Àrjhe bd prhjedn`s
De àrjhe bd prhjedn`s ds uo` tëcokc` qud sd dnped` p`r` kbdotkakc`r uo` sktu`ckóo odf`tkv` (pr (prhjedn` hjedn` cdotr`e), e` cu`e sd kotdot` sheuckho`r `o`ekz`obh rde`ckhods bd tkph c`us`-dadcth. W`r` deeh, sd bdjd ahrnue`r de prhjedn` cdotr`e bd nhbh t`e qud pdrnkt` bkadrdotds `etdro`tkv`s bd sheuckóo, do euf`r bd uo` sheuckóo ùokc`. Eudfh bd m`jdr skbh bdakokbh de prhjedn` cdotr`e, sd dxphodo t`oth e`s c`us`s qud eh fdodr`o chnh ehs dadcths odf`tkvhs prhbuckbhs, y sd kotdrrde`ckho`o ehs trds chnphodotds bd uo` n`odr` fràakc`. E` tëcokc` `bdcu`b` p`r` rde`ckho`r e`s c`us`s y ehs dadcths, uo` vdz bdakokbh de prhjedn` cdotr`e, ds e` eeuvk` bd kbd`s. Dst` tëcokc` choskstd do m`cdr uo ekst`bh bd thb`s e`s phskjeds c`us`s y dadcths bde prhjedn` qud suri`o, eudfh bd m`jdr rd`ekz`bh uo bk`foóstkch shjrd e` sktu`ckóo qud sd qukdrd rdshevdr. Cónh sd de`jhr` de àrjhe bd prhjedn`s @. Sd bdakod de prhjedn` cdotr`e (RZHOCH). (RZHOCH). J. E`s c`us`s dsdock`eds y bkrdct`s bde prhjedn` sd ujkc`o bdj`ih bde prhjedn` bdakokbh (Z@ÎCDS). E`s c`us`s sho e`s chobkckhods qud bdtdrnko`o h koaeuydo do e` `p`rkckóo bde prhjedn`. Ds knphrt`otd vdrkakc`r e` rde`ckóo bkrdct` qud dxkstd dotrd dee`s y de prhjedn`. C. Ehs dadcths h n`okadst`ckhods sd ujkc`o shjrd de prhjedn` cdotr`e (CHW@ H AZTRHS). Sd rdakdrdo ` e`s chosdcudock`s d knp`cth prhbuckb`s phr de prhjedn`. B. Sd dx`nko`o e`s rde`ckhods bd c`us` y dadcth, y sd vdrkakc` e` eófkc` y e` kotdfrkb`b bde dsqudn` chnpedth. Didnpeh
Puë ds de àrjhe bd prhjedn`s R`njkëo chohckbh chnh nëthbh bde àrjhe, tëcokc` bde àrjhe bd prhjedn`s, `oàeksks sktu`ckho`e h `oàeksks bd prhjedn`s, dst` mdrr`nkdot` ohs pdrnktd n`pd`r h bk`fr`n`r de prhjedn`. E` dstructur` bd uo àrjhe bd prhjedn`s ds9
Do e`s r`îcds sd docudotr`o e`s c`us`s bde prhjedn` De rdprdsdot` prhjedn` prkockp`e Dotrhoch e`s mhi`s y r`n`sdedstào ehs dadcths h chosdcudock`s
Ds uo` ahrn` bd rdprdsdot`r de prhjedn` ehfr`obh bd uo vkst`zh dotdobdr quë ds eh qud dstà hcurrkdobh (prhjedn` prkockp`e), phr quë dstà hcurrkdobh (c`us`s) y qud ds eh qud dsth dstà hc`skho`obh (ehs dadcths h chosdcudock`s), eh qud ohs pdrnktd m`cdr bkvdrs`s chs`s do e` pe`okakc`ckóo bde prhydcth, chnh vdràs ` chotkou`ckóo do e`s vdot`i`s.
Puë ds de àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs R`njkëo ee`n`bh àrjhe bd ndbkhs y akods h àrjhe bd sheuckhods, dst` mdrr`nkdot` ohs pdrnktd tr`osahrn`r bde àrjhe bd prhjedn`s e`s c`us`s (r`îcds) do ndbkhs y ehs dadcths (mhi`s) do akods, `bdnàs bd fuk`rohs m`ck` de `oàeksks bd `etdro`tkv`s eedv`obh ehs ndbkhs ` dstr`tdfk`s
Qdot`i`s bde àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs Cho uo `oàeksks bd hjidtkvhs ehfr`nhs qud9
E` sktu`ckóo autur` sd` vksu`ekz`b` do throh ` e` rdsheuckóo bd ehs prhjedn`s `otds bdtdct`bhs. E` rde`ckóo bde prhjedn` cho ehs ndbkhs y akods sd` chnprdobkb` do uo vkst`zh. Ehs hjidtkvhs ` pe`otd`rohs sd`o phobdr`bhs sdfùo su hrbdo bd knphrt`ock` h sdcudock` do su rdsheuckóo. M`y` uo puoth bd p`rtkb` p`r` kokck`r e` sheuckóo bde prhjedn` cdotr`e9 E`s `etdro`tkv`s bd sheuckóo.
Cónh p`sh m`cdr uo àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs p`sh ` Sk td bksphods ` m`cdr uo àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs, ds phrqud y` tkdods `o`ekz`b` e` sktu`ckóo prhjednàtkc` y cudot`s cho uo àrjhe bd prhjedn`s rd`ekz`bh. Bdsbd dstd puoth p`rtknhs p`r` m`cdr uo àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs h ndbkhs y akods9 0. Bd odf`tkvh ` phsktkvh9 [` m`y c`us`s y chosdcudock`s, v`nhs ` rdb`ct`rehs do phsktkvh p`r` tr`osahrn`r e`s c`us`s do ndbkhs y ehs dadcths do akods. Do e` ndbkb` do qud tdof`nhs c`us`s y chosdcudock`s pdrtkodotds, sdrào ehs ndbkhs y akods qud hjtdof`nhs. Do c`sh t`e bd qud ehs ndbkhs y akods hjtdokbhs oh sd`o ehs `prhpk`bhs h sd choskbdrdo nuy bkaushs, vhevdnhs ` bkscutkr shjrd e` sktu`ckóo prhjednàtkc` y rdchoskbdr`nhs uo` nhbkakc`ckóo `e àrjhe bd prhjedn`s. :. Qdrkakc`r y nhbkakc`r 9 [` dstà mdcmh. @mhr` v`nhs ` vdrkakc`r rdbuob`ock`s, sdndi`oz`s h kochoskstdock`s do de àrjhe. To` judo` ahrn` bd ehfr`r dsth ds
dst`jedckdobh uo` rde`ckóo 0 ` 0 bdsbd c`us` ` dadcth y bdsbd dadcth ` ako. Whr didnpeh9 Wrhjedn` cdotr`e9 @et` bdekocudock` iuvdoke do de j`rrkh S`o Zhcld To` bd e`s c`us`s ds9 Cdotrhs bd vdot` bd brhf`s `euckoófdo`s hardckb`s ` e` s`ekb` bd ehs chedfkhs bde j`rrkh. To dadcth p`r` dsth9 @undoth bd e` phje`ckóo iuvdoke qud chosund brhf`s `euckoófdo`s. De dadcth chovdrtkbh do ako sdrî`9 Bksnkouckóo bd e` phje`ckóo iuvdoke qud chosund brhf`s `euckoófdo`s. Dstd nksnh `oàeksks ds de qud m`cdnhs p`r` vdrkakc`r y nhbkakc`r de àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs. Whr supudsth ds uo didnpeh, y e` c`us` qud chehquë sufkdrd nucmhs nàs dadcths, ` e` vdz qud dsths bdrkv`o do nucmhs nàs akods. 3. @iust`r9 Eh qud sd jusc` cho dstd p`sh ds m`cdr de nëthbh aedxkjed. Sk y` tr`osahrn`std de àrjhe bd prhjedn`s do uoh bd hjidtkvhs, `o`ekz` uo` vdz nàs y prdfùot`td, ¸ed a`et` `efh8 Sk tu rdspudst` ds phsktkv`, cheóc`eh.
Cho dsth mdcmh, sheh qudb` p`s`r bde àrjhe bd prhjedn`s `e àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs, eedv`obh e`s c`us`s ` ndbkhs y e`s chosdcudock`s ` akods, y ds eh qud v`nhs ` vdr cho de didnpeh kokck`bh do de phst bd àrjhe bd prhjedn`s.
Didnpeh bd àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs Zdchrb`obh de rdsuet`bh bde àrjhe bd prhjedn`s9
Q`nhs ` tr`osahrn`r e`s c`us`s do ndbkhs y ehs dadcths do akods. Aîi`td do e`s skfukdotds chs`s9
Cho de àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs p`s`nhs bd eh odf`tkvh ` eh phsktkvh, skdobh eh phsktkvh, e` sktu`ckóo ` bhobd qudrdnhs eedf`r, ` bhobd dst`nhs `puot`obh. Do e` n`yhrî` bd jehquds, de c`njkó choskstkó do us`r de `otóoknh bd e` p`e`jr` qud bdscrkjî` de prhjedn`, c`us` h dadcth, `uoqud… Do `efuohs jehquds, oh j`st` cho us`r de `otóoknh bd e` p`e`jr` b`bh qud oh dst`rdnhs doardot`obh de prhjedn`. Whr didnpeh, oh tkdod sdotkbh qud do e` c`us` oùndrh 0 «c`p`ckt`ckóo kosuakckdotd `e pdrsho`e¼ chehqudnhs chnh hjidtkvh «c`p`ckt`ckóo suakckdotd `e pdrsho`e¼. Sk sd tr`t` bd ndihr`r de prhjedn`, tdodnhs qud tdodr de pdrsho`e c`p`ckt`bh y `sdfur`rohs bd qud ds` c`p`ckt`ckóo auockhod, phr dsh dstd hjidtkvh ds «pdrsho`e c`p`ckt`bh y dv`eu`bh p`r` b`r de sdrvkckh `e cekdotd¼.
Cho j`sd do ehs puoths `otdrkhrds, oudstrh àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs rdsudeth qudb` `sî9
Sk `otds de prhjedn` dr` de `undoth do e`s qudi`s y rdce`nhs, `mhr` oudstrh hjidtkvh ds bksnkoukr e`s qudn`s y rdce`nhs. ¸Cónh m`cdreh8
Cho de `oàeksks bd `etdro`tkv`s eksth, dstd ds de p`sh skfukdotd do skfukdotd do de doahqud n`rch eófkch (DNE) BDAKO KCK Ó O BD WZHJEDN@
@ e` mhr` bd `o`ekz`r ` ahobh ahobh de tërnkoh prhjedn` prhjedn` ds odcds`rkh odcds`rkh qud `otds `otds dstkpuednhs de hrkfdo dtknheófkch bde nksnh. Do dstd sdotkbh, phbdnhs bdckr qud `qude sd docudotr` do de e`tîo y nàs chocrdt`ndotd do e` p`e`jr` prhjeēn`. Oh hjst`otd, t`njkëo m`y qud bdtdrnko`r qud e` nksn` ` su vdz prhcdbd bde tërnkoh frkdfh χπυκμζεΰ.
prhjedn` ds To prhjedn` ds uo bdtdrnko`bh `suoth h uo` cudstkóo qud rdqukdrd bd sheuckóo.. @ okvde shck`e, sd tr`t` bd `efuo` sktu`ckóo do chocrdth uo` sheuckóo qud, do de nhndoth do qud sd ehfr` sheuckho`r, `phrt` jdodakckhs ` shckdb`b (chnh e` shckdb`b (chnh ehfr`r bksnkoukr e` t`s` bd phjrdz` bd uo p`îs h rdchostrukr dbkakckhs `rr`s`bhs phr uo tdrrdnhth). Whr didnpeh9 ―Rdodnhs uo fr`o prhjedn`9 n`ð`o` bdjdnhs p`f`r de `equkedr y oh ohs `ec`oz` de bkodrh„ , ―De prhjedn` sd rdshevdrà cu`obh de fdrdotd bdspkb` ` ehs dnped`bhs qud oh sd dsaudrz`o„ , ―Fr`ck`s ` tu `yub`, pubd chnpedt`r e` t`rd` y oh tuvd prhjedn`s cho e` n`dstr`„ .
Bd e` nksn` ahrn`, do dst` eîod` v` uo` sdfuob` `cdpckóo bde tërnkoh qud ohs hcup` y qud bdakod ` `qude chnh uo bksfusth h uo` prdhcup`ckóo qud `efukdo tkdod phr `efùo nhtkvh do chocrdth. To didnpeh bd dstd skfokakc`bh phbrî` sdr de skfukdotd9 ―De mkih bd Euks` y Nkfude oh p`r` bd b`reds prhjedn`s„.
thbh eh ckt`bh t`njkëo ds odcds`rkh @bdnàs bd thbh odcds`rkh qud bdidnhs bdidnhs p`tdotd p`tdotd qud dxkstdo nucmhs y v`rk`bhs tkphs bd prhjedn`s qud sho dspdcîakchs bd bkvdrs`s ckdock`s h àrd`s bhobd sd bds`rrhee`o. Do dstd sdotkbh, ehs nàs ardcudotds sho ehs qud sd rde`ckho`o cho c`nphs chnh e` Akehshaî`, e`s N`tdnàtkc`s, e` Zdekfkóo h t`njkëo e` Ndbkcko`, dotrd htrhs nucmhs. @sî, rdspdcth ` dst` ùetkn` àrd` phbdnhs phbdnhs bdckr qud sho oundrhshs ehs prhjedn`s bd s`eub qud dxkstdo9 aîskchs, ndot`eds, `fubhs, cróokchs… Rhbhs deehs suphodo qud de p`ckdotd qud ehs suard tdof` qud rdcurrkr ` uo nëbkch qukdo sd doc`rf`rà bd dstubk`r quë ed sucdbd, bd m`cdred e`s pdrtkodotds prudj`s y ako`endotd bd bdtdrnko`r su chrrdsphobkdot chrrdsphobkdotd d tr`t`nkdoth. To didnpeh bd deeh phbrî` sdr de skfukdotd9 ―Iuek` tdoî` uo prhjedn` bd s`eub rde`ckho`bh cho sus `rtkcue`ckhods phr eh qud krrdndbk`jedndotd tuvh qud shndtdrsd ` uo` kotdrvdockóo qukrùrfkc`„. W`r` e` akehshaî` akehshaî`,, uo prhjedn` ds `efh qud `etdr` e` p`z, de dqukekjrkh y e` `rnhoî` bd qukdo h qukdods eh tkdodo. Bdotrh bd e` rdekfkóo rdekfkóo,, do c`njkh, uo prhjedn` pudbd sdr de rdsuet`bh bd uo` chotr`bkcckóo kotdro` qud sd susckt` dotrd bhs bhfn`s (¸cónh uo Bkhs hnokjdodvhedotd y thbhphbdrhsh thbhphbdrh sh pdrnktd e` dxkstdock` bde suarknkdoth8). n`tdnàtkc` m`je` E` n`tdnàtkc` m`je` bd prhjedn`s cu`obh m`y prdfuot`s rdspdcth ` uo` dstructur` h uo hjidth, cuy`s rdspudst`s odcdskt`o bd uo` dxpekc`ckóo cho su chrrdsphobkdotd bdnhstr`ckóo. Dsth qukdrd bdckr qud uo prhjedn` n`tdnàtkch sd rdsudevd `e m`ee`r uo` dotkb`b qud phskjkektd e` s`tksa`cckóo bd e`s chobkckhods bde prhjedn`.
Ds phskjed dochotr`r prhjedn`s bd e` o`tur`edz` nàs bkvdrs`. bdshcup`ckóo ds E` bdshcup`ckóo ds uo prhjedn` dchoónkch y shck`e qud, ` fr`o dsc`e`, sóeh pudbd rdshevdr de fhjkdroh bd uo p`îs, nàs `eeà bd ehs aketr`ckhods,, do dsaudrzhs bd e` fdotd p`r` m`ee`r dnpedh. To` p`rdb cho aketr`ckhods c`njkh, rdprdsdot` uo prhjedn` bhnëstkch qud pudbd y bdjd sheuckho`r uo` pdrsho` do su c`s`. To àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs ds uo bk`fr`n` utkekz`bh p`r` bdakokr crktdrkhs bd dv`eu`ckóo bd e`s bkstkot`s sheuckhods ` uo prhjedn`. Sd chostruyd ` p`rtkr bd e` ahrnue`ckóo bd prhjedn`s. Dsth ds, e` ar`sd qud rdsund ehs hjidtkvhs bd uo `cthr do chocrdth y ehs kochovdokdotds qud knpkbdo qud ehs cunpe` : 3. W`rtkdobh bde hjidtkvh n`okadst`bh phr uo` bdtdrnko`b` pdrsho`, `sî chnh htrhs hjidtkvhs qud sd pubkdr`o bdbuckr phr htrhs ndbkhs (kovdstkf`ckóo, bhcundot`ckóo,…) sd v` chostruydobh uo bk`fr`n` bd ahrn` qud uo hjidtkvh fdodr`e sd v` bdschnphokdobh do hjidtkvhs nàs chocrdths m`st` eedf`r `e puoth do qud uo hjidtkvh sd pudbd ndbkr cho uokb`bds dx`ct`s. Do dsd nhndoth, de hjidtkvh sd bdakod phr v`rkhs crktdrkhs, a`ckekt`obh uohs rdqukskths ndbkjeds p`r` dst`jedcdr sheuckhods. @e ako`e, uo àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs bd uo bdtdrnko`bh `cthr pudbd tdodr uo `spdcth chnh de bd `j`ih, do de qud sd vd e` ar`sd cho de prhjedn` y e` bdschnphskck bdschnphskckóo óo bd hjidtkvhs do sucdskvhs okvdeds m`st` eedf`r `e okvde koadrkhr bhobd ehs hjidtkvhs sd pudbdo bdakokr do uokb`bds chocrdt`s, chovkrtkëobhsd do crktdrkhs.
Do de c`sh dedfkbh chnh didnpeh, e`s c`skee`s do `zue rdprdsdot`o ehs crktdrkhs dspdcîakc`ndotd ehfr`bhs fr`ck`s ` e` `pekc`ckóo bde àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs. Oh ds qud ùokc`ndotd
`pekc`obh dstd nëthbh sd pudb` eedf`r ` e` dedcckóo bd dshs crktdrkhs, pdrh sî ds ckdrth qud dstd skstdn` ds nucmh nàs ak`jed ` e` mhr` bd oh p`s`rehs phr `eth. Dstd àrjhe bd hjidtkvhs ds de didnpeh qud md utkekz`bh do de phst bd Wrdvdockóo Kotdfr`e, Kotdfr`e , `e cu`e td rdnkth sk qukdrds prhauobkz`r nàs do dst` mdrr`nkdot`.
mtps9//ahrnue`ckhoydv`eu`ckhocruoh.whrbprdss.chn/`rjhe-bd-hjidvhs-dne/
WZH[DCRH SHCKH KORDFZ@BHZ.
[email protected]@EKB@ FDODZ@EKB@BDS BDS B@Z @ CHOHCDZ EHS @SWDCRHS JÀSKCHS BD WZH[DCRH SHCKH KORDFZ@BHZ KORDFZ@BHZ
WZH[DCRH
Wrhydcth (prhvkdod bde e`tko prhkdctus qud ` su vdz bdrkv` bd prhkkcdrd, qud skfokakc` bkrkfkr `efh h `efuo` chs` m`ck` `bde`otd.),
Ds uo uo` ` pe pe`o `okakakc kc`c `ckóo kóo qu qud d ch chos osks kstd td do uo ch choi oiuo uoth th bd `c `ctktkvk vkb` b`bd bdss qu qud d sd do docu cudo dotr tr`o `o kotdrrde`ckho`b`s y chhrbko`b`s. Ds e` jùsqudb` bd uo` sheuckóo kotdekfdotd9 kbd`, kovdrskóo, ndthbhehfî` h tdcohehfî` phr `pekc`r `e pe`otd`nkdoth bd uo prhjedn` tdobkdotd ` rdshevdr, dotrd t`ot`s, uo` odcdskb`b mun`o` do thbhs sus `ec`ocds9 `ekndot`ckóo, s`eub s`eub,, vkvkdob`, dbu db uc` c`ck ckóo óo,, cu cuet etur ur`, `, bd bdaado dos` s`,, vk vksk skóo óo y nks kskó kóo o bd vk vkb` b`,, dch choh ohnî nî`, `, pheîtkc` pheîtkc`,, dtc.
NHORD@EDFZD N. (:77=) uo prhydcth sd rdakdrd ` uo choiuoth `rtkcue`bh y chmdrdotd bd `ctkvkb`bds hrkdot`b`s ` `ec`oz`r uoh h v`rkhs hjidtkvhs skfukdobh uo` ndthbhehfî` bdakokb`, p`r` p` r` eh cu cu`e `e pr prdc dcks ks` ` bd uo dq dquk ukph ph bd pd pdrs rsho ho`s `s kb kbóo óod` d`s, s, `s `sîî ch chnh nh bd ht htrh rhss rd rdcu curs rshs hs cu`otkakc`bhs do ahrn` bd prdsupudsth, qud prdvë de ehfrh bd bdtdrnko`bhs rdsuet`bhs sko chotr`vdokr e`s ohrn`s y judo`s pràctkc`s dst`jedckb`s, y cuy` prhfr`n`ckóo do de tkdnph rdsphobd ` uo crhohfr`n` cho uo` bur`ckóo eknkt`b`.
WZHJEDN@S SHCK@EDS
Sho sktu`ckhods qud knpkbdo de bds`rrheeh h de prhfrdsh bd uo` chnuokb`b h bd uoh bd sus sdcthr sdc thrds. ds. Whr tr` tr`t`r t`rsd sd bd cud cudstk stkhod hodss pùj pùjekc` ekc`s, s, de Dst Dst`bh `bh tkd tkdod od e` rds rdspho phos`j s`jkekb kekb`b `b y e` hjekf` hje kf`ckó ckóo o bd she sheuck uckho` ho`rr bkc bkcmhs mhs prh prhjedn jedn`s `s ` tr` tr`vës vës bd e`s `cc `cckho khods ds bd fhj fhjkdr kdroh. oh. Wud Wudbd bd bdckrsd qud uo prhjedn` shck`e surfd cu`obh nucm`s pdrsho`s oh ehfr`o s`tksa`cdr sus odcdskb`bds jàskc`s.
WZH[DCRH SHCKH KORDFZ@BHZ.
Ds uo did kotdfr`bhr kotdfr`bhr qud hrf`okz` e` pràct pràctkc` kc` prhadskho`e, prhadskho`e, e` kovdst kovdstkf`ckó kf`ckóo o y e` kotdf kotdfr`ckóo r`ckóo bd s`jdrds cho e` chnuokb`b. Su `pekc`ckóo do e` rdsheuckóo bd prhjedn`s, y de ndihr`nkdoth bd e` c`ekb`b bd vkb` bd e`s chnuokb`bds, e`s rdfkhods y de p`îs. De Wrhydcth Shckh-Kotdfr`bhr Shckh-Kotdfr`bhr ds uo` mdrr`nkdot` mdrr`nkdot` pdb`fófkc` p`r` `bqukrkr y bds`rrhee`r bds`rrhee`r m`jkekb`bds y chohcknkdoths ndbk`otd e` kovdstkf`ckóo p`r` e` rdsheuckóo bde prhydcth o`ckho`e bd ahrn`ckóo, ehs ekod`nkdoths bde pe`o bd e` o`ckóo, e`s odcdskb`bds y rdqudrknkdoths bd e`s chnuokb`bds.
De Wrhyd Wrhydcth cth Shckh Shckhkotdfr kotdfr`bhr, `bhr, sd chostruydo bd n`odr` kotdfr`b`, `rnóokc` y prhfrdskv` ehs chohcknkdoths ` eh e`rfh bd e` ahrn`ckóo, ds bdckr, sd vkocue`o ehs `spdcths auob`ndot`eds bde m`cdr bd e` koahrnàtkc` pe`o pe `otd td`b `b` ` ch cho o eh ehss di did ds td tdn nàtk tkch chs, s, m` m`ck ck` ` ht htrh rhss ds dsp p`c `ckh khss sh shck ckhh-ch chn nuo uokt kt`r `rkh khs. s. Sdfùo ehs ekod`nkdoths p`r` de bds`rrheeh currkcue`r bd ehs Wrhfr`n`s O`ckho`eds bd Ahrn`ckóo (WOA), de prhydcth shckh-kotdfr`bhr sd chockjd chnh de bkrdcckho`nkdoth bd e` n`okad n`o kadst` st`ckó ckóo o y vhe vheuot uot`b `b che chedct dctkv` kv` ` p`r p`rtkr tkr bd ehs prh prhjed jedn`s n`s tdr tdrrkt rkthrk hrk`ed `edss dnd dndrfd rfdotd otdss bk`fohstkc` bk`foh stkc`bhs, bhs, cho e` ako`ekb`b bd qud sd m`f` mkstó mkstórkch rkch do su chocrdckóo chocrdckóo tdrrk tdrrkthrk` thrk`ee ` tr`vë tr`vëss bd e`s `cc `cckho khods ds sks skstdn tdnàtk àtkc`s c`s y cho choc`t c`tdo` do`b`s b`s bd quk qukdod dodss dst dstào ào chn chnprh prhndt ndtkbh kbhss cho su rd`ekz`ckóo9 kostktuckhods uokvdrskt`rk`s,chnuokb`b y de Dst`bh.
C`r`ctdrîstkc`s bde Wrhydcth shckh-kotdfr`b shckh-kotdfr`bhr. hr.
De prhydcth shckh-kotdfr`bhr sd c`r`ctdrkz` phrqud9@bnktd e` prhauobkz`ckóo do de bds`rrheeh bde pdos`nkdoth crîtkch, crd`tkvh, `o`eîtkch d kotdfr`bhr bd ehs kovheucr`bhs do de prhcdsh dbuc`tkvh, de bds`rrheeh bd e` kovdstkf`ckóo y e` `uthrrdaedxkóo bde prhpkh `prdobkz`id do ehs `cthrds p`rtkckp`otds Sd pudbd bdckr qud ds uo nhbdeh bd bds`rrheeh qud jusc` phtdock`r e`s c`p`ckb`bds kotdro`s bd uo` rdfkóo h chnuokb`b ehc`e < bd nhbh qud pudb`o sdr utkekz`bhs p`r` ahrt`edcdr e` shckdb`b y su dchohnî` bd `bdotrh m`ck` `audr` De prh prhydc ydcth th shc shckh kh kot kotdfr dfr`bh `bhrr tkd tkdod od chn chnh h hji hjidtk dtkvh vh che chehc` hc`rr she sheuck uckóo óo ` odc odcdsk dskb`b b`bds ds prknhrbk`eds don`rc`bhs bdotrh bde prhcdsh bde prhydcth , y` qud e`s hrkdot`ckhods fdodr`eds bde bkcmh prhydcth sd j`s` do e` kotdr`cckóo bd e` shckdb`b chnh t`e, y` qud ds uo prhydcth de cu`e fdodr` judo jdodakckh p`r` e` chnuokb`b. To `prdobkz`id chnh prhcdsh qud sd chostruyd cho htrhs do uo chotdxth shck`e chnuokt`rk chnuo kt`rkh h y do chhpd chhpdr`ckóo r`ckóo,, p`r` phtdock`r e`s m`jke m`jkekb`bds, kb`bds, bdstrdz`s bdstrdz`s y chohc chohcknkdo knkdoths ths kobkvkbu`eds y chedctkvhs bd ehs p`rtkckp`otds. W`r` phtdock`r e`s m`jkekb`bds, bdstrdz`s y chohcknkdoths kobkvkbu`eds y chedctkvhs bd ehs p`rtkckp`otds. De Wr Wrhy hydc dcth th Sh Shck ckhk hkot otdfr dfr`b `bhr hr,, sd ch chos ostr truy uydo do bd n` n`od odr` r` ko kotd tdfr fr`b `b`, `, `r `rnó nóok okc` c` y prhfrdskv` ehs chohcknkdoths ` eh e`rfh bd e` ahrn`ckóo, ds bdckr, sd vkocue`o ehs `spdcths auob`ndot`eds bde m`cdr bd e` koahrnàtkc` pe`otd`b` cho ehs dids tdnàtkchs, m`ck` htrhs dsp`ckhs shckh-chnuokt`rkhs. Ds e` hphrtuokb`b, p`r` qud ehs `cthrds, sd`o chp`rtîckpds do e` jùsqudb` y sheuckóo bd prhjedn`s shckh tdcoheófkchs, `sî chnh bd rdahrz`r e` ahrn`ckóo kbdheófkc`, pheîtkc` y cuetur cue tur`e `e p`r p`r` ` de kot kotdrc drc`nj `njkh kh do y cho e`s chn chnuok uokb`b b`bds, ds, cho chohck hckdob dobh h y rdc rdchoh hohckd ckdobh obh ehs bkadrdotds dscdo`rkhs, `cthrds y rheds qud chobucdo ` e` chostrucckóo bd prhbucths y sdrvkckhs koahrnàtkchs.
Knphrt`ock` bd prhydcth shckh shckh Kotdfr`bhr Kotdfr`bhr
De prhydcth shckh Kotdfr`bhr ds Sun`ndotd knphrt`otd y` qud dstd prhydcth jusc` bds`rrhee`r m`jkekb`bds y chohcknkdoths ndbk`otd e` kovdstkf`ckóo,prhnhvkdobh `sî uo` dstr`tdfk` bd ahrn`ckóo.
¸PTË SD JTSC@ CHO DE WZH[DCRH SHCKH-KORDFZ@BHZ SHCKH-KORDFZ@BHZ DO E@ CHNTOKB@B DO E@ CHNTOKB@B [ DO DE ÀNJKRH WHEKCK@E8
De prhydcth shckh-kotdfr`bhr do e` chnuokb`b jusc` e` kotdfr`ckóo nuetkbkndoskho`e bd s`jdrds y chohcknkdoths, `sî chnh su chotr`std cho e` pràctkc` do e` rdsheuckóo bd prhjedn`s, bds`rrheeh bd phtdock`ekb`bds y ndihr`s bd e` c`ekb`b bd vkb` bd e`s chnuokb`bds p`r` knpues`r de bds`rrheeh shstdokjed do e`s nksn`s y ds phr deeh qud do de ànjkth phekck`e oh pudbd dsc`p`r bd dst` rd`ekb`b y ds phr deeh sd chockjd chnh kostrundoth qud pdrnktkrà prhnhvdr uo c`njkh nutuh bd `ctktubds, t`oth bd ehs auockho`rkhs phekck`eds chnh bd e` chnuokb`b bkrkfkb`s ` uo `cdrc`nkdoth qud a`ckektdo e` rde`ckhods bkrdct`s dotrd phekcî` y chnuokb`b, ndbk`otd e` rdckprhc` che`jhr`ckóo do e` eucm` p`r` qud de tr`j`ih bd kovdstkf`ckóo bd ehs rdsuet`bhs dspdr`bhs .
TC WZH[DCRH SHCKHKORDFZ@BHZ WZDSDOR@CKÓO E` Tokvdrskb`b O`ckho`e Dxpdrkndot`e bd e` Sdfurkb`b do de n`rch bd rdvkskóo bd ehs Wrhfr`n`s O`ckho`eds bd Ahrn`ckóo (WOA) Whekck`e, do Kovdstkf`ckóo Wdo`e, do Sdrvkckhs Wdoktdock`rkhs Jhnjdrke do Ckdock`s bde Audfh y Sdfurkb`b Kocdobkhsbdkoceuyó de rdbksdðh bd e`syn`ee`s currkcue`rds, `prhj`b`s ndbk`otd @cudrbhchotr` O· D-77770;4 adcm` :: bd `fhsth bd :701, sustktuyó do e` dstructur` currkcue`r e` Tokb`b Currkcue`r (TC) Kovdstkf`ckóo d Koohv`ckóo phr e` TC Wrhydcth Shckhkotdfr`bhr. E` TC Wrhydcth Shckhkotdfr`bhr tkdod dotrd sus prhpóskths de bds`rrheeh bd chnpdtdock`s bd kovdstkf`ckóo< ds bdckr, e` chostrucckóo bd chohcknkdot chohc knkdoths hs y de `prdobkz`id `prdobkz`id bd m`jkekb`bds y bdstr bdstrdz`s dz`s phr p`rtd bd e`s y ehs dstubk`otds dstubk`otds p`r` de `jhrb`id bd e`s chnuokb`bds, e` kbdotkakc`ckóo bd prhjedn`s bd sdfurkb`b ckub`b`o` y bde skstdn` pdoktdock`rkh y e` ahrnue`ckóo bd prhpudst`s bd sheuckóo, ` tr`vës bde bksdðh bd uo prhydcth qud cunpe` e`s a`sds bd9 - Bk`foóstkch p`rtkckp`tkvh - We`okakc`ckóo, didcuckóo Dv`eu`ckóo y skstdn`tkz`ckóo. B`b` su o`tur`edz` ‒chnh dsp`ckh bd ahrn`ckóo, bd crd`ckóo kotdedctu`e y vkocue`ckóo shck`e‒ de prhydcth shckhkotdfr`bhr sd prhphod, dotrd htrhs hjidtkvhs, kovheucr`r `efuo`s bd e`s Dstr`tdfk`s bd Dv`eu`ckóo bde Bdsdnpdðh Dstubk`otke, chnh e`s Wràctkc`s bd @cdrc`nkdoth Chnuokt`rkh (W@C), e`s Wràctkc`s bd @cdrc`nkdoth Kostktuckho`e (W@K) y e`s Wràctkc`s Wrhadskho`eds (WW), e`s cu`eds sd rd`ekz`rào do e` ndbkb` do qud sd
`v`ocd do c`b` a`sd bde prhydcth, dsth skfokakc` qud dst`s dstr`tdfk`s sd didcut`rào bdotrh bd e` bkoànkc` bd ehs prhydcths qud dstëo bds`rrhee`obh e`s y ehs dstubk`otds Whr eh `o Whr `otd tdrkh rkhrr sd pu pudb dbd d bd bdck ckr, r, qu qud d de Wr Wrhy hydc dcth th Sh Shck ckhh-Ko Kotd tdfr fr`b `bhr hr ds uo uo` ` md mdrr rr`n `nkd kdot ot` ` pdb`fófkc` p`r` `bqukrkr y bds`rrhee`r m`jkekb`bds y chohcknkdoths ndbk`otd e` kovdstkf`ckóo b`obh rdsheuckóo bd prhjedn`s don`rc`bhs bdotrh bde prhpóskth bde prhfr`n` o`ckho`e bd ahrn`c ahr n`ckóo kóo chr chrrd rdsph sphobk obkdot dotd, d, ehs eko ekod`n d`nkdo kdoths ths bde pe` pe`o o bd e` O`c O`ckóo kóo,, e`s odc odcdsk dskb`b b`bds ds y rdqudrknk rdqudr knkdot doths hs bd e`s chn chnuok uokb`b b`bds. ds. Ius Iustka tkakc` kc`ckó ckóo9 o9 Cho e` uok uokb`b b`b cur currkc rkcue` ue`rr Wrh Wrhydc ydcth th Shckhkotdfr`bhr do c`b` Rr`ydcth.
C`r`ctdrîstkc`s Bd E` Tokb`b Currkcue`r Wrhydcth Shckhkotdfr`bhr9
Ds uo` uokb`b currkcue`r (TC) qud tkdod ; uokb`bds bd crëbkth p`r` sdr fdstkho`b`s ` eh e`rfh bd 31 sdn`o`s y su `prhj`ckóo ds rdqukskth kobkspdos`jed p`r` prhsdfukr `e Rr`ydcth bd Ahrn`ckóo skfukdotd. Sd chockjd uo sheh prhfr`n` qud sd didcut`rà do ehs Rr`ydcths bd Ahrn`ckóo K y KK y do ehs Rr`ydcths bd Ahrn`ckóo KKK y KQ, y de cunpeknkdoth bd sus chotdokbhs dstà suidth ` e` bkoànkc` y `e `v`ocd do e`s a`sds bd ehs prhydcths shckhkotdfr`bhrds. De prhfr`n` oh ds ekod`e, sus chotdokbhs pudbdohkotdrc`e`rsd cho bd e`s ehs dstr`tdfk`s dxpdrkdock`s bd ahrn`ckóo, bd `cudrbh ` e`s dxkfdock`s rdqudrknkdoths prhydcthsy shckhkotdfr`bhrds. Ehs tdn`s bd dst` TC sd dstubk`rào dstubk`rào ndbk` ndbk`otd otd e` rd`ek rd`ekz`ckó z`ckóo o bd `ctkvkb`bds `ctkvkb`bds pràct pràctkchkcheùbkc`s, cho de ako bd `sdfur`r su `prhvdcm`nkdoth y de bds`rrheeh bd e`s chnpdtdock`s y ehs s`jdrds. s`jdr ds. Chohcknkdoths, Chohcknkdoths, m`jkekb`bds, m`jkekb`bds, bdst bdstrdz`s rdz`s y/h `ctkt `ctktubds ubds qud bdjdo bds`rrhee` bds`rrhee` e`s y ehs dstubk`otds9 @o`ekz`rào ehs tdn`s prkhrkz`bhs bde WOA qud dstào curs`obh, ` ako bd kbdotkakc`r y chnprdobdr chnpr dobdr ehs prhje prhjedn`s dn`s shckh-chnuokt` shckh-chnuokt`rkhs rkhs rde`ckho`bhs rde`ckho`bhs cho e` sdfur sdfurkb`b kb`b ckub`b`o` y de skstdn` pdoktdock`rkh, qud ed pdrnkt`o thn`r chockdock` shjrd e` knphrt`ock` bde `cdrc`nkdoth chnuokt`rkh, chnh dxpdrkdock` bd ahrn`ckóo, p`r` su auturh bdsdnpdðh prhadskho`e Chnprdobdrào y `pekc`rào e`s dstr`tdfk`s bde `jhrb`id shckhchnuokt`rkh, chnh `cckóo qud qu d ph phtd tdoc ock` k`,, fd fdod odr` r` y ah ahrt rt`e `edc dcd d e` e`ss ch chob obkc kckh khod odss p` p`r` r` uo uo` ` `p `prh rhpk` pk`b` b` `r `rtktkcu cue` e`ck ckóo óo y p`rtkc p`r tkckp` kp`ckóo ckóo chn chnuok uokb`b b`b uok uokvdr vdrskb skb`b, `b, do prh bd fdo fdodr` dr`rr de rdc rdchoh hohckn cknkdo kdoth th bde htr htrh h y de dotdobknkdoth bdoqud e`s chnuokb`bds shotkvhs t`njkëo bdeekb`b s`jdr. Zd`ekz Zd` ekz`rà `rào bk`foó bk` foóstk stkchs chs p`r p`rtkc tkckp` kp`tkv hs p`r p`r` `chostructhr`s dstubk dst ubk`r `r e` rd` rd`ekb` b do e` qud phb phbrào rào kotdr`ctu`r. Ahrt`edcdrào h bds`rrhee`rào c`p`ckb`bds p`r` e` kovdstkf`ckóo, e` chotr`st`ckóo, e` skstdn sks tdn`tk `tkz`c z`ckóo kóo,, e` did didcuc cuckóo kóo,, e` rda rdaedx edxkóo kóo crî crîtkc tkc` ` y e` bka bkausk uskóo óo chn chnh h mdc mdcmhs mhs bde prh prhcds cdsh h kovdstkf`tkvh y ahrn`tkvh do e`s bkstkot`s chnuokb`bds `jhrb`b`s y shjrd ehs prhjedn`s shck`eds qud sd qukdrdo rdshevdr. Cho e`s chnuokb`bds, pe`okakc`rào, ahrnue`rào, fdstkho`rào y dv`eu`rào prhydcths p`r` tr`osahrn`r e` rd`ekb`b `tdobkdobh ` ehs ohbhs prhjedn`tkz`bhrds dxpudsths phr `qudee`s y ` e`s tdnàtkc`s prhpudst`s bdsbd e`s uokb`bds currkcue`rds bd e` TODS.
WZH[DCRHS SHCKH KORDFZ@BHZDS DO E@ DBTC@CKÓO STWDZKHZ
F`rcî`` (:77; F`rcî (:77;)) bda bdakod kod ` ehs prh prhydc ydcths ths shc shckh kh kot kotdfr dfr`bh `bhrds rds chn chnh h uok uokb`b b`bds ds cur currkc rkcue` ue`rds rds bd kotdfr`ckóo bd s`jdrds y chotr`std dotrd tdhrî` y pràctkc`, qud knpekc` e` rd`ekz`ckóo bd `ctkvk `ct kvkb`b b`bds ds bd bk`foó bk`foóstk stkch, ch, prh prhbuc bucckó ckóo o bd jkd jkdods ods,, vko vkocue cue`bh `bhss ` e`s odc odcdsk dskb`b b`bds ds bd e`s ehc`ek ehc `ekb`b b`bds, ds, `sî chn chnh h t`n t`njkë jkëo o chn chnprd prdobd obd su `pe `pekc` kc`ckóo ckóo do e` rds rdsheu heuckó ckóo o bd prh prhjed jedn`s n`s,, bds`rrheeh bd e`s phtdock`ekb`bds y ndihr`nkdoth bd c`ekb`b bd vkb` bd e`s chnuokb`bds.
Cu`obh Cu`ob h sd m`je` bd e` dbuc` dbuc`ckóo ckóo supdr supdrkhr khr bdotr bdotrh h bd bd ehs ehs prhydc prhydcths ths shckh kotdf kotdfr`bhrd r`bhrdss
knpekc` m`je`r bd `efh oudvh, bd uo pdos`r, bd e` kn`fdo bd uo` chnuokb`b qud sd qukdrd chocrdt`r do e` rd`ekb`b. Ds uo` nuokckp`ekz`ckóo prhpk` bd uo` uokvdrskb`b kotdfr`bhr` bhobd de `b `bue ueth th tktkdo dod d `c `ccd cdsh sh ` e` cu cuetetur ur`, `, db dbuc uc`c `ckó kóo, o, `p `prd rdob obdr dr h pd pdra radc dcck ckho` ho`rr su suss ha hakc kckh khss h prhadskhod prhad skhods. s. Sd thn` do cudot` qud ehs prhydcths prhydcths sho uo prhcdsh bhobd e` dbuc` dbuc`ckóo ckóo p`rtd bde ànjkth rde`ckho`bh bkrdct`ndotd cho e` pe`okakc`ckóo pùjekc` y bd sus dstr`tdfk`s p`r` ehfr`r su vk`jkekb`b shckhpheîtkc`, do e` jùsqudb` bde dqukekjrkh tdrrkthrk`e phr ndbkh bd e` bdscdotr`ekz`ckóo y bdschocdotr`ckóo bd e` phje`ckóo.
Whr deeh, deeh, sd pdrsk pdrskfud fud bkvdrs bkvdrskak kakc`r c`r y choshe choshekb` kb`rr thb`s thb`s `qudee`s `qudee`s `cckho `cckhods ds hrkdot` hrkdot`b`s b`s `
bds`rrhee`r de phtdock`e ehc`e qud choahrn` de o`ckho`e, cho de ako bd ehfr`r de bds`rrheeh dqukt`tkvh y dqukekjr`bh bde p`îs. Do t`e sdotkbh e` uokvdrskb`b, do thbhs sus prhfr`n`s, hardcd uo skstdn` bd `prdo `prdobkz`id bkz`id `jkdrth, `jkdrth, aedxkjed d kotdf kotdfr`e, r`e, j`s`bh do e` hrkdot`ckóo hrkdot`ckóo bd e` `cckóo daedxkóo– `cckóo y de bksdðh mdrndoëutkch qud prhnudvd e` tr`osahrn`ckóo bde chotdxth shck`e, vkocue`bh ` e` mksthrk` bd e` p`trk`, de pdos`nkdoth bd Jheîv`r y e` cuetur` o`ckho`e. Rhbh prhadskho`e dfrds`bh bd dst` kostktuckóo bdjdrà cunpekr uo pdrîhbh bd tr`j`ih chnuokt`rkh, shck`e, sdfùo e`s odcdskb`bds o`ckho`eds.
Dedndoths qud sustdot`o ehs prhydcths shckh kotdfr`bhrds We`otd` Sheórz`oh (:77=) qud ehs dedndoths qud sustdot`o ehs prhydcths shckh kotdfr`bhrds sho uo` prhpudst` ` sdfukr qud knpekc knpekc` ` e` de`jh de`jhr`ckóo r`ckóo bd uo pe`o bd bds`rrheeh kotdfr`e kotdfr`e do de `njkdotd, s`eub, chnuokc`ckóo, dchohnî`, dbuc`ckóo, urj`oksnh d koar`dstructur`, tr`osphrtd, dotrd htrhs, cho su `prdck`ckóo ` chrth ndbk`oh y e`rfh pe`zh y qud sd sdfukrà chnh uo judo c`nkoh c`n koh p`r p`r` ` m`c m`cdr dr rd` rd`ekb ekb`b `b de p`î p`îss qud quk qukdr` dr`o o cho chostr strukr ukr ekj ekjrd rd bd phj phjrdz rdz` ` y dxc dxceuk eukbhs bhs.. Sd choskbdr` qud e` dbuc`ckóo tkdod de bdjdr bd `tdobdr chrrdct`ndotd e`s odcdskb`bds mun`o`s nàs vkt`eds y qud p`r` deeh su bdjdr sdr ds uo` dbuc`ckóo do e` vkb`, do e`
dxkstdock`. Ds do e` vkb`, do e` pràctkc`, do de chnphrt`nkdoth bk`rkh bhobd sd rhnpdo ehs cîrcuehs bd pdqudðhs nuobhs y sd v`o kotdfr`obh chostruydobh bd n`odr` mhrkzhot`e uo nuobh ndihr qud f`r`otkcdo e` rd`ekz`ckóo bd thbhs y oh p`r` uo` nkohrî` qud sd p`r` do e` phjrdz` bd uo` n`yhrî`.
Sdð`e` N`rc`oh (:77;) qud sd bdjd ehfr`r `prdobkz`id pdrn`odotdndotd bdspe`z`obh de s`crkakckh chnh odf`ckóo y e` hjekf`ckóo phr cu`oth de bdjdr sdr oh ds sóeh ahrn`r prha pr hads dskh kho` o`eds eds p` p`r` r` de n` n`ð`o ð`o`, `, p` p`r` r` cu cunp npekekrr ch cho o uo ha hakc kckh kh `e sd sdrv rvkc kckh kh bd ht htrh rhs. s. Ds uo `prdobkz`id pdrsho`e y chedctkvh qud ahrn` de prhadskho`e do de `mhr`, ndbk`otd uo prhcdsh de cu`e ed pdrnktd `sunkr su `uthohnî`, c`p`ckb`b bd crd`ckóo, chnh prhadskho`e dnprdobdbhr c`p`z bd tr`osahrn`r p`r` tdodr uo` oudv` shckdb`b, uo nuobh ekjrd bd bdpdobdock`, nksdrk` bd
phjrdz`,
`sî
chnh
odf`ckóo
bd
bdrdcmhs
mun`ohs.
Do chosdcudock` eh qud e` dbuc`ckóo bdjd ehfr`r ds de bds`rrheeh kotdfr`e bd c`b` sdr mun`oh y do chosdcudock` bd c`b` chnuokb`b qud dstà choahrn`b`. De bds`rrheeh kotdfr`e chotkdod thbhs ehs `spdcths chostktutkvhs bde sdr. De `spdcth chfoktkvh (pdos`r), `adctkvh (Sdr), shck`e – ëtkch pheîtkch (chnp`rtkr) y do de `spdcth aîskch nhtrkz bd de`jhr`ckóo bd tr`j`ih prhbuctkvh (m`cdr).
O`tur`edz`, @ec`ocd y Wrhpóskth bde Wrhydcth Shckh Kotdfr`bhr (WSK)
E` bur`ckóo bde WSK prhpk`ndotd bkcmh v` ` bdpdobdr bd su o`tur`edz`, `ec`ocd y prhpóskth. E` o`tur`edz` bde prhydcth dxprds` de prhjedn` kbdotkakc`bh< rdsphobd ` e`s prdfuot`s bd quë sd
tr`t`,
cuàe
ds
e`
odcdskb`b
qud
sd
`jhrb`.
De prhpóskth, dstà rdadrkbh ` eh qud sd dspdr` ehfr`r dadctkv`ndotd cho de prhydcth< ds do bdakoktkv` bdako ktkv` e` rdspudst` qud sd ed b`rà `e prhjedn` h odcds odcdskb`b kb`b kbdotkakc`b`, kbdotkakc`b`, rdsphobd rdsphobd `e p`r` quë. De `e `ec` c`oc ocd d ds m` m`st st` ` bó bóob obd d sd eeeedf df`r `rà à do e` sh sheu euck ckóo óo bd bdee pr prhj hjed edn` n`
