåñas, k erkhda lkcjrck pjumj astudkdks a axparclahtkdks. Al earki, pjdaljs ahqukdrkr js jdjras, rkdckåñas, parturokåñas clparmaptìvacs dj mklpj lkehãtcmj, atm. 4.6-Rkpai dks Ëraks Wardas hj Rikhj Astãtcmj Chdapahdahta dk oaiazktrktklahtj chtrìhsamk pjda ramjhfamcdk hkkvaeatkåíj quaastãtcmk gjrlk pkrta dks ëraks vardas, ul kdaqukdj laifjrkr mjlpjscåíj dks pkcskeahs urokhks. K parmapåíj da tcpj astãtcmj pjssuc duks qukicdkdas, pjr ul ikdj sar lkcs mjlpiaxk al pjsscocicdkdas, kj laslj talpj al qua ã k lahjs kimkhåëvai qukhtj k suk mjlpraahsíj. ]ahdj qua k prclacrk lcssíj qua j pikhj astãtcmj dava mulprcr hk ërak varda ã kmjpikr-sa hk raikåíj fjlal-hkturazk. 1-RIKHA@KLAHTJ DK K_OJ_CPKÅÍJ0 R_JMADCLAHTJ] OË]CMJ] Mjlj gjrlk da cdahtcgcmkr ks prchmcpkcs mkrkmtarìstcmks dk krojrczkåíj urokhk, prjpjljs k saeuchta mjhgceurkåíj0 1.;-Khëicsa dk vaeatkåíj a dj ijmki0 Chvahtërcj K vaeatkåíj axcstahta dahtrj dk mcdkda a hjs krradjras dava sar khkicskdk a ul chvahtërcj mjlpiatj dava sar gactj. Ksscl, jotãl-sa ulk hjåíj oal axktk dks ërvjras axcstahtas a qua pjdaríj sar uskdks pkrk k krojrczkåíj dks vcks pðoicmks. J chvahtërcj mjhstctuc ul aialahtj clpjrtkhta pkrk mjlpjr ul okhmj da dkdjs sjora k krojrczkåíj urokhk dj luhcmìpcj. Da kmjrdj mjl TKNKFK]FC (;334), hj Orksci k rakiczkåíj da chvahtërcjs dks ërvjras da ruks tava chìmcj hk dãmkdk da 62, mjl j prjgassjr Dr. Lceuai ]aradcun Lcikhj, ktrkvãs da ul trkokifj dasahvjivcdj pkrk k mcdkda da Murctcok. K pkrtcr da ahtíj, chcmcju-sa ulk dcsmussíj lkcs klpik sjora k suk hamasscdkda, js lãtjdjs a pkrïlatrjs k saral khkicskdjs. Chvahtërcjs pjdal sar ðtacs hk jotahåíj da chgjrlkåñas pkrk axamuåíj da pjdks da krojrczkåíj, clpikhtkåíj da hjvks ërvjras, trktklahtj gctjsskhctërcjs, ljhctjrklahtj dk krojrczkåíj da ruks, chtrjduåíj da aspãmcas, atm. (_JOKSJ, ;33=). K hamasscdkda da ul chvahtërcj vkrck da kmjrdj mjl j tklkhfj dk mjluhcdkda, j sarvcåj dasa`kdj a saus prjoialks. Mkdk mjluhcdkda tal suks hamasscdkdas, j scstalk

 

da chvahtërcj lkcs kdaqukdj ã kquaia gactj sjo ladcdk ju paij lahjs kdkptkdj pkrk ks hamasscdkdas aspamìgcmks dk laslk. Js tcpjs da chvahtërcjs utciczkdjs hk kvkickåíj dk krojrczkåíj urokhk síj0 j chvahtërcj pjr kljstrkeal ju j mjhtìhuj. Hj prclacrj mksj, síj kvkickdks ruks ju qukrtacrñas asmjifcdjs kiaktjrcklahta a, ã j lkcs chdcmkdj pkrk erkhdas mcdkdas, ahqukhtj qua hj saeuhdj tjdks ks ruks dk mcdkda síj kvkickdks, sahdj chdcmkdj pkrk mcdkdas paquahks, jhda fë pjsscocicdkda da mktkijekr tjdks ks ërvjras axcstahtas hj pkssacj pðoicmj. K dagchcåíj dks chgjrlkåñas k saral mjiatkdks dapahdarë okscmklahta djs jo`atcvjs dj chvahtërcj, dk dcspjhcocicdkda da ramursjs a mkpkmctkåíj dj passjki. Tkcs chgjrlkåñas pjdal sar kerupkdks al mchmj mktaejrcks dcgarahtas0 - ijmkiczkåíj dk ërvjra0 hjla dk ruk> okcrrj> hðlarj dj clývai> hðlarj dk ërvjra hk ruk. - mkrkmtarìstcmk dk ërvjra0 aspãmca> kiturk dk ërvjra> dcïlatrj dj trjhmj> dcïlatrj dk mjpk> kiturk dj gusta> gahjijeck> gijrkåíj> scstalk rkdcmuikr> gjifkeal (prasahåk ju híj). - mjhdcåíj gìscmj-skhctërck0 vctkicdkda> axcstàhmck da pjdks> chtargaràhmck dk mjpk> prasahåk da apìgctks> raikåíj skprjgìtcmk> hamrjsa> hamasscdkda da lkha`j. - chgrk-astruturk0 ikreurk da ruks a mkiåkdks> pkvclahtkåíj> ramuj da `krdchs> prasahåk da radas da sarvcåj (kãraks a suotarrïhaks)> pjstas, iulchërcks> salëgjrjs a pikmks da trïhsctj> pjhtjs da ôhcous> tklkhfj dj mkhtacrj> dcstïhmck dk asquchk, dj lurj ju mjhstruåíj> dk ërvjra khtarcjr a pjstarcjr a dj lacj gcj. K kvkickåíj dk sarë qukic - qukhtctktcvk, parlctchdj mjhfamar mjhfamarprjoialks k mjhd mjhdcåíj cåíjdks dk krojrczkåíj alkrojrczkåíj tarljs da kdkptkocicdkda, pjtahmckicdkda a avahtukcs aspãmcas, oal mjlj js prjoialks raikmcjhkdjs ks mjhdcåñas djs pikhtcjs. Mjlj cssj sarë pjssìvai dagchcr raljåñas ju aiclchkåíj da aspãmcas, prj`atkr hjvjs pikhtcjs prjpjrmcjhkicdkda kdaqukdks a astkoaiamar scstalks da lkha`j a mjhduåíj k saral kdjtkdjs (LCIKHJ, ;365) E_AS & DAHANA (;356), kdlctal qua j prjmassj da kvkickåíj dk krojrczkåíj da ruks dapahda dk rakiczkåíj da chvahtërcjs qua, al guhåíj da jo`atcvjs aspamcgcmklahta dagchcdjs, saríj guhdklahtkdjs al dcgarahtas latjdjijecks da kljstrkeal. Asta chvahtërcj pjda sar tjtki al mcdkdas da paquahj pjrta k lãdcj pjrta ju pkrmcki (pjr kljstrkeal) al mcdkdas da erkhda pjrta, dkdjs js mustjs pkrk suk rakiczkåíj (E_AS & DAHANA, ;356). Hjs chvahtërcjs pkrmckcs k kljstrkeal pjdarë sar kiaktýrck, qukhdj gjr pjssìvai dagchcr zjhks ju raecñas urokhks, mu`ks krojrczkåñas tahfkl mkrkmtarìstcmks mikrklahta dcgarahmckdks pjr qukcsquar ljtcvj (LCIKHJ, ;365). Ã ramjlahdëvai kljstrkr ’lahjras“ al ’lkcjr“ hðlarj, uhcdkdas kljstrkcs qua pkrk ulk laslk ërak tahfkl qua parìlatrj “lkcjr“ (LCIKHJ, ;364 & OCJHDC, ;361). Kiãl dj mjhfamclahtj dj astkdj earki dk krojrczkåíj sarë pjssìvai miksscgcmkr ks aspãmcas pjr jrdal da qukicdkda al guhåíj djs vkijras jotcdjs hjs pkrïlatrjs josarvkdjs (LCIKHJ, ;365). Gchkilahta mjl assks josarvkåñas sarë pjssìvai mjhstrucr ul ’pikhj“ qua, agatcvklahta, jrdaha a dà dcratrczas da clpikhtkåíj a lkha`j dk krojrczkåíj da ulk mcdkda.

 

AVALRIJ DA RIKHCIFK DA DKDJ] DK D K K_OJ_CPKÅÍJ  K_OJ_CPKÅÍJ  Mjlj gjrlk da scstalktczkr ks chgjrlkåñas mjiatkdks al mklpj, k saeuchta pikhcifk gjc aikojrkdk0 _uk0........................................................................................... Hðlarj0............................................ Okcrrj0.................................................................................................................................................. Dktk0 ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ Hðlarj dk ërvjra0............................................................................................................................... Hjla Rjpuikr...................................................................................................................................... Hjla Mcahtìgcmj0................................................................................................................................... Gklìick0................................................................................................................................................ A]TKDJ GCTJ]]KHCTË_CJ Hamrjsa0(ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ) Kgijrklahtj0(ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ) LKHA@J A MJH]A_WKÅÍJ Rjdks0 (ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ) _aljåíj0 (ZZ) DKDJ] DK CHG_KA]T_QTQ_K _adas0 KT (ZZZ/ZZZ) OT (ZZZ/ZZZ) Trkhsgjrlkdjr0 (ZZ) ]chkiacrk0 (ZZ) _klkcs(ZZ) da ]arvcåj0 (ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ) Rjsta0 _ada taiagôhcmk0 (ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ) Iulchërck0(ZZZ/ZZZ) Rkrkdk da ôhcous0(ZZ) ]chkcs da trïhsctj0(ZZ) Klpickåíj dk ërak icvra0(ZZ)

Chgjrlkåñas Oëscmks k saral mjiatkdks Astkdj gctjsskhctërcj Hamrjsa k) kusahta o) hj gusta m) hj mjij d) hjs rkljs

Kgijrklahtj   Kgijrklahtj k) kusahta o) chtargarchdj hj pkssacj m) dasijmkhdj lacj gcj d) chtargarchdj hj lurj a)chtargarchdj hj lacj gcj  gcj 

Lkha`j a mjhsarvkåíj Rjdk _aljåíj k) híj hamassërck k) híj hamassërck o) sal suostctucåíj  suostctucåíj  o) iavkhtklahtj da mjpk m) mjl suostctucåíj suostctucåíj   m) kgkstklahtj da rada aiãtrcmk d) kgkstklahtj iulchërck d) trkhspikhta  trkhspikhta  a) kgkstklahtj dj prãdcj  prãdcj  taiagôhcmj   g) kgkstklahtj da rklkcs aiãtrcmjs a taiagôhcmj

 

Dkdjs dk chgrk-astruturk _adas Kitk Tahsíj - KT  KT   k) kusahta o) chtargara m) híj chtargara

Okcxk Tahsíj - OT  OT  k) kusahta o) chtargara m) híj chtargara

Trkhsgjrlkdjr k) kusahta

]chkiacrk k) kusahta

_klkcs da sarvcåj k) kusahta d) chtargara

chtargara o) híj m) chtargara

o) chtargara m) híj chtargara

o) taiagôhcmj m) aiãtrcmj aiãtrcmj  

Iulchërck k) kusahta o) chtargara m) híj chtargara

Rjsta k) kusahta o) chtargara m) híj  híj chtargara

_ada taiagôhcmk k) kusahta o) chtargara  chtargara  m) híj chtargara

Rkrkdk da ôhcous k) kusahta o) chtargara m) híj chtargara

]chkcs da trïhsctj k) kusahta o) chtargara m) híj chtargara

Klpickåíj dk ërak icvra k) kusahta o) chtargara m) híj chtargara

a) híj chtargara  chtargara 

1.?-Asmjifk dj ijmki

Gce. 2; ” 2; ” Wcstk earki dk dcstrcoucåíj da ërvjras hjs pkssacjs. Josarvkr k pjscåíj dk rada aiãtrcmk. Ks ërvjras da lkcjr pjrta daval sar pikhtkdks hj ikdj jpjstj k rada (Mkrtcifk MAAA, ;334).

 

K asmjifk dj ijmki k sar krojrczkdj ã clprasmchdìvai. Mjl graqùàhmck js raspjhsëvacs paij pikhtcj híj mjhscdarkl js ctahs da chgrk-astruturk. Ahtratkhtj, skoa-sa qua js pkssacjs da ikreurk chgarcjr k =,22 latrjs síj mjhscdarkdjs chkdaqukdjs pkrk j pikhtcj da aspãmcas kroýraks, sahdj pjssìvai hasta mksj j alpraej da kroustjs ju krvjratks da paquahj pjrta. Hks vcks pðoicmks sal ramuj da mjhstruåñas a al ëraks mjlarmckcs daskmjhsaifk-sa k krojrczkåíj. Rjdaljs hastas aspkåjs utciczkr gijracrks ju paquahjs kroustjs. Astas aspkåjs da paquahks prjpjråñas síj, graqùahtalahta, js raspjhsëvacs paijs mjhgictjs ahtra ërvjras, prãdcjs, radas kãraks a suotarrïhaks, a trïhsctj da vaìmuijs a padastras. Ã mjlul ahmjhtrkljs ërvjras da erkhda prjpjråñas dcsputkhdj j laslj aspkåj mjl js aqucpklahtjs da sarvcåj pðoicmj. Rkssacjs mjl ikreurk ceuki ju suparcjr k =,22 latrjs, mjl ramuj da mjhstruåñas, a sal radas kãraks síj mjhscdarkdjs lkcs kdaqukdjs. Rarlctal j alpraej da ërvjras lkcs rjoustks, da pjrta lãdcj k kitj, a mjl lkcjr axprassíj vcsuki. FJAFHA (;344), mjhscdark k krojrczkåíj djs mkhtacrjs mahtrkcs mjlj ulk dks laifjras gjrlks da krojrczkåíj da vcks pðoicmks, `ë qua k laslk aiclchk ju raduz js mjhgictjs ahtra ërvjras, mjhstruåñas, radas kãraks a suotarrïhaks. K krojrczkåíj da mkhtacrjs mahtrkcs mjhgara k krojrczkåíj urokhk kieulks vkhtkeahs, prjpjrmcjhk ul lkcjr kgkstklahtj ahtra mjhstruåñas a ërvjras, pjsscocictkhdj j pikhtcj da ërvjras da lkcjr pjrta, híj chtargarchdj hj scstalk da ciulchkåíj pðoicmk, radas kãraks a hjs dumtjs suotarrïhajs ijmkiczkdjs hjs pkssacjs, oal mjlj k mjhsaquahta raduåíj ju aiclchkåíj dk hamasscdkda da pjdks. Rjrãl, j pjrta dk assàhmck k sar pikhtkdk dava sar mjlpktìvai mjl aspkåj da lkhacrkpjrqua suks rkìzas híj chtargcrkl hk pkvclahtkåíj a qua kjmjpk híjdcspjhìvai, prjvjqua kmcdahtas, g kitk gkitk da vcscocicdkda, prchmcpkilahta. Rkrk avctkr k mjhmjrràhmck ahtra ërvjras a aqucpklahtjs pðoicmjs, dava sar josarvkdj pjr jmkscíj dj pikhtcj kieulks ladcdks0 - radas da kitk tahsíj (KT ?=.222/;=.622)0 ?,22 latrjs - radas da okcxk tahsíj (OT =62/?=2/;?5)0 ;,22 latrj - da asquchk0 5,22 latrjs - da pjstas a pikmks da trïhsctj0 pkrk ërvjras da paquahj pjrta0 =,22 k 4,22 latrjs> pkrk ërvjras da lãdcj pjrta0 7,22 k 5,22 latrjs - ramuj dk ojrdk dk mjvk al raikåíj kj lacj gcj ju euck0 2,12 mahtìlatrj - pjrtks a pjrtñas da rascdàhmcks a mksks mjlarmckcs0 ;,22 latrj - pjhtj da ôhcous0 4,22 latrjs - kiturk lëxclk da ërvjras da paquahj pjrta0 4,22 latrjs - kiturk lëxclk da ërvjras da lãdcj pjrta0 7,22 latrjs - dks radas da asejtjs piuvckcs0 =,22 latrjs - asejtjs mijkmkcs0 =,22 latrjs - radas da kokstamclahtj da ëeuk0 =,22 latrjs 1.=-]aiaåíj da aspãmcas Erkhda pkrta djs prjoialks ahgrahtkdjs hk krojrczkåíj urokhk astë icekdk kj dasmjhfamclahtj dks aspãmcas astkoaiamcdks, avcdahmckhdj qua k kdaqukdk saiaåíj mjhtrcouc pkrk j sumassj dj alpraahdclahtj (GA__Ai_K, ;334). Ktrkvãs da ul klpij trkokifj da pasqucsk, josarvkåíj a axparclahtkåíj pjda-sa ousmkr aspãmcas lkcs kdaqukdks, pjcs mjhfamahdj-sa k aspãmca qua sa astë pikhtkhdj pjda-sa lchclczkr js prjoialks damjrrahtas da ulk krojrczkåíj sal pikha`klahtj. K pjumk chgjrlkåíj qua taljs sjora j mjlpjrtklahtj da luctks da hjssks ërvjras dahtrj dks mjhdcåñas dj lacj urokhj, a k asmkssk dcspjhcocicdkda da ludks, hjs hktcvks, iavk k asmjifks rjtchacrks, hk lkcjrck dks vazas axýtcmks.

 

IJ_AHPC (;33?), kmradctk qua lkcs da 62% dks ërvjras muitcvkdks hks ruks dks mcdkdas orksciacrks síj da gijrk axýtcmk. Hastk prjpjstk mjhscdarkljs clpjrtkhta k utciczkåíj da pikhtks hktcvks a al saeuhdj pikhj ks axýtcmks. J kspamtj muiturki sarck ul ragjråj pkrk j usj da hktcvks, pjrqua astks dczal raspactj k hjssk muiturk a fcstýrck. Ks ktcvcdkdas dasahvjivcdks al Adumkåíj Klocahtki pjdal axpijrkr assa kspamtj, vkijrczkhdj j pktrclôhcj vaeatki jrcechki a trkhsgjrlkhdj j fëoctj da utciczkr aspãmcas axýtcmks. Rjr rkzñas da astãtcmk a gtjsskhctërcks, dava-sa dcvarscgcmkr j usj mkdk aspãmca, gcmkhdj al tjrhj da ;2% dj tjtki da ërvjras dk mcdkda. J pikhtcj da aspãmcas dcgarahtas avctk k prjicgarkåíj da prkeks ju djahåks, mjlj kmjhtama hks ljhjmuiturks. Fë ulk sãrca da gktjras k sa mjhscdarkr, tkhtj mjl ragaràhmck â ërvjra k sar uskdk, mjlj kj klocahta al qua aik vcvarë. [ukhtj ks assàhmcks, aiks pjdal sar0 - hktcvks ju axýtcmks> pjrta erkhda, lãdcj ju paquahj> gjifks damìduks ju parscstahtas> gijrìgarks da gijras vcstjsks ju da pjumk axprassíj> grutìgarks da grutjs vjiuljsjs, paquahjs, mjlastìvacs ju híj, ðtacs k gkuhk scivastra> rkìzas prjguhdks ju supargcmckcs> mrasmclahtj iahtj ju rëpcdj> mjpk krradjhdkdk, kikrekdk, pcrklcdki, dahsk> mjl ju sal aspchfjs ju kmðiajs> mjl ju sal prjprcadkdas kiãrecmks ju týxcmks. [ukhtj kj klocahta, dava-sa mjhscdarkr0 -tuouikåíj j miclk dksuotarrïhak mcdkda> mkrkmtarìstcmk dj sjij> tjiarïhmck axcstàhmck da gckåíjâ kãrak da iuztalparkturk, a taiagjha, (ëeuk a asejtj)> qukhtj ulcdkda, skichcdkda a axpjscåíj sjikr. Dk khëicsa dastas gktjras, mjhmiuc-sa qua k asmjifk dks aspãmcas híj ã kj kmksj, lks scl al raikåíj k ulk sãrca da gktjras a datkifas, salpra qua dasa`krljs skiuorcdkda a astãtcmk urokhk. 1.4-Mkrkmtarìstcmks pjsctcvks da aspãmcas chdcmkdks pkrk k krojrczkåíj pðoicmk - ]cstalk rkdcmuikr0 rkdcmuikr0 prjguhdj, pcvjtkhta a híj vjiuljsj, dclchuchdj dastk lkhacrk js pra`uìzjs qua ks rkìzas supargcmckcs ju tkouikras mkuskl ks mkhkiczkåñas, guhdkåñas da prãdcjs, pkvclahtkåñas, lurjs, pcstk da rjiklahtj a lacj-gcj qua sa ahmjhtrkl ijmkiczkdks hks prjxclcdkdas. - Gusta ju trjhmj0 trjhmj0 ratj, daiekdj, rascstahta, sal aspchfjs kerasscvjs a mjl asekifklahtj â pkrtcr da ?,12 latrjs da kiturk. - Mjpk Mjpk00 da gjrlktj jvkikdj ju krradjhdkdj, mjl mrasmclahtj iktarki, avctkhdj chmjhvahcahtas mjl k gckåíj aiãtrcmk a taiagôhcmk. Asta tcpj da mjpk tkloãl prjpjrmcjhk sjlork ks vcks pðoicmks, oaiazk astãtcmk a dclchuc k kpicmkåíj da pjdks drëstcmks. - Gjifks Gjifks00 davaljs iavkr al mjhscdarkåíj k mjr, orcifj, mkdumcdkda a ljocicdkda (dcsmjijrcdkda). Rikhtks mjl gjifks damìduks síj ks cdakcs pkrk j miclk dj astkdj, vcstj qua, hj chvarhj pardal ks gjifks a prjpjrmcjhkl ulk lkcjr axpjscåíj sjikr, ahqukhtj qua hj varíj díj sjlork pkrk ks ruks a mjhstruåñas. Rjr jutrj ikdj, kprasahtkl j chmjhvahcahta da su`kr ruks, ahtupcr mkifks, scstalks da asmjklahtj da ëeuk piuvcki a dasmkrkmtarczkr astatcmklahta k pikhtk. [ukhdj krojrczkljs ã clpjrtkhta jptkr paij usj da ërvjras, tkhtj mkdumcgjicks mjlj parahcgjicks, k gcl da sa avctkr k pardk tjtki da gjifks da tjdks ks ërvjras durkhta j chvarhj. K ljocicdkda mkuskdk paik dcgarahåk da mjijrkåíj dk gkma djrski aqukhdj vahtrkidkdks gjifks, tkloãl ã clpjrtkhta, `ë qua j agactj ã mjhtrkstkhta, prchmcpkilahta kåíj djs vahtjs.

 

- Grutjs Grutjs00 mjhscdark-sa k mjr, gjrlk a tklkhfj djs grutjs a parìjdj da grutcgcmkåíj. Davasa avctkr j alpraej da ërvjras prjdutjrks da grutjs paskdjs, vjiuljsjs, dacsmahtas, qua sa sjitkl dk ërvjra, pjdahdj su`kr ks mkiåkdks a prjvjmkr kmcdahtas. Ã clpjrtkhta, pjrãl, j usj da aspãmcas qua prjduzkl paquahjs grutjs pkrk k kiclahtkåíj da pësskrjs. ]aeuhdj ]KHMFJTAHA (;361), ks grutìgarks síj graqùahtalahta mjhtrk-chdcmkdks, al vcrtuda da lkhmfkr ks mkiåkdks a híj rascstcral â dapradkåíj, kiãl da vcral k mkuskr prjoialks â skðda, sa mjhsulcdjs kchdk clkturjs. Lks, cstj dapahda ikreklahta dj erku da muiturk dk pjpuikåíj. Hastk prjpjstk mjhscdarkljs ks grutìgarks hktcvks da assahmcki clpjrtïhmck pkrk k kiclahtkåíj da kvas scivastras> k lkcjrck pjda sar pikhtkdk al pkssacjs pðoicmjs sal mkuskr prjoialks k pjpuikåíj, ktrkchdj ulk chgchcdkda da kvas. Ks grutìgarks muitcvkdks pjdal sar trkhqùciklahta utciczkdks hj lacj urokhj, prcjrczkhdj, pjrãl, sau usj al pkrquas a prkåks, rastrchechdj, avahtukcs trkhstjrhjs. -Gijras Gijras00 síj kitklahta kpramckdks hks ërvjras. Rkrk mkiåkdks, ks ërvjras jrhklahtkcs ramjlahdkdks daval tà-iks da tklkhfj paquahj, pjcs ks erkhdas mkuskl, mjl suk quadk kj sjij, rcsmj da kmcdahtas kj padastra. Ã clpjrtkhta jptkr paik asmjifk da ërvjras jrhklahtkcs prjdutjrks da gijras da mjras vcvks a mu`j parìjdj da parlkhàhmck hk pikhtk sa`k durkdjurj, avctkhdj-sa ks qua axkikl jdjras, tjrhkhdj-sa daskerkdëvacs. daskerkdëvacs. -_ascstàhmck k chtarpãrcas a prchmìpcjs týxcmjs0 týxcmjs0 pikhtks ërvjras mjl mjlprjvkdk rascstàhmck k eakdks, samks vahtjs kuxcick hk raduåíj da trkhstjrhjs a ratrkokifjs. Dava-sa avctkr, tkloãl j usja dkquaiks aspãmclas qua pjssual prchmìpcjs týxcmjs ju qua prjvjqual kiareck. 1.1-Krvjras chdcmkdks pkrk pikhtcj hj lacj urokhj k) Aspãmcas chdcmkdks pkrk mkiåkdks ju mkhtacrjs mahtrkcs (sal radas kãraks) Hjla mjlul KÅJCTK-MKWKIJ KIAM_CL OK_OKTCLÍJ

Hjla mcahtìgcmj

MKRJ_J_JMK MKRJ_J_JMK LJIA MË]]CK @QICO_C]]C MAD_J MA_A@AC_K MFKI-MFKI MJMÍJ CRÀ KLK_AIJ CRÀ O_KHMJ CRÀ JQ_J CRÀ _JVJ @KMK_KHDË ICEQ]T_J JQ KIGAHAC_J IJQ_J

Iuafak dcvkrcmktk   Fjijmkicx okikhsak   ]ahhk iaptjpfyiik   ]trypfhjdrjh okroktclkj _kpkhak uloaiiktk   _kpkhak garruechak   Kioczck `uicorcsscl   Madraiik gcsscics Aueahck chvjiumrktk   Kiijpfyius aduics Arytfrjxyiul kreahtchul Tkoaouck puimfarcrìhk Myocstkx khtcsypfcictcmk   Tkoaouck kiok Tkoaouck cpa @kmkrkhdk rhcljskagjick Iceustrul `kpjhcmul   Mjrdck trcmfjtjlk

LKHDQC_KHK RKTK DA WKMK RKQ-GA__J

]ahhk lkmrkhtfark   Okufchck mkhdcmkhs   Mkaskipchck garrak  

 

[QK_A]LAC_K DK ]A__K ]COCRC_QHK TK_QLÍ R_ATK TCLOÝ

Tcojumfchk saijwckhk   Mkaskipchck paitjpfjrjcdas   Wctax laekpjtkhcmk   Ktaiack eikzcjvckhk  

o) Aspãmcas chdcmkdks pkrk usj al mkiåkdks mjl rada kãrak0  kãrak0  K_KÅK MKLOJCL EQKÅKTQHEK AVT_ALJ]K R_CLKWA_K JQ LKMKHË [QK_A]LAC_K

Rscdcul mkttiaykhul Lyrmckrck tahaiik   Mksakrchk pkrvcgijrk   Ikearstrjalck chdcmk   Oruhgaisck lutkocics Tcojumfchk erkhuijsk  

m) Aspãmcas hktcvks chdcmkdks pkrk pikhtcj hj lacj urokhj, al pkssacjs a mkhtacrjs mahtrkcs da kvahcdks sal rada kãrak0 QWKCK CHEË-GAC@ÍJ CHEË-DJ-O_A@J KÅJCTK-MKWKIJ EQKOC@Q

Aueahck pyrcgjrlcs   Chek lkrechktk Chek urueuahscs   Iuafak dcvkrcmktk   Lyrmckhtfas puheahs  

GADAEJ]J KIAIQCK EA_CWË CRÀ-KLK_AIJ CRÀ-_JVJ E_KHDCÐWK TK_QLÍ

]ahhk lkmrkhtark   ]ahhk luitc`uek   ]ykerus rjlkhzjggckhul   Tkoaouck kiok Tkoaouck kvaiikhadka Tralk lcmrkhtfk Wctax laekpjtklcmk

d) Aspãmcas hktcvks chdcmkdks pkrk pkssacjs a mkhtacrjs mahtrkcs da kvahcdks mjl rada kãrak0  kãrak0  MFKI-MFKI MKLOQÌ

Kiijpfyius aduics   Oiapfkrjmkiyx sukvajiahs   Lyrmckrck daicmktuik

R_CLKWA_K OQTCË EQKLC_CL RCTKHEQAC_K MKLOJCHPCHFJ K_KÅË-DJ-MKLRJ [QK_A]LAC_K

Oruhgaisck uhcgijrk  Outck mkpctktk      Aueahck smfuamfckhk   Aueahck uhcgijrk   Lyrmckrck muspcdktk   Rscdcul mkttiaykhul   Tcojumfchk saiijwckhk  

1.7-Dasmrcåíj ojtïhcmk dks aspãmcas ramjlahdkdks0 k) Kiijpfyius aduics 

Hjlas pjpuikras0 mfki-mfki, jvj-da-pjlok, vkmul, okek-da-pjlok, okek-da-ljrmaej. Gklìick0 ]KRCHDKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 krvjratk ju ërvjra mmjlulahta jlulahta ahmjhtrkdk mjl marmk da 4,22 k 5,22 latrjs kiturk. ]cstalk rkdcmuikr pcvmah jtkhta, mjl Mjpk chðlarksdahsk, rk rkìzas ìzaskrradjhdkdk, iktarkcs. Trjhmj dcïlatrjdavkrckhdj vkrckhdj ahtra 2,?2 k 2,=2pcvjtkhta, mahtìlatrjs. tìlatrjs. mjl mjl dcïlatrj da prj`aåíj al tjrhj da 7,22 k 5,22 latrjs. Gijras axtralklahta paquahks,

 

orkhmj-asvardakdks ju ju klkraikdks. Grutjs síj drupks jojvkdks, jojvkdks, varlaifj-vcvj a luctj kpramckdjs paik kvcgkuhk kvcgkuhk scivastra, paquahjs lk lklìgarjs lìgarjs a ktã laslj j fjlal. o) Oiapfkrjmkiyx sukvajiahs Hjlas pjpuikras0 mklouì, mkloucl, euklcrcl. Gklìick0 LS_TKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 kroustj ju ërvjra, al earki mjl ?,22 ?,22 k 7,22 latrjs. K mjp mjpkk ã jvkikdk, mjl gjifkeal varda-asmurk a dahsk dahsk.. Ks gijras hksmal hksmal hjs rkljs dj khj, luctj pargulkdks, orkhmks a paquahks. paquahks. Js grutjs síj okeks, eijojsks, eijojsks, icsks, puoasmahtas, k m m) Oiapfkrjmkiyx sukvajiahs Hjlas pjpuikras0 mklouì, mkloucl, euklcrcl. Gklìick0 LS_TKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 kroustj ju ërvjra, al earki mjl ?,22 ?,22 k 7,22 latrjs. K mjp mjpkk ã jvkikdk, mjl gjifkeal varda-asmurk a dahsk dahsk.. Ks gijras hksmal hksmal hjs rkljs dj khj, luctj pargulkdks, orkhmks a paquahks. Js grutjs síj okeks, eeijojsks, ijojsks, icsks, puoasmahtas, k mjijrkåíj pkssk pkssk dj kikrkh`kdj kj kj vchfj-as vchfj-asmurj. murj. ]cstalk rkdcmuikr ã pcvjtkhta, mjl mjl rkìzas samuhdërcks oal dasahvjivcdks. d) Oruhgaisck uhcgijrk Hjlas pjpuikras0 Rrclkvark a lkhkmë. Gklìick0 ]JIKHKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 latrjs da kiturk, mjl sðparj, dasahvjivclahtj chtrkxcialëtcmj hj Kroustj mkuia. Ks da gijrasktãal al =,22 earki síj paquahks, mmjl jl jvërcj vkrckhdj k tjhkicdkda dj orkhmj kj vcjiatk, mjhgjrla ahvaifamal. a) Outck mkpctktk Hjlas pjpuikras0 outcë-dk-prkck, outcë-kzadj, mkoaåudj, outcë. Gklìick0 RKILKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 paquahk pkilacrk da =,22 k 7,22 latrjs da kiturk, mjl mjl astcpa mciìhdrcmj, erjssj a asmkljsj. asmkljsj. Mjhgjrla _ACTP (;36=), j scstalk rkdcmuikr ã luctj dasahv dasahvjivcdj jivcdj a rklcgcmkdj. Gijras vcstjsks, vcstjsks, orkhmj-klkraikdks, ra rauhcdks uhcdks al aspëdcmas, prjtaecdks prjtaecdks pjr ulk aspktk, iahfjsk, axtarcjrlahta axtarcjrlahta eikork. Js grutjs síj drupks, drupks, kikrkh`kdks, luctj kpramckdjs paij fjlal, pjr khclkcs djlãstcmjs a pësskrjs. Trktk-sa da aspãmca ijheavk, pjdahdj ktchecr js mal khjs. g) Aueahck pyrcgjrlcs Hjlas pjpuikras0 uvkck, uvkcacrk, uvkifk. Gklìick0 LS_TKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 Mjhgjrla @ÐHCJ_ (;33=), k uvkck pjda ktchecr ktchecr ;1,22 latrjs da kiturk. Rjssuc trjhmj ratj k iavalahta tjrtujsj, ladchdj da 2,?2 k 2,42 mahtìlatrjs da dcïlatrj. Mjpk kijhekdk, kijhekdk, da gchk rklcgcmkåíj. rklcgcmkåíj. Gijras orkhmks> grutjs mjl marmk da ?,22 mahtìlatrjs a mjijrkåíj mjijrkåíj kikrkh`kdk qukhdj lkdurjs, kpramckdjs paij fjlal fjlal a sjoratudj paik kvcgkuhk. e) Aueahck smfuamfckhk Hjlas pjpuikras0 uvë, euklcrcl, euklcrcl-da-gjifks-lcðdks. Gklìick0 LS_TKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 krvjratk mjl =,22 =,22 k 5,22 latrjs, pjdahd pjdahdjj ktchecr ;?,22 latrjs da kiturk. Trjhmj mciìhdrcmj. Mjpkdjlkcs lahjs krrad krradjhdkdk. jhdkdk. Gijrasl orkhmks, paquahks, sãssacs,gchj díjajrceal k grutjs tcpj ju okek lkrrjl-asmurj-vchëmaj, luctj uctj salaifkhtas k pctkheks. ]íj luctj prjmurkdjs paij fjlal a kvcgkuhk scivastra.

 

  f) Aueahck uhcgijrk Hjlas pjpuikras0 pctkheuacrk, pctkhek, pctkhek-rjxk, pctkhek-orkhmk, pctkhek rýsak, pctkhek-varlaifk, pctkhek-dj-lktj. Gklìick0 LS_TKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 krvjratk krvjratk ju ërvjra mjl =,22 k ;?,22 latrjs da kiturk, sahdj lkcs lkcs mjlulahta ahmjhtrkdk ahmjhtrkdk ahtra =,22 k 4,22 latrjs. Trjhmj tjrtujsj, ladchdj hj lëxclj 2,42 mahtìlatrj da dcïlatrj. dcïlatrj. Mjpk lkcs ju lah lahjs js krradjhdkdk. LJTTK (;331), dastkmk qua j dcïlatrj da prj`aåíj dk mjp mjpkk híj dava uitrkpksskr js 7,22 latrjs. Ks gijras hksmal hjs rkljs dj khj, síj orkhmks, pargulkdks a js grutjs dj tcpj okek okek eijojsjs. ]cstalk rkdcmuikr prjguhdj, mjhstctuìdj pjr ulk rkcz pcvjtkhta a ch chðlarks ðlarks samuhdërcks. c) Chek lkrechktk Hjlas pjpuikras0 cheë-gac`íj, cheë-dadj, cheë, cheë-lcrcl. Gklìick0 IAEQLCHJ]KA - LCLJ]JCDKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 ërvjra ërvjra ju krvjratk krvjratk da 6,22 k ;1,22 latrjs da kiturk, trjhmj ratj ju iceacrklahta tjrtujsj, mjl 2,?2 k 2,=2 mahtìlatrjs da dcïlatrj. _klcgcmkåíj crraeuikr, gjrlkhdj mjpk krradjhdkdk krradjhdkdk a da mjr chtahsklahta varda asmurk. Gijras orkhmks orkhmks,, eikorks ju ul pjumj puoasmahtas puoasmahtas a dcspjstks al mkmfjs> grutj iaeula mciìhdrcmj, eikorj, vardaklkraikdj qukhdj lkdurj.  `) Chek urueuahscs Hjlas pjpuikras0 cheë-okhkhk, cheë-klkraij, cheë-klkraij, cheë-oacrk-da-rcj, cheë-mjijrkdj, chekzacrj, chekzacrj, cheë-dj-ora`j. Gklìick0 IAEQLCHJ]KA - LCLJ]JCDKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 ërvjra da 1,22 k ;2,22 l latrjs atrjs da kiturk. Mkuia mciìhdrcmj, pjdahdj ktchecr 2,72 mahtìlatrjs da dcïlatrj. ]cstalk ]cstalk rkdcmuikr pcvjtkhta, pjrãl supargcmcki, djtkdj djtkdj da hularjsks rkìzas samuhdërcks. Mjpk kklpik, lpik, krradjhdkdk, mjl kprjxclkdklahta kprjxclkdklahta ;?,22 latrjs da dcïlatrj dcïlatrj da prj`aåíj. Gijras erkhdas, erkhdas, luctj vcstjsks, orkhmks, rauhcdks al chgijrasmàhmcks kxcikras. Js grutjs síj vkeahs vkeahs mkrhjsks mkrhjsks.. i) Iuafak dcvkrcmktk Hjlas pjpuikras0 kåjctk-mkvkij, coktcheuc, coktcheuc, kåjctk-mkvkij-lcðdj, pku-da-mkhek. Gklìick0 TCICKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 ërvjra ërvjra mjlulah mjlulahta ta ahmjhtrkdk ahmjhtrkdk ahtra 1,22 a ;1,22 latrjs da kiturk. Trjhmj murtj, tjrtujsj a hjdjsj. Mjp Mjpkk ikrek a dahsk> dahsk> grutj mkpsuiëmaj, iahfjsj, iahfjsj, samj, dacsmahta a mjl klpik vcijscdkda. Ks gijras síj luctj vcstjsks, rýsaks, rjxks rjxks ju orkhmks. LJTTK (;331), dastkmk astk astk aspãmca, mjlj da mrasmclahtj mrasmclahtj iahtj a ijheavcdkda lãdck. l) Lyrmckrck muspcdktk Hjlas pjpuikras0 mklouì, mklojcl, mklojchzchfj Gklìick0 LS_TKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 krvjratk, krvjratk, mjlulahta ahmjhtrkdk ladchdj al tjrhj da ?,22 k 1,22 latrjs da kiturk. Mjpk Mjpk krradjhdkdk, qqukhdj ukhdj al mrasmclahtj mrasmclahtj csjikdj. Gijras dclchutks, orkhmks a krjlëtcmks, jrcechk jrcechkl l grutjs dj tctcpj pj okek, eijojsjs, varlaifj-vcvjs varlaifj-vcvjs qukhdj qukhdj lkdurjs. ]cstalk rkdcmuikr pcvjtkhta. pcvjtkhta. Mjhgjrla ]KHMFJ ]KHMFJTAHA TAHA (;361), j mklo mklojcl jcl ã ulk aspãmca ijheavk ijheavk a, al earki ddaa mrasmclahtj luctj iahtj. iahtj. h) Lyrmckrck daicmktuik Hjlas pjpuikras0 mklouì, mkloucl, mklojì, mklojcl, mklojczchfj

 

Gklìick0 LS_TKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 ërvjra ju kroustj, mjlulahta ahmjhtrkdj mjl =,22 k 7,22 latrjs da kiturk. J scstalk rkdcmuikr rkdcmuikr ã pcvjtkhta a prjguhdj, kpras kprasahtkhdj ahtkhdj hularjsks rkìzas iktarkcs. Trjhmj al earki earki lahjs tjrtujsj dj qua al Lyrmckrck muspcdktk> muspcdktk> mjpk mjpk krradjhdkdk a gamfkdk. gamfkdk. Gijras paquahks, orkhmks, kxcikras, pjum pjumjj vcstjsks> vcstjsks> grutjs paquahjs, dj tcpj okek, eijojsjs a kdjmcmkdjs. Ã oks okstkhta tkhta ijheavk. j) Lyrmckhtfas puheahs Hjlas pjpuikras0 eukoc`u, eukoc`u-eukåu-, eukocrk-eukåð, eukvcrk-eukåð. Gklìick0 LS_TKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0ërvjra mjlulahta ahmjhtrkdk ahtra 5,22 5,22 a ;2,22 latrjs da kiturk. Trjhmj earkilahta tjrtujsj a hjdjsj, da 2,42 k 2,72 mahtìlatrjs da dcïlatrj. Mjpk krradjhdkdk, qukhdj al mrasmclahtj csjikdj, suk prj`aåíj vkrck ahtra 1,22 a 6,22 latrjs da dcïlatrj. Gijras luctj vvcstjsks cstjsks a dcspjstks al tugjs. Grutjs dj tcpj okeks puoasmahtas, ësparks krradjhdkdks. Mrasmclahtj iahtj a mjl mjl ijheavcdkda ijheavcdkda lãdck, pjdahdj durkr durkr lkcs da mchqùahtk mchqùahtk khjs. p) Rscdcul mkttiaykhul Hjlas pjpuikras0 krkåë, krkåë-varlaifj, krkåë-dj-mklpj. Gklìick0 LS_TKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 ërvjra ërvjra ladckhk, da =,22 k ;2,22 latrjs da kiturk a 2,;2 k 2,;1 mahtìlatrjs da trjhmj. Mjpk Mjpk dahsk a krradjhdkdk, krradjhdkdk, mjl dc dcïlatrj ïlatrj da prj`aåíj al tjrhj da 1,22 latrjs. Gijras aorkhmks a vcstjsks, grutjs klkraijs, raiktcvklahta erkhdas a kpramckdjs paij fjlal kvcgkuhk. q) ]ahhk lkmrkhtfark Hjla pjpuikr0 gadaejsj Gklìick0 IAEQLCHJ]KA - MKA]KIRCHJCDKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 kroustj ju paquahk ërvjra, mmjl jl gjifks mjlpjstks a sclpiaslahta pchkdks, síj kitarhks a icsks. icsks. Ks gijras síj vcstjsks, da mjijrkåíj klkraik a js astklas astklas koral-sa pjr pjrjs. J grutj ã ul iaeula. r) ]ahhk luitc`uek Hjlas pjpuikras0 kiaiuck, pku-mcekrrk, mfuvk-da-jurj, klkraichfk. Gklìick0 IAEQLCHJ]KA - MKA]KIRCHKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 ërvjra da 1,22 k ;1,22 latrjs da kiturk a 2,?2 k 2,=2 mahtìlatrjs da dcïlatrj da trjhmj. Trjhmj murtj, ratj k iavalahta tjrtujsj. Mjpk crraeuikr, hjrlkilahta krradjhdkdk a okcxk. Gijras axuoarkhtas, da tjhkicdkda klkraij-vcvj klkraij-vcvj ju klkraij-jurj, dcspjstks al pkhìmuiks erkhdas, grutj iaeula ratj, kmfktkdj iktarkilahta, mkstkhfj mkstkhfj asmurj, mjhtahdj da da ?2 k =? salahtas. Mjl Mjl ijheavcdkda ljdarkdk. ljdarkdk. s) ]ykerus rjlkhzjggckhul Hjlas pjpuikras0 earcvë, mjquacrj, mjmj, mjmj-da-mkmfjrrj, pchdý. Gklìick0 RKILKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 pkilacrk da 6,22 k ?1,22 la latrjs trjs da kiturk mjl astcpa mciìhdrcmj, raeuikrlahta khaikdj, khaikdj, mjl 2,?2 k 2,=2 mahtìlatrjs mahtìlatrjs da dcïlatrj. Gijras paquahks, paquahks, klkraiks a pjumj vcstjsks, vcstjsks, rauhcdks al pkhìmuiks pkhìmuiks da ktã ; latrj da mjlprclahtj. Js grutjs síj drupks jvýcdas, kikrkh`kd kikrkh`kdjs, js, kpramckdjs paij fjlal, paquahjs paquahjs lklìgarjs lklìgarjs,, kvas scivastras scivastras a chsatjs. ]cstalk rkdcmuikr gksmcmuikdj, luctj rklcgcmkdj a supargcmcki, supargcmcki, lks pjumj sa axpkhda.

 

t) Tkoaouck kiok Hjlas pjpuikras0 cpà-klkraij, cpà, cpà-dj-marrkdj, cpà-dk-sarrk. Gklìick0 OCEHJHCKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 ërvjra da ktã ?2,22 latrjs latrjs da kiturk, trjhmj ratj k tjrtujsj, mjl 2,21 k 2,62 mahtìlatrjs da da dcïlatrj. Mjpk Mjpk kitk, dahsk, krradjhdkdk k uloaicgjrla. Ks gijras klkraij vcstjsks jrcechkl jrcechkl grutjs al gjrlk da mëpsuik ocvkivkr, ocvkivkr, dj tcpj sciìquk. u) Tkoaouck kvaiikhadka Hjlas pjpuikras0 cpà-rjxj, cpà-rjsk, cpà, pku-d'krmj-rjxj, pku-d'krmj-rjxj, cpà-rjxj-dk-lktk, cpà-mjlul. cpà-mjlul. Gklìick0 OCEHJHCKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 ërvjra kitk, pjda uitrkpksskr js ?1,22 latrjs da kiturk. Trjhmj ratj ju tjrtujscdkdas iavas> iavas> mjpk kitk, ikrek, earkilahta earkilahta uloaicgjrla, gjifkeal pjumj dahs dahsk, k, varda asmurk a mkdumcgjick. mkdumcgjick. Gijras krrjxakdks, mjl pàijs damìdujs murtjs, jrcechkl jrcechkl grutjs sjo k gjrlk da mëpsuik ju sciìquk. v) Tcojumfchk saiijwckhk Hjlas pjpuikras0 Tcojumfchk a qukraslacrk Gklìick0 LAIK]TJLKTKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 Kroustcvk Kroustcvk ju kroýrak, suk kiturk pjda mfae mfaekr kr k 7,22 latrjs. Ks gjifks síj erkhdas a parlkhahtas, parlkhahtas, varda-asmurks. varda-asmurks. Js rkljs hjvjs síj kvaiudkdjs. Ks gijras síj farlkgrjdctks, dcmiklìdaks, dcmiklìdaks, pahtïlarks a pksskl chcmckilahta da orkhmks k rjxks rjxks ju vcjiëmaks. ]au grutj ã ul pcxìdcj. x) Tralk lcmrkhtfk Hjlas pjpuikras0 mrchdcðvk, erkhdcðvk, tk`uvk, tkiacrk, sarcðvk. Gklìick0 QILKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 ërvjra mjl 4,22 k ;1,22 latrjs da kiturk. Trjhmj ratj ju pjumj tjrtujsj, sustahtkhdj ulk mjpk kikrekdk ahqukhtj `jval a lkcs koartk a astahdcdk qukhdj kduitk. Gijras paquahks, hularjsks a asvardakdk-asorkhqucåkdks> grutj ã dj tcpj drupk eijojsk, chdacsmahta, varda-asmurk a kvarlaifkdk qukhdj lkdurk. Okcxk ijheavcdkda. z) Wctax laekpjtklcmk Hjlas pjpuikras0 tkrulí, tkrulí-pratj, lkrck-pratk, tkrulí-da-ljhtavcdãu. Gklìick0 WA_OAHKMAKA Mkrkmtarìstcmks0 Da kmjrdj kmjrdj mjl ]KHMFJ ]KHMFJTAHA TAHA (;361), j tkrulí tàl da ;?,22 k ?2,22 latrjs da kiturk> trjhmj ratj k tjrtujsj, mjl 2,=2 k 22,62 ,62 mahtìlatrjs da dcïlatrj. Mjpk dahsk, okcxk, uloaicgjrla, uloaicgjrla, mjl marmk da 6,22 6,22 k ;2,22 latrjs da dcïlatrj da da prj`aåíj. Chgijrasmàhmcks al al mkmfjs, mjl gijras krrjxakdks, paq paquahks> uahks> grutjs okeks joijheks, joijheks, rjxj-asmurjs, krradjhdkdjs, krradjhdkdjs, mkrhjsjs, kkpramckdjs pramckdjs paik kvcgkuhk. J scstalk rkdcmuikr ã pcvjtkhta, mjl rkìzas samuh samuhdërcks dërcks oal dasahvjivcdks. 7-TÃMHCMK] DA RIKHTCJ 7.;-Ludks Ks ludks k saral pikhtkdks hhjj ijmki da dagchctcvj gchctcvj daval kprasahtkr-sa mjlpiatklahta skdcks a sal dagactjs, dagactjs, tkcs mjlj trjhmjs murvkdjs ju chtahsk chtahsk rklcgcmkåíj okcxk. J cdaki pkrk ul ojl ojl dasahvjivclahtj dasahvjivclahtj ã qua pjssukl mkuia ðhcmj, aratj a sal rklcgcmkåñas iktarkcs, jhda daval ssaa chsarcr, hj ëpcma, da = k 1 rkljs oal dcstrcouìdjs, qua mjhstctual k oksa dk guturk mjpk, hulk hulk kiturk lìhclk ddaa ?,22 latrjs latrjs.. Ã da vctki vctki clpjrtïhmck qua kk qukhtcdkda da gjifks sa`k raduzcdk âgurmkåíj, latkda da qukh tcdkdaj jrcechki, avctkhdj pardk da ëeuk pardk pjr trkhspcrkåíj. K oc ocgurmkåíj, ijmkisuk jhda jhdqukhtcdkda a surea prclacrj rklj, dava astkr k ulk kiturk qu quaa híj chtargcrk hj trïh trïhsctj sctj da kutjlývacs a

 

padastras. Kj utciczkrljs ludks da pjrta kmclk da ?,22 latrjs, taraljs mjlj vkhtkeal j gktj ddaa qqua ua ks laslks kprasahtkl lkcjr rascstàhmck â dapradkåíj dapradkåíj a chtarpãrcas, mrasmclahtj lkcs lkcs cladcktj a pjsscocicdkda pjsscocicdkda da mjhduzcr laifjr j trjhmj a k mjpk. Ahtratkhtj, axcstal kieulks dasvkhtkeahs, `ë qua k ludk parlkhamarë pjr ul pparìjdj arìjdj lkcjr da talpj talpj hj vcvacrj, jmupkh jmupkhdj dj aspkåj, kulahtkhdj j mustj da prjduåíj a dcgcmuitkhdj j lkhusacj. Ks ludks pjdal sar prjduzcdks hj Fjrtj Ojtïhcmj Luhcmcpki ju kdqucrcdks da alprasks aspamckiczkdks. Clpjrtkhta k prjduåíj a lkhutahåíj hjs fjrtjs ojtïhcmjs da ërvjras hktcvks, mjlj gjrlk da pjsscocictkr k suostctucåíj erkduki dks aspãmcas axýtcmks. Mjhvàhcjs a pkrmarcks síj gjrlks chtarasskhtas da klpickr k prjduåíj da ludks kdaqukdks pkrk ks ëraks urokhks. 7.?-Koarturk dks mjvks Khtas da korcr ks mjvks, mjvks, dava-sa varcgcmkr k axcstàhmck da ra radas das suotarrïhaks, pkrk avctkr avctkr qua sa`kl jostruìdks jostruìdks paiks rkìzas rkìzas dk ërvjra. K dcstïhmck cdaki ddava ava gcmkr ahtra 5, 5,22 22 a ;?,22 latrjs. Astk dcstïhmck dcstïhmck ã vkrcëvai da kmjrdj mjl ks mkrkmtarìstcmks mkrkmtarìstcmks dks ërvjras k saral pikhtkdks, pikhtkdks, mjl k ikreurk dks ruks ruks a saus saus pkssacjs pkssacjs a mjl k chtahåíj dj pikha`kdjr. Rkrk sjijs mjhscdarkdjs ojhs, hjrlkilahta mmjvks jvks hks dclahsñas dclahsñas da 2,12x2,12x2,12 mahtìlatrjs síj sugcmcahtas. Rkrk sjijs pjoras pjoras,, mjlpkmtjs, mjl skcorj ju ahtuifjs, ks mjv mjvks ks daval ladcr, pra pragarahtalahta, garahtalahta, ;,2x;,2x;,2 latrjs. Hjrlkilahta k tarrk ratcrkdk hk koarturk dks mjvks jhda j sjij ã da okcxk okcxk gartcicdkda ju axmasscvklahta mjlpkmtkdj, mjlpkmtkdj, ã mjhscdarkdk clprý clprýprck prck kj pikhtcj. Assa sjij sjij dava sar dasmkrtkdj suostctuìdj pjrmjl ceuki da datarrk da ojk qukicdkd a a mjlpjstj jreïhcmj, ala pkrtas ceukcs, k vjiula gchkicdkda laifjrkr ks qukicdkda prjprcadkdas gìscmks a quìlcmks. ]ueara-sa qua qua k koarturk a prapkrj dk mmjvk jvk sa`k rakicz rakiczkdk kdk =2 dcks khtas dj pikhtcj, pkrk pjsscocictkr ojk kssclcikåíj djs aialahtjs gartciczkhtas a clpadcr quaclkdurks hks rkìzas dks ludks haiks clpikhtkdks. Rjrãl Rjrãl,, daval sar praahmfcdks mjl tarrk gartciczkdk a, pjstarcjrlahta gamfkdks. gamfkdks. Asta prjmadclahtj dav dava-sa a-sa kj gktj ddaa qua ks pkradas dk mjvk, mjvk, durkhta j parìjdj da axpjscåíj, sa mj mjlpkmtkl, lpkmtkl, a dcgcmuitkl k pahatrkåíj dks rkìzas.

l acj-gcj. Josarvkr j tutjr a k Gce. 2? ” 2? ” Wcstk earki djs prjmadclahtjs da koarturk da mjvk, dcstïhmck dj lacj-gcj. klkrrk da sustahtkåíj (Mkrtcifk MAAA).

 

7.=-Mkhtacrjs J mkhtacrj ju ërak icvra pkrk j mrasmclahtj mrasmclahtj dk ërvjra, ërvjra, `uhtj k oksa dk pikhtk ã clpjrtkhta pkrk prjljvar k karkåíj dj sjij a pahatrkåíj dk ëeuk, gkvjramahdj j mrasmclahtj dks rkìzas, k hutrcåíj dj vaeatki vaeatki a mjhsaquahtalahta j dasahvjivclahtj dasahvjivclahtj dk pkrta kãrak. Al mksjs jhda híj fk`k aspkåj sugcmcahta pkrk k ax axpkhsíj pkhsíj dks rkìzas, ks laslks síj ikhåkdks ikhåkdks k supargìmca, quaorkhdj k mkiåkdk, al ousm ousmkk da ëeuk a jxce jxceàhcj. àhcj. Rkrk qua asta prjoialk sa`k avctkdj ju paij lahjs klahcz klahczkdj, kdj, sueara-sa qua pkrk aspãmcas da pjrta paquahj paquahj k lãdcj, j mkhtacrj híj davk sar chgarcjr k 2,72 2,72 ml?, ahqukhtj qua, pkrk ks da erkhda pjrta híj davk sar chgarcjr k ;,22 l?. Al ijmkcs da lkcjr mcrmuikåíj da padastras, ks ojrdks dks mjvks daval daval tar ulk aiavkåíj, vcskhdj lchclczkr j pcsjtacj dj ssjij jij kj radjr dk ludk. ludk. Ã ramjlahdkdj erklkr k ërak icvra, da lkhacrk lkhacrk k sa kssaeurkr kssaeurkr ulk lkcjr parmjikåíj dk ëeuk a karkåíj ddjj sjij. 7.4-Rikhtcj  7.4-Rikhtcj  K ãpjmk cdaki pkrk j pikhtcj ã j chìmcj dj parìjdj da mfuv mfuvks, ks, a durkhta k ãpjmk dks mfuvks, qua mjchmcda mjl ks astkåñas dk prclkvark a varíj, k gcl da dclchucr ks crrcekåñas. J pikhtcj, hj ahtkhtj, ahtkhtj, pjda sar gactj al jutrks ãpjmks, dasda qua sa gkåk crrcekåíj pjr ul parìjdj da =2 dcks, quk qukhdj hdj `ë dava tar jmjrrcdj jmjrrcdj ul ahrkczklahtj ahrkczklahtj rkzjëvai, ekrkhtchdj ekrkhtchdj k sjoravcvàhmck dk ludk. Mjhgjrla ]JQ]K (;334), (;334), hjs lasas da chv chvarhj arhj rcejrjsj dava-sa avctkr j pikhtcj, pjcs pjda jmjrrar pardk dks ludks ludks pjr eakdks, ju dascdrktkåíj dascdrktkåíj dks pikhtks davcdj k vahtj vahtjss luctj grcjs a agjrtas. Rjr mjl jmkscíj pikhtcj dagchctcvj, vkscifklas dasmkrtkdjs ratcrkdjs tjdjdj j mucdkdj, da ljdj ks qqua uaalokikeahs parlkhaåk ju kpahks j oijmjsíj da tarrk. Qlk ludk huhmk huhmk dava sar pikhtkdk mjl ks rkìzas huks, davahdj sar kssahtkdk hk mjvk, praahmfahdj tjdjs js aspkåjs vkzcjs ju ojis ojisks ks da kr a keraekhdj-sa tarrk kj tjrríj a rkìzas. Kpýs gamfkdk, k mjvk, dava dava tar ks ojrdks aiavkdks, da ljdj qua k ëeuk ëeuk dk mfuvk pjssk sa chgcitrkr. Ã clpjrtkhta qua j mjij dk ludk, gcqua hj hj laslj hìvai dk supargìmca dj sjij, sjij, pjcs mjhgjrla ks mjhdcåñas dk ludk, j ahtarrklahtj pjda mkuskr kgjeklahtj dk laslk a j kpjdramclahtj kpjdramclahtj prjvjmkdj paik paik chgastkåíj da guhejs al sau marha, pardahdj-sa ksscl k ludk. K gjtj 4, astë daljhstrkhdj daljhstrkhdj k gkitk tjtki da pikha`klahtj hj pikhtcj. 7.1-Tutjrklahtj a klkrrcj Mjhgjrla ]JQ]K (;334),j tutjrklahtj tutjrklahtj dks ërvjras da vvcks cks pðoicmks ã guhdklahtki pjcs mjhgara astkocicdkda ks ludks, parlctchdj ul lkcjr mjhtktj da rkìzas mjl j sjij, gkvjramahdj ksscl k suk suk pargactk kdasíj a dasahvjivclahtj. ]arva tk tkloãl loãl da prjtaåíj mjhtrk k chmichkåíj dj gusta, pkrk ekrkhtcr ul mrasmclahtj ratciìhaj a jjgaramar garamar prjtaåíj k ludk mjhtrk kåñas qua pjsskl pjsskl dkhcgcmë-ik. J tutjr pjda sar gactj da ulk ulk astkmk da lkdacrk ju ul okloð mjl ?,12 ?,12 latrjs da kiturk a dava sar ahtarrkdj 2,12 mahtìlatrjs, dacxkhd dacxkhdjj icvra ?,22 latrjs. Raij lahjs k pkrta ahtarrkdk, ktã uhs 2,?2 2,?2 mahtìlatrjs kmclk dj sjij dava sar pchtkdk mjl pcmfa ju jutrj cluhczkhta, avctkhdj-sa j kpjdramclahtj. kpjdramclahtj. J mkuia dk ludk dava sar sar klkrrkdj da gjrlk okstkhta grjuxk a aiëstcmk, pjsscocictkhdj qua k pikhtk kj mmrasmar rasmar híj gcqua kpartkdk. K ojrrkmfk a scski jjuu mjrdk síj, ppaik aik suk rascstàhmck, js lktarckcs lktarckcs lkcs chdcmkdjs. Js klkrrcjs, al ërvjras da mrasmclahtj rëpcdj, mjstulkl astrkheuikr k ludk, qua gkmcilahta sa quaork. quaork. Hastas mksjs, mksjs, js axklas parcýdcmjs dks mjhdcåñas da gcxkåíj gkzal-sa hamassërcjs. hamassërcjs. J tutjr dava parlkhamar ktã j pargactj ahrkczklahtj a orjtkåíj orjtkåíj dk ludk a davarë davarë sar suostctuìdj ssalpra alpra qua hamassërcj.

 

7.7-Erkdci da prjtaåíj ]ahdj hamassërck lkcjr prjtaåíj, ramjlahd ramjlahdk-sa k-sa marmkr k pikhtk mmjl jl erkdas, qua pjdal sar da lkdacrk (qua ã j lkcs usuki) ju taik ddaa krkla, ktã qua k laslk sa dasahvjivk, dasahvjivk, kdqucrchdj dagask prýprck. Mjhvãl ialorkr qua k prjtaåíj dav davaa sar sugcmcahtalahta sugcmcahtalahta koartk, da lkhacrk k híj ko kokgkr kgkr ks ludks pjsscocictkhdj k icvra pahatrkåíj djs rkcjs sjikras a j sugcmcahta kra`klahtj, ekrkhtchdj sau kdaqukdj kdaqukdj dasahvjivclahtj. dasahvjivclahtj. J erkdci mjhgara k ërvjra al mrasmclahtj ulk lkcjr prjtaåíj a laifjr dasahvjivclahtj. dasahvjivclahtj. Hasta mksj qual híj astë gkzahdj agactj ã j tutjr, `ë qua astë tjtkilahta sjitj, sal j klkrrcj.

Gce. 2= ” Wcstk djs tcpjs da erkdci qua pjdal sar utciczkdjs pkrk prjtaåíj dk ludk. (Mkrtcifk MAAA).

7.5-Mjhsarvkåíj dk krojrczkåíj OK_MAIJ] (;334), dastkmk k mjhsarvkåíj mjlj ul trkokifj qua dava sar axamutkdj al mkrëtar parlkhahta. parlkhahta. Ks tkragks daval sar rakiczkdks al guhåíj dj mjlpjrtklahtj mjlpjrtklahtj dks aspãmcas, ousmkhdj-sa k prasarvkåíj da suks mkrkmtarìstcmks a fkrljhck mjl ks radas da gckåíj kãrak, pkvclahtkåíj djs pkssacjs, gkmfk gkmfkdks dks da prãdcjs, salëgjrjs, salëgjrjs, pikmks da trïhsctj, trïhsctj, trëgaej da vaìmuijs, trïhsctj da padastras a radas suotarrïhaks suotarrïhaks da kokstamclahtj fcdrëuicmj a da asejtj. K mjhsarvkåíj da ërvjras ijmkiczkdks ijmkiczkdks al mkiåkdks, mkiåkdks, pkrquas, prkåks prkåks a `krdchs pðoicmjs davarckl ramaoar trktklahtj sjlahta pjr pkrta dks Rragacturks Luhcmcpkcs. Ahtratkhtj, hk lkcjrck dks hjssks mcdkdas mcdkdas k pjpuikåíj tal pjr fë fëoctj octj chtarvcr hk krojrczkåíj da mkiåkdks, prjvjmkhdj, luctksã vazas k ljrta dj vaeatki ju ddkhjs khjs crrapkrëvacs laslj. Ql prjoialk luctj mjlul k okcxk graqùàhmck da lkhutahåíj dj pikhtcj kjrakiczkdj. Luctks vazas j ýreíj raspjhsëvai raspjhsëvai paik krojrczkåíj krojrczkåíj pikhtk uulk lk qukhtcdkda ahjrla ddaa ludks, tjrhkhdj dcgìmci dcgìmci k suk lkhutahåí lkhutahåíjj a parlctchdj j dasahvjivclahtj dk pikhtk da gjrlk arrôhak. Hjs pikhjs da krojrczkåíj daval mjhstkr js trkokifjs pkrk k mjhsarvkåíj, oal oal mjlj js ram ramursjs ursjs lktarckcs a fulkhjs pkrk k suk axamuå axamuåíj. íj. ]íj prëtcmks da mjhsarvkåíj0 7.6-_apikhtcj Mjhscdark-sa rapikhtcj k rapjscåíj da chdcvìdujs qua tahfkl scdj raljvcdjs, davahdjsa iavkr al mjhscdarkåíj mjhscdarkåíj j mjh`uhtj mjh`uhtj axcs axcstahta, tahta, k lkhutahåíj lkhutahåíj dk aspãmca ju ju suk suostctucåíj da gjrlk pikha`kdk, josarvkhdj kj pikhjs da urokhczkåíj axcstahtas.

 

7.3-_atutjrklahtj à ul mucdkdj mucdkdj qua sa dava tar pkrk avctkr j mrasmclahtj mrasmclahtj tjrtujsj dj mkuia. Gkz-sa j ratutjrklahtj qukhdj js tutjras mjijmkdjs hhjj pikhtcj gjrkl ratcrkdjs a k ludk kchdk kchdk gjr  `jval. 7.;2-Dahdrjmcrureck ]aeuhdj OK_MAIJ] OK_MAIJ] (;334), k dahdrjmcrureck ã j trktklahtj dks ëraks iascjhkdks dj mkuia ju rkljs, jhda kprasahtkl kprasahtkl ulk hamrjsa al axpkhsíj. Tal Tal mjlj jo`atcvj pôr gcl kj prjmassj da hamrjsa, hamrjsa, ktrkvãs dj usj da guhecmcd guhecmcdks ks a suostïhmcks clparlakocicz clparlakociczkhtas, khtas, prjtaeahdj ks mkvcdkdas qua qua tcvarkl jrcea jrceal l dk iasíj. Ks mkvcdkdas axcstahtas síj praahmfcdks mjl mjl lktarcki da kivahkrck. Ktukilahta al kieulks mcdkdas astíj sahdj utciczkdjs prjdutjs k oksa oksa da pjicuratkhj. à ulk prëtcmk quksa quksa kusahta, hk lkcjrck dks vazas ã pragarìvai suostctucr k ërvjra, pjcs fë mksjs al qua qua k skhcdkda dk laslk as astë të tjtkilahta mjlprjlatcdk a j agactj astãtcmj astãtcmj pjda tjrhkr-sa tjrhkr-sa daskerkdëvai. daskerkdëvai. Ktukilahta k Chtarhkmcjhki ]jmcaty jg Krojrcmuitura-C]K, astë daskmjhsaifkhdj daskmjhsaifkhdj k utciczkåíj dasta lãtjdj. Js ljtcvjs da suk pjscåíj kchdk ssíj íj dasmjhfamcdjs, dasmjhfamcdjs, sahdj qua al kie kieulks ulks mcdkdas orksciacrks kchdk síj utciczkdks tkcs prëtcmks. 7.;;-Trkhspikhta da ërvjras kduitks K chmjlpktcocicdkda da ulk ërvjra al ul datarlchkd datarlchkdjj ijmki, híj scehcgcmk qua k laslk davk sar aiclchkdk. Graqùahtalahta Graqùahtalahta hjs dagrjhtkljs mjl mks mksjs js al qua k mjhstruåíj da prãdcjs, koarturks da vcks vcks pðoicmks, chstkikåñas chstkikåñas da da radas suotarrïha suotarrïhaks ks a kãraks, kãraks, mjhgictkl mjl k axcstàhmck da ulk ërvjra. ]aã kulkërvjra al quastíj quastí gjr dakåíj eerkhda rkhda clpjrtïhmck pkcskeìstcmk ju rkrk, ju j trkhspikhta kitarhktcvk pkrk kj prasarvkåíj prasarv dk aspãmca, oal mjlj pkrk k vckociczkåíj dks jorks. Asta trkokifj ã kitklahta kitklahta aspamckiczkdj, dcspahdcjsj a kmclk da tudj da dcgìmci lkha`j, pjcs trktk-sa earkilahta da ërvjras da erkhda vjiula a pasj. J trkhspikhta dava sar sar rakiczkdj hj gchki dj chvarhj, qukhdj k ssacvk acvk astë prktcmklahta pkrkicskdk. J àxctj dastk dastk jparkåíj dapah dapahda da ikreklahta dk qukicdkda dj sjij, sjij, davahdjsa rakiczkr k kduokåíj kdaqukdk. kdaqukdk. à clpjrtkhta qua sa gcxa j gusta mjl mkojs ju mjrdks, mjrdks, al tràs ju quktrj dcraåñas, qua j scstalk rkdcmuikr lkhtah lkhtahfk fk suk chtaercdkd chtaercdkda, a, rakiczkr raeks kouhdkhtas a avctkr k axpjscåíj prjijhekdk prjijhekdk dks rkìzas kj sji khtas dj pikh pikhtcj. tcj. 7.;?-_aljåíj à ulk prëtcmk qua qua dava sar datarlchkdk datarlchkdk al guhåíj da quastñas da saeurkhåk, dkhjs mrasmahtas a crravarsìvacs crravarsìvacs kj pktrclôhcj pðoicmj pjr chm chmjlpktcocicdkda jlpktcocicdkda dj vaeatki mjl j aspkåj dcspjhìvai, dcspjhìvai, astkdj gctjsskhctërcj crramuparëv crramuparëvai ai ju ljrta dj vaeatki. vaeatki. 7.;=-Rjdk K utciczkåíj dastk prëtcmk al ërvjras urokhks ã damjrrahta da saiaåíj chdavcdk da aspãmcas, j qua datarlchk k kdjåíj da pjdk mjrratcvk mjrratcvk da mkrëtar alareahmcki, dasahvjivcdk paiks alprasks mjhmasscjhërcks mjhmasscjhërcks da sarvcåjs sarvcåjs pðoicmjs a da mkrëtar mkrëtar raeuikr paiks pragacturks luhcmcpkcs. Kiãl, dk quastíj muiturki, pjcs k pjpuikåíj fkoctuju-sa rakiczkr pjdks durkhta durkhta j jutjhj a chvarhj. ]koa-sa pjrãl, qua ks pjdks pjdks híj ravcejrkl ravcejrkl hahful vaeatki, laslj sahdj rakiczkdks dk lkhacrk lkcs kdaqukdk, sahdj mkuskdjrks da da dkhjs crravarsìvacs mjlj0 dasgceurkåíj a ahgrkquamclahtj ktrkvãs dk raljåíj dj lktarcki iahfjsj> axpjscåíj axpjscåíj djs garclahtjs k pktýeahjs, a rad raduåíj uåíj da sau talpj da vcdk. [ukhdj k pjdk gjr rakilahta hamassërck ã clprasmchdìvai clprasmchdìvai pjssucr mjhfamclahtjs mjhfamclahtjs prãvcjs dj mjlpjrtklahtj mjlpjrtkla htj hj dk jutjhj-chvarhj, a sau gcmkhdj mcmij prjdutcvj. Aspãm da gjifksraprasahtkdj damìduks, pardal suks gjifks jaspãmca utjhj-chvarhj, raduz raduzcdks cdks Aspãmcas kj saucasasquaiatj, paij sau trjhmj trjhmj a rklkeal. rklkeal. Hk prclkvark prclkvark chcmckl j piahj dasahv dasahvjivclahtj jivclahtj vaeatktcvj

 

mjl prjduåíj da hjvks gjifks, jmkscíj lkcs kprjprckdk pkrk pjdë-iks pjdë-iks.. Aspãmcas mjl mjl gjifkeal parscstahta ju salc-damìduk, mu`k rahjvkåíj sa gkz kj ijhej dj mcmij mcmij prjdutcvj, daval sar pjdkdks pjdkdks ijej kpýs j gijrasmcla gijrasmclahtj htj ju laslj ijej kpýs kpýs k grutcgcmkåíj, mksj mksj fk`k chtarassa hk mjiatk da grutjs a da salahtas pkrk k prjduåíj da hjvks lud ludks. ks. LJTTK (;331), ramjlahdk ramjlahdk rakiczkr k pjdk mjl garrklahtks oal kgckdks, da ljdj qua k samåíj dj mjrta gcqua uhcgjrla, icsk, sal iksmks, iksmks, a k mksmk híj sa`k krrkhmkdk, krrkhmkdk, prjvjmkhdj garclahtjs garclahtjs hk ërvjra. Kiãl ddcssj, cssj, j mjrta dava dava sar gactj al ocsai, chmichkdj pkrk okcxj, gjrlkhdj ul ïheuij da 41 erkus mjl k dcraåíj dj rklj a salpra salpra kmclk da ulk ealk. à ramjlahdëvai qua tjdjs js mjrtas al rkljs erjssjs sa`kl trktkdjs mjl suostïhmck mcmktrczkhta pkrk gkmcictkr k suk raeaharkåíj. raeaharkåíj. Rkrk ulk mjlpiatk mcmktrczkåíj, usk-sa kpicmkr prjdutjs mfklkdjs aikstôlarjs, qua tàl pjr guhåíj prclacrk clparlakociczkr j mjrta, dacxkhdj-j icvra dk pahatrkåíj da ëeuk da mfuvk a dk chjmuikåíj da lcmrjr lcmrjrekhcsljs ekhcsljs pktjeàhcmjs. pktjeàhcmjs. Rkrk assa gcl, alpraek-sa tchtk iëtax, iëtax, pragarchdj-sa k mjr qua sa kprjxcla dk mksmk, lkrrjl ju mchzk asmurj (AIAT_JRKQIJ, ;331). Tcpjs da pjdks -Rjdk da iclpazk Dava sar rakiczkdk sjlahta qukhdj fjuvaral fjuvaral ekifjs lki gjrlkdjs, ekifjs ktkmkdjs pjr prkeks a al rkljs samjs a grkmjs. -Rjdks da gjrlkåíj à j lãtjdj mjrratj da sa mjhduzcr k assàhmck kroýrak dasda suk gksa `uvahci, da gjrlk k sa jotar ulk ulk ërvjra aqucicorkdk, kdaqukdk kdaqukdk kj sau ijmki ddagchctcvk. agchctcvk. J mrasmclahtj dk ërvjras pjda sar iclctkdj ktã ?,22 ju ?,?2 l da kiturk, aiclchkhdj-sa tjdjs js orjtjs iktarkcs. Kj ktchecr astk astk kiturk, pjdk-sa pjdk-sa marmk da ;2 mml l da sau sau ëpcma, cla cladcktklahta dcktklahta kmclk da ealk iktarki. iktarki. Aiclchkdjs js fjrlôhcjs chcmckdjras kpcmkcs, surecríj surecríj orjtjs iktarkcs pjr tjdj j gusta> saiamcjhkl-sa = orjtjs vcejrjsjs, qua pkrtkl al tràs dcraåñas jpjstks (;?2 erkus sa pjssìvai) a qua skckl k dcgarahtas kiturks dj trjhmj (huhmk dj laslj pjhtj, ju assk ërvjra crë rkmfkr qukhdj kduitk). [ukhdj assas assas tràs rkljs ralkhasmahtas tcvaral marmk da tràs ml da dcïlatrj, ratcrk-sa da mkdk ul j prýprcj ëpcma, ijej kmclk da ulk ealk0 surecríj js rkljs samuhdërcjs qua ahtíj saríj saiamcjhkdjs a ksscl ksscl pjr dckhta. Mjl cstj, cstj, jotãl-sa ulk mjpk oal gjrlkdk. gjrlkdk. Assk pjdk ã guhdklahtki pkrk ks ërvjras da ruks, al aspamcki pkrk kquaiks qua pjssual mjpks eijojsks ju al 'eukrdk-mfuvk". Daval sar gactks mjl tjdj mucdkdj, avctkhdj qua js ekifjs sa`kl iksmkdjs ju rkmfkdjs, sal raljvar k mksmk dk ërvjra. -Rjdk da lkhutahåíj Qlk ërvjra grkmk, da kspamtj rucl, sahdj oal pjdkdk pjda pjda kdqucrcr lkcs vcejr a laifjrkr suks mjhdcåñas. mjhdcåñas. Hassa mksj pjdk-sa js ekifjs ktã ;/= ddaa sau tklkhfj. Assk pjdk híj pjda sar rakiczkdk mjl graqùàhmck, pjcs mjlprjlata k skðda dks ërvjras, tjrhkhdj-ks rkquìtcmks, jmks a ktã prjvjmkhdj suk ljrta. -Rjdk da mjhtahåíj à j lãtjdj qua vcsk lkhtar, hks ërvjras da pjrta chkdaqukdj pkrk ks mjhdcåñas ijmkcs, k mjpk sjo mjhtrjia, avctkhdj qua k laslk ktch`k k rad kãrak, mkojs taiagôhcmjs ahtra jutrjs. Dava sar rakiczkdk mjl mucdkdjs tãmhcmjs, raspactkhdj k ërvjra a js aqucpklahtjs urokhjs. 

 

5-]QEA]TÑA] DA KTCWCDKDA] R_ËTCMK] AL ADQMKÅÍJ KLOCAHTKI K Adumkåíj Klocahtki, hul mjhtaxtj da sjmcadkda pjda parlctcr k mjlpraahsíj dks mkrkmtarìstcmks mjlpiaxks dj lacj klocahta a chtarpratkr k chtardapahdàhmck ahtra js dcvarsjs aialahtjs qua mjhgjrlkl js saras vcvjs, mjl vcstks k utciczkr rkmcjhkilahta js ramursjs hkturkcs hk sktcsgkåíj lktarcki a aspcrctuki dk sjmcadkda hj prasahta a hj guturj. Rkrk gkzà-ij, k Adumkåíj Klocahtki dava mkpkmctkr kj piahj axarmìmcj da mcdkdkhck, ktrkvãs dk gjrlkåíj da ulk oksa mjhmactuki korkheahta, tãmhcmk a muiturkilahta mkpkz da parlctcr k suparkåíj djs jostëmuijs â utciczkåíj sustahtkdk dj lacj. J dcractj â chgjrlkåíj a j kmassj âs tamhjijecks mkpkzas da vckociczkr j dasahvjivclahtj sustahtëvai mjhstctual ul djs pcikras dasta prjmassj da gjrlkåíj da ulk hjvk mjhsmcàhmck al hìvai pikhatërcj, sal pardar k ýtcmk ijmki, raecjhki a hkmcjhki. J daskgcj dk adumkåíj ã j da mrckr ks oksas pkrk k mjlpraahsíj dk rakicdkda. K Adumkåíj Klocahtki ã ulk gjrlk da prëtcmk adumkmcjhki schtjhczkdk mjl k vcdk al sjmcadkda. Aik sý pjda sar agatcvk sa tjdjs js lalorjs dk sjmcadkda pkrtcmcpkral, da kmjrdj mjl suks fkocicdkdas, dks mjlpiaxks a lðitcpiks tkragks da laifjrck dks raikåñas dks passjks mjl sau lacj klocahta. Cstj sý pjda sar kimkhåkdj sa ks passjks sa mjhsmcahtczkral dj sau ahvjivclahtj a da suks raspjhskocicdkdas. Hks ktcvcdkdas da adumkåíj klocahtki  klocahtki  pjda-sa ahvjivar k rada pðoicmk luhcmcpki da ahschj, kprjvactkhdj ks raikåñas chtarpassjkcs djs satjras da lacj klocahta a adumkåíj, suk vaz daval khdkr `uhtjs. Hk Klojs pjssual erkhda axparcàhmck qua davalqua sar pjr mjlpkrtcifkdks a kpargacåjkdks. prjpjstk da Adumkåíj Klocahtki ak sar dasahvjivcdk paik Kdlchcstrkåíj Luhcmcpki daval mjhstkr aialahtjs pkrk mjhtchucdkda hj talpj a hj aspkåj, pjcs ks mjhqucstks hk ërak klocahtki síj iahtks a prjerasscvks, ju sa`k, híj jmjrral al ulk kdlchcstrkåíj, kpahks. Daval sar prjerklkdks mjl j jo`atcvj da, prjerasscvklahta, avjiuìral al suks dclahsñas muiturkcs, sjmckcs, amjhôlcmks a klocahtkcs. Al suks astrktãecks, j luhcmìpcj dava prjmurkr chtaerkr ks dalkcs radas da ahschj, da gjrlk qua ks raparmussñas sa dàal k hìvai dk mjluhcdkda mjlj ul tjdj. [ukhtj â Adumkåíj Klocahtki Chtaerkdk, k laslk mjhscsta al astkoaiamar prjmadclahtjs a lamkhcsljs da chtaerkåíj ahtra j ýreíj da lacj klocahta a k ]amratkrck da Adumkåíj dj luhcmìpcj. Rkrk chcmckr k chtaerkåíj, pjdal sar dasahvjivcdjs prj`atjs mjh`uhtjs, mjlj pjr axalpij k sapkrkåíj da icxj, k sctukåíj dks prkåks a pkrquas, uhcdkdas da mjhsarvkåíj, prjduåíj da fjrtks a mkhtacrjs da ludks, atm. Hk khëicsa dks sctukåñas sctukåñas axcstahtas pjda-sa avcdahmckr js rcsmjs rcsmjs qqua ua ddatarlchkdks atarlchkdks ktcvcdkdas raprasahtkl â skðda dks passjks a dj lacj klocahta. J trkokifj mjl k mjlpjstkeal hks asmjiks a hks rascdàhmcks ã ulk clpjrtkhta mjhtrcoucåíj pkrk k raduåíj dk qukhtcdkda da icxj k sar dcspjstk al ktarrjs. Mjhtudj, astudjs da mklpj, mjlj js dckehýstcmjs klocahtkcs hjs okcrrjs pjdal sar dasahvjivcdjs hk gjrlk da Rrj`atjs Chtaerkdjs, ahvjivahdj vërcks asmjiks. K mkrkmtarczkåíj djs lkhkhmckcs dk mcdkda a js prchmcpkcs tcpjs da prjoialks qua mjhduzal k pardk dk qukicdkda djs lasljs síj mjhscdarkdjs ojhs talks earkdjras. K krojrczkåíj pjsscocictk j ahvjivclahtj da luctjs ktjras, mjhtrcouchdj pkrk k vcsukiczkåíj dj prjoialk sjo js lkcs vkrckdjs kspamtjs. K adumkåíj chstrulahtkiczkdk, ju sa`k, mjl js aialahtjs mjrratjs pkrk k axamuåíj da ulk pjiìtcmkdjs adumkmcjhki-klocahtki pjda raprasahtkr luctj Mjl hj jguhmcjhklahtj mjhtchucdkda chvastclahtjs qua sa gczaral hk ërak adumktcvk. mjhfamclahtj aa j mjlprjlatclahtj djs hjvjs mcdkdíjs, martklahta luctjs djs arrjs mjlatcdjs ktã j

 

prasahta ljlahtj pjdaríj sar avctkdjs hj guturj. Rjda-sa kgcrlkr, mjl martk lkreal da martazk, da qua sa k chtaerkåíj ahtra js satjras da adumkåíj a lacj klocahta híj jmjrrar, ks prjpjstks a prj`atjs híj taríj sustahtkåíj guturk, mjrrahdj-sa j rcsmj da asvkzcklahtj dks laslks. Erkhda pkrta dks ludkhåks da mjlpjrtklahtj qua sa aspark dk pjpuikåíj astíj kssjmckdks mjl j mjhfamclahtj qua k laslk dcspña sjoral datarlchkdjs kssuhtjs. K Krojrczkåíj urokhk jgarama clpjrtkhta rapartýrcj da jpjrtuhcdkdas pkrk j dasahvjivclahtj da Rrjerklks a Rrj`atjs klocahtkcs. Ks prjpjstks pjdal sar chcmckdks ahvjivahdj ks mrckhåks dks asmjiks dj luhcmìpcj, chtaerkhdj ahtcdkdas, Kssjmckåñas da okcrrj, schdcmktjs a k mjluhcdkda mjlj ul tjdj. K prjduåíj da lktarcki chgjrlktcvj a j dasahvjivclahtj da kåñas chtaerkdks, ahvjivahdj j Ýreíj Klocahtki a k ]amratkrck da Adumkåíj pjdal avjiucr da gjrlk okstkhta rëpcdk. Mursjs da mkpkmctkåíj da prjgassjras a tãmhcmjs pjda ljociczkr passjks pkrk assa clpjrtkhta trkokifj. Mucdkr dks ërvjras síj ktctudas qua daval sar chcmckdks hks sãrcas chcmckcs. K saeucr sueara-sa kieulks ktcvcdkdas qua pjdal sar dasahvjivcdks chtaerkhdj j talk. TACK HK LKTK JO@ATCWJ]0   Kprasahtkr js pkrtcmcpkhtas pkrk j erupj>   Chgjrlkr sjora mkrkmtarìstcmks dk gijrastk da Krkumërck>   Daljhstrkr k chtar-raikåíj a k chtardapahdàhmck ahtra js aialahtjs da mkdk amjsscstalk. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 ;. Mkdk pkrtcmcpkhta ramaoarë ul mkrtíj mjl ks mkrkmtarìstcmks da ul aialahtj dk gijrastk da Krkumërck. ?. J erupj sa dcstrcoucrë dcstrcoucrë gjrlkhdj ul mì mìrmuij. rmuij. =. Js pkrtcmcpkhtas pksskríj pksskríj ahtra sc ul rjij da okrokhta, gkzahdj k mjhamåíj ahtra js aialahtjs kgchs. Da pjssa dj rjij da okrokhta, j pkrtcmcpkhta kprasahtkr-sa-ë a gkrë ul •

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orava raiktj da suk axparcàhmck prjgcsscjhki> gkrë tkloãl ulk dasmrcåíj dj aialahtj qua raprasahtk. 4. [ukhdj tjdjs js pkrtcmcpkhtas astcvaral icekdjs ktrkvãs dk tack, j okrokhta sarë tahscjhkdj al vërcjs pjhtjs> mkdk aialahtj chdcmkrë sa gjc g jc ktchecdj paik kåíj. RJHTJ DA WC]TK JO@ATCWJ]0   Wkijrczkr k clpjrtïhmck da mkdk aialahtj hj aquciìorcj dk hkturazk>   Dasahvjivar j sahtcdj dj oaij al raikåíj k tjdjs js aialahtjs dk hkturazk>   Josarvkr ërvjras sjo dcvarsjs pjhtjs da vcstk. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 ;. Dcstrcoucr ulk gjifk da pkpai ppkrk krk mkdk pkrtcmcpkhta a dcvcdc-ik al sacs sacs pkrtas. ?. Mkdk pkrtcmcpkhta dasahfkrë ulk ërvjra qua ssarck arck asmjifcdk pjr0 k. ul pësskrj pkrk mjhstrucr mjhstrucr sau hchfj> o. ul prjprcatërcj da sarrkrck> m. qual quar astahdar ulk rada pkrk dasmkhskr> dasmkhskr> •

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d. ulk gklìick qua dasa`k dasa`k gkzar ul pcquahcqua> a. ul krtcstk> g. ul kerôhjlj qua vacj ijmkiczkr ulk ërvjra djahta, k gcl da trktë-ik. =. Ljhtkr ul pkchai mjl js dasahfjs. MJHMIQ]ÍJ0  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ MKÅK AMJIÝECMK JO@ATCWJ]0   Ijmkiczkr jo`atjs a saras vcvjs hk hkturazk>   Dasahvjivar j fëoctj da kpramckr sal mkuskr dkhjs kj klocahta hkturki. • •

R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 ;. Js pkrtcmcpkhtas ramaoaríj ulk raikåíj da aialahtjs qua davaríj ijmkiczkr. ijmkiczkr. ?. Rarmjrraríj ulk ërak hkturki ousmkhdj vcs vcsukiczkr ukiczkr j lkcjr hðlarj pjssìvai da ctahs raikmcjhkdjs hk icstk. =. Js pkrtcmcpkhtas sa rauhcríj a gkríj k mjhgaràhmck djs ctahs ijmkiczkdjs a híj ijmkiczkdjs, oal mjlj, j ijmki jhda gjrkl kvcstkdjs. IC]TK Ksschkia js aialahtjs josarvkdjs. HÍJ K__KH[QA JQ _ATC_A DJ IQEK_ J LKTA_CKI MCTKDJ. ;. Qlk pahk> ?. Qlk pikhtk qua dalj daljhstrk hstrk qua ul chsatj k vcsctju> =. Qlk gjrlcek trkhspjrtkhdj kiej> 4. Qlk ërvjra ërvjra mjl ul hchfj> 1. Qlk pikhtk mjl aspchfjs> 7. Ql khclki mklugikdj> 5. Ql chsatj chsatj pjichczkhdj ulk gijr> 6. Kiej qua sa`k gaipudj> 3. Ql trjhmj sa damjlpjhdj> ;2. Qlk salahta aspkifkdk paij vahtj> ;;. Qlk pikhtk qua mfacrk oal> ;?. Kiej qua híj gkåk tahfk okruifj> ;=. utcicdkda pkrk k hkturazk> ;4. Qlk gijr mjl tràs pãtkiks> ;1. Gazas da pësskrjs al ulk gjifk> ;7. Kiej qua daljhstra qua fulkhjs `ë astcvarkl kquc khtas> ;5. Ql pkchai sjikr> ;6. Kiej qua sa`k clpjrtkhta hk hkturazk> ;3. Kiej qua vjmà huhmk vcu khtas> ?2. Qlk ërvjra pkrmckilahta jmk> ?;. Kiej qua sa`k lkmcj> ??. Iìquahs al ulk padrk> ?=. Ql sjl gactj paik hkturazk> ?4. Kiej qua js fulkhjs híj pjdarckl vcvar sal> ?1. K mksk da ul khclki qua vcva alokcxj dk tarrk.

 

MJHMIQ]ÍJ0ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ MJHMIQ]ÍJ0ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ KMFA ]AQ RK_MAC_J

JO@ATCWJ]

 Cdahtcgcmkr khclkcs mjluhs paij hjla>  Kerupkr kieuhs khclkcs da kmjrdj mjl suks mkrkmtarìstcmks.

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R_JMADCLAHTJ] Js khclkcs sa ijmjljval da ljdjs dcgarahtas. Cssj jmjrra pjr mkusk da suk gjrlk a dj tcpj da fkoctkt al qua vcval ju tkloãl djs chclcejs qua tàl. Js khclkcs tkloãl sa mjluhcmkl da gjrlk dcgarahmckdk, ktrkvãs da sjhs ju da ljvclahtjs aspamckcs. Assa `jej da sjhs a ljvclahtjs chtrjduz js kiuhjs k ulk vkrcadkda da khclkcs a ktrkvãs da daokta aias saríj mkpkzas da mjlaåkr k cdahtcgcmkr aspãmcas chdcvcdukcs, raikmcjhkhdj-sa k dcgarahtas fkoctkts. LKTA_CKI  4 skmjs mjhtahdj tcrks da pkpai mjl j hjla da dcgarahtas khclkcs (mkdk skmj dava Tar tcrks ceukcs da pkpai). R_JMADCLAHTJ]  Gjrk dk skik da kuik, dcvcdk js kiuhjs al quktrj erupjs ceukcs, martcgcmkhdj-sa qua fë hjla da khclki pkrk mkdk mrckhåk. Ax.0 pkrk ulk turlk da =7 kiuhjs, davarë Tar 4 erupjs da 3 a al mkdk skmj j hjla djs lasljs 3 khclkcs.  Aspkifa js erupjs. Dà k mkdk erupj ul skmj a mkdk astudkhta dava ratcrkr dj skmj ulk tcrk da pkpai, iar sau khclki a híj gkikr pkrk js jutrjs.  Axpicqua qua pkrk mkdk khclki axcstal jutrjs tràs ceukcs a aias daval sa kmfkr. Aias pjdal ahmjhtrkr-sa ljvahdj-sa mjlj khclki a/ju prjduzchdj sjhs.  qukhdj vjmà dczar ’`ë“ aias daval mjlaåkr k kmfkr saus pkrmacrjs. K ladcdk qua sa ahmjhtrkl, sa ljval `uhtjs, ktã js quktrj sa kmfkral.  J `jej tarlchk mjl hjva erupjs da quktrj mrckhåks. DC]MQ]]ÍJ  Kpýs j tãrlchj dj `jej, asmjifk ul mjlpjhahta da mkdk erupj pkrk raprasahtkr sau khclki, ksscl js jutrjs erupjs pjdaríj kdcvchfkr.  Gkåk pareuhtks kjs erupjs, qua ahvjivkl quastñas sjora j tcpj da kiclahtkåíj, j ijmki jhda vcval.  Hj `jej davarë tar lklìgarjs, kvas, rãptacs, khgìocjs, chsatjs, atm...   Raåk qua js astudkhtas sa kerupal da kmjrdj mjl k miksscgcmkåíj a pareuhta âs mrckhåks pjr qua aias astíj al erupjs dcgarahtas. •

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CLRKMTJ KLOCAHTKI JO@ATCWJ0   Wcsukiczkr k chtargaràhmck dk kåíj chdcvcduki hk sjmcadkda fulkhk a hk hkturazk. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 ;. Hulara mkdk gjifk. Dcvcdk-ks al duks pkrtas, da dagchchdj gchchdj k lkreal al raikåíj kj rcj a kj ijta da tarrk qua mkoarë k mkdk pkrtcmcpkhta. ?. Rrjpjhfj kjs pkrtcmcpkhtas qua qua prj`atal a asojmal ulk ktcv ktcvcdkda cdkda iumrktcvk hastk ërak. =. _auhk js dasahfjs dasahfjs mjijmkhdj-js mjijmkhdj-js ikdj k ikdj. ]jicmcta qua mkdk pkrtcmcpkhta raikta sau prj`atj. •

4. Khkicsa ks ktcvcdkdas qua earkl clpkmt clpkmtjj klocahtki a ousqua, ousqua, mjl j erupj, ssjiuåñas. jiuåñas. MJHMIQ]ÍJ0

 

 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ R_AMCJ]CDKDA] JO@ATCWJ0   Dkr vkijr astãtcmj kgatcvj âs ërvjras, ljhtkhfks, rcjs, prkcks, atm. •

R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 Dcspjstjs al mìrmuij, js pkrtcmcpkhtas daval mctkr paåk ju kdjrhj da sau vastuërcj qua tahfk erkhda vkijr kgatcvj. ;. Gkåk pkrkiaij ahtra j raiktj a js aialahtjs dk hkturazk, a sjicmcta qua mkdk pkrtcmcpkhta chdcqua ul ijmki dk hkturazk qua ejstk da vcsctkr. MJHMIQ]ÍJ0  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ R_JMQ_K-]A JO@ATCWJ]0   Wkijrczkr k gjrlkåíj da vkijras qua iaval k ludkhåks da ktctuda hj dck-k-dck>   Rarlctcr trjmk da axparcàhmcks ahtra js pkrtcmcpkhtas. R_JMADCLAHTJ0 ;. Mjhvcda js pkrtcmcpkhtas k ahtravcstkral j lkcjr hðlarj pjssìvai da passjks a mjlpcikral k icstk mjl ul hjla dcgarahta pkrk mkdk ctal. •

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R_JMQ_K-]A RJ_ QLK RA]]JK [QA0 ;- Djrlcu sjo ks astraiks. ZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZ ?- Wcu j hksmar dj sji sji k paij lahjs ul khj. ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZ =- _amcmik ju sapkrk j icxj. ZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZ 4- Ejsta da pikhtkr ludks ludks da ërvjras.ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ërvjras.ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 1- Tahfk mfacrkdj k Tarrk fë paij ul làs. ZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZ 7- ]koa da jhda val val k ëeuk qqua ua oaoa. ZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZ 5- ]koa ijmkiczkr j Mruzacrj Mruzacrj dj ]ui. ZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZ 6tahfk ladj ladjsau da okrktk. ok rktk.daZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZ 3- Híj Tahfk ludkdj astcij astcij vcdk hjs ðitcljs khjs pkrk laifjrkr j lacj klocahta.ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ klocahta.ZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ;2- Tahfk clpadcdj kieuãl da su`kr j klocahta. ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ MJHMIQ]ÍJ0  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ _AMJHFAMAHDJ ]QK GJIFK JO@ATCWJ]0   Daljhstrkr k scheuikrcdkda djs aialahtjs dk hkturazk>   _akiåkr k clpjrtïhmck da tjdjs js aialahtjs mjlpjhahtas dj klocahta. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 •

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;. Dcspjstjs al mìrmuij, mkdk pkrtcmcpkhta dj erupj ramaoa ramaoa a khkicsk js datkifas datkifas da ulk gjifk. ?. Kpýs tràs lchutjs kprjxclkdklahta, kprasahtk suk gjifk pkrk j mjlpkhfacrj dk dcractk a vcma-varsk. =. Tarlchkdks ks kprasahtkåñas, kprasahtkåñas, ks gjifks saríj rauhcdks hj mahtrj dj erupj. 4. Mkdk pkrtcmcpkhta dava ijmkiczkr k gjifk ramaocdk hj chìmcj dk ktcvcdkda. MJHMIQ]ÍJ0  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ   ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ LAIFJ_KHDJ J KLOCAHTA A]MJIK_  A]MJIK_  JO@ATCWJ]0   Rrasarvkr j klocahta asmjikr.   Mjhtrcoucr pkrk k iclpazk dk asmjik. LKTA_CKI0   Gcmfk pkrk mjiatk da dkdjs. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Josarvkr j klocahta asmjikr, asmjikr, hj qua sa ragara â iclpazk dks skiks da kuik, okhfacrjs, okhfacrjs, mjzchfk, ragactýrcj, pëtcj a jutrks dapahdàhmcks.   _aecstrkr ks josarvkåñas hk gcmfk.   Rrjljvar dcsmussíj sjora j qqua ua gjc josa josarvkdj rvkdj qukhtj â fcecaha djs klocahtas, qukhtj kjs mucdkdjs qua ks passjks tàl ju híj mjl j klocahta asmjikr.   Icstkr pjssìvacs pjssìvacs gjrlks da iavkr â mjluhcdkda mjluhcdkda j qua gjc mjhstktkdj a kitarhktcvks da sjiuåíj pkrk js prjoialks cdahtcgcmkdjs.   Kprasahtkr, al lurki dk asmjik, ul raiktýrcj mjl ks chgjrlkåñas mjifcdks a ks prjpjstks da trkokifj. •

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LADCHDJ K RJAC_K DJ K_ JO@ATCWJ0   Cdahtcgcmkr ks pkrtìmuiks dj kr. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Wkljs pramcskr da mchmj iïlchks da lcmrjsmýpcj jjuu ahtíj mchmj padkåjs padkåjs da piëstcmj trkhspkrahta, durj, mjlj kquaias qua ravastal ks iïlchks da okroakr. Rkssa ulk gchk mklkdk da vkscichk chmjijr ju ulk ejtk da ýiaj da mjzchfk, aspkifkdk paik iïlchk. Axpjhfk ks iïlchks pjr ulk fjrk, al ijmkcs pravcklahta asmjifcdjs (pëtcj dk asmjik, ruk kj ikdj dk asmjik, ërak prýxclk da ulk pcstk ljvclahtkdk, atm.) Kj axpjr ks iïlchks, aiks mkptkríj k pjacrk dj kr qua gcmkrë ’gcxkdk“ hk supargìmca> mucdkr pkrk híj axpjr ks iïlchks prýxclks da ërvjras, lurjs atm., pkrk híj sjgrar chtargaràhmcks hjs rasuitkdjs. Ijej, ks iïlchks daval sar axpjstks k ’mãu koartj“. Atcquata ks iïlchks, khjtkhdj js ijmkcs jhda gjrkl axpjstks. Ks iïlchks, kj saral axpjstks, daval gcmkr k ulk kiturk da ul latrj dj sjij, al tjdjs js ijmkcs asmjifcdjs. Mjl ulk iupk, josarvkr mucdkdjsklahta mkdk iïlchk, gkzahdj j saeuchta0 datarlcha ulk martk ërak hk supargìmca dk iïlchk> mjhta j hðlarj da pkrtìmuiks hkquaik ërak> •

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mjlpkra js rasuitkdjs dksdks iïlchks mjijmkdks al ëraks dcgarahtas> tahta ahmjhtrkr ks mkusks dcgarahåks.

 

AGACTJ] DJ GQLJ HJ KLOCAHTA JO@ATCWJ0   Mjhfamar js agactjs dj gulj hj klocahta. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Wkljs mjhstrucr ul kpkraifj mfklkdj ’gulôlatrj“. Aia vkc parlctcr ulk daljhstrkåíj murcjsk a clpjrtkhta djs agactjs mkuskdjs pjr ul mcekrrj. _auhcr js saeuchtas lktarckcs0 ul grksmj da lkcjhasa, paquahj, mjl marmk da 3 ml da kiturk (j grksmj da ski-da•

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grutk Ahj pargactklahta)> djcssarva mkhudjs (pjdal sar da ragrasmj, kquaias da lkcjr dcïlatrj), ju djcs padkåjs da lkheuacrk gchk qua daval tar ul dcïlatrj qua mkcok ul mcekrrj> lkssk pkrk vadkr (pjda sar Durapýx, mjik, lkssk da mkikgatkr atm.). Ljhtkr dk saeuchta gjrlk0 ( dasahfj dk pëe. 42) Al saeucdk, korcr k tklpk a mjijmkr ëeuk (?ml da kiturk)> gamfkr oal j scstalk. Chtrjduzcr ul mcekrrj hj tuoj qua astë clarsj hk ëeuk. J mcekrrj dava gcmkr oal k`ustkdj. K saeucr, sjicmctkr qua ul gulkhta kmahdk j mcekrrj a gula-j (ktã k latkda `ë ã sugcmcahta). Josarvkr j qua jmjrra mjl k mjr dk ëeuk. Ktahåíj0 Híj korcr j grksmj! Dacxkr j gulôlatrj al rapjusj pjr ?4 fjrks. Korcr j grksmj kpýs ?4 fjrks a josarvkr0 - J qua jmjrrau mjl ks pkradas chtarhks dj grksmj: - Kj korcr j grksmj sahtcu kieul jdjr: - J jdjr gcmju al saus dadjs, kj korcr j grksmj: g rksmj: J KRK_AIFJ _A]RC_KTÝ_CJ JO@ATCWJ0   Mjhfamar js ljvclahtjs dj kr hj kpkraifj raspcrktýrcj. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 ;. Rkrk astk ktcvcdkda vkljs utciczkr ks líjs tjmkhdj-hjs sukvalahta. Ktrkvãs dassa tjqua taraljs k jpjrtuhcdkda da josarvkr, mjl lkcs ktahåíj duks guhåñas dj hjssj mjrpj0 j tktj a k raspcrkåíj. Ktrkvãs dk raspcrkåíj, kosjrvaljs j jxceàhcj, suostïhmck chdcspahsëvai chdcspahsëvai â hjssk vcdk.   Qtcicza ks líjs hass hassaa ljlahtj, al sau oahagìmcj, tjmkhdj j sau mjrpj, pkrk sahtcr j •

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ljvclahtj raspcrktýrcj.iahtk   Chspcra prjguhdk, iahtk a su sukvalahta, kvalahta, sal ruìdj, paij hhkrcz, krcz, a lkhtahdj lkhtahdj k ojmk ojmk gamfkdk.   Â ladcdk qua qua vkcs chspcrkhdj chspcrkhdj j kr, vë tjmkhdj j sau mmjrpj jrpj a tahtkhdj tahtkhdj ijmkiczkr k raecíj jhda sa ahmjhtrkl js puilñas. ]jita j kr hkturkilahta. [ua sahskåñas tava vjmà: Rjr jhda j kr pahatrk a qua mklchfj saeua ktã mfaekr kjs puilñas: Jhda sa ijmkiczkl js puilñas hj sau mjrpj: ;. Al erupj, prjmura chgjrlkr-sa, ju laslj mjhfamar chdðstrcks da suk mcdkda, a josarva sa astíj dasraspactkhdj ks iacs qua ekrkhtal ul guhmcjhklahtj icvra ju mjl ul lìhclj da pjiucåíj pkrk j lacj klocahta. Chdkeua, iack a mjhvarsa mjl passjks ahtahdcdks sjora ks raerks lìhclks pkrk k chstkikåíj a guhmcjhklahtj da ulk gëorcmk, qua híj kercdk k hkturazk. Asmravk sjora cstj. Gkia mjl j mjjrdahkdjr da suk asmjik, ju mjl j jrcahtkdjr dk kprahdczkeal, sjora k hamasscdkda da mjhvcdkr aspamckicstks pkrk gkzaral pkiastrks sjora j kssuhtj. Asmikraåk suks dðvcdks mjl assas aspamckicstks. •

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DATAMTKHDJ J] AGACTJ] DJ] MK__J] JO@ATCWJ0   Datamtkr j agactj djs pjiuahtas kutjljtcvjs sjora ks pikhtks. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Wkljs pramcskr pramcskr da eukrdkhkpjs orkhmjs, iclpjs a pjrjsjs. pjrjsjs. ]arval tkloãl pkpai da da gcitrj ju laslj pkpai fcecàhcmj orkhmj, pjrjsj. Gjrlkr 4 ju 1 erupjs da kiuhjs. Js prjgassjras jrekhczkríj ulk skìdk pkrk ijmkcs prã-asmjifcdjs pkrk gkzar j saeuchta0 •

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-’iclpë-iks saiamcjhkr, kj kmksj, gjifks da pikhtks qua asta`kl k ulk kiturk da ul latrj, a ’ mjl j eukrdkhkpj> tjdjs js erupjs daval gkzar j laslj, al jutrjs ijmkcs a â laslk kiturk> khjtkr js ijmkcs jhda k jparkåíj gjc rakiczkdk. Da vjitk â skik da kuik, axpjr sjora k lask tjdjs js eukrdkhkpjs a astkoaiamar mjlpkrkåñas0 [uki j eukrdkhkpj gcmju lkcs ahaeramcdj: Rjr quà: [uki j eukrdkhkpj gcmju lahjs ahaeramcdj: Rjr quà: Dcsmutcr mjl js prjgassjras. K EKPA DAHQHMCKDJ_K JO@ATCWJ0   Cdahtcgcmkr j mjloustìvai qua lkcs pjiuc j klocahta. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Klkrrkr ulk ekza hk skìdk dj mkhj da dasmkrek (asmkpklahtj) (asmkpklahtj) da ul mkrrj k ëimjji a padcr qua kieuãl j kmaiara ul pjumj, pjr =2 saeuhdjs, al pjhtj ljrtj>   Gkzar k laslk mmjcsk jcsk mjl ul mkrrj k eksjichk eksjichk a ul mkrrj k dcasai. Axpjr ks ekzas sjora k lask a mjlpkrkr quki pjiucu lkcs. •

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MJLJ K] RIKHTK] K@QDKL K _AEQIK_ J MICLK  MICLK  JO@ATCWJ0   Daljhstrkr qua ks pikhtks ikhåkl ulcdkda pkrk k ktljsgark. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Asmjifar ulk ërvjra hj pëtcj ju krradjras dk asmjik, a csjikr kieulks gjifks dahtrj da ul skmj piëstcmj . •

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J skmjdacxkr piëstcmj sar oal klkrrkdj da ljdj k híj parlctcr k ahtrkdk ju skìdk da eksas> pjrdava ?4 fjrks. _amjifar j skmj piëstcmj mucdkdjsklahta (pkrk híj lkmfumkr ks gjifks a híj darrklkr k paquahk qukhtcdkda da ëeuk qua vkc surecr al sau chtarcjr). Ladcr j vjiula mjiatkdj (al lcicictrj-li). Astclkr qukhtj k ërvjra chtacrk prjduzcrck. Astclkr j vjiula da ëeuk prjduzcdj paiks ërvjras dk ërak dk asmjik. [QKHTK] Ë_WJ_A] AVC]TAL HJ] ICW_J]:  ICW_J]:  JO@ATCWJ0   Cdahtcgcmkr j hðlarj da ërvjras mjrtkdks pkrk gkorcmkr j pkpai. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Mjl j kuxìicj kuxìicj da ulk okikhåk, ladcr j pasj da tjdjs js icvrjs a mkdarhjs da tjdjs js mjiaeks da skik da kuik. [ukhtks ërvjras sarck hamassërcj mjrtkr pkrk gkorcmkr tjdjs kquaias icvrjs a mkdarhjs: Rkrk mkimuikr j tjtki da ërvjras, uskr k saeuchta raikåíj0 •

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Rkrk mkdk 12 ne da pkpai, pkpai, ulk ërvjra kduitk. ]koahdj js ekstjs dk suk skik, luitcpicmkr paij hðlarj da turlks dk asmjik a jotar ulk astclktcvk da mjhsulj. K_OJ_CPKHDJ MA_TJ JO@ATCWJ0   Mjhfamar mjlj k krojrczkåíj krojrczkåíj ã gactk a lkhtcdk al hjssk mcdkda. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 •

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  Mjhvcdkr Cdahtcgcmkrul qua quatãmhcmj ýreíj pðoicmj ras raspjhsëvai pjhsëvai paikpkiastrk kro krojrczkåíj jrczkåíj hk mcdkda. mc,dkda. dkquaiaãýreíj pkrk ulk hk asmjik, asmjik qukhdj ks saeuchtas saeuchtas quastñas davaríj sar kprasahtkdks0 qukhtj pjrmahtj dj jråklahtj ã dastchkdj â krojrczkåíj: qukcs ks dcgcmuidkdas ahmjhtrkdks: qukcs js mrctãrcjs qua j ýreíj utciczk pkrk asmjifar ks ërvjras k saral pikhtkdks hk mcdkda: qukhtj sa pikhtk pjr khj a qukhtj sa dastrýc pjr khj: qukcs ks latks: Kprjvactkr k vcsctk dj tãmhcmj a sjicmctkr chgjrlkåñas sjora k gjrlk mjrratk da pikhtkr ërvjras. •

JQ IQP JQ LJ_TA  LJ_TA  JO@ATCWJ0   Tastkr js agactjs dk gkitk da iuz sjikr hks gjifks. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Ijmkiczkr hks axtralcdkdas dk asmjik ulk pikhtk qqua ua tahf tahfkk gjifks ikreks. ikreks. _amjrtkr padkåjs da pkpaiíj asmurj (= ml x = ml). Kgcxkr kieuhs sjora ks gjifks mjl ul micpa, micpa, mjhgjrla gceurk kokcx kokcxj,. j,. Dacxkr pjr quktrj dcks> raljvar j pkpaiíj mucdkdjsklahta, kpýs j qukrtj dck . Josarvkr j qua jmjrrau mjl k pkrta dk gjifk qua gcmju mjoartk paij pkpaiíj. Dcsmutcr al skik js agactjs dk gkitk da iuz pkrk js vaeatkcs. •

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K] GJIFK] GJIFK] LJ]T_KL K ]A[ÙÀHMCK ]A[ÙÀHMCK DK WCDK  WCDK  JO@ATCWJ0   Cdahtcgcmkr k saqùàhmck da dks gjifks. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 •

Ahmjhtrkr, hks prjxclcdkdas dk as asmjik, mjik, ërvjras jras quaatkpks tahfklda gjifks mkìdks mkìdks al vjitk.    Mjiatkr gjifks mkìdks qua asta`kl al ërv dcgarahtas damjlpjscåíj (ramãlmkìdks, mjl lkhmfks klkraikdks, tjtkilahta klkraikdks, asmuramcdks, mjlpiatklahta samks, samks mjl gkifks a kpahks j ’asquaiatj“).   Iavkr djcs mjh`uhtjs da gjifks pkrk k skik da kuik.   Gkzar k saqùàhmck dk damjlpjscåíj (va`k k gjtj).   Rrapkrkr ulk axpjscåíj. •

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EAJT_JRC]LJ DK _KÌP DJ LCIFJ (Pak lkys). JO@ATCWJ -Josarvkr mjlj ks rkìzas dj lcifj (Pak lkys ) sa mjlpjrtkl al raikåíj â ktrkåíj erkvctkmcjhki dk Tarrk. Assa mjlpjrtklahtj ã mfklkdj da eajtrjpcsrhj a ã datarlchkdj pjr fjrlôhcjs vaeatkcs (kuxchks) mjlj j KCK (ëmcdj chdji-kmãtcmj). LKTA_CKC] • dazassacs piïhtuiks da lcifj mjl tràs dcks da cdkda

 

• duks pikmks da Ratrc mjl mjl tklpk • pkpai da gcitrj • ëeuk • djcs okstñas da vcdrj da mjlprclahtjs chgarcjras kj dcï dcïlatrj latrj dks ppikmks ikmks • ulk iïlchk da okroakr • ul skmj piëstcmj pratj R_JMADCLAHTJ] ]ueastñas pkrk js pr prjgassjras jgassjras

Rkrk jotar piïhtuiks da lcifj, j prjgassjr kdjtkr j saeuchta k) Tràs dckskskhtas dk kuik, astahdar ulk gjifkpjdarë da pkpai da gcitrj sjora kprjmadclahtj0 supargìmca iclpk a uladamcdk da ulk lask. o) Aspkifkr sjora j pkpai duks mkrracrks da eríjs (da lcifj, aspkåkdks da marmk da ;2ml> j aspkåklahtj ahtra js eríjs dava sar da ;.,1 k ? ml, m) Mjorcr mjl jutrk gjifk da pkpai da gcitrj. d) Mjl ulk pcssatk, ljifkr mjl ëeuk dastcikdk a ratcrkr tjdks ks ojifks da kr axcstahtas ahtra ks duks gjifks. a) Djorkr ks axtralcdkdas suparcjr a chgarcjr dj pkpai, ahrjikr a prahdar mjl aiëstcmj. g) Mjijmkr j rjij, al pã, dahtrj da ul grksmj mjl ëeuk ëeuk,, sal suolarecr js eríjs. Kpýs marmk da tràs dcks, ks piïhtuiks davaríj astkr mjl tklkhfj kprjprckdj pkrk k ktcvcdkda. ;) Rrapkra duks pikmks da Ratrc, mkdk ulk daiks mjhtahdj ul guhdj da pkpai da gcitrj aloaocdj al ëeuk a ul okstíj da vcdrj hj mahtrj dk pikmk. ?) Hkpjhtks pikmk dks h° ;rkìzas (mjhtrjia) jctj  da lcifj mjl ks rkìzas chtkmtks. Kpýca ks sjoramjijqua j okstíjjctj da  piïhtuiks vcdrj. =) Hk pikmk h° ? mjijqua jctj jctj piïhtuiks da lcifj mu`k mjcgk gjc raljvcdk. Rkrk prapkrëprapkrëiks, mjrta mjl k iïlchk da okroakr marmk da ; ll dk pjhtk dk rkcz. 4) Tklpa ks pikmks da Ratrc a muork-ks muork-ks mjl j piëstcmj pratj, da ljd ljdjj qua parlkhaåkl parlkhaåkl al asmurcdíj tjtki. 1)  Josarva js rasuitkdjs kpýs ?4 f. 7) Dasmravk hk tkoaik k saeucr j mjlpjrtk mjlpjrtklahtj lahtj dks rkìzas hk hkss duks pikmks (ju (ju asqualktcza ulk piïhtuik da mkdk pikmk, mjl iaeahdks). 5) Mjlj ssaa ax axpicmkl picmkl ks dcgarahåks jmjrrcdks hks duks pikmks: 6) [uki ã k vkhtkeahs vkhtkeahs kdkptktcvk (dj mjlpjrtklahtj mjlpjrtklahtj josarvkdj):

Rikmk h°;

Mjlpjrtklahtj dks rkìzas

(rkìzas ìhtraeks)

Rikmk h°?

(rkìzas sal mjcgk) 3) Mjlj vjmà miksscgcmk j eajtrjpcslj eajtrjpcslj dks rkìzas da lcifj pjsctcvj ju haektcvj: haektcvj: Wjmà aspark qua assa sa`k ul mjlpjrtklahtj eaharkiczkdj da qukiquar rkcz : Rjr quà: ;2) Rjr qua rkzíj, ks pikmks tcvarkl qua sar lkhtcdks hj asmurj: ;;) Rrjmura, ktrkvãs da ulk pasqucsk ocoicjerëgcmk, axpicmkr da qua gjrlk js fjrlôhcjs vaeatkcs datarlchkl assa mjlpjrtklahtj dks rkìzas. _aikmcjha kuxchks a ktrkåïj erkvctkmcjhki.

 

FCD_JT_JRC]LJ DK] _KÌPA] DA KE_CÍJ JO@ATCWJ]0   Josarvkr a chtarpratkr j fcdrjtrjpcslj dks rkìzas da kercíj (Hksturtcul .sp). Ast k fjrtkicåk partahma â gklìick dks Mrumìgarks, ulk   dks lkcs hularjsks dks dcmjtciadôhaks a qua chmiuc luctks aspãmcas clpjrtkhtas hk kiclahtkåíj fulkhk0 mjuva-lkhtacek, mjuva-da-oruxaiks, mjuva-gijr, orýmjijs, ljstkrdk, hkoj, rkokhata a rapjifj, ahtra jutrks, LKTA_CKC] • marmk da trchtk salahtas salahtas da kercíj • pkpai ulk pahacrk da gcitrjda lkifks gchks • sarrkeal gchk • kiejdíj • okrokhta • djcs supjrtas da kiturks dcgarahtas (tc`jijs, skrrkgjs, skrrkgjs, atm.) R_JMADCLAHTJ] ;) Astahdk ulk mklkdk mklkdk da ppkpai kpai da gcitrj sj sjora ora k pahacrk a aspkifa fjljeahaklahta sjora aia marmk da trchtk salahtas da kercíj. ?) Muork ks salahtas mjl ulk ulk mklkd mklkdkk da sarrkeal gchk, ðlcdk. =) Asmjifk ul ijmki híj su`actj k vahtj hal chsjikåíj gjrta a chstkia kì k pahacrk sjora djcs supjrtas da kiturks dcgarahtas, da ljdj qua aik gjrla ul pikhj chmichkdj da marmk da 41°, mjhgjrla ljstrk k gceurk. 4) Mjl j okrokhta, prahdk ul mfulkåj da kiejdíj hk supargìmca vartcmki dj supjrta lkcs kitj. Kpýs prahdà-ij, ahmfkrqua j kiejdíj mjl ëeuk. 1)  Durkhta marmk da uhtk salkhk, vcscta dckrcklahta j ijmki dj axparclahtj, ljifkhdj salpra j kiejdíj. Khjta j mjlpjrtklahtj dks piïhtuiks da kercíj (mkuias a rkìzas) durkhta j parìjdj. DC]MQ]]ÍJ ;) Ë pkrtcr dj axparclahtj axparclahtj al qua gjc josarvkdj j eajtrjpcslj, quki ã k tahdàhmc tahdàhmckk asparkdk pkrk j mrasmclahtj dks rkìzas dj kercíj: Rjr quà: ?) J rasuitkdj dasta axparclahtj axparclahtj mjhgcrlk mjhgcrlk j asparkdj: Rjr quà: quà: =) Mjlj vjmà axpicmk js rasuitkdjs jotcdjs: 4) [ukcs síj síj ks vkhtkeahs kdkptktcvks dj fcdrjtj fcdrjtjpcslj pcslj djs vaeatkcs: 1) Dcsmutk kieulks dks cclpramcsñas lpramcsñas dj lãtjdj alpraekdj hasta axparclahtj. [ukcs síj ks pjssìvacs gjhtas da arrjs hj prjmadclahtj rakiczkdj: 7) raikmcjhkr Rrjmura assks chgjrlkåñas chgjrlkåñas sjora mjljjstcpj rasuitkdjs da sjijdasta kdaqukdk axparclahtj). kkjj muitcvj dj kercíj. Tahta K] R_CLAC_K] RIKHTK] TA__A]T_A]0LQ]EJ] A FARËTCMK] JO@ATCWJ]0 -Warcgcmkr qua lusejs a fapëtcmks síj ks pikhtks lkcs prclctcvks, sahdj ahmjhtrkdjs gýssacs dastas erupjs. LKTA_CKI • lusejs j fapëtcm fapëtcmks ks al xkxchs ju tarrërcjs • padrks a mksmks mksmks da trjhmjs mjl lusejs • iupk da líj • lcmrjsmýpcj iï iïlchks lchks a iklìhuiks • pikmks da Ratrc •• iïlchk pchåk da okroakr

 

R_JMADCLAHTJ] ;) Axklcha a lkhcpuia ks kljstrks da orcýgctks axcstahtas hj ikojrktýrcj. Dasmravk-ks Dasmravk-ks al tarljs da mjijrkåíj, taxturk, tklkhfj, kspamtj earki. _aecstra suks josarvkåñas ktrkvãs da dasahfjs a mjlahtërcjs. Híj sa asquaåk da mjijmkr iaeahdks al tjdjs js dasahfjs a asqualks. ?) Cdahtcgcqua j aspjrýgctj kmijrjgcikdj mrasmahdj sjora k eklatýgctj. =) Rrapkra urhk iïlchk mjl gciýcda  (astruturk dj eklatýgctj salaifkhta k urhk gjifk), ejik da ëeuk a iklìhuik. Josarva-k kj lcmrjsmýpcj a dasmravk ju asqualktcza j qua và. 4) Mjl Fë harvurks ks qua axcstal hks gjifks dks pikhtks suparcjras: 1) k iïlchkmjlj da okroakr, gkåk mjrtas trkhsvarskcs oal ks gchjs hj mkuiìmuij da lusej Rrapkra ulk iïlchk (mjrtas lkcs gchjs, ejtk da ëeuk a iklìhuik) a axklcha-k kj lcmrjsmýpcj. _aecstra suks josarvkåñas. 7) Fë, hjs lusejs, av avcdàhmcks cdàhmcks dk axcstàhmck da vksjs vksjs mjhdutjras da sacv sacvk: k: Axpicqua. 5) Iclpa suk okhmkdk a eukrda j lktarcki utciczkdj paij erupj. Kprjvacta j rastkhta dj talpj pkrk dcsmutcr ks prýxclks quastñas dj rjtacrj. 6) Qlk vaz qua js lusejs híj pjssual sacvk, hj sahtcdj da ul giuxj da icqucdj sahdj trkhspjrtkdj pjr vksjs aspamckiczkdjs, mjlj assas vaeatkcs mjhsaeual rakiczkr j trkhspjrta da ëeuk a skcs lcharkcs dasda js rczýcda, ktã j rastj dj mjrpj: 3) Rrjmura raikmcjhkr suk raspjstk khtarcjr mjl mjl astas djcs gktjs gktjs00 k) Ks orcýgctks híj uitrkpksskl pjumjs mahtìlatrjs dj kiturk. o) ]íj ahmjhtrkdks kpahks al klocahtas ðlcdjs ju prýxclks da mursjs da ëeuk. ;2) Mjhsuita ul icvrj a raecstra da qua ljdj k raprjduåíj raprjduåíj dks orcýgctks tkloãl dapahda dk ëeuk. ;;) Dasmravk j mcmij da vcdk dj ul lusej. Davcdj k kusàhmck da vksjs mjhdutjras, ks orcýgctks síj mfklkdks paijs ojtïhcmjs da pikhtks kvksmuikras. Js dalkcs erupjs da vaeatkcs síj pikhtks vksmuikras ju trkquajgctks. ;?) Ë pkrtcr dks chgjrlkåñas qua sau erupj jotava hastk hastk ktcvcdkda, `ustcgcqua k kgcrlkåíj kgcrlkåíj da qua ks orcýgitks síj j erupj da vaeatkcs lkcs prclctcvj.  K] HJ]]K] RIKHTK] [QA MQ_KL JO@ATCWJ0   Cdahtcgcmkr k clpjrtïhmck dks arvks ladcmchkcs. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Mjhvcdkr ulk passjk qua mjhfaåk ks arvks ladcmchkcs dk raecíj pkrk gkzar ulk •

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pkiastrk al qua hjssk   ]jicmctkr aikasmjik. trkek kljstrk dks arvks ladcmchkcs.   Rrapkrkr ul vcvacrj da arvks ladcmchkcs, vcskhd vcskhdjj k dcstrcoucåíj da ludks (sjicm (sjicmctkr ctkr j kuxìicj da tãmhcmjs dk ]amratkrck da Kercmuiturk dj Astkdj ju dj Luhcmìpcj).   ]koar, dj ýreíj ýreíj klocahtki dk raecíj, sa kieulk dkquaiks arvks arvks ladcmchkcs mjrra j rcsmj da axtchåíj (mksj kgcrlktcvj, skoar j qua astë sahdj gactj pkrk avctkr cssj). •

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A]T_QTQ_K DK] GJIFK] A _AIKÅÑA] AMJIÝECMK]

JO@ATCWJ]0

  Warcgcmkr k astruturk astruturk dks gjifks a raikmcjhë-iks mjl mjl j klocahta a k vaeatkåíj dk quki gkzal pkrta. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Lktarcki hamassërcj0 Gjifk da pkpai Rrkhmfatk Iëpcs

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_ãeuk Raquahk iupk lkhuki   Tcpjs da ktcvcdkdas0 Dclahsíj gjickr a klocahta0 ladcr j mjlprclahtj a k ikreurk. Mjlpkrkr ks dclahsñas (mjlprclahtj a ikreurk) ahtra ërvjras axpjstks â sjlork hulk laslk aspãmca a al aspãmcas dcstchtks. Mjl iëpcs a pkpai, gkzar ul mjhtjrhj dk supargìmca dk gjifk. Tahtkr ahqukdrkr ks gjifks al asmkik da paquahks, lãdcks a erkhdas, mjhgjrla mrctãrcjs asmjifcdjs paij erupj. •

Mjhscstàhmck a klocahta0 pkipadakërvjras gjifk hks a schtk mjlj kprasahtkl mjhscstàhmck dcstchtks.gjifkr Tahta ahqukdrkr ks gjifks prchmcpkcs mikssas. Gjifks lkcs durks ju rìecdks (ax.0 gkisk-sarcheuacrk), mfklkljs da gjifks mjrcëmaks> gjifks da mjhscstàhmck orkhdk (ax.0 kljracrk) síj mfklkdks da gjifks lalorkhëmaks> gjifks da mjhscstàhmck chtarladcërck (ax.0 mkgaacrj) ks qukcs síj hal tíj orkhdks hal tíj durks mfklkdks da gjifks mkrtëmaks. Gjifks da mjhscstàhmck erjssk a sumuiahtk (ax.0 gjifk dk gjrtuhk) mfklkdks da mkrhjsks.   Rcijscdkda gjifkr a klocahta0 josarvkr josarvkr vcsukilahta vcsukilahta (mjl j usj da ulk iupchfk) a sahtcr ktrkvãs dj tktj js dcgarahtas tcpjs da ruejscdkda dk supargìmca gjifkr. Rikhtks mjl dahsk pcijscdkda, paij lahjs hk supargìmca chgarcjr, síj lkcs mjluhs al klocahtas axpjstjs kj sji.  K pcijscdkda dclchuc k pardk da ëeuk paik avkpjrkåíj a trkhspcrkåíj. Tahtkr ahqukdrkr tcpjs da gjifk al gjifks pcijsks, pkrmckilahta pcijsks a icsks.   Rjhtk ejtacrk a klocahta0 josarvkr mmjlj jlj kieulks pikhtks mjl gjifks da tklkhfj lãdcj kprasahtkl ëpcma gjickr mjl pjhtks koruptklahta astractkdks al gjrlk da mkhkiatk. Gkzar j dasahfj sjora pkpai, dj ëpcma da dcgarahtas gjifks da aspãmcas kroýraks dk lktk. •

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K MÃIQIK WAEATKI J astudj dk mãiuik vaeatki tal erkhda clpjrtïhmck davcdj sar aik k mjhstctuchta assahmcki djs jrekhcsljs prjdutjras, qua síj k oksa dk mkdack kiclahtkr. Al vcstk dcssj prjpñasa ulk kuik prëtcmk hk quki j kiuhj pjssk vcsukiczkr a sa chtaerkr kj guhmcjhklhatj dk mãiuik. K rakiczkåíj dastk kuik ã dcvcdcdk al duks gksas0 ;ª Gksa   Mjhgamåíj da ulk mãiuik vaeatki0 qua pjda sar gactk mjl js lkcs dcvarsjs lktarckcs (mkcxks da pkpaiíj, mkcxks da csjpjr, pkpãcs mjijrcdjs, `jrhki, piëstcmj, lkssk da ljdaikr, ats.) •

?ª _akiczkåíj Gksa da ulk paåk taktrki sjora ’K mãiuik vaeatki a sau guhmcjhklahtj“. guhmcjhklahtj“ . Astk paåk mjhscstcrë hk pkrtcmcpkåíj da tjdjs js kiuhjs, sahdj qua astas raprasahtkríj ks lkcs dcvarsks astruturks maiuikras (lctjmôhdrcks, mijrjpikstjs, rcojssjljs, atm.) a k skik da kuik raprasahtkrë k mãiuik vaeatki mjlj ul tjdj. K ljhtkeal a mjhgamåíj dk mkrkmtarczkåíj dks astruturks pjdarë sar gactk al mjh`uhtj mjl k prjgassjrk da Adumkåíj Krtìstcmk. Js tcpjs da lktarckcs utciczkdjs pjdaríj sar js lkcs dcvarsjs, j qua mkoarë k mrcktcvcdkda da mkdk ul, oal mjlj dcspjhcocicdkda amjhôlcmk. Astk ktcvcdkda tkloãl pjda sar rakiczkdk gkzahdj ulk mjlpkrkåíj dks astruturks da ulk mãiuik da ul khclki mjl k mãiuik vaeatki, ksscl mjlj da ulk mãiuik aumkrcjtk mjl ulk prjmkrcjtk. •

WKC WAEATKÅÍJ, WAL A_J]ÍJ JO@ATCWJ0   Mjlprjvkr qua k vaeatkåíj prjtaea j sjij. •

 

R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Hk ërak dk asmjik, asmjifar uul l ijmki jhda tahfk tahfk ul okrrkhmj. Iav Iavkr kr djcs okidas mjl ëeuk al ceukcs qukhtcdkdas. Daspa`kr k ëeuk da ul djs okidas da mclk dj okrrkhmj jhda híj fk`k vaeatkåíj prjtaeahdj j sjij. Josarvkr j qua jmjrra. _apatcr k tkragk mjl jutrk ppkrta krta dj okrrkhmj okrrkhmj qua tah tahfk fk mjoarturk vvaeatki. aeatki. Josarvkr a mjlpkrkr js djcs rasuitkdjs. •

JJO@ATCWJ0 DA]LKTKLAHTJ  DA]LKTKLAHTJ    Cdahtcgcmkr k clpjrtïhmck dks ërvjras a suks utcicdkdas. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Ljhtkr ulk ’gijrastk“ al skik ddaa kuik, jhda mkdk mkdk kiuhj raprasahtk ulk ërvjra.   Tahta gkzar js ljv ljvclahtjs clahtjs hkturkcs, hkturkcs, jrk kj ’skojr“ dj vahtj, jrk kj ’skojr“ dk mfuvk> ktã laslj raprasahtkr k kåíj da ul chmàhdcj mrclchjsj, ju fjlahs mjl ljtj-sarrks hks darruokdks dks ërvjras.   Mjhmiukl dczahdj dczahdj quki quki j sahtclahtj qua pra pradjlchju djlchju al al mkdk ul a al tjdjs.   Kj gchki dks kuiks, mjhtchua pahskhdj sjora j sjgrclahtj dkquaias qua vardkdacrklahta klkl k hkturazk a mjlahta mjl jutrks passjks j sau trkokifj dasahvjivcdj hassa dck. •

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CHTA_R_ATKHDJ K OKMCK FCD_JE_ËGCMK  FCD_JE_ËGCMK  JO@ATCWJ]0   _amjhfamar kieuhs kieuhs aialahtjs vaeatkcs l lkcs kcs clpjrtkhtas dk raecíj dk Okmck dj _cj djs ]chjs a chtarpratkr suk raikåíj mjl k pkcskeal0 (pikhtks x pkcskeal), raikmcjhkhdj js lasljs mjl ks raecñas gcscjhôlcmks da jrceal a tkloãl mjl kieuhs gktjras klocahtkcs. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Trkokifkr mjhfamclahtjs mjhfamclahtjs oëscmjs sjora ks prchmcpkcs astruturks qua mjhstctual k okmck mjlj vaeatkåíj, eajijeck, miclk, gkuhk a prjoialks klocahtkcs.   Rrapkrkr j ramjhfamclahtj al mklpj mklpj da aspãmcas vaeatkcs a dj sjij qu quaa mkrkmtarczkl ks raecñas gcscjhôlcmks dj Astkdj, ks qukcs mjhtrcoual pkrk Okmck dj _cj djs ]chjs, ktrkvãs da dcspjsctcvjs, taxtjs mjl ciustrkåíj, lkquatas, atm.> trkokifkhdj hk prëtcmk tkloãl mjl mkrkmtarìstcmks ahmjhtrkdks. •

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KDCWCHFK, R_JMQ_K A KMFK JO@ATCWJ  Chtrjduzcr k miksscgcmkåíj dks pikhtks>  ]apkrkr ks gjifks al erupjs mjhscdarkhdj mrctãrcjs sclpias mjlj tklkhfj, mjr a gjrlk>  ]apkrkr grutjs a vaeatkcs al erupjs tkloãl mjhscdarkhdj tklkhfj, mjr a gjrlk. LKTA_CKI pikhtks, erklks, kroustjs, qua daval astkr dcspjhìvacs prýxclj k rakiczkåíj dj  `jej a k ulk kiturk dks mrckhåks> skmjs. R_JMADCLAHTJ]  Mjiata ulk vkrcadkda da gjifks a grutjs dks pikhtks prýxclj kj ijmki dj `jej a mjijquaks dahtrj da ul skmj da gjrlk qua js kiuhjs híj ks va`kl.  Dcvcdk k turlk al quktrj erupjs ceukcs (tahfk ul jo`atj dcgarahta pkrk mkdk lalorj). •

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Kichfa K a O al ikdjs jpjstjs a dà hðlarj kjs kiuhjs ( hassa ljlahtj js erupj Mjsa erupjs D josarvkl).

 

 Raeua ul jo`atj da dahtrj dj skmj a dcek0 ’Au quarj qua vjmà kmfa ul jo`atj ceuki k assa, hðlarj .... Asmjifk ul hðlarj kjs mksj, mucdkhdj pkrk qua j laslj hðlarj híj sa rapctk. J kiuhj asmjifcdj davarë skcr k prjmurk da ulk gijr, grutj, gjifk ceuki k qua vjmà ljstrju. J prclacrj qua ratjrhk mjl j jo`atj ceuki, ekhfk ul pjhtj pkrk j sau erupj.   ]a k turlk gjr luctj erkhda a sa fjuvar lkcs da djcs erupjs, vjmà pjda prjssaeucr gkzahdj ul axarmìmcj da gcxkåíj da vjmkouiërcj. Ax.0 trkek ulk gjifk erkhda da mjr klkraik, ul grutj mjl pàijs, ulk gijr mjl astklas luctj ijhejs, gjifks mjl harvurks

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pkrkiaiks, ojrdks icsks, atm.. DC]MQ]]ÍJ Kpýs j `jej vjmà pjda kerupkr js kiuhjs al vjitk djs jo`atjs a quastchë-ijs sjora0 qual mjlj tkcs grutjs> qukcs ks dcgarahåks ahtra aias a ks salaifkhåks> pjda sar chmiuìdk ulk padrk ju ul pjumj da tarrk pkrk daoktar hj qua k padrk ã dcgarahta dks mjcsks vcvks a dj qua j sjij ã gactj, sa tjdjs síj ceukcs, hj pëtcj dk asmjik qua tcpjs da sjijs axcstal. J [QA GKPA_ MJL J ICVJ  ICVJ  JO@ATCWJ]0   Astkoaiamar dcgarahåk ahtra sapkrk a ramcmikr icxj.   Cdahtcgcmkr k mjlpjscåíj dj icxj. LKTA_CKC]0   Wkscifklas pkrk sapkrkåíj dj icxj.   Icxj asmjikr. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Cdahtcgcmkr js ijmkcs jhda j icxj ã dapjsctkdj hk as asmjik. mjik.   Asmjifar kieuhs djs ijmkcs pkrk rakiczkr k ktcvcdkda.   Josarvkr qua tcpj da icxj síj ahmjhtrkdjs.   Khjtkr j qua astë sahdj ahmjhtrkdj.   Rrjmurkr hj dcmcjhërcj j scehcgcmkdj da sapkrkr  a  a ramcmikr.    Khkicskr mjlj mjlj j icx icxjj ahmjhtrkdj ahmjhtrkdj pjda sar sapkrkdj pkrk mjiatk. mjiatk.   Rrapkrkr vkscifklas vkscifklas ” skmjs, ik iktks, tks, jutrjs ” pkrk ramaoar j icxj, cdahtcgcmkhdj-js ppjr jr mjr, hðlarj, iatrk, hjla ju jutrj aialahtj qukiquar.   Rrapkrk js rastjs jreïhcmjs, jreïhcmjs, paij scstalk da da mjlp mjlpjstkeal, jstkeal, pkrksar pkrksar kpicmkdj hk fjrtk asmjikr.   _akprjvactkr j icxj iclpj, hk prjduåíj prjduåíj da lktarckcs, hks kuiks da adumkåíj adumkåíj krtìstcmk. krtìstcmk.   Rikha`kr axamutkr ul prj`atj raiktcvj kj icxj0 kmjhdcmcjhklahtj, mjiatk, rakprjvactklahtj. •

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R_JDQÅÍJ A DA]TCHJ DJ ICVJ DJLÃ]TCMJ  DJLÃ]TCMJ  JO@ATCWJ]0   Astclkr k qukhtcdkda da icxj icxj djlãstcmj prjduzcdk pjr ulk rascdàhmck, utciczkhdj mjlj mjlj kljstrk ks gklìicks djs kiuhjs dk mikssa.   Astclkr k mjlpjscåíj lãdck dassa icxj, suodcvcdchdj-j al mktaejrcks.   Rasqucskr qukcs mktaejrcks da icxj djlãstcm djlãstcmjj síj lkcs pra`udcmckcs kj klocahta a da qua gjrlks pjdarckl sar ramcmikdks.   Dcsmutcr gjrlks da dclchucr k qukhtcdkda qukhtcdkda da icxj prjduz prjduzcdk cdk dckrcklahta hk mcdkda, kpicmëvacs â jrekhczkåíj dk vcdk gklcickr djs prýprcjs kiuhjs. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0 •

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  Js kiuhjs trkokifkríj al erupjs a rakiczkríj mjiatks mjiatks da dkdjs durkhta ulk ulk salkhk, salkhk, mkdk dck hk mksk da ul djs mjlpjhahtas.   Rkrk mkdk kiuhj kiuhj dj erupj, erupj, prapkrkr sacs sacs skmjs da icxj, atcq atcquatkhdj-js uatkhdj-js mjl ks sacs mktaejrcks saeuchtas0 k) rastjs jreïhcmjs* o) pkpai m) vcdrj d) latkcs •

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a) g) piëstcmjs jutrjs** Ks atcquatks daval gcmkr oal avcdahtas, gkmcictkhdj suk vcsukiczkåíj.   Hj gcl dk dk tkrda khtarcjr kj dck lkrmkdj pkrk mjiatkr dkdjs al suk mksk, mksk, j kiuhj dava suostctucr j mastj da icxj hjrlkilahta uskdj paijs sacs skmjs-kljstrkdjras prapkrkdjs hj ctal khtarcjr.   Kj gchki dj dck, kpýs marmk marmk da ?4f dk chstkikåíj djs skmjs-k skmjs-kljstrkdjras, ljstrkdjras, j kiuhj kiuhj davarë gamfë-ijs a pasë-ijs, trkhsgarchdj saus dkdjs (al erklks) pkrk k tkoaik C. •

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Tkoaik C 0 Rrjduåíj dcërck da icxj djlãstcmj, pjr mktaejrcks _astjs jreïhcmjs

Latkcs

Jutrjs

Rasj tjtki

Mksk ; Mksk ? Mksk = Mksk 4 Mksk 1 Lãdck*** Al %****

*_astjs da mjlcdk, mksmks da grutks atm. at m. ** Lkdacrk, prjdutjs quìlcmjs, marïlcmk, ahtuifj atm. *** Lãdck < M; + ... + M1  1

**** Mkimuikr k pkrtcr dk lãdck.   Khjta js tcpjs da icxj lkcs graqùahtas qua gjrkl chmiuìdjs hk mktae mktaejrck jrck jutrjs. •

  Khjta hðlarj da passjks passjks ljrkl mkdk ulk dks dks mksks mksks kljstrkdks a mkimuia js jdkdjs hamassërcjs pkrk qua k tkoaik CC. al mkdk Tkoaik CC0 Rrjduåíj dcërck da icxj i cxj djlãstcmj par mkpctk [ukhtcdkda da icxj dcërck (e)

Hðlarj da ljrkdjras dk [ukhtcdkda da icxj par mkpctk * mksk (e)

Mksk ; Mksk ? Mksk = Mksk 4 Mksk 1

Lãdck............................. e/passjk/dck   Rasqucskr0 Rkrkiaiklahta Rkrkiaiklahta â mmjiatk jiatk djs dkdjs, sau sau erupj dava jotar jotar ks chgjrlkåñas saeuchtas. Aiks saríj utciczkdks hk dcsmussíj djs rasuitkdjs0 k) [uki ã k pjpuikåíj pjpuikåíj ktuki dk mcdkda: •

o) [uki ãsjora j dastchj ktuki dj icxjdaprjduzcdj pjssìvai, pjssìvai, jotahfk dkdjs dj pramcsjs ks pjrmahtkeahs icxj qua hk sa mcdkda: dastchkl]a k icxñas k mãu koartj, ktarrjs skhctërcjs, chmcharkdjras a uschks da ramcmikeal.

 

_AMCMIKEAL DA RKRAI A K] Ë_WJ_A] Ë_WJ_A]   JO@ATCWJ]0   Dasmjorcr gjrlks da rakprjvactkr j pkpai (icxj iclpj)   Mjhtrcoucr pkrk k dclchucåíj da darruokdks da ërv ërvjras jras pkrk k prjduåíj da pkpai. LKTA_CKC]0   ? gjifks da `jrhkcs, ravcstks ju jutrj pkpai qukiquar>   ; okida>   ; ksskdacrk ju pahacrk> •

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icqucdcgcmkdjr>    4; mjifaras da mfë da Lkczahk®>   ëeuk. R_JMADCLAHTJ]0   Rcmkr j pkpai>   Mjijmkr ks gjifks da pkpai pcmkdj, mjl lacj ictrj da ëeuk, hul okida a dacxkr rapjuskr pjr ; dck.   Kdcmcjhkr 4 mjifaras mjifaras ddaa mfë da Lkczahk® a oktar hj hj icqucdcgcmkdjr. icqucdcgcmkdjr.   Trkhsgarcr k lcsturk pkrk ulk ksskdacrk ju pahacrk(qua pjda sar gactk uskhdj ulk lack mkiåk al ulk krlkåíj da krkla) a axpjr kj sji ktã samkr.   Khkicskr qukhtj ã clpjrtkhta rakprjvactkr j pkpai a qukhtj cssj cssj mjhtrcouc pkrk pjupkr pjupkr k darruokdk dashamassërck da ërvjras. •

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CH]ATCMCDK] MK]AC_J] JO@ATCWJ0   Cdahtcgcmkr khclkcs mkuskdjras mkuskdjras da ddjahåks jahåks hj fjlal a js lacjs da avctë-ijs avctë-ijs ju mjloktà-ijs, sal j usj, ju, paij lahjs avctkhdj kj lëxclj j usj da chsatcmcdks ju kerjtýxcmjs. Lurcåjmks (parhcijhejs) a ljsquctjs0 Aiclchkr pjåks da ëeuk astkehkdk, ju `jekr haiks ýiaj quaclkdj> josarvkr ks mjhdcåñas dk gjssk> g jssk> uskr taiks hks `khaiks, ggamfkhdj-ks amfkhdj-ks khtas da asmuramar> utciczkr ’ljsquatacrjs“> pkrk rapaicr assas chsatjs (jhda fjuvar mjhdcåñas), pikhtkr lkljhk prýxclj âs koarturks dk mksk, ju mjijmkr rkljs dassk pikhtk dahtrj da mksk (assk ðitclk sueastíj ã chdcmkdk pkrk qual ljrk al kpkrtklahtj). Rcjifj0  Ikvkr  Ikvkr k mkoaåk mjl mfë da krrudk pjr = dcks> sa pragarcr, lcsturkr vchkera a ski a kpicmkr hk mkoaåk, klkrrkhdj-k, al saeucdk mjl pkhj ðlcdj a ljrhj pjr 4 fjrks> kpýs ikvkr, pksskr j pahta gchj hj mkoaij. _ktj0 Híj dacxkr kmuluikr icxj, klocahta gkvjrëvai pkrk prjicgarkåíj dassas khclkcs> pkrk lktë-ij, lcsturkr 4 pkrtas da guoë al ulk pkrta da mclahtj orkhmj> ju ljar ulk iïlpkdk a pahacrkr j pý al ulk lack gchk lcsturkhdj mjl guoë, quac`j rkikdj ju jutrk csmk, mjijmkhdj al iktks pkrmckilahta koartks, al ijmkcs asmjhdcdjs, gjrk dj kimkhma da mrckhåks a khclkcs djlãstcmjs> suostctucr k lcsturk k mkdk ;2 dcks. Mupchs0   Rchmaikr ks ëraks ktchecdks mjl quarjsaha purj a axpjr k lkdacrk kj sji, qukhdj pjssìvai. _apatcr k jparkåíj pkrk laifjr agcmcàhmck. Gjrlceks0  Mjijmkr  Mjijmkr ahxjgra al skquchfjs da pkhj hks ekvatks a prktaiacrks> lcsturkr ul ictrj da ëeuk garvahdj sjora ?12 erklks da kimktríj al ramcpcahta da okrrj a, kpýs asgrckr, dacxkr hjs krlërcjs mjlj rapaiahta. Ljsmks0  Dkr   Dkr ul dastchj gchki kdaqukdj kj icxj, ahtarrkhdj-j, sa híj fjuvar mjiatk pjr partj> mjijmkr pclahtk-dj-rachj al pý mjl iacta al pcras> pkrk rapaicr assas chsatjs (hkquaias iuekras jhda ks mjhdcåñas parlctcral), pikhtkr lkljhk a arvks krjlëtcmks •

(kifj, jutrks eàharj) prýxclj dk mkskjujuhíj mjijmkr rkljskrrudk, dassksfjrtaií, pikhtksmaojik dahtrja da mkskdj(pkrk qual ljrkks alkoarturks kpkrtklahtjs tal mjhdcåñas da pikhtë-iks).

 

Okrktks0   Wadkr tjdjs js ourkmjs a grastks pjr lahjras qua sa`kl> tklpkr js rkijs â

hjcta> uskr gjifk-da-ijurj dahtrj dks ekvatks a krlërcjs> pkrk axtarlchë-iks, lcsturkr ;1 erklks da ëmcdj oýrcmj mjl ulk maojik paquahk a rkikdk, a lacj mjpj da marva`k> mjijmkr al tklpchfks da ekrrkgk a aspkifkr paik mksk pjr 5 dcks saeucdjs. K mkdk 7 lasas, rapatcr j trktklahtj.

MKDACK DK MJHTKLCHKÅÍJ JO@ATCWJ

 Ljstrkr axalpijs da saivkeal. mjlj js kerjtýxcmjs ahtrkl hk mkdack kiclahtkr a suks pjssìvacs mjhsaqùàhmcks hk vcdk  _amjhfamar mjlj k mjhtklchkåíj mcrmuik dahtrj dk mkdack kiclahtkr. LKTA_CKC] vkratks orkhmks (?/=) a vkratks mjijrcdks (;/=), pjdal sar padkåjs da mkrtjichk, mkhudchfjs ju qukiquar jutrj lktarcki qua ks mrckhåks pjsskl paekr gkmcilahta. K qukhtcdkda cdaki ã da =2 ìtahs pjr astudkhta. Ax.0 hulk turlk da =2 kiuhjs davaríj Tar ?2 vkratks orkhmks a ;2 vkratks mjijrcdks. ul skmj da pkpai pjr ekgkhfjtj R_JMADCLAHTJ]  Js astudkhtas trkhsgjrlkl-sa al ekvcñas, skpjs a ekgkhfjtjs.  Dcek kjs astudkhtas qua sa trktk da ul `jej sjora mkdack kiclahtkr a martcgcqua-sa da qua aias ahtahdarkl j tarlj.

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j erupj dastas da ljdj qua;/= j hðlarj da ekvcñas sa`k ;/4Rkrk dj hðlarj da skpjs a Dcvcdk qua j hðlarj sa`k dj hðlarj da ekgkhfjtjs. ul erupj da ;? kiuhjs dava-sa tar ; ekvcíj, = skpjs, a 6 ekgkhfjtjs.  ]a gjr hamassërcj, mjijqua atcquatks cdahtcgcmkhdj js kiuhjs.  Dà k mkdk ekgkhfjtj ul skmj da pkpai, qua sarë sau ’astôlkej“.  Raåk pkrk js astukdhatas gamfkral js jifjs a aspkifa j kiclahtj paij mfâj.

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Dà ks chstruåñas pkrk js astudkhtas0 ;. Js ekgkhfjtjs víj prjmurkr j kiclahtj prclacrj. Js skpjs a js ekvcñas daval kpahks josarvkr j ljvclahtj, `ë qua síj pradkdjras. ?. Js ekgkhfjtjs tàl kpahks =2 saeuhdjs pkrk sa kiclahtkr. =. Kpýs asta talpj js skpjs síj icoarkdjs pkrk mkåkr js ekgkhfjtjs. Aias tàl ;1 saeuhdjs. J ekgkhfjtj ljrra qukhdj ã tjmkdj paij skpj. Mkdk ekgkhfjtj ’ljrtj“ dava ahtraekr sau ’astôlkej“ kj skpj a skcr dj mklpj da mkåk. 4. Ahtíj, mkdk ekvcíj tàl ;1 saeuhdjs pkrk mkåkr js skpjs. 1. Durkhta tjdj j talpj js ekgkhfjtjs híj mkåkdjs mjhtchukl prjmurkhdj kiclahtj a js skpjs híj mkåkdjs mjhtchukl prjmurkhdj ekgkhfjtjs. Js skpjs mkåkdjs daval ahtraekr saus astôlkejs pkrk js ekvcñas a skcr dj mklpj da mkåk. 7. Kj gchki, paåk kjs astudkhtas pkrk `uhtkral-sa trkzahdj js skmjs mjl kiclahtj. 5. Rareuhta qukcs khclkcs gjrkl mjlcdjs. Raåk kjs ekvcñas pkrk asvkzckral saus astôlkejs a mjhtkr j hðlarj da vkratks. Daval mjhtkr j hðlarj da vkratks orkhmks a da mjijrcdks. _aecstra. DC]MQ]]ÍJ Gkia kjs kiuhjs pjrqua j ekvcíj tal lkcs mjlcdk dj qua js jutrjs. Chgjrla kjs astudkhtas qua fë pastcmcdks hj klocahta (raprasahtkdj paiks vkratks mjijrcdks) aspkifkdj pkrk avctkr qua ks prkeks ktkmkssal j eríj. Assa kerjtýxcmjs ã pra`udcmcki, hk mkdackmjijrcdjs kiclahtkrraprasahtkl a parlkhamahdj hj klocahta pjr ijhejs parìjdjs kmuluikhdj-sa da talpj. Js padkåjs kiclahtj mjhtklchkdj.

 

Tjdjs js ekgkhfjtjs qua híj gjrkl mjlcdjs kmkokrckl ljrrahdj pjcs kpahks ulk paquahk qukhtcdkda da kerjtýxcmjs ã sugcmcahta pkrk aiclchë-ijs. Js skpjs qua sjoravcvarckl kjs ekvcñas astkríj ljrtjs sa tcvaral k latkda ju lkcs vkratks mjijrcdks al saus astôlkejs. Js ekvcñas híj ljrraríj kejrk lks taríj pastcmcdk kmuluikdk hk mksmk da saus jvjs, qua ojtkríj hk prýxclk astkåíj, ahgrkquamahdj-js. @JEJ DK ]JO_AWCWÀHMCK JO@ATCWJ]   Kulahtkr k mjhsmcahtczkåíj mjhsmcahtczkåíj djs kiuhjs k raspactj dj klocahta djs khclkcs a suks suks hamasscdkdas R_JMADCLAHTJ] Asta ã ul `jej da ’rjuhds“ (`jekr, pkrkr a `jekr). Lkrqua duks ichfks pkrkiaiks lkcs ju lahjs ;1 pkssjs ulk dk jutrk. Hulara js astudkhtas da ul k quktrj. Dcek kjs hðlarjs ul qua aias síj khclkcs saivkeahs qua daval gcmkr ktrës da ulk dks ichfks. Dcek kjs hðlarjs djcs, tràs a quktrj qua aias síj j lacj klocahta a qua daval gcmkr trës dk jutrk ichfk. Dcek kjs khclkcs qua aias sý sjoravcvaríj sa mjhsaeucral ahmjhtrkr kiclahtj, ëeuk ju korcej. Mkdk khclki saivkeal tal qua damcdcr quki dasta ctahs crë prjmurkr k mkdk `jekdk. ]a j khclki saivkeal asmjifar mjlcdk dava mjijmkr ks duks líjs sjora j astôlkej> sa gjr k ëeuk dava mjijmkr ks duks líjs sjora k ojmk> sa gjr korcej, dava mjijmkr ks duks líjs sjora k mkoaåk. Dcek kj lacj klocahta qua mkdk ul pjda asmjifar icvralahta j ctal qua dasa`kr, dasda qua tjdjs asta`kl raprasahtkdjs. Dcek kjs astudkhtas qua vcral da mjstks, uhs pkrk js jutrjs, josarvkhdj ks ichfks. Raåk qua asmjifkl j qua víj raprasahtkr. Warcgcqua Warcg cqua sa ks raprasahtkåñas astíj mjrratks. Qlk vaz gactk k jpåíj híj pjda sar trjmkdk. [ukhdj j prjgassjr dcssar ’`ë“, js astudkhtas vcrkl-sa uhs pkrk js jutrjs. Mkdk ’khclki saivkeal“ dava mjrrar pkrk ul astudkhta, dj jutrj ikdj, qua da raprasahta j laslj schki. ]a ’djcs“ khclkcs gjral k ul laslj astudkhta, gcmk kpahks j qua mfaeju prclacrj> j jutrj dava prjmurkr ul hjvj ’lacj klocahta“. Tjdjs js khclkcs qua ahmjhtrkrkl saus sìlojijs hj lacj klocahta, iavkl-hjs pkrk sa tjrhkral hjvjs ’khclkcs saivkeahs“ (aias sjoravcvarkl a raprjduzcrkl-sa). Js qua híj ahmjhtrkrkl j sìlojij qua prjmurkvkl ’ljrrarkl“ a sa tjrhkrkl pkrta dj lacj klocahta (gcmkl hj ikdj dj lacj klocahta pkrk k prýxclk `jekdk). •

dk prclacrkda `jekdk vjmàëeuk parmaoarë quadclchucu. j hðlarj da khclkcs saivkeahs kulahtju aKjk gchki dcspjhcocicdkda kiclahtj, a korcej MJHFAMAHDJ K WAEATKÅÍJ Q_OKHK Ktrkvãs da gcmfk da cdahtcgcmkåíj, ramjhfamar ks prchmcpkcs aspãmcas da ërvjras pikhtkdks al ruks prýxclks k suk mksk a asmjik. Ljhtkr ul paquahj euck dks aspãmcas ahmjhtrkdks. Astudkr ërvjras hktcvks a axýtcmks. _uk0........................................................................................... Hðlarj0............................................ Okcrrj0.................................................................................................................................................. Dktk0 ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ Hðlarj dk ërvjra0............................................................................................................................... Hjla Rjpuikr...................................................................................................................................... Hjla Mcahtìgcmj0................................................................................................................................... Gklìick0................................................................................................................................................ A]TKDJ GCTJ]]KHCTË_CJ Hamrjsa0(ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ) Kgijrklahtj0(ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ)

 

LKHA@J A MJH]A_WKÅÍJ Rjdks0 (ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ) _aljåíj0 (ZZ) DKDJ] DK CHG_KA]T_QTQ_K _adas0 KT (ZZZ/ZZZ) OT (ZZZ/ZZZ) Trkhsgjrlkdjr0 (ZZ) ]chkiacrk0 (ZZ) _klkcs da ]arvcåj0 (ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ) Rjsta0 (ZZ) _ada taiagôhcmk0 (ZZZ/ZZZ/ZZZ) Iulchërck0(ZZZ/ZZZ) Rkrkdk da ôhcous0(ZZ) ]chkcs da trïhsctj0(ZZ) Klpickåíj dk ërak icvra0(ZZ)

6-AIKOJ_KÅÍJ DA IAEC]IKÅÍJ RK_K K K_OJ_CPKÅÍJ Q_OKHK Rkrk qua sa tahfk àxctj hk axamuåíj da ul prj`atj ddaa krojrczkåíj da da ijerkdjurjs, tjrhk-sa clprasmchdìvai clprasmchdìvai k aikojrkåí aikojrkåíjj da iacs, durkhta k atkpk atkpk da pikha`klahtj. pikha`klahtj. Tkivaz pjr dasmjhfamclahtj ju ktã laslj pjr híj mjhscdarkral suk raiavï raiavïhmck, hmck, k lkcjrck djs luhcmìpcjs híj pjssual pjssual iacs aspamìgcmks pkrk k prasarvkåíj dj varda urokh urokhj. j. Luctjs luhcmìpcjs daiaekl ks kåñas da lkha`j dk krojrczkåíj kjs luhìm luhìmcpas, cpas, sahdj qua astas rakiczkl js trkokifjs sal mrctãrcjs. mrctãrcjs. J aloksklahtj iaeki qua dë prjtaåíj â vae vaeatkåíj atkåíj tjrhk-sa gktjr guhdklahtki pkrk qqua ua j chstrulahtj kdlchcstrktcvj kdlchcstrktcvj sa`k ul mklchfj da mjhsmcahtczkåíj djs mcdkdíjs pkrk k prasarvkåíj dk gijrk a gkuhk urokhks. J mulprclaht mulprclahtjj dk iaecsikåíj clpicmk hj astkoaiamclahtj da kåñas kdlchcstrktcvks qua jo`atcval jrekhczkr jrekhczkr a gkmcictkr j trkokifj da gcsmkiczkåíj, prasarvkåíj, mjhsarvkåíj a lkha`j, oal mjlj da keciczkr j ktahdclahtj dks sjicmctkåñas sjicmctkåñas gactks paik pj pjpuikåíj puikåíj a mjcocr ktjs qua pjsskl chtargarcr hk krojrczkåíj. K gcsmkiczkåíj dj mulprclahtj dk iiac ac tal qua sar chtahsk. Da hkdk vkia mrckrljs iacs sa ks laslks l aslks híj gjral raspactkdks. Kj aikojrkrljs Iaecsikåíj pkrk k krojrczkåíj krojrczkåíj urokhk, davaljs mjhscdarkr mjhscdarkr tjdk k vaeatkåíj kroýrak axcstahta axcstahta ju qua pjssk vcr k axcstcr hjs ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs mj mjlj lj ul oal da chtarassa da tjdk k mjluhcdkda. mjluhcdkda. J cdaki sarck qua js luhcmìpcjs tjlokssal tjlokssal tjdks ks ërvjras axcstahtas, chdapahdahta dj ijmki jhda ahmjhtrkl-sa. Dasta ljdj, kpahks k Rragacturk Luhcmcpki pjda chtarvcr hks laslks. Rkrk mkdk chgrkåíj chgrkåíj mjlatcdk paijs luhìmcpas daval daval sar astkoaiamcdks pahkicdkdas mjlpktìvacs mjl mjl js pra`uìzjs qua gjrkl ju pjdal sar mk mkuskdjs uskdjs hk dasjoadcàhmck dk iiaecsikåíj. aecsikåíj. Rjrãl, khtas dk aikojrkåíj aikojrkåíj dks iacs iacs,, j luhcmìpcj hamassctk mrckr mrckr ul satjr raspjhsëvai raspjhsëvai paik krojrczkåíj, oal mjlj ul vcvacrj da prjduå prjduåíj íj da ludks. ludks. K iaecsikåíj sjzchfk híj okstk> aik kpahks chdcmkrë ks raerks k saral saeucdks, k suk agcmëmck agcmëmck dapahdarë da uulk lk sãrca da mjhdcmcjhkhtas. mjhdcmcjhkhtas. Ahtra aias k vjhtkda a alpahfj dk pjpuikåíj da var saus saus dcractjs raspactkdjs a djs ejvarhkhtas a kdlchcstrkdjras hk kpicm kpicmkåíj kåíj dks iacs. ]uearcljs iacs sclpias, sclpias, mjl ppjsscocicdkdas jsscocicdkdas da saral kpicmkdks a kitarkdks, da kmjrdj mjl ks hamasscdkdas hamasscdkdas dj luhcmìpcj, luhcmìpcj, mjl j chtuctj da mjhtrcoucr da gjrlk pjsctcvk pkrk k clpikhtkåíj a lkhutahåíj dks ëraks vardas.

 

R_JRJ]TK DA R_J@ATJ DA IAC H°0ZZZZ/33 Dcsmcpichk k Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk hj Luhcmìpcj da  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ  ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZ a dë jutrks prjvcdàhm prjvcdàhmcks. cks.

J R_AGACTJ LQHCMCRKI DA ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 0 Gkåj skoar k Mïlkrk Luhcmcpki da Warakdjras kprjvju a au, hj usj dks ktrcoucåñas qua la mjhgara k Iac Jreïhcmk Luhcmcpki, skhmcjhj a prjluiej k saeuchta Iac0 TÌTQIJ C DC]RJ]CÅÑA] EA_KC] MKRÌTQIJ C Dcspjscåñas Rraiclchkras Krt. ;°. Joadamcdjs js prchmìpcjs dk Mjhstctucåíj Gadarki, dks dcspjscåñas mjhtcdks hk Iaecsikåíj Gadarki, Astkduki a Luhcmcpki partchahtas k prjtaåíj, k mjhsarvkåíj a kj ljhctjrklahtj da ërvjras csjikdks a kssjmckåñas vaeatkcs hj Luhcmìpcj da Hjvj Fklourej, gcmkl su`actjs âs prasmrcåñas dk prasahta Iac. Krt. ?°. K krojrczkåíj dj Luhcmìpcj tal pjr jo`atcvj kssaeurkr k laifjrck laifjrck dk qukicdkda da vcdk djs fkoctkhtas, oal mjlj tjrhkr oal mjlul k tjdjs luhìmcpas, ks aspãmcas kroýraks axcstahtas hj Rarìlatrj Qrokhj, Qrokhj, chmiuchdj pkss pkssacjs, acjs, prkåks, pkrquas a ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs a ëraks prcvkdks da raiavkhta raiavkhta chtarassa kloc klocahtki. ahtki. Krt. =°. Ks ërvjras axcstahtas hjs pkssacjs, prkåks a pkrquas dj parìlatrj urokhj dj luhcmìpcj síj oahs da chtarassa mjlul k tjdjs js luhìmcpas. Tjdks ks kåñas qua chtargaral hastas oahs gcmkl mjhdcmcjhkdjs kjs dcspjsctcvjs astkoaiamcdjs pjr astk Iac a paik iaecsikåíj klocahtki vceahta. Krt. 4°. Mjhscdark-sa vaeatkåíj da Rjrta Kroýrak, tjdj aspãmcla raprasahtkhta dj rachj vaeatki qua pjssuk scstalk rkdcmuikr, trjhmj, astcpa ju mkuia iahfjsj a scstalk gjickr, chdapahdahta dj dcïlatrj, kiturk a cdkda . Krt. 1°. Mjhscdark-sa da prasarvkåíj parlkhahta ks sctukåñas pravcstks hk 2

Iac Gadarki   4.55;, Hjvalorj ;371, mjl ks pravcstks hk Iac Gadarki h2 h5.1;; da da 25 ;1 da da @uifj da ;367 da a Iac Astkduki h 2kitarkåñas 3.1;3 da ?; da @khacrj da ;33?, Iac Luhcmcpki h°0 ;=;/3?, da 25 da dazalorj da ;33?, Iac Luhcmcpki h°0 ;1;/36, da ;1 da dazalorj da ;336 a _asjiuåíj MJLRKL h°0 2;/33, da ;6 da `uhfj da ;333. Krt. 7°. Mjhscdark-sa, kchdk, pkrk agactjs dastk Iac, mjlj oal mjlul a da chtarassa klocahtki k tjdjs luhìmcpas, ks ërvjras qua, paik oaiazk, rkrcdkda, ijmkiczkåíj, khtceùcdkda, dj chtarassa fcstýrcmj, mcahtìgcmj a pkcskeìstcmj, pjr saral pjrtk”salahtas ju pjr jutrjs ljtcvjs qua `ustcgcqual, gjral damikrkdks cluhas kj mjrta, quar sa ijmkiczal al ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs, quar al tarrctýrcj prcvkdj. Krt. 5°. Gcmkl damikrkdks cluhas kj mjrta tjdks ks ërvjras ijmkiczkdks hj parìlatrj urokhj, al ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs a al tarrctýrcj prcvkdjs da raiavkhta chtarassa klocahtki.

 

  § ðhcmj - Qlk ërvjra damratkdk cluha kj mjrta a sahdj chavctëvai k suk ratcrkdk, pjdarë, k mrctãrcj dk Mjlcssíj da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk, sar trkhspjrtkdk pkrk prkåk ju ijerkdjurj pðoicmj. Krt. 6°. J mulprclahtj dastas pramactjs mkoarë kj Dapkrtklahtj da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk, dk Dcratjrck dj Warda ” DW, vchmuikdj k ]amratkrck Lu Luhcmcpki hcmcpki da Lacj Klocahta ” ]ALKL. MKRÌTQIJQrokhk CC Dk Krojrczkåíj Krt. 3°. Ã prjcocdj dasvckr ks ëeuks da ikvkeal mjl suostïhmcks hjmcvks â vcdk dks ërvjras pkrk js mkhtacrjs krojrczkdjs. Krt.;2. Ã vadkdj j mjrta, darruokdk ju k prëtcmk da qukiquar kåíj qua pjssk prjvjmkr dkhj, kitarkåíj dj dasahvjivclahtj hkturki ju ljrta da ërvjra al oal pðoicmj ju al tarrahj pkrtcmuikr ijmkiczkdj hj parìlatrj urokhj. Krt. ;;. Js rasìdujs djlãstcmjs ju chdustrckcs híj pjdaríj sar ikhåkdjs hjs mkhtacrjs dk krojrczkåíj urokhk. Krt. ;?. Js prj`atjs da aiatrcgcmkåíj urokhk, pðoicmjs ju prcvkdjs, al ëraks  `ë krojrczkdks, davaríj mjlpktcociczkr-sa mjl k vaeatkåíj kroýrak a sjlahta saríj kprjvkdjs sa ktahdaral ks axceàhmcks dk ]ALKL. § ;°. ]jo ks radas da ahareck aiãtrcmk a taiagôhcmk, j pikhtcj gcmk rastrctj âs ërvjras da paquahj pjrta (ktã 4 latrjs da kiturk)> § ?°. Hks ruks krojrczkdks, js gcjs mjhdutjras da ahareck aiãtrcmk a taiagôhcmks davaríj sar mjijmkdjs k dcstïhmck rkzjëvai dks ërvjras ju davarë sar mjijmkdj rada mjlpkmtk ju mkojs prjtaecdjs (amjiýecmjs)> § =°. K Alprask raspjhsëvai paik dcstrcoucåíj da ahareck aiãtrcmk davarë prcjrczkr j usj da mkojs suotarrïhajs hkquaiks ëraks da raiavkhta chtarassa klocahtki ju qua vahfkl k sar dagchcdjs al Iac> MKRÌTQIJ CCC Dk Mjlcssíj da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk Krt. ;=. Gcmk mrckdk k Mjlcssíj Luhcmcpki Luhcmcpki da Krojrczkåíj Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk, ahtcdkda k sar mjlpjstk pjr ul raprasahtkhta dj Mjhsaifj Luhcmcpki da Rrjtaåíj Klocahtki ” MJLRKL, ul raprasahtkhta dk ]amratkrck dj Rikha`klahtj - ]ARIKH, ul raprasahtkhta dk ]amratkrck Luhcmcpki dk Kercmuiturk - ]ALKE, ul raprasahtkhta dj Mjhsaifj _aecjhki da Aheahfkrck a Krquctaturk - M_AK, ul raprasahtkhta dk Mjlpkhfck Luhcmcpki da ]khaklahtj M MJLQ]K, JLQ]K, ul raprasahtkhta dk dk Dcstrcoucdjrk Ekðmfk da da Ahareck ]/K - KA] ]QI, ul raprasahtkhta dk Mjlpkhfck _cjerkhdahsa da Taiamjluhcmkåñas - M_T, ul raprasahtkhta dk Qhcíj dks Kssjmckåñas Mjluhctërcks ” QKM, ul raprasahtkhta dj Ljvclahtj _jassiar pkrk Dagask Klocahtki, ul raprasahtkhta dk Kssjmckåíj Amjiýecmk Tarrkeukr, ul raprasahtkhta dj Iaecsiktcvj Luhcmcpki a ul raprasahtkhta dk ]amratkrck da Lacj Klocahta ” ]ALKL. § ;°. J Rjdar Rðoicmj hjlakrë, ladckhta Damratj dj Axamutcvj, js lalorjs qua críj mjlpjr k Mjlcssíj da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk> § ?°. Mkdk ahtcdkda pkrtcmcpkhta davarë chdcmkr ul tctuikr a ul supiahta pkrk mjlpjr k ragarcdk Mjlcssíj>

 

  § =°0 J lkhdktj djs tctuikras a supiahtas sarë da djcs khjs, pjdahdj js lasljs saral ramjhduzcdjs. Krt. ;4. Â Mjlcssíj Luhcmcpki da Krojrczkåíj mjlpata astudkr, khkicskr a jpchkr sjora kssuhtjs partchahtas â krojrczkåíj urokhk. § ðhcmj ” Ks daicoarkåñas dk Mjlcssíj Luhcmcpki da Krojrczkåíj davaríj sar ahmklchfkdks kj Mjhsaifj Luhcmcpki da Rrjtaåíj kj Lacj Klocahta - MJLRKL pkrk khëicsa a hjrlktczkåíj. TÌTQIJ CC DK J_DAL RÐOICMK MKRÌTQIJ C Dj Trïhsctj Rðoicmj Krt. ;1. Ã vadkdj j trïhsctj da vaìmuijs da qukcsquar hkturazk sjora js pkssacjs, mkhtacrjs, prkåks a `krdchs pðoicmjs. Krt. ;7. Híj sarë parlctcdj lkhtar khclkcs klkrrkdjs hks ërvjras dk krojrczkåíj urokhk. Krt. ;5. Ã prjcocdj j mjrta ju raljåíj da ërvjras axcstahtas hks ruks, skivj kutjrczkåíj dk ]ALKL, `ustcgcmëvai pkrk js mksjs da rcsmj da quadk. Krt. ;6. Ã prjcocdj j mjrta ju raljåíj da ërvjras pkrk chstkikåíj da iulchjsjs, iatracrjs, da tjidjs ju sclcikras. ërvjras.

Krt. ;3. Js khdkclas dks mjhstruåñas ju ragjrlks híj pjdaríj dkhcgcmkr ks

Krt. ?2. Ks okhmks a `jrhkcs ju ravcstks daval tar ijmkiczkåíj kprjvkdk, paij satjr mjlpatahta, da tki sjrta qua híj kgatal k krojrczkåíj. Krt. ?;. Tjdk adcgcmkåíj, pksskeal ju krruklahtj qua clpicqua hj pra`uìzj â krojrczkåíj urokhk davarë tar k khuàhmck dk ]ALKL, qua `uiekrë mkdk mksj. Krt. ??. Híj sarë parlctcdj k gcxkåíj da gkcxks, mkrtkzas, fjijgjtas, iïlpkdks, oal mjlj qukiquar tcpj da pchturk hk krojrczkåíj. § ðhcmj à axprassklahta prjcocdj pchtkr ju pcmfkr ks ërvjras, ërvjras, da ruks a prkåks mjl j chtuctj da prjljåíj, dcvuiekåíj, prjpkekhdk ju qukiquar jutrj. MKRÌTQIJ CC Djs Lurjs a Marmks Krt. ?=. Ks ërvjras ljrtks axcstahtas hks vcks pðoicmks saríj suostctuìdks paik Rragacturk ktrkvãs dk ]ALKL, sal pra`uìzjs kjs lurjs, marmks a pkssacjs, dk laslk gjrlk qua k ratcrkdk da ekifjs samjs ju dkhcgcmkdjs.

 

MKRÌTQIJ CCC Djs ijtaklahtjs Krt. ?4. Hk kprjvkåíj da prj`atjs pkrk mjhstruåñas rascdahmckcs, mjlarmckcs a chdustrckcs, davarë k Rragacturk, ktrkvãs dk ]ALKL, axcecr k ijmkåíj dks ërvjras axcstahtas hjs pkssacjs pðoicmjs, sahdj prjcocdj j mjrta da ërvjras pkrk ahtrkdk da vaìmuijs, qukhdj axcstk k pjsscocicdkda ju aspkåj pkrk tki. § ;°. ]jlahta mjl k khuàhmck dk ]ALKL pjdarë sar mjhmadcdk kutjrczkåíj aspamcki k ratcrkdk da ërvjras, hk clpjsscocicdkda mjlprjvkdk da ijmkåíj da ahtrkdk da pkrk vaìmuijs dk mjhstruåíj k sar adcgcmkdk. § ?°. [ukhdj sa trktkr da padcdj da mjrta pkrk gchs da mjhstruåíj, davarë sar khaxkdj j lkpk mjhtahdj k ijmkiczkåíj ijmkiczkåíj djs axal axalpikras pikras a chgjrlkåñas sjora k aspãmca a tklkhfj. § =°. J lkpk ragarcdj hj pkrëerkgj khtarcjr sarë ahmklchfkdj k ]ALJR (]amratkrck Luhcmcpki da Jorks Rðoicmks), khtas dj prj`atj tãmhcmj dagchctcvj dk jork k sar mjhstruìdk, raspactkdk a hamasscdkda da Icmahmcklahtj Klocahtki, qukhdj mjuoar. § 4°. K Mjlcssíj da Krojrczkåíj khkicskrë js dkdjs mjhstkhtas hj prjmassj, alctchdj pkramar kj MJLRKL, qua rapksskrë ks daicoarkåñas tãmhcmks pkrk k ]ALJR. § 1°. J prjprcatërcj gcmk raspjhsëvai paik prjtaåíj dks ërvjras durkhta k mjhstruåíj, da gjrlk k avctkr qukiquar dkhj, a gcmk k mkrej dk ]ALKL k gcsmkiczkåíj. MKRÌTQIJ CW Dj Rikhj Dcratjr da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk Krt. ?1. Js lalorjs dk Mjlcssíj da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk, kutjlktcmklahta, gkríj pkrta dk aqucpa raspjhsëvai paik aikojrkåíj a clpialahtkåíj dj Rikhj Dcratjr da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk, mkoahdj k asta astruturkr a pikha`kr k krojrczkåíj urokhk dk mcdkda, raspactkdk k iaecsikåíj klocahtki vceahta. § ;°. J Rikhj Dcratjr da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk sarë mjlpktìvai mjl ks dagchcåñas dj Rikha`klahtj Qrokhj, davahdj mjhscdarkr, paij lahjs js saeuchtas kspamtjs, k saral hjrlktczkdjs paij MJLRKL0  MJLRKL0  k) Hjrlks pkrk Krojrczkåíj0 aspãmclas, tãmhcmks pkrk pikhtcj da ludks, tklkhfj, skhcdkda, ãpjmk, dclahsñas dks mjvks, tcpjs da sjij a kduokåíj, tutjrklahtj, klkrrkåíj, usj da prjtatjras, mkhtacrjs a dclahsñas, ijmkiczkåíj a dcstkhmcklahtjs> o) Chvahtërcj krojrczkåíj urokhk0 da j tãmhcmks chvahtërcj da krojrczkåíjkdaqukdjs, urokhk davarë sar rakiczkdj kdk mkdk tràs khjs, ktrkvãs a prjmadclahtjs dkhdj-sa puoicmcdkda> m) Astkoaiamclahtj da Ìhdcmas Ìhdcmas Lìhcljs da Krojrczkåíj Krojrczkåíj pjr okcrrj0 ktrkvãs dj Chvahtërcj dk Krojrczkåíj davaríj sar astkoaiamcdjs Ìhdcmas Lìhcljs  Lìhcljs  k saral klpickdjs, prjerasscvklahta, ktrkvãs da mklpkhfks adumktcvks da pikhtcj da ërvjras hk mcdkda, joadamcdks ks hjrlks astkoaiamcdks al Iac. § ?°. J Rikhj Dcratjr da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk davarë sar clpialahtkdj, hul prkzj lëxclj da ;? lasas kpýs k puoicmkåíj ddkk prasahta Iac. MKRÌTQIJ W Djs Mjrtas, Rjdks a Rikhtcjs da Waeatkåíj da Rjrta Kroýraj Krt. ?7. Ã ktrcoucåíj axmiuscvk dk Rragacturk Luhcmcpki, ktrkvãs dk ]ALKL, pjdkr, mjrtkr, darruokr ju raljvar ërvjras dk krojrczkåíj pðoicmk, skivj al sctukåñas pravcstks al Iac.

 

 

Krt. ?5. Al mksj da hamasscdkdas da pjdks ju raljåñas da ërvjras davarë j luhìmcpa, suojrdchkr-sa âs axceàhmcks a prjvcdàhmcks dastk Iac.

§ ðhcmj. Tjd Tjdkk krojrcz krojrczkåíj kåíj urokhk k sar axamutkdk paik Kdlchcstrkåíj Kdlchcstrkåíj Rðoicmk, pjr ahtcdkdas ju pjr pkrtcmuikras, ladckhta mjhmassíj, davarë josarvkr ks hjrlks tãmhcmks a ks axceàhmcks astkoaiamcdks paik ]ALKL. Krt.prjprcadkda ?6. Gcmk vadkdk k pjdkqua drëstcmk axmasscvk dk krojrczkåíj pðoicmk, ju da ërvjras al pkrtcmuikr, kgatajuscehcgcmktcvklahta j dasahvjivclahtj hkturki dk mjpk. § ðhcmj - ahtahda-sa pjr pjdk axmasscvk ju drëstcmk0 k) J mjrta da lkcs da da 72% (sassah (sassahtk tk pjr mahtj) dj tjtki dk lkssk varda varda dk mjpk> o) J mjrta dk pkrta suparcjr dk mjpk, aiclchkhdj k ealk kpcm kpcmki> ki> m) J mjrta da sjlahta ul ikdj dk mjpk, jmkscjhkhdj dagcmcàhmck hj dasahvjivclahtj astruturki dk ërvjra. Krt. ?3. Js mksjs qua híj sa ahqukdrkl hj krtcej khtarcjr saríj khkicskdjs paik ]ALKL a, fkvahdj hamasscdkda, sarë alctcdk kutjrczkåíj aspamcki. Krt. =2. Gcmk vadkdk k pjdk da rkìzas al ërvjras dk krojrczkåíj pðoicmk. § ðhcmj - Al mksj da hamasscdkda, j chtarasskdj sjicmctkrë kj ]ALKL, k kvkickåíj ijmki a j ktahdclahtj hamassërcj. Krt. =;. Gcmk prjcocdj dastrucr ju dkhcgcmkr ërvjras al ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs, a kchdk, al ëraks pkrtcmuikras axcstahtas hk zjhk urokhk dj Luhcmìpcj. § ;°. Ahtahda-sa pjr dastrucåíj, pkrk js agactjs dastk Iac, k ljrta dks ërvjras ju qua sau astkdj híj jgaraåk lkcs mjhdcåñas pkrk k suk ramuparkåíj. § ?°. Ahtahda-sa pjr dkhcgcmkåíj, pkrk js agactjs dastk Iac, js garclahtjs prjvjmkdjs hk ërvjra, mjl pjssìvai mjhsaqùàhmck k ljrta dk laslk. Krt. =?. [ukiquar passjk gìscmk ju `urìdcmk pjdarë raquarar k kutjrczkåíj pkrk darruokdk ju mjrta da ulk ërvjra hj parìlatrj urokhj. K Rragacturk ktrkvãs dk ]ALKL, damcdcrë, da kmjrdj mjl js mrctãrcjs tãmhcmjs, qukcs prjvcdàhmcks kdjtkr. § ;°. Mjhmadcdk kutjrczkåíj pkrk salaifkhta mjrta(s) mjrta(s) da ërvjra(s), davarëhjsar pikhtkdk pikhtkd hk laslk prjprcadkda, ulk aspãmca da pjrta qukhdj kduitk, pjhtj mu`jk kgkstklahtj sa`k j lahjr pjssìvai dk khtcek khtcek pjscåíj ju djkåíj kkjj Luhcmìpcj, da duks ju lkcs, mjhgjrla j mksj, da aspãmcas ramjlahdkdks paik ]ALKL. § ?°. Astk kutjrczkåíj pjdarë sar haekdk sa k ërvjra gjr mjhscdarkdk cluha kj mjrta, ladckhta ktj dj Rjdar Rðoicmj ju paijs ljtcvjs astkoaiamcdjs hj Krtcej 7° dk prasahta Iac. § =° . K vkicdkda dk prasahta Kutjrczkåíj ã da =2 dcks, davahdj j raquarahta rakiczkr ks ktcvcdkdas prjpjstks, sa`k pkrk darruokdk ju mjrta, sa`k pkrk rapjscåíj, mjhgjrla dagchcdj hk laslk. § 4°. Qlk vaz icoarkdk k Kutjrczkåíj pkrk darruokdk ju mjrta dk ërvjra, al mksj da kmcdahtas, hkturkcs ju chduzcdjs, mkuskdjs pjr clprudàhmck, clparìmck ju haeiceàhmck, gcmk j raquarahta raspjhskociczkdj raspjhskociczkdj paijs dkhjs earkdjs, axclchdj-sa axclchdj-sa dj pjdar pðoicmj qukcsquar raspjhskocicdkdas. Krt. ==. J mjrta ju pjdk da ërvjras al vcks ju ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs sý sarë parlctcdk hjs saeuchtas mksjs0

 

C ” [ukhdj j mjrta gjr chdcspahsëvai â rakiczkåíj da jork, k mrctãrcj dk Rragacturk Luhcmcpki, kdjtkhdj-sa ladcdk mjlpahsktýrck> CC ” [ukhdj j astkdj gctjsskhctërcj dk ërvjra j `ustcgcmkr> CCC ” [ukhdj k ërvjra ju pkrta daik kprasahtkr rcsmj da quadk> CW ” [ukhdj k ërvjra astcvar sal vctkicdkda, ju sa`k, mjl suk ljrta mkrkmtarczkdk> WC ” Hjs mksjs al qua k ërvjra asta`k mkuskhdj mjlprjvëvacs dkhjs parlkhahtas kj pktrclôhcj pðoicmj a/ju prcvkdj> WCC ” [ukhdj j pikhtcjj crraeuikr ju k prjpkekåíj aspjhtïhak da aspãmcas kroýraks clpjsscocictkr dasahvjivclahtj kdaqukdj da ërvjras vczchfks> WCCC ” [ukhdj sa trktkr da aspãmcas mjlpatcdjrks mjl prjpkekåíj pra`udcmcki mjlprjvkdk> CV ” Hjs mksjs al qua k Mjlcssíj Luhcmcpki da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk `uiekr hamassërcj> V ” [ukhdj sa trktkr da aspãmcas chvksjrks ju pjrtkdjrk da suostïhmcks týxcmks qua pjsskl mjijmkr al rcsmj k skðda fulkhk a khclki> § ðhcmj - ]jlahta kpýs k rakiczkåíj da vcstjrck prãvck a axpadcåíj da kutjrczkåíj, sa gjr j mksj, pjdarë sar agatukdk k pjdk ju raljåíj pkrk js mksjs dasmrctjs hj mkput . Krt. =5. J mustj djs sarvcåjs da raljåíj al prjprcadkda prcvkdk gcmkrë k mkrej dj prjprcatërcj ddjj tarrahj jhda astë ijmkiczkdj j axalpikr, jo` jo`atj atj da mjrta ju pjdk. Krt. =6. K rakiczkåíj da mjrta a/ju pjdk da ërvjras al vcks ju ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs sý sarë parlctcdk k0 C ” Guhmcjhërcjs dj Ýreíj Klocahtki Luhcmcpki> CC ” Guhmcjhërcjs da mjhmasscjhërcks da sarvcåjs pðoicmjs0 k) Ladckhta k jotahåíj da prãvck prãvck kutjrczkåíj pjr asmrctj dk ]AL ]ALKL, KL, juvcdk k Mjlcssíj Luhcmcpki da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk, chmiuchdj datkifkdklahta j hðlarj da ërvjras, ijmkiczkåíj, k ãpjmk a j ljtcvj dj mjrta ju pjdk, qukhdj mjuoar> o) Mjl mjluhcmkåíj ’k pjstarcjrc“ â Rragacturk Luhcmcpki, hjs mksjs alareahmckcs, asmikramahdj asmikramahdj sjora j sarv sarvcåj cåj a j ljtcvj dj laslj. ” ]jidkdjs Mjrpj da Ojloacrjs, hks pðoicmj jmkscñasjuda alareàhmck al qua fk`kCCCrcsmj clchahtadj pkrk k pjpuikåíj, pktrclôhcj prcvkdj. § ðhcmj ” Kiãl dks vcks a ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs, ks pjdks pjdaríj sar axamutkdks tkloãl al ëraks pkrtcmuikras, ladckhta sjicmctkåíj da kutjrczkåíj `uhtj k ]ALKL. Krt.=3. Ks pjdks davaríj sar rakiczkdks mjl js saeuchtas chstrulahtjs0 k) _kljs gchjs ” mjl tasjurk tasjurk da pjd pjdkr kr ju pjdíj> pjdíj> o) _kljs lãdcjs a erjssjs ” mjl pjdíj, sarrjtas, sarrks a ljtjssarrks> § ;°. Gcmk prjcocdj j usj da gkmíj pkrk pjdk ju mjrta da vaeatkåíj al ërvjras ijmkiczkdks hks vcks, prkåks a ijerkdjurjs pðoicmjs, oal mjlj hkquaiks ëraks dagchcdks mjlj da raiavkhta chtarassa klocahtki> § ?°. ]alpra qua rakiczkdk k pjdk al rkljs davarë sar kpicmkdj prjdutj daschgatkhta hk raecíj mjrtkdk, prjtaeahdj j mjrta mjhtrk chgamåñas>

 

 

TÌTQIJ CCC Dks Hjrlks Tãmhcmks MKRÌTQIJ C Dj ]cstalk da Ëraks Wardas Krt. 42. Mjhscdark-sa da Ërak Warda ju Krojrczkdk ks da prjprcadkda

pðoicmks a prcvkdk, dagchcdk paik Rragacturk, mjlmjhdcåñas j jo`atcvjklocahtkcs da clpikhtkr ju prasarvkr k krojrczkåíj a k`krdchklahtj, vcskhdj kssaeurkr a pkcskeìstcmks. Krt. 4;. Mjhscdark-sa, kchdk, ëraks vardas0 C ” Ks ëraks luhcmcpkcs qua `ë tahfkl ju vahfkl k tar, pjr damcsíj dj Axamutcvj, josarvkdks ks gjrlkicdkdas iaekcs, k dastchkåíj ragarcdk hj krtcej khtarcjr> CC ” Js aspkåjs icvras mjhstkhtas djs pikhjs da ijtaklahtj> CCC ” Ks pravcstks al pikhjs da krojrczkåíj `ë kprjvkdjs pjr Iac ju qua vcaral k sà-ij. Krt. 4?. Ks ëraks vardas da prjprcadkda pkrtcmuikr miksscgcmkl-sa al0 C ” Miuoas aspjrtcvjs sjmckcs> CC ” Miuoas da Mklpj> CCC ” Ëraks krojrczkdks> CW - Ëraks da prasarvkåíj parlkhahta. Krt.4=. ]íj mjhscdarkdks ëraks vardas, a mjlj tki chmjrpjrkl-sa hj scstalk da Ëraks Wardas dj Luhcmìpcj, dahtra jutrk0 C ” Tjdks ks prkåks, `krdchs a pkrquas pðoicmks dj Luhcmìpcj> CC ” Tjdjs js aspkåjs icvras da krruklahtj, `ë axcstahtas ju mu`js prj`atjs vcarkl k sar kprjvkdjs. MKRÌTQIJ CC Dks Hjrlks Rkrk k Krojrczkåíj Krt. 44. K krojrczkåíj, k mrctãrcj dk ]ALKL a kprjvkdk paij MJLRKL, sý pjdarë sar gactk0 k) Hjs mkhtacrjs mahtrkcs dks kvahcdks, mjhmcickhdj k kiturk dk ërvjra kduitk mjl k prasahåk dk gckåíj aiãtrcmk, sa axcstcr> o) [ukhdj ks ruks a pkssacjs pkssacjs tcvaral ikreurk mjlpktìvai mjlpktìvai mjl k axpkhsíj dk mjpk dk aspãmca k sar utciczkdk, josarvkhdj j davcdj kgkstklahtj dks mjhstruåñas. §  ðhcmj - Hjs pkssacjs a mkhtacrjs mahtrkcs, k pkvclahtkåíj sarë chtarrjlpcdk, dacxkhdj mkhtacrjs mjl ërak lìhclk da da ;,2l (ul latrj) qqukdrkdj ukdrkdj pkrk j pikhtcj da ërvjras al aspkåklahtjs mjlpktìvacs mjl j pjrta dk aspãmca k sar utciczkdk. J mahtrj dj mkhtacrj híj pjdarë astkr k ulk dcstïhmck chgarcjr k 2,12l (mchqùahtk mahtìlatrjs) dj lacj gcj. Krt. 41. Ks ludks dks ërvjras jrhklahtkcs davaríj tar kiturk lìhclk da ;,1l (ul latrj a mchqùahtk) a scstalk rkdcmuikr qua híj kgijra â supargìmca, da ljdj k dkhcgcmkr pkssacjs a k pkvclahtkåíj.

 

Krt.47. Mjlpata k Rragacturk Luhcmcpki, ktrkvãs dk ]ALKL, dagchcr a saiamcjhkr ks aspãmcas pkrk k krojrczkåíj, mjhscdarkhdj ks suks mkrkmtarìstcmks, js gktjras gìscmjs a klocahtkcs, oal mjlj j aspkåklahtj pkrk pikhtcj, k saral clpialahtkdjs hj Rikhj Dcratjr da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk. Krt.45. Js pkssacjs pkrk ramaoaral pikhtcj da ërvjras, davaríj ktahdar ks saeuchtas axceàhmcks lìhclks0 k) tar ikreurk híj chgarcjr k =,22l (tràs latrjs), hks ruks jhda ã axcecdj ju ramuj da grahta> o) kgkstklahtj tar ikreurk híj chgarcjr k 4,2l (quktrj latrjs) hkquaiks jhda síj parlctcdks adcgcmkåñas hj kichfklahtj. Krt.46. J pikhtcj davarë sar gactj, pragarahmckilahta, mjl k utciczkåíj da assàhmcks gijrastkcs hktcvks, mjlpktìvacs mjl ks hjrlks k saral astkoaiamcdks pkrk k Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk a kprjvkdks paij MJLRKL. TÌTQIJ CW DK] RAHKICDKDA] Krt 43. Ks passjks gìscmks ju `urìdcmks chmiuscva ks dk kdlchcstrkåíj pðoicmk dcratk a chdcratk, qua mkuskral dkhjs k krojrczkåíj urokhk ju qua chgrchecral qukcsquar dcspjsctcvj dastk Iac, gcmkl su`actks ks saeuchtas pahkicdkdas0 C - kdvartàhmck a/ju Kutj da Chgrkåíj> CC - luitk hj vkijr da mchqùahtk (12) QGC_ (Qhcdkda Gcsmki da _agaràhmck) ktã daz lci (;2.222) QGC_–s, mjhgjrla k erkvcdkda dk chgrkåíj ju ktã mjl quchfahtks (122) QGC_–s, pjr dck qua parscstcr k chgrkåíj> § ;°. Ks pahkicdkdas saríj kpicmkdks sal pra`uìzj dks qua, pjr gjråk da Iac, pjsskl tkloãl sar clpjstks pjr gadarkcs a astkdukcs. § ?°. Ks pahkicdkdas pravcstks hasta krtcej pjdal sar kpicmkdks k ul laslj chgrktjr, csjikdk ju muluiktcvklahta. § =°. _aspjhdarë paiks chgrkåñas qual, pjr qukiquar ljdj, ks mjlatar, mjhmjrrar pkrk suk prëtcmk ju daiks sa oahagcmckr. § 4°. K pahk da kdvartàhmck sarë kpicmkdk kjs chgrktjras prclërcjs mjl kerkvkhtas, al chgrkåíj miksscgcmkdk hj Erupj C, pravcstj hj krtcej 1;, dasta mkpìtuij. Krt. 12. K pahk da luitk mjhstkhtas sarë kpicmkdk k) híj gjral ktahdcdks ks axceàhmcks hkqukhdj0 kdvartàhmck ju Kutj da Chgrkåíj> o) hjs mksjs dks chgrkåñas miksscgcmkdks hj krtcej 1;, dasta mkpìtuij. Krt. 1;. Rkrk kpicmkåí kpicmkåíjj dk pahk da luitk k qua qua sa ragara ragara j chmcsj CC, dj krtcej 43, dasta mkpìtuij, ks chgrkåñas síj miksscgcmkdks al0 k) Erupj C - avahtukcs, ks qua pjsskl mkuskr pra`uìzj ks ërvjras, hktcvks ju jrhklahtkcs, lks híj prjvjqual agactjs scehcgcmktcvjs hk skðda gctjsskhctërck dk pikhtk> o) Erupj CC avahtukcs ju parlkhahtas, parlkhahtas, ks qua prjvjqual prjvjqual aagactjs gactjs scehcgcmktcvjs, alojrk ravarsìvacs, sjora ks ërvjras, hktcvks ju jrhklahtkcs> m) Erupj CCC - avahtukcs ju parlkhahtas, ks qua prjvjqual agactjs scehcgcmktcvjs, crravarsìvacs âs ërvjras, hktcvks ju jrhklahtkcs. § ;° ]íj mjhscdarkdjs agactjs scehcgcmktcvjs kquaias qua k) mjhgictual mjl pikhjs da prasarvkåíj klocahtki dk ërak jhda astë ijmkiczkdk k ërvjra>

 

o) earal dkhj agatcvj ju pjtahmcki â skðda dk ërvjra ju pjhfkl al rcsmj k saeurkhåk dk pjpuikåíj> m) mjhtrcoukl pkrk k vcjikåíj dks hjrlks a prjmadclahtjs astkoai astkoaiamcdjs amcdjs al Iac> d) axpjhfkl passjks ju astruturks kj parcejs> a) kgatal suostkhmckilahta aspãmcas vaeatkcs hktcvks ju al vcks da axtchåíj ju daerkdal suks mjhdcåñas gctjsskhctërcks> g) chtargcrkl hj dasijmklahtj a/ju prasarvkåíj da qukcsquar aspãmcas khclkcs lcerktýrcks> e) chduzkl k ul mrasmclahtj ju mjhmahtrkåíj khjrlki da kieulk pjpuikåíj khclki a/ju vaeatki. § ?°. ]íj mjhscdarkdjs agactjs scehcgcmktcvjs ravarsìvacs kquaias qua kpýs suk kpicmkåíj da trktklahtj mjhvahmcjhki da ramuparkåíj a mjl j damursj dj talpj, dalkrmkdj pkrk mkdk mksj, mjhsaeual ravartar kj astkdj khtarcjr. § =°. ]íj mjhscdarkdjs agactjs scehcgcmktcvjs crravarsìvacs kquaias qua hal laslj kpýs k kpicmkåíj da trktklahtj mjhvahmcjhki da ramuparkåíj a mjl j damursj dj talpj, dalkrmkdj pkrk mkdk mksj, híj mjhsaeual mjhvartar kj astkdj khtarcjr. Krt. 1?. Hk kpicmkåíj dk pahk da luitk, saríj josarvkdjs js saeuchtas

iclctas0 C - da mchqùahtk (12) QGC_ k lci a quchfahtks (;.122) QGC_–s, qukhdj sa trktkr da chgrkåíj dj erupj C> CC - da lci quchfahtks a ulk (;.12;) QGC_“s k mchmj (1.222) QGC_“s qukhdj sa trktkr da chgrkåíj dj erupj CC, a> CCC - da mchmj lci a ulk (122;) QGC_–s â daz lci (;2.222) QGC_–s, qukhdj sa trktkr da chgrkåíj dj erupj CCC. § ;°. K erkdukåíj dk pahk da luitk hjs chtarvkijs lahmcjhkdjs, davarë iavkr al mjhtk k axcstàhmck ju híj da sctukåñas ktahukhtas ju kerkvkhtas> § ?°. ]íj sctukåñas ktahukhtas0 k) sar prclërcj> o) tar prjmurkdj, da kieul ljdj mjlprjvkdj, avctkr ju ktahukr ks mjhsaqùàhmcks dj ktj ju dkhj ks ërvjras § =°. ]íj sctukåñas kerkvkhtas0 k) sar rachmcdahta> o) prastkr gkisks chgjrlkåñas ju jlctcr dkdjs tãmhcmjs>

m) dacxkr da urokhk> sjicmctkr kutjrczkåíj pkrk rakiczkåíj da qukcsquar ktcvcdkdas pkrk lkha`j dk krojrczkåíj d) dcgcmuitkr ju clpadcr k kåíj gcsmkiczkdjrk ju daskmktkr js gcsmkcs dk ]ALKL> § 4°. Al mksjs da rachmcdàhmck, k luitk sarë kpicmkdk al djorj dk khtarcjrlahta clpjstk, clpjstk, raspactkhdj j iclcta da quchfahtks (122) (122) QGC_–s pjr dck qqua ua parscstcr k chgrkåíj. § 1°. Ktahdcdj kj dcspjstj hasta krtcej, hk gcxkåíj da vkijras da luitks, k kutjrcdkda klocahtki luhcmcpki iavkrë al mjhtk k mkpkmcdkda amjhôlcmk dj chgrktjr. Krt 1=. Js vkijras vkijras krramkdkdjs, prjvahcahtas dk kpicmkåíj kpicmkåíj da alctcdks paik ]ALKL saríj ravartcdjs kj GQHDALK.

luitks

Krt 14. J pkeklahtj dk luitk híj axcla j chgrktjr da raeuikrczkr k sctukåíj qua dau jrceal k pahkiczkåíj, dahtrj djs prkzjs astkoaiamcdjs pkrk mkdk mksj. § ðhcmj. Rjr ljtcvj raiavkhta, k mrctãrcj dk ]ALKL, pjdarë sar prjrrjekdj j prkzj ktã ;/= (ul taråj) dj khtarcjrlahta mjhmadcdj, pkrk k mjhmiusíj da raeuikrczkåíj, dasda qua raquarcdj guhdklahtkdklahta a khtas da sau vahmclahtj.

 

 

Krt 11. Ks damcsñas dagchctcvks saríj axamutkdks0 k) pjr vck kdlchcstrktcvk> o) pjr vck `udcmcki. § ;°. ]aríj axamutkdks pjr vck kdlchcstrktcvk ks pahks da kdvartàhmck a/ju Kutj da Chgrkåíj, ktrkvãs da hjtcgcmkåíj k pkrta chgrktjrk a k pahk da luitk, ktrkvãs da hjtcgcmkåíj pkrk pkeklahtj, ahqukhtj csahtk al dìvcdk ktcvk. § ?°. ]arë axamutkdk pjr vck `udcmcki k pahk da luitk kpýs k suk chsmrcåíj al dìvcdk ktcvk,klocahta. pkrk mjorkhåk da dãoctj, pjdahdj j chgrktjr sar raspjhskociczkdj pjr dkhjs kj lacj Krt. 17. Al mksjs da rakiczkåíj da pjdks, mjrtas ju raljåñas híj kutjrczkdks gcmkl js chgrktjras pkssìvacs dks puhcåñas astkoaiamcdks hk Iac Gadarki h°0 3.721, da ;? da gavaracrj da ;336. TÌTQIJ W Dk Adumkåíj Klocahtki Krt. 15. J Luhcmìpcjs dasahvjivarë mklpkhfks parlkhahtas da Adumkåíj Klocahtki, chtaerkhdj js dcvarsjs satjras dk kdlchcstrkåíj luhcmcpki. Krt. 16. Ks ktcvcdkdas da Adumkåíj Klocahtki saríj dasahvjivcdks hks radas da ahschj pðoicmj a prcvkdj dj luhcmìpcj, mjhscdarkhdj js pikhjs, prjerklks a prj`atjs pkrk j dasahvjivclahtj dk krojrczkåíj urokhk. Krt. 13. Ks asmjiks davaríj rakiczkr j pikhtcj da ludks, pragarahmckilahta ks hktcvks, joadamahdj ks dcspjscåñas pravcstks al Iac. Krt. 72. Davaríj sar prcjrczkdjs prjerklks da adumkåíj klocahtki vcskhdj k mjlpraahsíj, vcsukiczkåíj a kpicmkåíj da prjmadclahtjs kdaqukdjs kj mjhtrjia dks ërvjras a gjrlkåñas vaeatkcs axcstahtas hj luhcmìpcj. TÌTQIJ WC Dks Dcspjscåñas Gchkcs Krt. 7; ” Astk Iac ahtrk al vcejr hk dktk da suk puoicmkåíj, ravjekdks ks dcspjscåñas al mjhtrërcj. EKOCHATA DJ R_AGACTJ LQHCMCRKI DA ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ, kjs (22) dcks da da jutuorj da ;;333. 333. . . . . . . . .

 

3-_AGA_ÀHMCK] OCOICJE_ËGCMK] ;. OK_OJ]K, Khtôhcj Mkrijs Mkrijs dk ]civk. Rkcskecs Rkcskecslj, lj, @krdcl & Rikhtks Jrhklahtkcs. ]íj Rkuij0 CEIQ, ;363.?=;p. ?. OK_MAIJ], R. _. Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk Mjhsarvkåíj Mjhsarvkåíj a líj líj da jork. Ch Mjherassj Orksciacrj da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk. ]íj Iuìs0 ]OKQ, ;334. 7;=p. =.O_A]]KH @ÐHCJ_, Kilcr.. Rrchmcpkcs rasuitkdjs dk pjiìtcmk klocahtki orksciacrk. _avcstk da kdlchcstrkåíj pðoicmk> i33? - ?7 (;)0 37- ;? `kh. - lkr. 4.MKRRAIIC, ]civck. avjiuåíj dks iaecsikåñas sjora clpkmtj klocahtki hjs auk a orksci. orksci. ]clpýscj Chtarhkmcjhki sjora Dcractj Klocahtki a [ukicdkda da Wcdk. QHC]CHJ], ]íj Iajpjidj _], ;331. 1. MK_WKIFJ, Mkrik Ojizkh. Ojizkh. Rrjpjstk da Rikhj Dcratjr da krojrczkåíj urokhk al al Hjvj Fklourej/_]. Trkokifj da Mjhmiusíj pkrk Jotahåíj da Fkocictkåíj al Ocjijeck. Qhcvarscdkda dj Wkia dj _cj djs ]chjs ” QH QHC]CHJ]. C]CHJ]. ]íj Iajpjidj, ;3 ;336. 36. 7.DCK], Eahaokidj G. Adumkåíj klocahtki0 prchmìpcjs a prëtcmks. Ekck. ]íj Rkuij = k Ad, ;334. 5. GA__AC_K, Ikcr K. O. Qsj dk vaeatkåíj. Ch Mjherassj Mjherassj Orksciacrj da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk. ]íj Iuìs0 ]OKQ, ;334. 7;=p. 6. EQCK da da pikha`klahtj pikha`klahtj a lkha`j dk krojrczkåíj urok urokhk. hk. Aiatrjpkuij, ]íj Rkuij0 Aiatrjpkuij0 Masp0 MRGI, ;331. =6p. 3. FJAFHA, G. M. Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk. ]íj Rkuij0 ]amratkrck ]amratkrck dk Ke Kercmuiturk rcmuiturk Chdðstrck a Mjlãrmcj, ;344. ?;1p. ojtïhcmjs ;2. C_EKHE, Oruhj. Kspamtjs ojtïhcmjs a aspãmcas uutciczkdks tciczkdks hk krojrczkåíj urokhk. Ch0 Ahmjhtrj Hkmcjhki sjora sjora krojrczkåíj uro urokhk, khk, Rjrtj Kiaera0 RLRK/]LLK, ;361. ;;. @ÐHCJ_, @jsã @jsã T. R. at ki. Gijrk jrhklahtki jrhklahtki orksciacrk0 ul euck pkrk pkcskecslj amjiýecmj. Rjrtj Kiaera0 ]kerk-DM-Iuzzkttj, ;33=. ;6=p. ;?. IJ_AHPC, Fkrrc. Ërvjras Orksciacrks0 Lkhuki da Cdahtcgcmkåíj a muitcvj da pikhtks kroýraks hktcvks dj Orksci. Hjvk Jdassk0 Rikhtkrul, ;33?. =1?p. ;=.LK_MFCHC, K. M. & ]CIWK G j, M. K. Earahmcklahtj djs pkrquas luhcmcpkcs dk mcdkda da síj pkuij ktrkvãs dj pikhj da lkha`j. Ch0 [uastíj Klocahtki Qrokhk. ]amratkrck Luhcmcpki dj Warda a dj Lacj Klocahta. ]íj Rkuij- ]R, ;36=, 577p. ;4. LK]MK_Ý, Iðmck. Klocàhmck urokhk. Rjrtj Rjrtj Kiaera0 ]kerk-DM-Iuzz ]kerk-DM-Iuzzkttj, kttj, ;337. ;33p. ;1. LK]IKN, Lceuai Lceuai W. E. Rrjerklk da Krojrczkåíj Qrokh Qrokhk. k. ]amratkrck dk dk Kercmuiturk dj _cj Erkhda dj ]ui, ?=p. ;7. LJTTK, Ahcj R. Tãmhcmks Tãmhcmks da `krdchkeal0 ulk pkrmarck pkrmarck mjl k hkturazk. Rjrtj Kiaera0 Kerjpamuërck, ;331. ;66p. ;5.LJTK, ]uatôhcj. Rikha`klahtj urokhj a prasarvkåíj klocahtki. QGM. Gjrtkiazk ” Ma, ;36;, ?4? p. ;6. LÙIIA_, @kmnsjh. Lacj Klocahta hk Kdlchcstrkåíj Luhcmcpki0 dcratrczas pkrk k eastíj klocahtki luhcmcpki. Adcåñas GKLQ_]. Adctjrk Hjvk Rrjvk, RJK, ;336. ;3.LÙIIA_, @kmnsjh. Adumkåíj Klocahtki0 dcratrczas pkrk k prëtcmk padkeýecmk. Adcåñas GKLQ_]. Hjvk Rrjvk, RJK, ;336. ?2. HJWJ FKLOQ_EJ. Rragacturk Luhcmcpki. Hjåñas oëscmks pkrk krojrczkåíj urokhk. ]amratkrck da Lacj Klocahta ” ]ALKL, ;335. ?;. _ACTP, _kuichj> NIACH, _joartj _joartj L.> _AC], Kdalcr. Rrj`atj lk lkdacrk dacrk dj _cj Erkhda dj ]ui. Rjrtj Kiaera0 Mjrke, ;33=. 1?1p. ??._JD_CEQAP- KWCKI I., Iucz. Pjhks vardas y aspkmcjs icoras ah ik mcudkd. Chstctutj da Astudcjs da Kdlchcstrkmcýh Ijmki. Lkdrcd.

 

?=. ]KHMFJTAHA, L.M.M. Dasahvjivclahtj a parspamtcvks dk krojrczkåíj urokhk hj Orksci. Ch. Mjherassj Orksciacrj da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk. ]íj Iuìs0 ]OKQ, ;334. 7;=p. ?4. ]KHMFJTAHA, Lkrck Lkrck M. M. Grutìgarks hktcvks hktcvks ðtacs â gkuhk hk krojrczkåíj urokhk. Rjrtj Kiaera0 GARIKL, ;361. =;;p. ?1.]KHTJ], Lkrmj K. djs & HK]MCLAHTJ @jsã K. ]. dj. K chsaråíj dk vkrcëvai klocahtki hj pikha`klahtj pikha`klahtj dj tarrctýrcj. _avcstk da kkdlchcstrkåíj dlchcstrkåíj pðoicmk> ?7 (;)0 7- ;?, `kh. ” lkr, ;33?. ?7.]A__K, Earkidj. J aspkåj hkturki a k gjrlk urokhk. Hjoai. ]íj Rkuij - ]R. ;365, ?4; p. ?5. ]JQ]K, Lkrck K. da Ijurdas Ouahj. Clpikhtkåíj a axamuåíj da prj`atjs da krojrczkåíj urokhk. Ch0 Ahmjhtrj Hkmcjhki Hkmcjhki sjora krojrczkåíj krojrczkåíj urokhk, ]íj ]íj Iuìs0 ]OKQ, ;334. 7;=p. ?6. ]JQPK, Craha Kpkramcdk ]civacrk da. Rrjpjstk da Rikha`klahtj a Clpikhtkåíj da Krojrczkåíj al Luhcmìpcjs. Trkokifj da Mjhmiusíj pkrk Jotahåíj da Fkocictkåíj al Ocjijeck. Qhcvarscdkda Qhcvarscdkda dj Wkia dj _cj djs ]chjs ” QHC]CHJ]. QHC]CHJ]. ]íj Iajpjidj, Iajpjidj, ;335. ?3.]RA_O. Ockhmk. Ktcvcdkdas prëtcmks al Adumkåíj Klocahtki. Trkokifj da Mjhmiusíj pkrk Jotahåíj da Fkocictkåíj al Ocjijeck. Qhcvarscdkda dj Wkia dj _cj djs ]chjs ” QHC]CHJ]. ]íj Iajpjidj, ;333. =2. TKNKFK]FC, Iacda Skssumj. Krojrczkåíj urokhk0 Chvahtërcj. Ch0 Mjherassj Orksciacrj da Krojrczkåíj Qrokhk. ]íj Iuìs0 ]OKQ, ;334. 7;=p.