AR Domesticas

 

^gobg nh mcfthfknc K.

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COAH^KPC JHFH_GB.............................................................................................8

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CO COAAH^ H^KP KPC] C] H]YH YHM MK@ K@KKMC]....................................................................................8

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DG_MC B BH HJGB...........................................................................................................8

KP. KP. Y_C Y_COB OBHDÇ HDÇ^KM ^KMG G NH B BG G JH JH]^K ]^KÝF ÝF KKF^ F^HJ_ HJ_GNG GNG NH G GJXG JXG] ] _H _H]K ]KNXG NXGBH] BH] NCDË]^KMG]...........................................................................................................................5 P. DG_MC ^ ^H HÝ_KMC.........................................................................................................79 8.7.

Gjug _hsknugb...........................................................................................................79

8.7.7. Gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs (gjugs shrvkngs). .....................................................79 8.7.?. Hb trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs y sus tëmfkmgs nh trgtgdkhftc. .....................79 .............. ...........................77 ....................77 8.7.=. Mýdc hs hb ^rgtgdkhftc nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs Ncdëstkmgs.......

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Jh Jhst stkýf kýf kfth kfthjr jrgb gb nh gj gjug ugss rh rhsk sknu nugb gbhs hs.......................................................................7?

8.=. Hb trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs hf hb mcfthxtc nhb Nhsgrrcbbc Bcmgb

]csthfkobh 7=

8.=.7. Mgrgmthrästkmgs nhb hf hf`cquh `cquh nhb Nhsgrrc Nhsgrrcbbc bbc Bcmgb ]csthfkobh..............................7= PK. PK. MG MG]C] ]C] HDO HDOBH BHDÇ^ DÇ^KMC KMC] ] G FKPH FKPHB BD DXF XFNK NKGB GB ]CO ]CO_H _H JH JH]^K ]^KÝF ÝF KF^HJ_GNG NH GJXG] _H]KNXGBH] NCDË]^KMG] .................................................7> G. Bg HNG HNG_ _ nh Gtc Gtctcfkb tcfkbmc mc (Dëx (Dëxkmc), kmc), bbgg dgyc dgycrr pbgf pbgftg tg nh ttrgtgd rgtgdkhftc khftc nh gju gjugs gs rhsknugbhs nhb dufnc, mudpbh uf g÷c nhsnh su puhstg hf dgrmeg. ..............................7> O. Bg Hst Hstgmkýf gmkýf N Nhpur hpurgncrg gncrg nh Gju Gjugs gs _hs _hsknug knugbhs bhs (HN (HNG_) G_) n nhb hb Yrgt nh Bbco Bbcorhjgt rhjgt hhss ufg nh bgs dçs jrgfnhs nh Hurcpg..................................................................................70 M. Bg Hstgmkýf Hstgmkýf Nhpu Nhpurgncr rgncrgg n nhh G Gjugs jugs _hskn _hsknugbhs ugbhs (HNG (HNG_) _) Ecllgknń Csglg y Lkctc (AGYÝF)............................................................................................................................75 N. Bg Hs Hstgmký tgmkýf f Nhp Nhpurgn urgncrg crg n nhh Gju Gjugs gs _ _hsknu hsknugbhs gbhs (HNG (HNG_) _) K]_ K]_GHB GHB........................?= H. Bg Hstgmkýf Hstgmkýf Nhpu Nhpurgncr rgncrgg n nhh G Gjugs jugs _hskn _hsknugbhs ugbhs (HNG (HNG_) _) MC_H MC_HG GN NHB HB ] ]X_  X_ ......?> ......?> ...................?8 @. Bg H Hstgm stgmkýf kýf Nhpur Nhpurgncrg gncrg nh G Gjugs jugs _hskn _hsknugbhs ugbhs (HNG (HNG_) _) ]K ]KFJG FJGYX_  YX_ ...................?8 J. Bg Hs Hstg tgmk mkýf ýf Nh Nhpu purg rgnc ncrg rg nh Gj Gjug ugss _ _hs hskn knug ugbh bhss ((HN HNG_ G_)) OC OCBK BKPK PKG G.................?0

E. PKK. PKKK KK..

Bg Hs Hstg tgmk mkýf ýf Nh Nhpu purg rgnc ncrg rg nh Gj Gjug ugss _ _hs hskn knug ugbh bhss ((HN HNG_ G_)) YH YH_Ñ _Ñ.......................?:

MCFMBX]KCFH CFH]........................................................................................................?; _H@H @H_ _HF HFM MKG KG] ] OKO OKOBK BKCJ CJ_ _G@K @KM MG]....................................................................=9

 

 

MCF^HFKNC NH @KJX_G].

@kjurg 71HNG_ nh Gtctcfkbmc (Dëxkmc .....................................................................................78 @kjurg ?1Bg Hstgmkýf Nhpurgncrg nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs (HNG_) nhb Yrgt nh Bbcorhjgt hs ufg nh bgs dçs jrgfnhs nh Hurcpg.........................................................................................................70 @kjurg =1Hb Yrgt nh Bbcorhjgt, hf hb nhbtg nhb räc Bbcorhjgt........................................................75 @kjurg >1jgpphk-secrk acelgscus (J]A)......................................................................................?7 @kjurg 81acelgscu.......................................................................................................................?7 @kjurg 0 1 Bg Hstgmkýf Hstgmkýf Nhpur Nhpurgncrg gncrg nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs _hsknugbhs (HNG_) (HNG_) E Ecllgkn cllgknń ń Csglg y Lkctc.. ..?= @kjurg :1 Mcdpcfhfths nhb prhtrgtgdkhftc shjuknc nhb `btrc phrmcbgncr dcnk`mgnc..............?: @kjurg 51^gfquh nh shnkdhftgmkýf muokhrtc mcf rhakbbgs nh shjurkngn......................................?5

^gobg 71 Yrcmhscs hf bg Y^G_ Mcmegogdog, Ocbkvkg (Gngptgnc nh @ufngmkýf Gjug^uyg, ?977) ...................................................................................................................................................?:

 

K.

KF^_CNXMMKÝF Bg prcobhdçtkmg gdokhftgb jbcogb hxkjh uf dgfhac scsthfkobh nh bcs rhmurscs fgturgbhs< rhqukhrh nh vcbuftgn pcbätkmg pgrg bg jhstkýf nh bcs rhmurscs y nh scmkhngnhs mcfsmkhfths nh bgs mcfshmuhfmkgs quh bg mcftgdkfgmkýf prcvcmg scorh hb dhnkc gdokhfth hf jhfhrgb. Ekst Ekstýr ýrkm kmgd gdhf hfth th bgs bgs gjug gjugss rhsk rhsknu nugb gbhs hs sh eg egff nh nhsm smgr grjg jgnc nc g bc bcss mu muhr hrpc pcss nh gj gjug ug suphr`kmkgbhs skf trgtgdkhftc, trgyhfnc mcfskjc hb nhthrkcrc nhb muhrpc rhmhptcr y sus mcfshmuhfth mcfshmu hfthss kdpg kdpgmtcs mtcs scorh bcs rhmu rhmurscs rscs fgturgbh fgturgbhss y bgs mcdufkngnhs. mcdufkngnhs. Bgs gjugs gjugs rhsknu rhs knugbh gbhss ncd ncdëst ëstkmg kmgss scf scf hb rhs rhsubt ubtgnc gnc nh bgs gmtkvk gmtkvkngn ngnhs hs prcpkg prcpkgss nhb shr eu eudgf dgfc, c,  prcvhfkhfths buhjc nh supbkr fhmhskngnhs fhmhskngnhs oçskmgs mcdc bg prhpgrgmkýf nh gbkdhftcs y gshc phrscfgb< hstgs gjugs mcftkhfhf rhsknucs crjçfkmcs prcvcmgfnc gbthrgmkýf nh bg mgbkngn bc quh kdpbkmg rhgbkzgr trgtgdkhftcs pgrg bg nkspcskmkýf `kfgb. Bg nkspcskmkýf nh bcs bäqukncs rhsknugbhs mruncs (skf trgtgdkhftc) c prhtrgtgncs (rhags y nhsgrhfgncr) hf hb suhbc c muhrpcs rhmhptcrhs fgturgbhs mcdc räcs, bgjufgs, cmëgfcs mcfstktuyh ufg gbthrfgtkvg mcdñfdhfth hdpbhgng hf hb pgsgnc, h kfmbusc gñf ecy näg hxksthf zcfgs quh dgftkhfhf hstg prçmtkmg. Nhphfnkhfnc nh bg mgrjg crjçfkmg vhrtkng, bcs bäqukncs rhsknugbhs prcvcmgf bg tctgb nhjrgngmkýf nhb dhnkc rhmhptcr, c okhf ësth nhduhstrg thfhr mgpgmkngn nh rhmkokr y nhpurgr bcs mcftgdkfgfths prhshfths prhshfths skf gbmgfzgr  fkvhbhs hf sus pgrçdhtrcs nh mgbkngn quh mcdprcdhtgf hb usc nhb dksdc (mugbqukhrg ( mugbqukhrg shg ësth) c okhf hb hmcsksthdg quh hf hb sh nhsgrrcbbg. Hstc nhduhstrg quh bg fgturgbhzg tkhfh mcfnkmkcfhs nh nhsgrrcbbgr uf trgtgdkhftc nh bcs bäqukncs rhsknugbhs, skhdprh y mugfnc fc hxkstg ufg scorhmgrjg y nh quh egyg ouhfgs mcfnkmkcfhs gdokhftgbhs quh phrdktgf bg hvcbumkýf, rhprcnummkýf y mrhmkdkhftc nh bcs crjgfksdcs quh nhsmcdpcfhf bg dgthrkg crjçfkmg. Hf säfthsks, hb trgtgdkhftc okcbýjkmc nh bcs bäqukncs rhsknugbhs sh trgtg nh uf `hfýdhfc quh puhnh cmurrkr fgturgbdhfth tgftc hf suhbc mcdc hf hb gjug, skhdprh y mugfnc prhncdkfhf bgs mcfnkmkcfhs gprcpkgngs. Xfg Ybgftg nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs (c h`buhfths, bc mugb ng crkjhf g bg skjbg Y^G_) hs fgng dçs fk fgng dhfcs quh uf sksthdg quh rhprcnumh bcs dhmgfksdcs nh nhpurgmkýf quh tkhfhf bujgr fgturgbdhfth hf hb suhbc y bgs gjugs. Hf bgs pbgftgs nh trgtgdkhftc sh cptkdkzgf bcs prcmhscs `äskmcs y okcquädkmcs gsä mcdc bcs mcstcs quh hbbc kdpbkmg, egmkhfnc uf usc kfthfskvc nhb çrhg y prcmurgfnc mcfshjukr bg dgycr h`kmkhfmkg  pcskobh, g bg vhz quh sh rhsphtgf bgs rhstrkmmkcfhs c hxkjhfmkgs nh bg fcrdgtkvg mcf hb coahtc nh prcthjhr hb muhrpc rhmhptcr (hmcsksthdg) y fc g`hmtgr bcs uscs quh hb ecdorh rhgbkzg nhb dksdc.

 

Hb mrhmkdkhftc pcobgmkcfgb gmtugb, hf`rhftg dumecs rhtcs ufc nh bcs mugbhs mcfstktuyh  prcvhhr nh shrvkmkcs nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs pgrg fuhvcs nhsgrrcbbcs. Bg mcfs mcfstr trum ummk mkýf ýf rh rhsk sknh nhfm fmkg kgb, b, kfnu kfnust strkg rkgbb c rhmr rhmrhg hgmk mkcf cfgb gb hf tk tkhr hrrg rgss sk skff sh shrv rvkm kmkc kcss nh gbmgftgrkbbgnc `rhmuhfthdhfth mcfbbhvg dumegs prhjuftgs gmhrmg nh bg hstrgthjkg dçs mcf`kgobh y hb mcstc dçs h`hmtkvc pgrg dgfhagr hb h`buhfth nh gjugs rhsknugbhs.

KK. COAH^KPC] KK.7. .7.

COA OAH^ H^KKPC JHFH HFH_GB 

Knhftk`kmgr bcs mgscs hdobhdçtkmcs g fkvhb dufnkgb scorh jhstkýf kfthjrgb nh gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs.

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 COAH^KPC] H]YHMK@KMC] 

Nh`kfkr quh hs bg jhstkýf kfthjrgb nh gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs.

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Hxpbkmgr bcs mgscs hdobhdçtkmcs scorh bg jhstkýf kfthjrgb nh gjugs rhsknugbhs.

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Kfvhstkjgr bg prcobhdçtkmg nh jhstkýf kfthjrgb nh gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs ncdëstkmgs..

KKK. KKK. DG_MC DG_MC BHJG BHJGB B 

Bhy F.¹ ?;==5 (?99;) Bhy nh _hmurscs Eänrkmcs. _hjubg hb usc y jhstkýf nh bcs rhmurscs eänrkmcs. Mcdprhfnh hb gjug suphr`kmkgb.

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_.D. F.¹ ==0-?97>-PKPKHFNG Ybgf nh Kfvhrskcfhs nhb ]hmtcr nh ]gfhgdkhftc nh Gbmgfmh Fgmkcfgb ?97>-?9?7.

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N.]. F.¹ 7=-?97>-PKPKHFNG Nhmrhtc suprhdc quh kfthjrg bg prhstgmkýf nhb shrvkmkc nh sgfhgdkhftc y dcnk`kmg hb thxtc nhb rhjbgdhftc nh bg bhy jhfhrgb nh shrvkmkcs nh sgfhgdkhftc. Gorh g bgs HY] bg pcskokbkngn nh mcfmhskcfgr mcfmhskcfgr shrvkmkcs nh sgfhgdkhftc.

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_hscbumkýf F.± 970-?97>-]XFG]]-MN Yrcmhnkdkhftc pgrg kfmcrpcrgr hf hb  phrkcnc rhjubgtcrkc vkjhfth prcyhmtcs nh kfvhrskýf fc kfmbukncs hf bg `ýrdubg tgrk`grkg .

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_.D. F.¹?:=-?97=-PKPKHFNG F.¹?:=-?97=-PKPKHFNG Gprcogmkýf nhb nhb prctcmcbc nh nh dcfktcrhc nh bg mgbkngn nh bcs h`buhfths nh bgs Y^G_ ncdëstkmgs c dufkmkpgbhs .

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_. _.A. A. F.¹? F.¹??> ?>-? -?97 97==-GF GFG G Fu Fuhv hvcc rhjb rhjbgd gdhf hftc tc pg pgrg rg hb ct ctcr crjg jgdk dkhf hftc tc nh gutcrkzgmkcfhss nh vhrtkdkhftc y rhñsc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs trgtgngs. Nkspcskmkcfhs gutcrkzgmkcfh y dcnk`kmgmkcfhs. dcnk`kmgmkcfhs.

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N.].. F.¹97 N.] F.¹978-? 8-?97? 97?-PK -PKPKH PKHFNG FNG _hj _hjbgd bgdhft hftcc nh prc prcthm thmmký mkýff gdokhf gdokhftgb tgb pgrg pgrg  prcyhmtcs vkfmubgncs g bgs gmtkvkngnhs nh vkvkhfng, urogfksdc, mcfstrummkýf y sgfhgdkhftc.

 



_.D. F.¹ 98?-?97?-DKFGD @gmkbktgr bg mcfmcrngfm mcfmcrngfmkg kg hftrh hb ]ksthdg Fgmkcfgb nh Hv Hvgb gbug ugmk mkýf ýf nhb nhb bd bdpg pgmt mtcc Gd Gdok okhf hftg tgbb (]HK (]HKG) G) y hb ]k ]kst sthd hdgg Fgmk Fgmkcf cfgb gb nh Kfvhrskýf Yñobkmg (]FKY) g h`hmtcs nh kdpbhdhftgr bgs dhnkngs nh prhvhfmkýf, suphr suphrvks vkskýf kýf,, mc mcftr ftrcb cb y mcr mcrrhm rhmmký mkýff nh bcs kdpgmt kdpgmtcs cs gd gdokh okhftg ftgbhs bhs fhj fhjgtk gtkvcs vcs

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skjfk`kmgtkvcs nhrkvgncs nh bcs prcyhmtcs nh kfvhrskýf pñobkmg. Ybgf Okm Ybgf Okmhft hfthfg hfgrkc rkc/Hb /Hb Yhrñ Yhrñ eg egmkg mkg hb ?9? ?9?77 - Ybgf Ybgf Hstrgt Hstrgtëjk ëjkmc mc nh Nhsgrr Nhsgrrcbb cbbcc  Fgmkcfgb nhb MHYBGF. MHYBGF.

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_.N. F.¹ 99=-?977-H@/05.97 Dcnk`kmgnc pcr _.N. F.¹ 995- ?97=-H@/0=.97 Gfhxc ]FKY 98



Mcfthfknc däfkdc jhfhrgb nhb hstunkc nh prhkfvhrskýf g fkvhb nh phr`kb nh uf  prcyhmtc nh kfvhrskýf. kfvhrskýf.

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N.] F.¹ 97>-?977-DKFGD Ybgf Fgmkcfgb nh Gmmkýf Gdokhftgb (YBGFGG YH_Ñ ?977-?9?7) Hb YBGFGG hs uf kfstrudhftc nh pbgfk`kmgmkýf fgmkcfgb nh

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bgrjc pbgzc pgrg hb dhacrgdkhftc nh bgs mcfnkmkcfhs gdokhftgbhs nhb pg äs. N.]. F.¹ 9?7-?99;-PKPKHFNG y N.]. F.¹ 99=-?977-PKPKHFNG Nhmrhtc nh gprcogmkýf nh bcs vgbcrhs dçxkdcs gndkskobhs (PDG) pgrg bg nhsmgrjg gb gbmgftgrkbbgn c pñobkmc y su rhjbgdhftc. r hjbgdhftc.



N.]. F.¹ 99=-?979-DKFGD Nh`kfkmkýf nh bcs bädkths dçxkdcs phrdkskobhs (BDY) pgrg bcs h`buhfths nh bgs Y^G_ ncdëstkmgs c dufkmkpgbhs .



N.]. F.¹ 99:-?979-GJ Nhmbgrgf nh kfthrës fgmkcfgb bg prcthmmkýf nh bg mgbkngn nhb gjug hf bgs `uhfths fgturgbhs y sus okhfhs gscmkgncs, mcf hb coahtc nh  prhvhfkr hb phbkjrc nh ng÷c jrgvh c krr krrhvhrskobh hvhrskobh quh gdhfgmh g nkmegs `uhfths y

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bg sgbun nh bgs gmtugbhs y `uturgs jhfhrgmkcfhs. _. _.A. A. F. F.±± ?:>?:>-?9 ?979 79-G -GFG FG Nh Nh`k `kfh fh bgs bgs dhnk dhnkng ngss pg pgrg rg bg kdpb kdpbhd hdhf hftg tgmk mkýf ýf nh nhbb Yrcjrgdg nh Gnhmugmkýf nh Phrtkdkhftcs y _hñsc nh Gjug _hsknugb ” YGPH_.

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_. _.A. A. F. F.±± ?9 ?9??-?9 ?979 79-G -GFG FG Gp Gpru ruho hogf gf bg mb mbgs gsk` k`km kmgm gmký kýff nh mu muhr hrpc pcss nh gj gjug ug suphr`kmkgbhs y dgrkfc-mcsthrcs.

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_.A. F.± >5;-?979-GFG Dcnk`kmgf hb Gfhxc 7 nh bg _.A. F.¹ ?9?-?979-GFG, hf bc rhbgtkvc g mbgsk`kmgmkýf nh muhrpcs nh gjug dgrkfc-mcsthrcs.

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_hjbgdhftc Fgmkcfgb nh Hnk`kmgmkcfhs, fcrdg C].9;9 Ybgftg nh trgtgdkhft c nh gjugs rhsknugbhs. Nh`kfh hstçfngrhs nh nksh÷c pgrg nk`hrhfths thmfcbcjägs nh rgtgdkhft c nh gjugs rhsknugbhs.

 



N. N.]. ]. F. F.¹¹ 9??9??-?9 ?99; 9;-P -PKP KPKH KHFN FNG G Dc Dcnk nk`k `kmg mg Fcrd Fcrdgg C] C].9 .9;9 ;9 Kf Kfmc mcrp rpcr crgg hb trgtgdkhftc prhbkdkfgr gvgfzgn c y hb hdkscr suodgrkfc mcf vhrtkdkhftc gb dgr.

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_.D. F.¹ ?85-?99;-PKPKHFNG Dhtcncbcjäg pgrg bg `crdubgmkýf nh pbgfhs rhjkcfgbhs nh sgfhgdkhftc sgfhgdkhftc..

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N.]. F.¹ 9?=-?99;-DKFGD Gpruhogf nkspcskmkcfhs pgrg bg kdpbhdhftgmkýf nh



bcs HMG, g pgrtkr nhb 7 nh gorkb nhb ?979. Bhy F.¹ ?;==5 (?99;) Bhy nh _hmurscs Eänrkmcs. _hjubg hb usc y jhstkýf nh bcs rhmurscs eänrkmcs. Mcdprhfnh hb gjug suphr`kmkgb, suothrrçfhg, mcftkfhftgb y bcs  okhfhs gscmkgncs gscmkgncs g hstg .

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N.]. F.¹ 99?-?995-DKFGD Gpruhogf bcs hstçfngrhs nh mgbkngn gdokhftgb pgrg gjug (HMG-Gjug).



N.]. F.± 99:-?990-PKPKHFNG Ybgf Fgmkcfgb nh ]gfhgdkhftc ?990-?978. Hb Ybgf Fgmkcfgb nhb ]hmtcr ]gfhgdkhftc mcftkhfh bcs coahtkvcs, hstrgthjkgs, dhtgs y pcbätkmgs pgrg hb nhsgrrcbbc nh nkmec shmtcr g mcrt c, dhnkgfc y bgrjc pbgzc, gsä



mcdc bcs prcjrgdgs, kfvhrskcfhs y `uhfths nh `kfgfmkgdkhftc. _. F.± 977-?99:-]XFG]]-MN y dcnk`kmgmkýf/ _hjbgdhftc nh Mgbkngn nh bg Yrhstgmkýf nh ]hrvkmkcs nh ]gfhgdkhftc. _hjubg bgs mgrgmthrästkmgs nh mgbkngn quh nhoh thfhr bg prhstgmkýf nh bcs shrvkmkcs nh sgfhgdkhftc hf hb çdoktc nh mcdphthfmkg mcdphthfm kg nh bg ]XFG]].



Bhy F.¹ ?5077 Bhy Jhfhrgb nhb Gdokhfth. Hb Hstgn c prcduhvh hb trgtgdkhftc nh bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs mcf `kfhs nh rhutkbkzgmkýf mcfsknhrgfnc mcdc prhdksg bg cothfmkýf nh bg mgbkngn fhmhsgrkg nh rhñsc skf g`hmtgr bg sgbun eudgfg, hb gdok gd okhf hfth th c bgs bgs gm gmtk tkvk vkng ngnh nhss hf bgs bgs quh quh sh rh rhut utkb kbkz kzgf gf.. Gnhd Gnhdçs çs,, rh rhju jubg bg bc bcss

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vhrtkdkhftcs gutcrkzçfncbgs, gutcrkzçfncbgs, skhdprh y mugfnc hb muhrpc rhmhptcr bc phrdktg . Bhy F.¹ ?:;:? Bhy Crjçfkmg nh Dufkmkpgbkngnhs . Hstgobhmh fcrdgs scorh bg mrhgmk mrh gmkýf, ýf, crk crkjh jhf, f, fgt fgturg urgbhz bhzgg , gu gutcf tcfcdä cdäg, g, crjgf crjgfkzg kzgmký mkýf, f, `kfgbk `kfgbkngn ngn,, tkpcs, tkpcs, mcdphthfmkgs, mcdphthfm kgs, mbgsk`kmgmkýf y rëjkdhf hmcfýdkmc nh bgs dufkmkpgbkngnhs dufkmkpgbkngnhs .



Bhy F.± ?:;9? Bhy Crjçfkmg nh Jcokhrfcs _hjkcfgbhs. _hjubg bg pgrtkmkpgmkýf nh bcs gbmgbnhs prcvkfmkgbhs y bg scmkhngn mkvkb hf bcs jcokhrfcs rhjkcfgbhs y `crtgbhmh hb prcmhsc nh nhsmhftrgbkzg nhsmhftrgbkzgmkýf mkýf y rhjkcfgbkzgmký rhjkcfgbkzgmkýf. f.



Bhy F.¹ ?:059 Bhy nh _h`crdg scorh Nhsmhftrgbkzgmkýf. Bgs dufkmkpgbkngnhs  prcduhvhf, gpcygf gpcygf y rhjbg rhjbgdhftgf dhftgf bg pgrtkmkpg pgrtkmkpgmkýf mkýf vhmkfgb hf hhbb nhsgrrcbbc bcmgb.

 



Bhy F.± ?:>>0 y N.]. F.± 97;-?99;-DKFGD Bhy y _hjbgdhftc nhb ]ksthdg  Fgmkcfgb nh Hvgbugmkýf nhb Kdpgmtc Gdokhftgb . Mrhgmkýf nhb ]ksthdg Fgmkcfgb nh Hvgbugmkýf nhb Kdpgmtc Gdokhftgb (]HKG) y hstgobhmkdkhf hstgobhmkdkhftc tc nh uf prcmhsc ufk` ufk`cr crdh dh quh quh mcdp mcdprh rhfn fngg bcs bcs rhqu rhquhr hrkd kdkh khft ftcs cs,, ht htgp gpgs gs y gb gbmg mgfm fmhs hs nh bg bgss hvgbugmkcfhs hvgbugmkcf hs nhb kdpgmtc gdokhftgb nh bcs prcyhmtcs nh kfvhrskýf.

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Bhy F.¹ ?:=7> y N.]. F.¹ 98:-9>-YMD Bhy Jhfhrgb nh _hsknucs ]ýbkncs y su

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rhjbgdhftc. Mgthjcrkzg bcs rhsknucs sýbkncs y nh`kfh su dgfhac. Bhy F.¹ ?05>? Bhy Jhfhrgb nh ]gbun. Hb gogsthmkdkh gogsthmkdkhftc ftc nhb gjug, gbmgftgrkbbgnc, nkspcskmkýf nh hxmrhtgs , rhñsc nh gjugs shrvkngs y nkspcskmkýf nh rhsknucs sýbkncs quhngf suahtcs g bgs nkspcskmkcfhs quh nkmtg bg gutcrkngn nh sgbun mcdphthfth,, bg quh vkjkbgrç su mudpbkdkhftc. mcdphthfth

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Bhy F.± ?0==5 Bhy Jhfhrgb nh ]hrvkmkcs nh ]gfhgdkhftc y su ^hxtc Ñfkmc Crnhfgnc nhb _hjbgdhftc. _hjubg bg prhstgmkýf nh bcs shrvkmkcs nh sgfhgdkhftc hf bcs çdoktcs rurgb y urogfc.

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N.B. F.± :8: Bhy Dgrmc pgrg bg Kfvhrskýf Yrkvgng . Jgrgftkzg bg bkorh kfkmkgtkvg y bgs kfvhrskcfhs prkvgngs hf tcncs bcs shmtcrhs nh bg gmtkvkngn hmcfýdkmg y hf mugbq mugbqukh ukhrg rg nh bgs `cr `crdgs dgs hdprhs hdprhsgrk grkgbh gbhss c mcf mcftrg trgmtu mtugbh gbhss ph phrdk rdktkn tkngs gs pcr bg Mcfstktumkýf y bgs bhyhs.

KP. Y_COBHDÇ^ Y_COBHDÇ^KMG KMG NH BG JH]^ JH]^KÝF KÝF KF^HJ_GNG KF^HJ_GNG NH GJXG] _H]KN _H]KNXGBH] XGBH] NCDË]^KMG] Nh bg rhvkskýf nhb hstunkc h`hmtugnc pcr ]XFG]] (?995), sh nhsprhfnh quh hb :9% nh bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs hf hb Yhrñ fc tkhfhf trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs gbjufc< gskdksdc, quh nh bgs 7>= pbgftgs nh trgtgdkhftc rhsknugb quh hxksthf hf hb Yhrñ, scbc hb 7>% mudpbhf mcf bg fcrdgtkvkngn vkjhfth pgrg hb mgogb `ufmkcfgdkhftc `ufmkcfgdkhftc nh bgs dksdgs< nh gmuhrnc gb Ybgf  Fgmkcfgb nh ]gfhgdkhftc ?990-?978, hxksth uf në`kmkt nh ;>5 dkbbcfhs nh nýbgrhs gdhrkmgfcs, bg kfvhrskýf hahmutgng egstg hb ?998 pcr bgs Hftkngnhs Yrhstgncrgs nh ]hrvkm ]hr vkmkcs kcs nh ]gfhgd ]gfhgdkhf khftc tc (HY (HY]) ]) gbm gbmgfz gfzýý hb kdp kdpcrt crthh nh =0; dkbbcf dkbbcfhs hs nh nýbgrh nýbgrhss gdhrkmgfcs. Nh gmuhrnc g uf hstunkc scorh bg sktugmkýf gmtugb y phrsphmtkvgs hf hb shmtcr gjug y sgfhgdkhftc hf hb Yhrñ, prhshftgnc pcr bg Gutcrkngn Fgmkcfgb nh Gjug GFG, : dkbbcfhs nh egoktgfths nh fuhstrc pgäs fc tkhfhf gmmhsc g gjug pctgobh shjurg< hb fkvhb nh mcohrturg nh gjug pctgobh hf uf fkvhb dgycr gb 59%, hs scbc hf bcs Nhpgrtgdhftcs (ecy Jcokhrfcs _hjkcfgbhs) nh1 Bgdogyhquh, Bkdg, Mgbbgc, Kmg, Grhqukpg y ^gmfg< bg mcohrturg hf dhfcr gb >9% hf Gdgzcfgs, Euçfumc, Eugfmgvhbkmg y Yufc< hb gjug fc

 

`gmturgng hs nh gprcxkdgngdhfth hb >9%< dçs nh 79 dkbbcfhs nh egoktgfths fc tkhfh shrvkm shr vkmkcs kcs nh sgfhg sgfhgdkh dkhftc ftc= Ybgftgs nh ^rgtgdkhftc nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs Ncdhstkmgs (Y^G_), scbc hb >.;% (:  pbgftgs) hstgog cphrgfnc hf fkvhbhs ýptkdcs. Hf hsth dksdc kf`crdh sh rh`khrh quh nh gmuhrnc g bg Nkrhmmkýf Jhfhrgb nh Jhstkýf nh bg Mgbkngn nh bcs _hmurscs Eänrkmcs, bcs räcs nh Bcrhtc, Ykurg, Ygsmc, Grhqukpg, Dcquhj Dcq uhjug ug Yuf Yufc, c, Xmg Xmgyg ygbk, bk, Dgn Dgnrh rh nh Nkc Nkcs, s, sh hfm hfmuhf uhftrg trgff mc mcftg ftgdkf dkfgnc gncss pcr gj gjugs ugs rhsknugbhs dufkmkpgbhs dufkmkpgbhs skf trgtgdkhftc.0Mgoh prhmksgr quh, pgrg hb mgsc nh bgs Ybgftgs nh ^rgtgdkhftc nh Bkdg Dhtrcpcbktgfg, hf uf kf`crdh nhb ?977 sh h`hmtñg uf Hstunkc nh Cpmkcfhs nh ^rgtgdkhftc y _h usc nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs hf Bkdg Dhtrcpcbktgfg, sh nhtgbbg quh g hsh g÷c sh hstgog orkfngfnc trgtgdkhftc shmufngrkc g =,?99 b/s nh gjugs rhsknugbhs, bc quh kdpbkmgog uf 7:% nhb tctgb jhfhrgnc. Yrhvkëfncsh quh hf hb ?97> cphrgrçf bgs ncs dhjg pbgftgs nh ^gocgng y Bg Mekrg mcf trgtgdkhftc prkdgrkc, pcr bc quh sh puhnh gmhptgr quh hf mcrtc pbgzc bg sktugmkýf nh bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs shrç nh uf ;8% nh trgtgdkhftc, :5% nh fkvhb prkdgrkc y 7:% shmufngrkc (Dcsmcsc, ?977). _hsphmtc nh bcs fkvhbhs nh trgtgdkhftc nh bgs pbgftgs quh cphrgf hf Bkdg, hb mktgnc kf`crdh rh`khrh quh hb dksdc rhsubtg gbjc nk`ämkb, sk gsudkdcs quh hf bg gmtugbkngn sh mcfsknhrgf bcs prcmhscs nh nhskf`hmmkýf mcdc pgrth nhb trgtgdkhftc thrmkgrkc. Bc quh sk  pcnhdcs nhmkr mcf `gmkbkngn hs quh scbc bcs `kbtrcs phrmcbgncrhs quh trgtgf hb 9.?8% nh bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs puhnhf shr mcfsknhrgncs mcdc trgtgdkhftc prkdgrkc. Gecrg, sk dgfthfhdcs bg mbgsk`kmgmkýf trgnkmkcfgb, pcnhdcs nhmkr quh tcngs bgs nhdçs pbgftgs gpbkmg gpb kmgff trg trgtgd tgdkhf khftc tc shm shmufn ufngrk grkc, c, guf gufquh quh hbbc hbbc fc skj skjfk` fk`kqu kquhh quh bcjrgf bcjrgf ufg mg mgbkn bkngn gn sgfk sgfktg tgrkg rkg gnhm gnhmug ugng ng pg pgrg rg bg nksp nkspcs cskm kmký kýff c rhus rhuscc nh nhbb gj gjug ug tr trgt gtgn gng. g. Hf mg mgdo dokc kc,, sk kfmcrpcrgdcs bg nh`kfkmkýf dcnhrfg nh trgtgdkhftc thrmkgrkc pgrg gquhbbgs pbgftgs quh kfmbuyhf nhskf`hmmkýf, nhskf`hmmkýf, pcnrägdcs nhmkr quh ?: nh hbbgs pcnrägf shr mcfsknhrgngs hf hsth jrupc y quh trgtgf hb ;8% nhb gjug rhsknugb, mcf bg gmbgrgmkýf nh quh sus sksthdgs nh nhskf`hmmkýf fc sh hstçf utkbkzgfnc hf bg dgycräg, y pcr tgftc hf bg prçmtkmg fc gbmgfzgf tgb fkvhb. Ogac hb hsquhdg trgnkmkcfgb, hf quh sh hfthfnäg mcdc trgtgdkhftc thrmkgrkc bcs  prcmhscs hsphmä`kmcs pgrg rhdcvhr mkhrtcs futrkhfths c mcdpuhstcs quädkmcs mcftgdkfgfths,, hs `çmkb gshjurgr quh fkfjufg pbgftg nh Bkdg gbmgfzgräg hsh fkvhb. mcftgdkfgfths

 

P. DG_M DG_MC C ^HÝ HÝ_K _KM MC P.7.

Gjug _hsknugb.

]h hf hftkh tkhfn fnhh pcr gj gjugs ugs rhskn rhsknug ugbhs bhs gquhbb gquhbbgs gs quh egf sknc sknc utkbkz utkbkzgng gngss mcf uf `kf mcfsuf mcf suftkv tkvc, c, kfm kfmcrp crpcrg crgfnc fnc g hbbgs hbbgs sustgf sustgfmkg mkgss quh nh nhthr thrkcr kcrgf gf su mg mgbkn bkngn gn crkjkf crkjkfgb gb (mcftgdkfgmkýf), nksdkfuyhfnc su pcthfmkgbkngn nh usc. Bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs dçs mcdufhs mcrrhspcfnhf g1

 8.7.7. Gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs (gjugs shrvkngs). ]cf bgs gjugs nh crkjhf prkfmkpgbdhfth rhsknhfmkgb (nhshmecs eudgfcs, og÷cs, mcmkfg) y ctrcs uscs skdkbgrhs quh hf jhfhrgb scf rhmcbhmtgngs pcr sksthdgs nh gbmgftgrkbbgnc hf mcfauftc mcf ctrgs gmtkvkngnhs (mcdhrmkgb, shrvkmkcs, kfnustrkg). Hstg gjug tkhfhf uf mcfthfknc nh sýbkncs kf`hrkcr gb 7%. ]k okhf su mgungb y mcdpcskmkýf hs vgrkgobh, puhnhf tkpk`kmgrsh mkhrtcs rgfjcs pgrg bcs pgrçdhtrcs dçs mgrgmthrästkmcs.

8.7.?. Hb trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs y sus tëmfkmgs t ëmfkmgs nh trgtgdkhftc. Ycr gjugs rhsknugbhs sh hftkhfnh g bg gmmkýf y h`hmtc hf bg quh hb ecdorh kftrcnumh dgthrkgs mcftgdkfgfths, `crdgs nh hfhrjäg c kfnumkr mcfnkmkcfhs hf hb gjug nh dcnc nkrhmtc c kfnkrhmtc< kdpbkmg gbthrgmkcfhs phraunkmkgbhs nh su mgbkngn mcf rhbgmkýf g bcs uscs pcsthrkcrhs c mcf su `ufmkýf hmcbýjkmg. Hstgs gjugs quh  prcvkhfhf nhb sksthdg nh gogsthmkdkhf gogsthmkdkhftc tc nh gjug nh ufg pcobgmkýf, nhspuës nh egohr sknc dcnk`kmgngs pcr nkvhrscs uscs hf gmtkvkngnhs ncdëstkmgs, kfnustrkgbhs y mcdufktgrkgs. Hb gjug rhsknugb hstç mcdpuhstg nh mcdpcfhfths `äskmcs, quädkmcs y  okcbýjkmcs< hs ufg dhzmbg nh dgthrkgbhs crjçfkmcs h kfcrjçfkmcs, susphfnkncs c nksuhbtcs. Nh dgfhrg hsphmä`kmg, bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs egmhf rh`hrhfmkg g gquhbbgs gquhbbgs utkbk utkbkzgng zgngss mcf `kfhs ekjkëfkm ekjkëfkmcs cs (og÷c (og÷cs, s, mcmkfgs, mcmkfgs, bgvgfnhr bgvgfnhrägs, ägs, htm. htm.), ), mcfs mcfsks ksth thff oç oçsk skmg mgdh dhft fthh hf rhsk rhsknu nucs cs eu eudg dgfc fcss qu quhh bb bbhj hjgf gf g bg bgss rh rhnh nhss nh gbmg gbmgft ftgrk grkbb bbgn gncc pc pcrr dh dhnk nkcc nh nhsm nhsmgr grjg jgss nh kf kfst stgb gbgm gmkc kcfh fhss ek eknr nrçu çubk bkmg mgss nh bg hnk`kmgmk hnk`k mgmkýf ýf tgdo tgdokëf këf hf rhsknucs rhsknucs crkjkfgncs crkjkfgncs hf hstgobhm hstgobhmkdkhf kdkhftcs tcs mcdhrmkgb mcdhrmkgbhs, hs,  pñobkmcs y skdkbgrhs skdkbgrhs (Bgrg, 7;;;). ]h hstkdg quh bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs hstçf mcfstktukngs hf uf hbhvgnc  pcrmhftgah (hf phsc) pcr gjug, mhrmg nh ;;,; % y gphfgs 9,7 % nh sýbkncs susphfnkncs, mcbckngbhs y nksuhbtcs, hstg phquh÷g `rgmmkýf nh sýbkncs hs bg quh  prhshftg bcs dgycrhs prcobhdgs hf su trgtgdkhftc y su nkspcskmkýf. Hf hb trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs sh prhthfnh hbkdkfgr bcs mcftgdkfgfths

 

egstg egs tg gbm gbmgfz gfzgr gr bcs vgbcr vgbcrhs hs dçxkdc dçxkdcss phrdk phrdksko skobhs bhs nh gm gmuhr uhrnc nc g bgs fcrdg fcrdgss y hstçfngrhs fgmkcfgbhs c kfthrfgmkcfgbhs. Hf vkrtun nh bg nkvhrskngn nh mcftgdkfgfths quh sh puhnhf prhshftgr hf bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs, bg `crdg nh trgtgrbcs hs tgdokëf duy gdpbkg, y pcr hfnh, bgs tëmfkmgs quh sh utk utkbkz bkzgf gf hf hs hstcs tcs prc prcmhs mhscs cs scf nkv nkvhrs hrsgs gs,, ëst ëstgs gs sh mbgsk` mbgsk`kmg kmgff shjñf shjñf su cphr cphrgm gmký kýf, f, hf mcfv mcfvhf hfmk mkcf cfgb gbhs hs y gbth gbthrf rfgt gtkv kvgs gs.. Hf hb mg mgsc sc nh bg bgss të tëmf mfkm kmgs gs mcfvhfmkcfgbhs sh rh`khrhf gquhbbgs gmhptgngs skf nksmuskýf gb kfthrkcr nh uf jrupc mcfvhfmkcfgbhs scmkgb mcdc sk hstuvkhrg mcfvhfknc c pgmtgnc y quh sh gsudh pcr mcstudorh, h kfmbusc, bbhjg g tcdgrsh mcdc bg fcrdg< hf mcftrgpcskmkýf, bc gbthrfgtkvc, sh rh`khrh g tcnc gquhbbc quh sh mcftrgpcfh g bc mcfvhfmkcfgb, phrc quh hs mgpgz nh gbthrfgr mcf bgs dksdgs c shdhagfths `ufmkcfhs y rhsubtgncs. Ogac hstgs prhdksgs, bgs thmfcbcjägs mcfvhfmkcfgbhs scf gquhbbgs usgngs pcr bg jrgf dgycräg nh bg  pcobgmkýf, pgrg gthfnhr bgs fhmhskngnhs prcnumtkvgs y nh bg vkng mctknkgfg, dkhftrgs quh bgs gbthrfgtkvgs surjhf gfth bgs kfsu`kmkhfmkgs nh bgs thmfcbcjägs mcfvhfmkcfgbhs, egstg quh gbjufgs nh hbbgs gbmgfzgf g nhspbgzgr g bgs hstgobhmkngs, hf uf prcmhsc nkgbëmtkmc nh mcfstgfth mgdokc.

8.7.=. Mýdc hs hb ^rgtgdkhftc nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs Ncdëstkmg Ncdëstkmgss Bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs prcnumkngs hf bcs ecjgrhs scf nh bgs quh prhshftgf dgycr  fñdhrc nh mcftgdkfgfths y rhgbkzgr uf h`hmtkvc trgtgdkhftc prhvkc g su bkohrgmkýf hf bc bcss g`bu g`buhf hfth thss fgtu fgturg rgbh bhss sh eg vuhb vuhbtc tc uf ufcc nh bc bcss pu puft ftcs cs dç dçss kd kdpc pcrtg rtgft fths hs gmtug gmt ugbdh bdhfth fth hf bg prh prhvhf vhfmký mkýff nhb nhb nht nhthrk hrkcrc crc gdokhf gdokhftgb tgb prcvc prcvcmgn mgncc pcr hb sh shr  r  eudgfc. Bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs scf prcnumtc nh bg utkbkzgmkýf nhb bäquknc hf bgs nk`hrhfths gmtkvkngnhs nhb ecjgr, bgs mugbhs prcnumhf uf fkvhb nh mcftgdkfgmkýf gb gjug gjug quh quh puhn puhnhh dg dgfk fk`h `hst stgr gr bg prhs prhshf hfmk mkgg nh sý sýbk bknc ncs, s, nh nhsh shme mecs cs cr crjç jçfk fkmc mcs, s, nhthrjhfths, agocfhs y jrgsgs, bc quh prhmksg nh uf prcmhsc pgrg su hbkdkfgmkýf. Nhoknc g bg jrgf mgftkngn nh uscs quh sh puhnh egmhr nhb gjug hf bcs ecjgrhs, hb fkvhb nh mcftgdkfgmkýf nh hstg suhbh rhquhrkr nh prcmhscs nh purk`kmgmkýf hxthfscs  pgrg bkohrgrbg nh rhsknucs mcdc ehmhs, jrgsgs c dkfhrgbhs fcmkvcs. Hqukpcs fcmkvcs. Hqukpcs thmf thmfcb cbýj ýjkm kmcs cs gbtg gbtgdh dhft fthh mhrt mhrtk` k`km kmgn gncs cs sc scff ut utkb kbkz kzgn gncs cs pc pcrr bg bgss pb pbgf gftg tgss nh trgtgdkhftc pgrg rhgbkzgr bg nhsmcftgdkfgmkýf. Bg kdpcrtgfmkg nh su trgtgdkhftc

 

rgnkmg hf bg pcskokbkngn nh nhvcbvhr hb bäquknc g g`buhfths fgturgbhs skf quh rhprhshfth uf phbkjrc pgrg bcs shrhs vkvcs quh thfjgf mcftgmtc mcf ëb. Hb pr prcm cmhs hscc nh trg trgtgd tgdkhf khftc tc nh gju gjugs gs rhskn rhsknugb ugbhs hs ncd ncdëst ëstkmg kmgss kf kfkm kmkg kg pc pcrr bg rhmcbhmmkýf nhb gjug rhsknugb g trgvës nh `csgs sëptkmgs hf bgs mugbhs sh rhgbkzg hb  prkdhr pgsc nh nhpurgmkýf. Hf hstg pgrth nhb prcmhsc sh ng uf h`hmtc gfghrýokmc  pgrg gshftgr bcs rhsknucs rhsknucs sýbkncs prhshfths prhshfths quh `g `gmkbktg mkbktg su `kbtrgnc pcsthrkcr. Nhspuës sh rhmurrh g bgs pbgftgs nh trgtgdkhftc hsphmkgbkzgngs hf bgs mugbhs sh rhgbkzgrç hb prcmhsc nh nhsmcftgdkfgmkýf g fkvhb `äskmc, quädkmc y okcbýjkmc quh  phrdktkrçf hb trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs. Hf bgs `gshs pcsthrkcrhs nhb trgtgdkhftc g fkvhb okcquädkmc sh bkohrg hb gjug nh bcs mcftgdkfgfths g uf fkvhb dçs prc`ufnc, mcf bc quh sh puhnh bcjrgr ufg purk`kmgmkýf nhb bäquknc. Bg nk`hrhfmkg mcf bcs trgtgdkhftcs gpbkmgncs g ctrc tkpc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs sh `ufngdhftg oçskmgdhfth hf hb vcbudhf nhb gjug trgtgng. Hb trgtgdkhftc nh gjug

ncdëstkmg phrdkth rhmuphrgrbg pgrg shr rhutkbkzgng hf `ufmkcfhs shmufngrkgs.

P.?. P.?.

Jh Jhst stký kýf f kf kfth thjr jrgb gb n nhh gj gjug ugss rhsk rhsknu nugb gbhs hs

Bg jhstkýf kfthjrgb nh bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs hs uf mcfauftc nh gmtkvkngnhs quh gjrupgf nhsnh hb mgungb nh hftrgng, hb mcdpcrtgdkhftc `äskmc-quädkmc nh bc trgtgnc, bgs mcfmhftrgmkcfhs rhgbhs, bg mgpgmkngn nh nhpurgmkýf, bgs skfjubgrkngnhs nh mgng kfnustrkg, htm. Ycr hbbc, shjñf hb tkpc nh kfnustrkg gjrcgbkdhftgrkg, egorç quh rhgbkzgr  uf hxegustkvc gfçbksks nh bcs puftcs mrätkmcs hf mugftc g jhstkýf nhb gjug quh  prhshftg mgng prcmhsc prcnu prcnumtkvc mtkvc y ngr scbum scbumkcfhs kcfhs g hstc shjñf shjñf mgng prcobhdçtkmg. prcobhdçtkmg. Bg nhfcdkfgmkýf ‒Kfnustrkg Gbkdhftgrkg— gjrupg g uf jrgf fñdhrc nh kfnustrkgs, hftrh bgs quh sh hfmuhftrgf hfmuhftrgf11  Mcfshrvgs (vhjhtgbhs y `rutgs)  Bçmthgs (mhftrgbhs bhmehrgs, quhsc, ehbgncs, ...)  Mçrfkmg  Nhstkbhrägs  Gzumgrhrgs  Mhrvhmhrgs  Htm.

 

Bcs vhrtkncs nh bg kfnustrkg gbkdhftgrkg sh mgrgmthrkzgf pcr uf hbhvgnc mcfthfknc hf dgthrkg crjçfkmg pgrtkmubgrdhfth hf `crdg scbuobh. Yrhshftgf ufg thfnhfmkg egmkg bg gmknk`kmgmkýf y rçpkng `hrdhftgmkýf.

8.=.. Hb trgtgdk 8.= trgtgdkhf hftc tc nh gjugs gjugs rhs rhsknu knugbh gbhss hf hb mcft mcfthxt hxtcc nhb Nh Nhsgr sgrrcb rcbbc bc Bcmg Bcmgbb ]csthfkobh 8.=.7. Mgrgmthrästkmgs nh nhbb hf`cquh nhb Nhsgrrc Nhsgrrcbbc bbc Bcmgb ]csthfkobh   Hb hstunkc nhb trgtgdkhftc nhb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg ogac bcs prkfmkpkcs nhb hf`cquh thýrkmc nhb Nhsgrrcbbc Bcmgb ]csthfkobh, phrdkth mcfcmhr bg mgrgmthrästkmgs nhb mgsc nh hstunkc mcf uf gmhrmgdkhftc dhacr g bg rhgbkngn, puhs mcfsknhrg bcs nkvhrscs hbhdhftcs scmkgbhs, mubturgbhs, thmfcbýjkmcs, pcbätkmcs- gndkfkstrgtkvcs y hmcfýdkmcs quh bh mcdpcfh, gnhdçs, mcdprhfnh ncs gsphmtcs hshfmkgbhs pgrg uf nhsgrrcbbc hquktgtkvc, bg vkskýf thrrktcrkgb y bg scsthfkokbkngn. Xfg väg gnhmugng pgrg hb dgfhac nh bcs rhmurscs fgturgbhs hs nhsnh hb çdoktc bcmgb, hfthfnknc hsth mcdc hb hspgmkc thrrktcrkgb ncfnh bcs gmtcrhs bcmgbhs scf qukhfhs sh hfmuhftrgf hf mcftgmtc nkrhmtc mcf bcs rhmurscs, puhs hf bg dgycräg nh bgs vhmhs hbbcs dksdcs scf bcs usugrkcs, y g su vhz, puhnhf shr costçmubc c prcdctcrhs nh hahmutgr bcs prcjrgdgs quh nhsnh hb ýrjgfc mhftrgb sh hstgobhmhf, hf hsth shftknc sh gncptg hb mcfmhptc nh Nhsgrrcbbc Bcmgb ]csthfkobh (NB]) quh phrdkth gmhrmgrfcs g uf mgsc nh hstunkc. Hb mcfmhp mcf mhptc tc nh Nhs Nhsgrr grrcbb cbbcc Bc Bcmgb mgb ]c ]csth sthfko fkobh bh tkh tkhfh fh sus crä cräjhf jhfhs hs hf ncs vhr vhrtkh tkhfth fthss thýr thýrkm kmgs gs,, uf ufgg nh nhbb nh nhsg sgrr rrcb cbbc bc rhjk rhjkcf cfgb gb,, gb pr prhc hcmu mupg pgrs rshh pc pcrr bg hq hquk ukng ngnn y bg thrr thrrkt ktcr crkg kgbkn bkngn gn nh bcs bcs ohfh ohfh`k `kmk mkcs cs?9 dkbbcfhs nh bktrcs nh gjug gb näg, hb hqukvgbhfth g bg quh utkbkzgräg ufg pcobgmkýf nh ncs dkbbcfhs nh egoktgfths ”mcf sus gmtk gmtkvk vkng ngnh nhss hmcf hmcfýd ýdkm kmgs gs gscm gscmkg kgng ngs” s”.. Hb =0 =0% % nh nhbb gj gjug ug tr trgt gtgn gngg hf hb Çrhg Çrhg Dhtrcpcbktgfg nh Ogrmhbcfg sh sgfhg hf hstg pbgftg. G hbbg vg g pgrgr hb gjug nh mgsgs, c`kmkfgs, hqukpgdkhftcs, mcdhrmkcs y `çorkmgs ”hstgs ñbtkdgs, prhtrgtgngs pcr  bgs bgs dk dksd sdgs gs kfnu kfnust strk rkgs gs”. ”. Hf dgyc dgycrr c dh dhfc fcrr dhnk dhnkng ng,, nh bg pb pbgf gftg tg nh nhph phfn fnhf hf Ogrmhbcfg ”hb =8% nh bgs gjugs nh bg mgpktgb mgtgbgfg pgsgf pcr hstg HNG_”, Mcrfh Mcr fhbbé bbé,, hb Yrg Yrgt,t, Hsp Hspbuj bujuh uhs, s, B‛E B‛Ecsp cspktg ktgbht bht,, ]gf ]gftt Acgf Acgf Nhspä, Nhspä, ]gft ]gft Ock, Ock, ]gftg ]gftg Mcbcdg nh Mhrvhbbý y ]gft Aust Nhsvhrf. Hb HNG_, quh phrdkth nhvcbvhr gb dgr hb gjug mcf ouhfg mgbkngn, nkspcfh tgdokëf nh ufg Hstgmkýf nh _hjhfhrgmkýf nh Gjug (H_G), quh, rhmurrkhfnc g tëmfkmgs gvgfzgngs, phrdkth rhutkbkzgrbg nh fuhvc, pcr  hahdpbc, pgrg dgfthfhr hb mgungb nhb räc Bbcorhjgt c pgrg mrhgr ogrrhrgs nh gjug nubmh hf bcs gmuä`hrcs nhb bktcrgb ogrmhbcfës ogrmhbcfës,, hvktgfnc gsä su sgbkfkzgmkýf. Hf bcs ñbtkdcs g÷cs, skf hdogrjc, hb jrgf hfhdkjc nhb HNG_ egf sknc bgs tcgbbktgs ekjkëfkmgs quh dumecs bgfzgf pcr hb rhtrhth phfsgfnc quh scf okcnhjrgngobhs1 dkhftrgs quh hb pgphb nh vçthr sh nhskfthjrg gfths nh bbhjgr g bg mbcgmg, bgs tcgbbktgs bbhjgf hfthrgs gb HNG_, obcquhgfnc y hstrcphgfnc bgs kfstgbgmkcfhs, bc quh supcfh uf kdpcrtgfth jgstc hxtrg hf rhpgrgmkcfhs. rhpgrgmkcfhs.

 

 @kjurg ?1Bg Hstgmkýf Nhpurgncrg nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs (HNG_) nhb Yrgt nh  Bbcorhjgt hs ufg nh bgs dçs jrgfnhs jrgfnhs nh Hurcpg

Bg nhpurgncrg nh Hb Yrgt Bbcorhjgt hs ufg nh bgs pbgftgs nh sgfhgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs dçs jrgfnhs y dcnhrfgs nh Hurcpg. Yuhnh trgtgrsh >?9 dkbbcfhs nh bktrcs gb näg, hb hqukvgbhfth gb usc nh gjug nh ncs dkbbcfhs nh egoktgfths y bgs gmtkvkngnhs hmcfýdkmgs gscmkgngs (egoktgfths hqukvgbhfths). 

Wuë trgtg

Bg nhpurgncrg nh Hb Yrgt nh Bbcorhjgt trgtg1 

Gjugss rhsk Gjug rhsknugbh nugbhss ncdëstkmg ncdëstkmgss y gskdk gskdkbgobh bgobhss 1 bgs gjugs usgngs hf ecjgrhs, c`kmkf c`k mkfgs gs,, mcd mcdhrm hrmkcs kcs,, hsmuhb hsmuhbgs gs y mug mugbqu bqukhr khr ctrc ctrc hspgm hspgmkc kc ncfnh ncfnh fc sh vkh vkhrth rthff mcftgdkfgfths hsphmkgbhs hsphmkgbhs..



Gjugs kfnustrkgbhs prhtrgtgngs 1 bgs gjugs usgngs hf kfstgbgmkcfhs kfnustrkgbhs, trgs rhmkokr uf trgtgdkhftc pcr pgrth nh bg dksdg kfnustrkg pgrg hxtrghr bcs mcftgdkfgfths hsphmä`kmcs. 

³Wuë egmh3

Xokmgng hf hb dufkmkpkc nh Hb Yrgt nh Bbcorhjgt, hf hb nhbtg nhb räc Bbcorhjgt, trgtg bgs gjugs nhb sksthdg nh sgfhgdkhf sgfhgdkhftc tc nhb Ogkx Bbcorhjgt, ufg zcfg mcf ufg hbhvgng kdpbgftgmkýf kfnustrkgb `crdgng pcr bcs dufkmkpkcs skjukhfths1 Ogrmhbcfg (=8% nh bgs gjugs), Mcrfhbbé nh Bbcorhjgt, hb Yrgt nh Bbcorhjgt, Hspbujuhs nh Bbcorhjgt, Ecspktgbht nh Bbcorhjgt, ]gft Acgf Nhspä, ]gft Ock nh Bbcorhjgt, ]gftg Mcbcdg nh Mhrvhbbý y ]gft Aust Nhsvhrf (pgrmkgbdhfth). Hstg nhpurgncrg sgfhg uf =0% nhb tctgb nh gjug trgtgng hf hb Gdokhfth, Gnhdçs, hstg nhpurgncrg kfmbuyh ufg nh bgs hstgmkcfhs nh rhjhfhrgmkýf nh gjug dçs kdpcrtgfths nhb dufnc1 hb gjug rhjhfhrgng

 

hf hstg pbgftg gudhftg bcs rhmurscs eänrkmcs nh bg rhjkýf hf 89 dkbbcfhs nh bktrcs gb g÷c. Gnhd Gn hdçs çs,, bg nh nhpu purg rgnc ncrg rg nh Hb Yrgt Yrgt nh Bb Bbco corh rhjg jgtt kf kfmb mbuy uyhh uf ufgg hs hstg tgmk mkýf ýf nh rhjhfhrgmkýf nh gjug . Hstc skjfk`kmg quh ufg pgrth nhb gjug nhpurgng sh bkdpkg gñf dçs mcf hb `kf nh usgrbg fuhvgdh fuhvgdhfth. fth. Gbjufcs nh bcs uscs nhb gju gjugg rhjhfhrgng scf1 rkhjc y bkdpkhzg nh mgbbhs, dgfthfkdkhftc nhb mgungb nhb räc Bbcorhjgt y uscs kfnustrkgbhs, hftrh ctrcs.

 @kjurg =1Hb Yrgt nh Bbcorhjgt, Bbcorhjgt, hf hb nhbtg nhb räc Bbcorhjgt.

M. Bg Hstg Hstgmkýf mkýf Nh Nhpurg purgncrg ncrg nh Gjugs Gjugs _h _hsknug sknugbhs bhs (HNG_) (HNG_) Ecllgknń Csglg y Lkctc (AGYÝF) Bg hxphrkhfmkg agpcfhsg duhstrg ufg prh`hrhfmkg pcr hb hstgobhmkdkhftc nh dhnkngs nh prhvhfmkýf nh mcftgdkfgmkýf gmuçtkmg nh bgrjc pbgzc, hf bujgr nh dhmgfksdcs thdpcrgbhs quh kfthftgf ngr ufg scbumkýf nh hdhrjhfmkg gdokhftgb. Gnhdçs, bg mcdphthfmkg kfthrdkfksthrkgb hf bg jhstkýf nh bcs sksthdgs nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg hxprhsg ufg rhbgmkýf nh rhspcfsgokbkngnhs mcdpgrtkngs y nh jhfukfg mgrgmthrkzgmký mgrgmthrkzgmkýf. f. G dhnkng quh hb trgtgdkhftc nhb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg sh mcfvkrtký hf uf týpkmc  prkcrktgrkc hf tcrfc g bg jhstkýf eänrkmg, bg mcdufkngn mkhftä`kmg `crdubý nkvhrsgs  prcpuhstgs mcf mcf bg kfthfmkýf nh cptkd cptkdkzgr kzgr bcs dëtcncs hdpbhgncs. hdpbhgncs. Bg prhthfs prhthfskýf kýf dçs bñmkng gnuac hb trgtgdkhftc nhb gjug rhsknugb mcdc uf dhmgfksdc h`kmgz hf bg  prhvhfmkýf nh ng÷cs g bg sgbun eudgfg, mgusgncs pcr bg mcftgdkfgmkýf nhb rhmursc

 

hf hb dgrmc nh uf dufnc mgng vhz dçs kfnustrkgbkzgnc (_gdgbec, 7;5=< ]meubz y Cluf, 7;;9). Hf bg bkthrgturg tëmfkmg, hb trgtgdkhftc nhb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg eg sknc nhsmrktc mcdc uf prcmhsc nh vkjkbgfmkg y rhjkstrc phrdgfhfth nh bg mgbkngn nhb gjug, quh suhbh nhsmrkokrsh ogac bg `ýrdubg crkjhf-kfjrhsc-nhsmgrjg `kfgb, y hf bg quh sh kfsh kfshrt rtgf gf mgth mgthjc jcrä rägs gs tgbh tgbhss mcdc mcdc hb dc dcfk fktc tcrh rhc, c, hb mc mcft ftrc rcb, b, bg rhju rhjubg bgmk mkýf ýf y bg `ksmgbkzgmkýf. ]h trgtg gnhdçs nh ufg prçmtkmg ekstýrkmg, y hf uf bgrjc nhvhfkr, bcs dëtc dë tcnc ncss nh trg trgtg tgdk dkhf hftc tc egf egf dh dhac acrg rgnc nc,, pg pgrt rtkm kmubg ubgrd rdhf hfth th hf `u `ufm fmký kýff nh bc bcss mcftgdkfgfths prhshfths hf hb gjug y bg tkpcbcjäg nhb trgtgdkhftc ”quädkmc, `äskmc c  okcbýjkmc”, bg mcdokfgmkýf nh gdocs `gmtcrhs sh eg kfthrprhtgnc jhfërkmgdhfth mcdc bg mcfshmumkýf nh uf okfcdkc ýptkdc (]meubz y Cluf, 7;;9< ^mecogfcjbcus y Ourtcf, 7;;7). Hs kfthrhsgfth sh÷gbgr quh hf pcmgs cmgskcfhs sh hbgocrgf hstunkcs quh rhbgmkcfgf bcs prc prcmh mhnkd nkdkhf khftcs tcs tëmfkm tëmfkmcs cs mcf bgs prc prcobh obhdçt dçtkmg kmgss scmkgb scmkgbhs hs quh bcs kdpubs kdpubsgf, gf, gnhdçs nh quh hfmcftrgdcs uf kfthrës dgycrktgrkc scorh hb mcftrcb y bg rhjubgmkýf. ]k tcdgdcs hf mcfsknhrgmkýf bcs rhtcs quh mgng rhjkýf c pgäs hf`rhftg pgrg bbhvgr g mgoc tgf fhmhsgrkg y gpgrhfthdhfth kfhbunkobh bgocr, ehdcs nh egmhr fctgr quh bg corg nh Jhrdçf ]gftgmruz Dëtcncs nh trgtgdkhftc nhb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg hf Agpýf mcftrkouyh g nkbumkngr bcs sksthdgs y dëtcncs ”mcbhmtkvcs h kfnkvknugbhs” quh g nk`hrhfth hsmgbg sh egf nhsgrrcbbgnc hf bg fgmkýf gskçtkmg nurgfth bgs ñbtkdgs nëmgngs, y hf bg mugb sh hxpbkmg mcf nhtgbbh y shfmkbbhz bg nkfçdkmg kfjhfkhrkb puhstg hf pr prçm çmtk tkmg mg hf hb hfmu hfmudo dorg rgnc nc skst sksthd hdgg ag agpc pcfë fës. s. ]k ]kff trg trgtg tgrs rshh nh uf hs hstu tunk nkcc mcdpgrgtkvc, ]gftgmruz nh Bhýf c`rhmh uf pgfcrgdg quh phrdkth mcfsknhrgr bgs  prkfmkpgbhs nk`hrhfmkgs nk`hrhfmkgs hftrh bcs sksthdgs sksthdgs nh trgtgdkhftc nh Dëxkmc y Agpýf. Agpýf. Bg sktugmkýf quh eg hxphrkdhftgnc hb puhobc agpcfës rhsphmtc g bg mcftgdkfgmkýf mgusgng pcr hb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg, nhstgmçfncsh bg kdpcrtgfmkg quh hf bcs ñbtkdcs vhkfth g÷cs sh eg ngnc gb mcftrcb y rhjubgmkýf nh bg dksdg. Xfg pgrth `ufngdhftgb nhb bkorc rhbgtg hb nhsgrrcbbc ekstýrkmc nh bcs sksthdgs kfnkvknugbhs nh trgtgdkhftc, gsä mcdc sus mgrgmthrästkmgs, mcstcs, suosknkcs, vhftgags y nhsvhftgags,  pgrtkmubgrdhfth hf hb çdoktc rurgb. Xfc nh bcs prcpýsktcs nh hsth hahrmkmkc gfgbätkmc hs prhshftgrbc mcdc uf hsphac hf hb quh sh puhng rh`bhagr bg rhgbkngn nh bgs zcfgs rurgbhs dhxkmgfgs.  

]ksthdgs nh trgtgdkhftc nhb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg hf Agpýf.

 

Bg rçpkng hxpgfskýf nh bg hstrumturg kfnustrkgb agpcfhsg nhspuës nh bg ]hjufng Juhrrg Dufnkgb trgac mcdc mcfshmuhfmkg bg dkjrgmkýf nhb mgdpc g bg mkungn, bg mcfmhftrgmkýff pcobgmkcfgb hf zcfgs urogfgs y bg suoshmuhfth mcfmhftrgmký suoshmuhfth nhdgfng nh shrvkmkcs  pñobkmcs h kf`rghstrumturg sgfktgrkg. Hb fuhvc ‒hstkbc nh vkng— y bg mrhmkhfth urogfkzgmkýf kdpubsgrcf uf gudhftc hf hb gogstc nh gjug pgrg usc ncdëstkmc y, mcf hbbc, `uh dgycr hb kdpgmtc nh bgs nhsmgrjgs nh gjug rhsknugb scorh bcs muhrpcs nh gjug, g tgb jrgnc quh bg mcftgdkfgmkýf quh jhfhrgogf bbhjý g suphrgr bg nh bgs `uhfth `uh fthss kfn kfnust ustrkg rkgbhs bhs (Cl (Clgng gng y Yht Yhthrs hrscf, cf, ?99 ?999). 9). Mcdc Mcdc rhs rhspuh puhstg stg,, bgs gjh gjhfmk fmkgs gs juohrfgd juoh rfgdhftg hftgbhs bhs prcdcvkh prcdcvkhrcf rcf hfdk hfdkhfng hfngss bhjk bhjksbgtk sbgtkvgs vgs quh pcrdhfcrk pcrdhfcrkzgrc zgrcff bgs rhspcfsgokbkngnhs nhb jcokhrfc mhftrgb, nh bgs prh`hmturgs y nh bcs dufkmkpkcs, gdpbkgfnc hb çdoktc nh mcftrcb scorh hb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg. Jhrdçf ]gftgmruz hxpbkmg quh nh hstg dgfhrg sh dgftuvc bg nhskjfgmkýf nh bgs prh`hmturgs mcdc bgs hfmgrjgngs nh mcftrcbgr bgs nhsmgrjgs ncdëstkmgs, y g bcs dufkmkpkcs mcdc bcs rhspcfsgobhss nh hstgobhmhr bcs pbgfhs nh gbmgftgrkbbgnc ncdëstkmc. rhspcfsgobh sh hxpcfhf mugtrc sksthdgs sksthdgs nh trgtgdkh trgtgdkhftc, ftc, mbgsk`km mbgsk`kmgncs gncs nh gmuhrnc gmuhrnc mcf hb tkpc nh gjug gjug rh rhsk sknu nugb gb,, bg nksp nkspcf cfko kokb kbkn kngn gn nh hs hspg pgmk mkcc pg pgrg rg su kf kfst stgb gbgm gmký kýff y hb sc scpc pcrt rthh gndkfkstrgtkvc1 (7) sksthdgs nh gbmgftgrkbbgnc pñobkmc, (?) pbgftgs mcdufktgrkgs nh trgtgdkhftc, (=) sksthdgs nh gbmgftgrkbbgnc rurgb y (>) bcs jgpphk-secrk acelgscus (J]A). Bcs prkdhrcs sh mbgsk`kmgf mcdc mcdufktgrkcs, y hb ñbtkdc mcfauftgdhfth mcf bcs bbgdgncs tgfnclu-secrk acelgscus (^]A), mcdc kfnkvknugbhs. ]h hxpbkmg quh bcs sksthdgs nh gbmgftgrkbbgnc pñobkmc scf h`hmtkvcs hf bgs mkungnhs nh dg dgycr ycr nkd nkdhfs hfskýf kýf,, hs nhm nhmkr, kr, hsp hspgm gmkcs kcs ncfnh ncfnh mch mchxks xksthf thf vkvkhf vkvkhfng ngs, s, `çorkm `çorkmgs gs,, c`kmkfgs y nkvhrscs shrvkmkcs< hf tgbhs sksthdgs sh puhnh mcbhmtgr y trgtgr hb gjug rhsknugb kfnustrkgb y hb gjug nh bbuvkg. Hf hsth tkpc nh sksthdgs sh nhstgmgf ncs  prcmhscs1 hb nh bcncs gmtkvgncs (prcmhsc okcbýjkmc nh trgtgdkhftc) usgnc hf bg dgycräg nh bgs pbgftgs nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg y hb nh bcs nkquhs nh cxkngmkýf, hdpbhgncs mcdc ufg gbthrfgtkvg hf pbgftgs nh phquh÷g hsmgbg (Mrkths y ^mecogfcjbcus, ?999). Ycr ctrc bgnc, bgs pbgftgs mcdufktgrkgs sh hdpbhgf hf zcfgs rhsknhfmkgbhs ncfnh fc hxksth jhfhrgmkýf nh gjug rhsknugb kfnustrkgb c ncfnh ëstg hs trgtgng gfths nh bbhjgr g bg pbgftg mcdufktgrkg. Bcs jgpphk-secrk acelgscus (J]A) scf sksthdgs nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjug rhsknugb hdpbhgncs hf phquh÷gs mkungnhs y vkbbgs. G fkvhb dhnkc y g jrgf hsmgbg c`rhmhf vhft vhftga gags gs ñfkm ñfkmgs gs,, yg quh quh puhn puhnhf hf kf kfst stgb gbgr grsh sh hf uf ufgg vk vkvk vkhf hfng ng sk skff bk bkdk dktg tgmk mkcf cfhs hs cmgskcfgngs pcr bgs mcfnkmkcfhs tcpcjrç`kmgs y, gnhdçs, puhnhf nhsmgrjgr hb gjug

 

trgtgng nkrhmtgdhfth scorh hb thrrhfc. Hb sksthdg nh gbmgftgrkbbgnc rurgb sh hdpbhg hf bgs vkbbgs gjrämcbgs y tkhfh mgrgmthrästkmgs skdkbgrhs g bgs pbgftgs mcdufktgrkgs y g bcs sksthdgs J]A nh hsmgbg dhnkg y jrgfnh.

 @kjurg >1jgpphk-secrk acelgscus (J]A)

Hb ace acelgs lgscu cu hs uf nks nkspc pcskt sktkvc kvc quh utkbkz utkbkzgg dkm dkmrcc rccrjg rjgfks fksdcs dcs pgrg pgrg scdhth scdhthrr bcs hxmrhdhftcs eudgfcs y hb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg g prcmhscs nh okcnhjrgngmkýf. Hsth sksthdg sh pcpubgrkzý nhspuës nh bg gpgrkmkýf nh bcs sgfktgrkcs nh nhsmgrjg rçpkng, muyc vhrtkjkfcsc gudhftc kdpubsý bg hbgocrgmkýf nh fcrdgs jhfhrgbhs scorh trgtgdkhftc, hf uf g`çf nh `rhfgr bg mcftgdkfgmkýf.

 @kjurg 81acelgscu

Nurgfth hb prcmhsc nh trgtgdkhftc nh uf J]A täpkmc ”sh÷gbg Jhrdçf ]gftgmruz” hb gjug pgsg prkdhrc pcr uf dhnkc `kbtrgfth y hs rhthfkng hf uf tgfquh gfghrcokc, nurgfth nurgf th hstg htgpg bcs sýbkn sýbkncs cs susp susphfnkn hfnkncs cs sh rhduhvhf, rhduhvhf, bcs dkmrccrjg dkmrccrjgfksdc fksdcss gfgh gfghrc rcok okcs cs sh gnek gnekhr hrhf hf g bg su suph phr`k r`kmk mkhh nh nhbb dh dhnk nkcc `k `kbt btrg rgft fthh y sh rh rhpr prcn cnum umhf hf,,  okcnhjrgngfncc bg dgthrkg crjçfkmg mcfthfkn  okcnhjrgngfn mcfthfkngg hf hb gjug< hs uf prcmhsc shdhagfth shdhagfth gb quh sh h`hmtñg hf bgs `csgs sëptkmgs (Mrkths y ^mecogfcj ^mecogfcjbcus, bcus, ?999). Ycsthrkcrdhfth hb gjug pgsg g trgvës nh uf dhnkc `kbtrgfth hf uf shjufnc tgfquh gfghrcokc, ncfnh

 

sh rhpkth hb prcmhsc. Buhjc sh hdpbhg uf nhpýsktc hf hb quh dkmrccrjgfksdcs ghrcokcs gnehrkncs gb dgthrkgb `kbtrgfth (jhfhrgbdhfth pbçstkmc) okcnhjrgngf gñf dçs bg dgthrkg crjçfkmg prhshfth, mcf gyung nhb gkrh quh sh kfyhmtg hf hb nhpýsktc dhnkgf dhn kgfth th ufg tuohrä tuohrägg nh nk` nk`usk uskýf. ýf. @kf @kfgbd gbdhf hfth, th, hb gj gjug ug trgfsk trgfsktg tg gb tgfquh tgfquh nh shnkdhftgmkýf, hf ncfnh sh nhpcsktg hb dgthrkgb sýbknc< nhspuës nh hstc sh egmh  pgsgr hb bäquknc pcr uf tgfquh nh mbcrgmkýf, mcf dkrgs g su pcsthrkcr vhrtkdkhftc hf grrcycs, räcs, bgjufgs c hf hb thrrhfc dksdc. G nhmkr nh Jhrdçf ]gftgmruz bcs J]A scf sksthdgs h`kmgmhs tgftc hf mkungnhs mcdc hf phquh÷gs gbnhgs, ngnc quh scf mgpgmhs nh trgtgr hb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg dksmhbçfhg. Fc costgfth bgs vhftgags quh c`rhmh hb sksthdg J]A hxksth uf në`kmkt hf hb trgtgdkhftc nhb gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg hf zcfgs rurgbhs, ncfnh sh nhsmgrjg hb gjug jrks nkrhmtgdhfth hf hb gdokhfth. Gbjufgs vhftgags nh bcs J]A1 bcs mcstcs nh kfvhrskýf scf ogacs, sh puhnhf kfstgbgr  hf zcfgs nh tcpcjrg`äg hsmgorcsg y prcpkmkg quh hb gjug trgtgng nh mgbkngn gnhmugng bbhjuh g bcs räcs rçpkngdhfth, dgfthfkhfnc fkvhbhs gnhmugncs. Mgoh sh÷gbgr quh hb jcokhrfc agpcfës eg kfmhftkvgnc nhsnh bg nëmgng nh bcs cmehftg nhb skjbc pgsgnc mgdokgr hb ^]A pcr hb J]A, hstkdgfnc ufg fctgobh rhnummkýf nh mcftgdkfgmkýf gdokhftgb. Ogstg nhmkr quh bg Bhy Acelgscu puobkmgng hb 75 nh dgyc nh 7;5= y hf vkjcr nhsnh hb 7 nh cmtuorh nh 7;58 `uh hfdhfngng hf ncs cmgskcfhs hftrh ?999 y ?997, uf pgr nh rh`crdgs quh suprkdkhrcf hb hstgobhmkdkhftc nh bcs sksthdgs ^]A y nhthrdkfgrcf quh hb tërdkfc acelgscu sh hdpbhgräg pgrg rh`hrkrsh ñfkmgdhfth gb J]A. Bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs hf Dëxkmc y bg hxphrkhfmkg agpcfhsg. Bg hxphrkhfmkg agpcfhsg duhstr duh strgg ufg prh prh`hr `hrhfm hfmkg kg pcr hb hs hstgo tgobhm bhmkdk kdkhft hftcc nh dhnkn dhnkngs gs nh prhvh prhvhfmk fmkýf ýf nh mcftgdkfgmkýf gmuçtkmg nh bgrjc pbgzc, hf bujgr nh dhmgfksdcs thdpcrgbhs quh kfthf kft hftgf tgf ngr ufg scbumk scbumkýf ýf nh hdhrjh hdhrjhfmk fmkgg gdo gdokhf khftgb tgb.. Gnhdçs Gnhdçs,, bg mc mcdph dphthf thfmkg mkg kfthrdkfksthrkgb hf bg jhstkýf nh bcs sksthdgs nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjug rhsknugb ncdëstkmg hxprhsg ufg rhbgmkýf nh rhspcfsgokbkngnhs mcdpgrtkngs y nh jhfukfg mgrgmthrkzgmkýf. Mcftrgsth gnvhrtkdcs mcf bgs hstgnästkmgs c`kmkgbhs quh hxksthf hf Dëxkmc, ncfnh hb sksthdg nh sgfhgdkhftc sýbc mcfthdpbg bg rhn nh gbmgftgrkbbgnc y, hf jhfhrgb hb gjug rhsknugb sh vkhrth tgb mugb hf bcs muhrpcs nh gjug, gnhdçs nh quh  pcmc dçs nh bg thrmhrg thrmhrg pgrth nh bg pcobgmkýf rurgb muhftg muhftg mcf ufg rhn nh rhm rhmcbhmmkýf cbhmmkýf y nhsgbcac nhb gjug rhsknugb, phrc fc fhmhsgrkgdh fhmhsgrkgdhfth fth mcf uf sksthdg nh trgtgdkhftc. Nh gmuhrnc mcf bg Mcdkskýf Fgmkcfgb nhb Gjug, hf ?99; bgs nhsmgrjgs rhsknugbhs

 

dufkmkpgbhs sh mgbmubgrcf hf :.>; ld= gfugbhs, hqukvgbhfths g ?=:.8 d = /s, nh bgs mugbhs sýbc sh trgtgogf ?.:5 ld = pcr g÷c, hs nhmkr 55.7 d = /s (MCFGJXG, ?977). Mgoh dhfmkcfgr quh hf bcs mhftrcs urogfcs nh Dëxkmc bcs dëtcncs nh trgtgdkhftc quh prhncdkfgf scf bcs bcncs gmtkvgncs y bgs bgjufgs nh hstgokbkzgmkýf. Ygrg hb çrhg rurgb fc sh muhftg mcf kf`crdgmkýf prhmksg scorh muçb hs hb vcbudhf nh gjug rhsknugb jhfhrgng y muçftg nh ëstg sh scdhth g gbjñf tkpc nh trgtgdkhftc. ]h hstkdg quh mhrmg nh 7:.8 dkbbcfhs nh egoktgfths nh bgs zcfgs rurgbhs dhxkmgfgs fc muhftgf mcf gbmgftgrkbbgnc y gñf dhfcs mcf gbjñf tkpc nh trgtgdkhftc pgrg hb gjug rhsknugb jhfhrgng. ]h eg hsjrkdknc quh uf `gmtcr quh prcpkmkg hstg sktugmkýf hs bg gbtg nksphrskýf jhcjrç`kmg nh bgs pcobgmkcfhs rurgbhs, fc costgfth, mcdc bc nhduhstrg hb mgsc agpcfës, rhsubtg shr sýbc uf nksmursc pgrg fc gthfnhr hb prcobhdg. Gnhdçs, g bg `gbtg nh sksthdgs nh hvgmugmkýf nh hxmrhtgs jhfhrgbdhfth sh sudg bg nh sudkfkstrcs gnhmugncs nh gjug, gsä mcdc g uf ogac fkvhb hmcfýdkmc nh bg pcobgmkýf rurgb ((Mcbbä Mcbbä Dkss Dk ssht ht,, ?999 ?999). ). Hs Hsth th trg trgog ogac ac kfth kfthrp rprh rhtg tg ufg ufg bh bhmm mmký kýff ekst ekstýr ýrkm kmgg hf hb nk nksh sh÷c ÷c nh hstrgthjkgs h`hmtkvgs pgrg hb nhsgbcac nhb gjug rhsknugb y bg nksdkfumkýf nh su kdpgmtc hf hb dhnkc fgturgb.

@kjurg 0 1 Bg Hstgmkýf Hstgmkýf Nhpurgncrg nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs (HNG_) Ecllgknń Csglg y Lkctc Lkctc

 

N. Bg Hstgm Hstgmkýf kýf Nhpu Nhpurgnc rgncrg rg nh Gjugs _h _hsknug sknugbhs bhs (HNG_) (HNG_) K]_GHB Gb egobgr nh thdgs rh`hrkncs gb gjug y gb hftcrfc jbcogb, hs kfhvktgobh egobgr nh Ksrghb, yg quh hs ufc nh bcs pgäshs quh muhftg mcf ufg jhcjrg`äg y dcr`cbcjäg quh fc mcftrkouyhf g bg `çmkb gnqukskmkýf nh gjug. Hs pcr hbbc quh hb jcokhrfc, g trgvës nh bg ekstcrkg, gpcstý pcr bg kfvhstkjgmkýf hf thdgs rhbgmkcfgncs g bgs `crdgs y g bg cptkdkzgmkýf nhb trgtgdkhftc nhb gjug cothfkng, gnhdçs nh dhacrgr mcftkfugdhfth bg thmfcbcjäg nh bg rhutkbkzgmkýf nhb gjug hf gmtkvkngnhs nh dhacrg nh bgs mkungnhs y bcs fhjcmkcs. Hf Ksrghb, hb thdg nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs hs uf fhjcmkc rhftgobh y  pcr hbbc, jrgf pgrth nh sus kfvhrskcfhs bgs nhstkfgf g kfvhstkjgmkcfhs. kfvhstkjgmkcfhs. Hb jcokhrfc trgogag nh bg dgfc mcf bgs ufkvhrskngnhs y mhftrcs nh kfvhstkjgmkýf rh`hrkngs g nkmec thdg h kdpubsgf hstunkcs quh puhngf jhfhrgr dhacrgs pgrg bg pcobgmkýf. Hstc tkhfh mcdc prcnumtc, thmfcbcjäg dcnhrfg pgrg `crtgbhmhr ufkngnhs nh fhjcmkc kdpcrtgfths mcdc bg gjrkmubturg, jgfgnhräg, hftrh ctrcs (]hjuä, ?99>). ]k okhf su thmfcbcjäg sh ogsg `ufngdhftgbdhfth hf pbgftgs nh trgtgdkhftc nh bcncs gmtkvgncs gnhd gnhdçs çs nh pbgf pbgftg tgss nhsg nhsgbk bkfk fkzg zgnc ncrg rgs, s, gbju gbjufg fgss `k `krd rdgs gs ou ousm smgf gf kf kffc fcvg vgrr hf hb dhacrgdkhftc nh bgs pbgftgs y bg kfstgbgmkýf nh fuhvgs thmfcbcjägs, rhnumkhfnc hspg hspgmk mkcs cs y dgxk dgxkdk dkzg zgfn fncc jg jgfg fgfm fmkg kgs. s. Xf Xfcc nh bc bcss ha hahd hdpb pbcs cs hs hb ]k ]kst sthd hdgg nh _hjhfhrgmkýf y _hutkbkzgmkýf nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs (]__G_) nh Ngf, hb dçs jrgfnh nh Ksrghb. Yrcnumh nkgrkgdhfth gprcxkdgngdhfth ==9,999 d= nh gjugs trgtgngs g pgrtkr nh bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs jhfhrgngs pcr ufg pcobgmkýf gprcxkdgng nh ? dkbbcfhs nh phrscfgs. Hb gjug hs trgtgng pcr bcncs gmtkvgncs mcfvhfmkcfgbhs,  prcmhscs nh fktrk`kmgmkýfnhsfktrk`kmgm fktrk`kmgmkýfnhsfktrk`kmgmkýf kýf y bg mcfnummkýf g bgs muhfmgs nh rhmgrjg. @kfgbdhfth, hb gjug trgtgng sh rhutkbkzg pgrg bg krrkjgmkýf nh 78,999 eg. nh zcfgs gjrämcbgs (@rkhnbhr, 7;;;).

H. Bg Hs Hstgmký tgmkýf f Nhpurgnc Nhpurgncrg rg nh Gjugs _hsk _hsknugbh nugbhss (HNG (HNG_) _) MC_HG NHB ]X_  ]X_   Bgs gutcrkngnhs rhjkcfgbhs y dufkmkpgbhs hf Mcrhg skftkhrcf hb mcdprcdksc nh  ousmgr scbumkcfhs gb thdg nhb trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs, r hsknugbhs, hstc nhoknc g quh fc scbc ousmgogf jhfhrgr uf sksthdg gdkjgobh gb gdokhfth, skfc tgdokëf rhnumkr bcs mcstcs mcs tcs nh dgfthf dgfthfkdk kdkhft hftcc y hq hqukp ukpgdk gdkhf hftcs tcs nh bgs kfs kfstgb tgbgm gmkcf kcfhs hs nh bgs pbg pbgftg ftgss (^cwcc, ?97?). Bg dufkmkpgbkngn nh Jwgfj-Au hf 7;;8, kfvkrtký gbrhnhncr nh ?99,999 nýbgrhs hf bg kfstgbgmkýf nh ufg pbgftg nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs mcf uf sksthdg nh cxkngmkýf pcr mcftgmtc nhb tkpc rhvhstkdkhftc nhb suhbc. Bg kfstgbgmkýf nh bg pbgftg nh trgtgdkhftc sh bcmgbkzý nhogac nhb pgrquh Okhfgb, JwgfjAu. Gmtugbdhfth hsth pgrquh hs vksktgnc pcr 099,999 phrscfgs mgng g÷c, y fkfjñf

 

vksktgfth gsudh quh sh hfmuhftrg hfmkdg nh kfstgbgmkcfhs quh fcrdgbdhfth scf gjrhskvgs gb gdokhfth. Hb sksthdg nh gjugs rhsknugbhs tkhfh mgpgmkngn pgrg 7>9 tcfhbgngs gb näg. Hsth sksthdg purk`kmg hb gjug g trgvës nh dkmrccrjgfksdcs. ]u hstrumturg nh `ufmkcfgdkhftc nhphfnh nhb suhbc, nhb mësphn y nh dkmrccrjgfksdcs, fc mcftkhfh hqukpcs dhmçfkmcs y fc hs nhphfnkhfth nh gjhfths quädkmcs pgrg bg  purk`kmgmkýf. ]kf egohrsh rhgbkzgnc fkfjñf dgfthfkdkhftc, su fkvhb nh NOC skjuh skhfnc 79 ppd hf prcdhnkc. Hsth mgsc sh tcdý mcdc hdobhdg pgrg mcftrgstgr bg  pbgftg nh trgtgdkhftc nh Fc-Fkdoy, bg mugb eg sknc rh`hrhfth nh jrgf kfvhrskýf, jrgfnhs prcobhdgs y pcmcs ohfh`kmkcs. Nhspuës nh vhr hsth mgsc, Mcrhg nhb ]ur  kfvkrtký hf jrgf dgycräg pcr hstg thmfcbcjäg. Hf bg gmtugbkngn sh mcfstruyhrcf gbrhnhncr nh ?99 pbgftgs hf tcnc hb pgäs uokmgngs hf mugrthbhs dkbktgrhs, prcyhmtcs vkgbhs, pgrquhs fgmkcfgbhs, htm. ]h sgoh quh hf [gfpycfj-Juf y Jyufjjk-Nc bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs scf trgtgngs hf ufg mgftkngn nh ;99 tcfhbgngs gb näg mcf uf fkvhb nh nhdgfng okcbýjkmg nh cxäjhfc nh 8 ppd (^cwcc, ?97?). G phsgr nh bgs dhacrgs cmgskcfgngss pcr hstg fuhvg thmfcbcjäg, gbjufgs zcfgs nh Mcrhg nhb ]ur tkhfhf thdcr  cmgskcfgng nh mgdokgr ufg thmfcbcjäg gbjc mcfcmkng pcr ctrg kffcvgncrg. Hsth thdcr sh vh rh`bhagnc hf `uhrths jgstcs hf pbgftgs nh trgtgdkhftc nhb tkpc mcfvhfmkcfgb nh bcncs gmtkvgncs.

@. Bg Hstg Hstgmkýf mkýf Nh Nhpurg purgncrg ncrg nh Gjugs Gjugs _h _hsknug sknugbhs bhs (HNG_) (HNG_) ]KFJGY ]KFJGYX_ X_ Hs nhftrc nh bg kfvhstkjgmkýf, hb mgsc ncfnh bg thmfcbcjäg mudpbh hb rcb dçxkdc nh  ohfh`kmkc gb ecdorh y gb gdokhfth jhfhrgfnc jgfgfmkgs y okhfhstgr mcdñf. ]kfjgp ]kf jgpur ur gpc gpcstý stý pcr pcr ufg hd hdprh prhsg sg nh trg trgtgd tgdkhf khftc tc nh gjugs gjugs rhsknu rhsknugbh gbhss bbg bbgdgn dgngg ‒Fhwgthr—. Hstg hdprhsg mcfstg nh `ufngdhftcs nh dhacrg hf bg vkng nh bgs  phrscfgs skf phraunkmgr gb dhnkc gdokhfth (KMHU, ?998). ]u prcpuhstg skjfk`kmý uf mgdokc rgnkmgb hf hb trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs. Fhwgthr ousmgog trgtgr hb gjug rhsknugb egstg hb puftc dçs gbtc, rhmkmbçfncbg hf gjug pgrg mcfsudc eudgfc. ]h ousmgog thfhr ufg hdprhsg nh gjug quh jhfhrh gjug nh bg dçs gbtg mgbkngn. Hsth thdg pgrg bg hdprhsg `uh duy mcdpbkmgnc pcr hb thdg scmkgb, yg quh bg pcobgmkýf jhfhrý rhpunkc gfth bg knhg. Buhjc bg hdprhsg Fhwgthr sh mcfmhftrý hf mgdpg÷gs dgskvgs nh puobkmkngn y nh hfsh÷gfzg scmkgb scorh bg thmfcbcjäg jhfhrgng y bcs  ohfh`kmkcs quh sh bcjrgrägf. Hb pñobkmc gmhptý `kfgbdhfth bg knhg, y sh mcdhfzý g  phr`hmmkcfgr g÷c trgs g÷c hf thdgs nh dgfthfkdkhftc y mgbkngn. Fhwgthr hs hb  prcnumtc nh uf prcmhsc quh mcdkhfzg mcdkhfzg mcf hb usc nhb gjug rhsknugb quh eg thfknc uf  prh-trgtgdkhftc hf bgs pbgftgs HNG_ (Hstgmkcfhs nhpurgncrgs nh gjugs rhsknugbhs).

 

Mugfnc bbhjg hb gjug trgtgng g bgs pbgftgs nh Fhwgthr pgsg pcr uf prcmhsc nh dkmrc`kbtrgmkýf y ctrc pcr csdcsks kfvhrsg utkbkzgfnc ufg shrkh nh dhdorgfgs shdkphrdhgobhs. Mcf hstg htgpg bg mgbkngn nhb gjug tkhfh hstçfngrhs dçs gbtcs quh bcs scbkmktgncs pcr hb CD] (Crjgfksdc Dufnkgb nh bg ]gbun). G phsgr nh hbbc, hb gjug pgsg pcr uf ñbtkdc prcmhsc nh nhskf`hmmkýf pcr rgycs XP. Hb gjug cothfkng hs dhzmbgng mcf prcnumtcs quädkmcs gbmgbkfcs pgrg hqukbkorgr su pE (KMHU, ?998). ]kfjgpur hs uf hahdpbc dufnkgb ncfnh fc scbgdhfth jhfhrg fuhvgs thmfcbcjägs hf trgtg trg tgdk dkhf hftc tc nh gjug gjugss rhsk rhsknu nugb gbhs hs y gnqu gnqukh khrh rh gb gbtg tgss jg jgfg fgfm fmkg kgss hf kf kfvh vhrs rskc kcfh fhss hdprhsgrkgbhs nhftrc nh sksthdgs cbvkngncs nhftrc nh bg scmkhngn, skfc tgdokëf bh ng dumeg dumeg kdp kdpcrt crtgfm gfmkg kg gb gs gsphm phmtc tc scm scmkgb kgb.. Hb çrh çrhgg nh rhspcf rhspcfsgo sgokbk kbkngn ngn scmkgb scmkgb y dgrlhtkfj trgogagrcf hf mcfauftc, ousmgfnc jhfhrgr gdkstgn hftrh bg thmfcbcjäg y hb  pñobkmc.

J. Bg Hstgmkýf Nhpurgncrg nh Gjugs _hsknugbhs (HNG_) OCBKPKG  Xf mgsc skfju skfjubgr bgr sh hfmu hfmuhftrg hftrg hf bg mcdufkng mcdufkngnn nh Bcdgs nh Ygjgncr Ygjgncr hf Ocbkvkg, Ocbkvkg,  pgäs quh fc sh mgrgmthrkzg pcr thfhr uf gbtc äfnkmh YOK phr mgpktg, fk ufg ouhfg kf`rghstrumturg nh sgfhgdkhftc. ]hjñf hb CD], Ocbkvkg hf hb ?99> mcftgog mcf hb 58% nh pcobgncrhs quh thfägf gmmhsc gb gjug pctgobh, dkhftrgs quh hf sgfhgdkhftc mcftgog mcf uf >0% (CD] y XFKMH@, ?99:). Bg mcdufkngn nh Bcdgs nh Ygjgncr  muhftg mcf shrvkmkc kfkfthrrudpknc nh gjug pctgobh. Hf hb ?979, sh mcfstruyh hb sksthdg nh gbmgftgrkbbgnc sgfktgrkc y bg pbgftg nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmg ncdë stkmgs. s. Hb sksth sksthdg dg nh gbmg gbmgftgrk ftgrkbbgnc bbgnc tkhfh mcdc mgrgmthräs mgrgmthrästkmg tkmg prkfmkpgb prkfmkpgb bg rhutkb rhu tkbkzg kzgmký mkýff nhb gj gjug ug rhs rhsknu knugb gb pgr pgrgg hb rkh rkhjc jc nh çrhgs çrhgs vh vhrnh rnhs. s. Hs kdp kdpcrt crtgft gfthh dhfmkcfgr quh hf hb pgsgnc hb sksthdg nh gjug y nhsgjòh nh Bcdgs nh Ygjgncr hrg hb rh`bhac nh bg mubturg kfmcfsmkhfth nh uf pgäs nhb thrmhr dufnc hf ncfnh fc sh ngog bg kdpcrtgfmkg gb thdg nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs, pcr bc quh dumegs zcfgs nh gjrkmubturg sh vhägf phraunkmgngs pcr zcfgs mcftgdkfgngs nh gjug y `cmcs nh hf`hrdhngnhs, hftrh ctrgs mcsgs. Egmh pcmc tkhdpc, hf hb ?99:, bg kfvhstkjgncrg Dgrjct @rgflhf puobkmý uf bkorc scorh kfvhstkjgncrhs y prcpuhstgs nh dhacrg hf hb sgfh sgfhgd gdkh khft ftcc hf hs hshh pg pgäs äs.. ]u ]uss knhg knhgss sk skrv rvkh khrc rcff pg pgrg rg bb bbgd gdgr gr g mc mcfm fmkh khfm fmkg kg g kfvhstkjgncrhs y prcpcfhr knhgs nh dhacrg. Yhrc fc sh rhgbkzý dgycrhs mgdokcs egstg hb ?979, hf quh hb prcjrgdg Gjug^uyg rhgbkzý auftc mcf ufg `ufngmkýf nh kfvhstkjgmkýf nh ]uhmkg, ufg pbgftg nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs shrvkngs hf Bcdgs nhb Ygjgncr, Mcmegogdog (@rgflhf, ?97?). Hsth sksthdg fc scbc `cdhftgog bg dhacrg hf thdg nh sgbun h ekjkhfh hf pgrth nh bg mkungn nh Mcmegogdog, skfc quh tgdokëf

 

dhacrgog bg mgbkngn nh vkng mcdufgb nhoknc g quh jhfhrgog rh`crhstgmkýf hf zcfgs  pcorhs nh bg mkungn. _hmcrnhdcs quh bgs çrhgs vhrnhs fc scbc orkfngf cxäjhfc y dhacrg dha crgss hf hb gdokhf gdokhfth, th, skfc skfc quh hb kdp kdpgmt gmtcc vksugb vksugb nhb ecjgr ecjgr jh jhfhr fhrgg dgycr  dgycr  sgtks`gmmkýf hdcmkcfgb hf bcs rhsknhfths. Gmtugbdhfth, Bcdgs nh Ygjgncr, muhftg mcf uf sksthdg nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs quh fc scbc kfthjrg g hstg scmkhngn g gnqukrkr uf sksthdg oçskmc, skfc quh orkfng dhacrgs hf su mgbkngn nh vkng jhfhrgfnc pgksgaksdc mcf çrhgs vhrnhs. Bg tgobg =.= hxpbkmg bcs prcmhscs hdpbhgncs hf bg pbgftg nh trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs rhsknugbhs nh hstg mcdufkngn. ^gob g 71 Yr Yrcm cmhsc hscss hf bg Y^ Y^G_ G_ Mc Mcme mego gogd gdog og,, Oc Ocbk bkvk vkg g (G (Gng ngpt ptgn gnc c nh @u @ufn fngm gmký kýf f ^gobg  Gjug^uyg, ?977) ?977)

Xfg nh bgs mgrgmthrästkmgs kdpcrtgfths nh hstg pbgftg hs hb usc nh thmfcbcjäg gfghrcokg, ncfnh nhoknc g quh hstg thmfcbcjäg fc suhbh shr hdpbhgng hf zcfgs nhb thrmhr dufnc, fcrdgbdhfth sh utkbkzgf sksthdgs ghrcokcs. Bg thmfcbcjäg gfghrcokg hdpbhgng gnhdçs nh dkfkdkzgr hf jrgf prcpcrmkýf bcs pgtýjhfcs y dgthrkgbhs crjçfkmcs, muhftg mcf uf trgtgdkhftc thrmkgrkc pgrg su rhutkbkzgmkýf.

E. Bg Hstgmký Hstgmkýf f Nhpurgnc Nhpurgncrg rg nh Gjugs _hsk _hsknugbh nugbhss (HNG (HNG_) _) YH_Ñ g. @kbtrc phrmcbgncr phrmcbgncr kfmbuknc hf bg p pbgftg bgftg nh trgtgdkhftc trgtgdkhftc nhb pgrquh Dgräg Dgräg _hkmeh, nkstrktc nh Dkrg`bcrhs

Hstg gbthrfgtkvg hf bg quh sh gpbkmg hb `kbtrc phrmcbgncr sh puhnh coshrvgr  hf bg pbgftg nh trgtgdkhftc uokmgng hf bg Gv. Ocubhvgrn hf hb nkstrktc nh Dkrg`bcrhs, nhsmrkoh bg shmmkýf nh dcnhbcs thmfcbýjkmcs gpbkmgncs pcr  Dufkmkpkcs bcmgbhs. ]hjñf sh gprhmkgf ngtcs gnkmkcfgbhs hf bg tgobg, nh bg  pbgftg nh trgtgdkhftc nhb pgrquh Dgräg _hkmeh nhb nkstrktc nh Dkrg`bcrhs. Nkmeg Ybgftg mcfstg nh kfstgbgmkcfhs nh prhtrgtgdkhftc, quh utkbkzý hb `kbtrc phrmcbgncr mcdc ufkngn nh trgtgdkhftc shmufngrkc.

 

o.  ]ksthdg nh trgtgdkhftc trgtgdkhftc mcf `kbtrcs phrmcbgncrhs phrmcbgncrhs kfmbuyhfnc dgmrý`ktgs, dgmrý`ktgs, ‒Ybgftg Okc`äskmg— hahmutgnc pcr bg Dufkmkpgbkngn nh ]gf Ocrag.

Bg

@kjurg :1 Mcdpcfhfths nhb prhtrgtgdkhftc shjuknc nhb `btrc phrmcbgncr dcnk`mgnc

Dufkmkpgbkngn Nkstrktgb nh ]gf Ocrag, hf bg mkungn nh Bkdg, eg kdpbhdhftgnc ncs pbgftgs mcf `kbtrcs phrmcbgncrhs, `kbtrcs nh dgmrý`ktgs y nhskf`hmmkýf mcf rgnkgmkýf ubtrgvkcbhtg, mcdokfgmkýf nh prcmhscs nhfcdkfgncs mcdhrmkgbdhfth mcdc ‒Ybgftg Okc`äskmg—. ]k okhf hsth trgtgdkhftc sh hstç gpbkmgfnc g bgs gjugs nh rkhjc prcvhfkhfths nhb räc ]urmc y fc g bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs, bg mgrjg  pgtýjhfg hs skdkbgr hf gdogs, mcf bg vgrkgfth nh quh bg prkdhrg pcshh rhsknucs nh dg dgyc ycrr tgdg tgdg÷c ÷c y dh dhfc fcss NO NOC. C. Bcs Bcs h` h`bu buhf hfth thss nh hs hstg tgss pb pbgf gftg tgss sh hs hstç tçff utkbkzgfnc pgrg hb rkhjc nh bgs çrhgs vhrnhs y hb bbhfgnc nh phquh÷gs bgjufgs grtk`kmkgbhs mcf sus rhsphmtkvgs pkbhtgs. Hb prcmhsc sh kfkmkg mcf hb kfjrhsc nhb gjug g ufg mçdgrg nh mgptgmkýf, quh hf su kfthrkcr mcftkhfh uf sksthdg nh rhakbbgs pgrg `kbtrgr bcs sýbkncs dgycrhs nhb gjug nhb räc. Buhjc hb gjug pgsg g bg mçdgrg nh ocdohc, ncfnh sh hbhvg gb tgfquh nh mgrjg pgrg bcjrgr ufg prkdhrg shnkdhftgmkýf nh bcs sýbkncs phquh÷cs. Ycr gmmkýf nh bg jrgvhngn, hb gjug pgsg buhjc gb tgfquh nhshfjrgsgncr, ncfnh pcr nk`hrhfmkg nh nhfskngnhs bg jrgsg sh dgftkhfh susphfnkng y hs rhtkrgng nhb prcmhsc, dkhftrgs quh hb gjug skjuh `buyhfnc egmkg uf shjufnc tgfquh nh shnkdhftgmkýf. Mgsk bkorh nh pgrtämubgs sýbkngs hb gjug nhsmkhfnh g uf `kbtrc phrmcbgncr, nhfcdkfgnc mcdhrmkgbdhfth  okc`kbtrc `ctcskftëtkmc ghrýokmc. Hsth `kbtrc hstç muokhrtc y prcthjknc mcf pgfhbhs trgfspgrhfths quh phrdkthf ufg ouhfg kfmknhfmkg nh bg buz scbgr hf hb kfthrkcr nh bg hstrum hstrumtur turgg mýf mýfkmg kmg,, mcf mcf`cr `crdgn dgngg pcr pkhnrg pkhnrgss tkpc tkpc pýdhz pýdhz,, pgrg pgrg phrdkt phrdktkr kr bg `kagmkýf nh dkmrccrjgfksdcs ghrýokmcs (gbjgs y ogmthrkgs) quh rhduhvhf dgthrkg crjçfkmg, ogmthrkgs, pgrçsktcs y ctrcs hbhdhftcs mcftgdkfgfths. mcftgdkfgfths.

 

@kjurg 51^gfquh nh shnkdhftgmkýf muokhrtc mcf rhakbbgs nh shjurkngn.

G mcftkfugmkýf, hb gjug pgsg g uf `kbtrc nh dgmrý`ktgs, ncfnh pbgftgs gmuçtkmgs tkpcc ‒ag tkp ‒agmkf mkftc tc nh gjug— gjug— mg mgptg ptgff mcf sus rgä rgämhs mhs dgthrk dgthrkgg crjçf crjçfkmg kmg,, sustgf sustgfmkg mkgss quädkmgs y gbjufcs dhtgbhs phsgncs. Hstg gjug trgtgng pgsg buhjc g ufg mksthrfg nh gbdgmhfgdkhftc, pgrg shr pcsthrkcrdhfth ocdohgng g uf `kbtrc nh jrgvg y grhfg y shjukngdhfth g uf `kbtrc pubkncr quh rhnumh bg turoknhz y rhtkhfh bcs  pgrçsktcs. Hb gjug mbgrk`kmgng pgsg `kfgbdhfth pcr bg ufkngn nh rgnkgmkýf ubtrgvkcbhtg, pgrg rhdcvhr mgsk tcng bg mgrjg pgtýjhfg gñf hxksthfth. Hb h`buhfth nh ouhfg mgbkngn hs ocdohgnc g ufg mksthrfg nh gjug trgtgng, nh ncfnh hs nkstrkouknc pgrg hb rkhjc nh bcs agrnkfhs y pkbhtgs nhb pgrquh. ^cnc hsth prcmhsc nhsmrktc sh rhgbkzg hf mcfnkmkcfhs ghrýokmgs, pgrg hvktgr bg jhfhrgmkýf nh cbcrhs nhsgjrgngobhs.

PKK.MCFMBX]KCFH] 

Bg jhstkýf kfthjrgb nh gjugs rhsknugbhs ncdëstkmgs, vkhfhf g shr uf mcfauf mcf auftc tc nh gm gmtkv tkvkng kngnhs nhs quh gj gjrup rupgf gf nh nhsnh snh hb mg mgung ungbb nh hf hftrg trgng ng,, hb mcdpcrtgdkhftc `äskmc-quädkmc nh bc trgtgnc, bgs mcfmhftrgmkcfhs rhgbhs, bg mgpgmkngn nh nhpurgmkýf, bgs skfjubgrkngnhs nh mgng ufg nh bgs htgpgs quh quh tkhfhf hf ufg Y^G_.



Bcs mgscs hdobhdçtkmcs g fkvhb dufnkgb scorh bg jhstkýf kfthjrgb nh gjugs gju gs rhs rhsknu knugbh gbhss ncd ncdhs hstkm tkmgs gs,, ehd ehdcs cs thf thfknc knc g okhf okhf dhfmk dhfmkcfg cfgrr hf bcs skjukhfths pgäshs, mcdc < Dëxkmc, Hspg÷g, Agpýf, Ksrghb, Mcrhg nhb ]ur, ]kfjgpur, Ocbkvkg, y Yhrñ.



Bg prco prcobhdç bhdçtkmg tkmg nh jhstk jhstkýf ýf kfthj kfthjrgb rgb nh gjugs gjugs rhsknugbh rhsknugbhss ncdëstkmg ncdëstkmgs, s, shjuf hb hstunkc h`hm h`hmtugnc tugnc pcr ]XFG]] (?9 (?995), 95), sh nhoh g quh hb :9% nh bgs gjugs rhsknugbhs hf hb Yhrñ fc tkhfhf trgtgdkhftc nh gjugs gbjufc<

 

gskdksdc, quh nh bgs 7>= pbgftgs nh trgtgdkhftc rhsknugb quh hxksthf hf hb Yhrñ, scbc hb 7>% mudpbhf mcf bg fcrdgtkvkngn vkjhfth pgrg hb mgogb `u `ufm fmkc kcfg fgdk dkhf hftc tc nh bgs bgs dksd dksdgs gs5 dkbbcfhs nh nýbgrhs gdhrkm gdh rkmgf gfcs, cs, bg kfv kfvhrs hrskýf kýf hah hahmu mutgn tgngg egstg egstg hb ?998 ?998 pcr bgs Hft Hftkng kngnhs nhs Yrhstgncrgs nh ]hrvkmkcs nh ]gfhgdkhftc (HY]) gbmgfzý hb kdpcrth nh =0; dkbbcfhs nh nýbgrhs gdhrkmgfcs.

PKKK. PKK K. _H@ _H@H_H H_HFMK FMKG] G] OKOBKC OKOBKCJ_G J_G@KM @KMG] G] -

Du÷cz Jgbc, ?9951ettp1//hmcp ?9951ettp1//hmcpcrtgb.fht crtgb.fht

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Bgrg, A, 7;;;1 Nhpurgmkýf nh gjugs rhsknugbhs dufkmkpgbhs mcf eudhngbhs grtk`k grt k`kmkg mkgbhs bhs.. Xfk Xfkvh vhrsk rskngn ngn pcb pcbktë ktëmf mfkmg kmg nhb Mgtgbu Mgtgbu÷g. ÷g. 7?? p. Nkspcf Nkspcfkob kobhh hf1 www.jhcmktkhs.mcd/kgbgrgo. www.jhcmktkhs.mcd/kgbgrgo.

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ÇBPG_HQ GBOG, Hvhb D. y Nkhjc E. MCF^_H_G] PG_JG] (?99>). Mcftrcb nh mgbkngn nh gjugs rhsknugbhs, Bg Ygz1 GFH]GYG.

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MCBBÄ DK]]H^, Acsë (?999). Ygquhths thmfcbýjkmcs pgrg hb trgtgdkhftc nh hxmrhtgs y gjugs rhsknugbhs hf mcdufkngnhs rurgbhs. Dgfugb nh nksh÷c nh gjug  pctgobh, gbmgftgrkbbgnc y sgfhgdkhftc sgfhgdkhftc,, bkorc KK, Akuthphm, Dcrhbcs1 Kfstktutc Dhxkmgfc nh ^hmfcbcjäg nhb Gjug.

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MCDK]KÝF FGMKCFGB NHB GJXG (?977). Hstgnästkmgs nhb gjug hf Dëxkmc, hnkmkýf ?977, Dëxkmc1 ]hmrhtgräg nh Dhnkc Gdokhfth y _hmurscs Fgturgbhs.

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M_K^H], _cf y Jhcrjh ^MECOGFCJBCX] (?999). ]ksthdgs nh dgfhac nh gjugs rhsknugbhs pgrg fñmbhcs phquh÷cs y nhsmhftrgbkzgncs, tcdc 7, ]gftg`ë nh Ocjctç1

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DmJrgw-Ek DmJr gw-Ekbb bb Kfth Kfthrgdhrk rgdhrkmgf mgfg.]M g.]MEXBQ, EXBQ, Merkstcpehr Merkstcpehr _. y Ngfkhb Ngfkhb G. CLXF (7;;9). ^rgtgdkhftc nh gjugs suphr`kmkgbhs pgrg pgäshs hf nhsgrrcbbc, Dëxkmc1  Fcrkhjg/Bkdusg..  Fcrkhjg/Bkdusg

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ettps1//www.gmmk cfg-dx.mcd/sgbgprhfsg /sgbgprhfsg/fctkmkg /fctkmkgs/?975/au s/?975/aubkc/hng bkc/hngr-gtct r-gtctcfkbmccfkbmcettps1/ /www.gmmkcfg-dx.mcd mudpbh/

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ettps1/ ettps1//www.gmmk /www.gmmkcfg-gjug.mc cfg-gjug.mcd/hs/sgbg d/hs/sgbgprhfsg/gprhfsg/g-`cfnc/?975/ `cfnc/?975/aubkc/ aubkc/bg-hngrbg-hngr-nhnhgtctcfkbmc-d%M=%G;xkmc-bg-dgycr-pbgftg-nh-trgtgdkhftc-nh-gjugsgtctcfkbmc-d%M=%G;xkmc-bg-dgycr-pbgftg-nh-trg tgdkhftc-nh-gjugsrhsknugbhs-nhb-dufnc-mudpbh-uf-g%M= rhsknugbhs-nh b-dufnc-mudpbh-uf-g%M=%O7c-nhsnh-su-p %O7c-nhsnh-su-puhstg-hf-dgrmeg/ uhstg-hf-dgrmeg/

 

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ettps1//thdgs.pu /thdgs.puobkmc.hs/ obkmc.hs/hb-qukf hb-qukfzh/?97;/7?/ zh/?97;/7?/7?/fuhvg7?/fuhvg-vkng-pgrgvkng-pgrg-hb-gjug/ hb-gjug/ ettps1/

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ettps1/ ettps1//www.gdo. /www.gdo.mgt/who/hm mgt/who/hmcbcjkg/gk cbcjkg/gkjug/kfs jug/kfstgbgmkcfs tgbgmkcfs-k-khqukpgdhfts/nhtgbb/-/hqukpgdhft/hngr-nhb-prgt-nhbbcorhjgt/?:0?58/77575#Kf`cr bbcorhjgt/?:0? 58/77575#Kf`crdgmkSjhfhrg dgmkSjhfhrgbb

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ettps1/ ettps1//gmugthmfk /gmugthmfkmg.mcd/tr mg.mcd/trgtgdkhft gtgdkhftc-gjugsc-gjugs-rhsknugbhsrhsknugbhs-ncdhstkmg ncdhstkmgs-?/ s-?/