Apuntes Materiales Dentales II

 

AMUL^GM8 AMUL^GMKLT ELJUMKLT GG

\jgeme G8 Dlaljtbs Eljtmkls y Miljtls ^lagjlrmkgzmjtls. Dbjtljgebs tlaídbs8   =. Dbjdlptbs nísgdbs sbnrl kbs amtlrgmkls lapklmebs pmrm prbtlddgôj prbtlddgô j pukpmr, `brrb dmvgtmrgb, nmsls

gjtlralegms,, miljtls el dlaljtmdgôj, rlstmurmdgôj y miljtl rrlagjlrmkg gjtlralegms lagjlrmkgzmjtl. zmjtl.

>. Mjtldleljt Mjtldleljtls ls el kbs dlaljtbs eljtmkls8

Dlaljtbs el Tgkgdmtb el Dmkdgb.  Dlaljtbs el @bs`mtb el Xgjd.  Dlaljtbs el Tgkgdb`bs`mtb el Xgjd.  Dlaljtbs el Vbkgdmrnbxgkmtb el Xgjd.   4. Elsdrgpdgôj, iljlrmkgemels, jbram el dmkgeme dbrrlspbjegljtl, dkmsgdmdgôj, dbapbsgdgôj, rlmddgôj quáagdm, prbpglemels sgdb-quáagdms, rlspulstm ngbkôigdm, gjegdmdgbjls, amjgpukmdgôj, vmrgmnkls el amjgpukmdgôj, vljtmhms, elsvljtmhms elsvljtmhms y vmrgmjtls el kbs sgiugljtls amtlrgmkls8  Cgerôxgeb el Dmkdgb.  Dlaljtb el Bxgeb el Xgjd y Luiljbk. el Gbjôalrb el Pgergb.  Dlaljtb el 

Dlaljtb el Tgkgdmtb el Dmkdgb y ^lsgjm. Agjlrmk Urgbxgeb Mirlimeb (AUM) 5. Miljtls ^lagjlrmkgzmjtls8  @kubrurbs.  @bs`mtb el Dmkdgb Mabr`b (MDV)  @bs`mtb Vçpeb el km Dmslájm ams @bs`mtb el Dmkdgb Mabr`b (DVV-MDV).  @bs`b @bs`bsgkgdmtb sgkgdmtb el Dmkdgb y Tbegb (DTVT).  Nltm @bs`mtb Urgdíkdgdb (UDV)  

Vrbpôsgtb lspldá`gdb8

Lk mkuajb pberí elsdrg elsdrgngr, ngr, mjmkgzmr y rllxgbjmr sbnrl kbs egsjtbs pbs el dlaljtbs eljtmkls dbj kbs qul duljtm lk bebjtôkbib, pmrm kbs eg`lrljtls prbdlegagl prbdlegagljtbs, jtbs, qul sl rlmkgzmj lj dkájgdm. Melaís, dbjtmrm dbj kms nmsls sudgljtls sudgljtls pmrm ujm dbrrldtm slklddgôj y amjgpukmdgôj amjgpukmdgôj el kbs agsabs. ²]ul sbj kbs amtlrgmkls eljtmkls28

Ubebs kbs amtlrgmkls eljtmkls, sbj dbapulstbs d bapulstbs qul mk giumk dbab kbs el km jmturmklzm, ljlj dbapbrtmagljtbs dbapbrtmaglj tbs sgdbs, sgdbs, quáagdbs y aldíjgdbs aldíjgdbs gjclrljt gjclrljtls ls m su lstrudturm lstrudturm gjtlrjm, dbjbdlr lstbs lstbs jbs jbs plragrí lxpkgdmr y dbaprljelr su mpkgdmdgôj dkájgdm y el kmnbrmtbrgb. ²pmrm qul sbj kbs amtlrgmkls eljtmkls28

Tbj el aøkpkls `ujdgbjls, mkiujbs pmrm rlstugr mktlrmdgbjls el km lstrudturm eljtmk, btrbs mkgvgmj lk ebkbr, alhbrmj km ldmdgm

 

amsdmtbrgm, km egddgôj y km mpmrgljdgm, lspldgmkaljtl lj su dbjhujtb ljlj dbab bnhlvb, amjtljlr b alhbrmr km dmkgeme el vgem elk pmdgljtl.

Tu dkmsg`gdmdgôj dkmsg`gdmdgôj el mdulreb m su dbapbsgdgôj, dbapbsgdgôj, prbpglemels prbpglemels y usb8 •

El prlvljdgôj8 slkkm slkkmebrls ebrls el `bsltms `bsltms y `gsurm `gsurms, s, `brrbs, `brrbs, nmsls, nmsls, dlaljtbs dlaljtbs y amtlrgmkls amtlrgmkls el rlstmurmdgô rlstm urmdgôj j (dbj prbpglemels prbpglemels alegdms alegdms qul qul kgnlrmj kgnlrmj `købr), `købr), btrbs miljtls miljtls ttlrmpçut lrmpçutgdb gdb dbab km dkbrclxgegjm.

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El rlstmurmdgôj8 rlpmrmj b sustgtuylj sustgtuylj lstrudturm eljtmk8 gaprgamebrls, miljtls el ljkmdl, `brrbs, `brrbs,  nmsls el dlaljtbs, mamkimams, rlsgjms, altmkls, ltd. Muxgkgmrls8  sustmjdgms sustmjdgms qul sl lapklmj lapklmj lj lk prbdlsb prbdlsb el `mnrgdmdgôj `mnrgdmdgôj el prôtlsgs prôtlsgs eljtmkls, eljtmkls, y btrbs btr bs mpmrmt mpmrmtbs8 bs8 ídgebs ídgebs,, amtlrg amtlrgmkl mklss el gaprls gaprlsgôj gôj,, dlr dlrms, ms, ylsbs, ylsbs, prb prbtld tldtbr tbrls ls nudmkl nudmkls, s, rlsgjm rlsgjmss mdrákgdms, ltd.

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^lstmurmdgôj8

Vrôtlsgs b amtlrgmk el rlkkljb qul sl usm pmrm rlstmurmr b rllapkmzmr uj egljtl, ujm pbrdgôj el egljtl, vmrgbs egljtls, egljtls, y btrbs tlhgebs brmkls. Amtlrgmk Eljtmk el ^lstmurmdgôj8 ^lstmurmdgôj8

Tustmjdgm altíkgdm, dlríagdm, altmk - dlríagdm b el rlsgjm lapklmem pmrm rllapkmzmr, rlpmrmr b rldbjstrugr egljtls y/b alhbrmr km lstçdm. Dkmsg`dmdgôj el ^lstmurmdgôj, ^lstmurmdgôj, el mdulreb mk amtlrgmk lapklmeb8 ^lstmurmdgôj Egrldtm8 Dlaljtb, altmk altmk b rlsgjm dbapulst dbapulstmm mk qul sl em `bram y sl =. Amtlrgmk el ^lstmurmdgôj

mpkgdm gjtrmbrmkaljtl pmrm rlstmurmr kbs egljtls b alhbrmr km lstçdm. >. Amtlrgmk el ^lstmurmdgôj Gjegrldtm8 Dlríagdm, altmk, altmk — dlríagdm b rlsgjm dbapulstm qul sl lapklm lxtrmbrmkaljtl pmrm dbjstrugr prôtlsgs qul rllapkmzmj km pçregem el pglzms eljtmrgms, pmrm rlstmurmr kbs egljtls emýmebs b pmrm alhbrmr km lstçdm. 4. Amtlrgmk el ^lstmurmdgôj Ulapbrmk8 Dlaljtb b rlsgjm dbapulstm qul sl lapklm eurmjtl uj plrgbeb el lapb lapb qul vm vmrám rám elsel ujbs eáms b vm vmrgbs rgbs alsls. Tl ukgzm pmrm rlstmur rlstmurmr mr b rllapkmzmr km plregem el pglzms eljtmrgms b km lstrudturm eljtmk cmstm qul sl pulem cmdlr ujm rldbjstruddgôj b pbjlr ujm prôtlsgs aís eurmelrm.

Dmrmdtlrástgdms el uj amtlrgmk el rlstmurmdgôj gelmk8     

Ngbdbapmtgnkl/ Ngbtbklrmnkl. Tl meclrgrám km lstrudturm eljtmrgm b mk culsb el `bram `bram plramjljtl. Mspldtb jmturmk. Vrbpglemels sgagkmrls m kkms ms elk lsamktl, lsamktl, eljtgjm y btrbs tlhgebs. Vberám rlstmurmr tlhgebs b rliljlrmr mqulkkbs mqulkkbs qul `mktlj b qul lstíj emýmebs.

 

Dlaljtbs Eljtmkls8 Dlaljtb (el`jgdgôj)8 Tustmjdgm qul ljeurldl y qul sgrvl dbab nmsl, rldunrgagljtb dmvgtmrgb, amtlrgmk el

rlkkljb b meclsgvb pmrm pmrm ujgr kbs egspbsgvbs y prôt prôtlsgs lsgs dbj km lstrudturm eljtmrgm eljtmrgm b dbj btrbs amtlrgmkls. Miljtl Dlaljtmjtl8 Amt  Amtlrgmk lrgmk vgsdbsb qul sl dbkbdm ljtrl km lstrudtu lstrudturm rm eljtmrgm y km pr prôtlsgs, ôtlsgs, ljeu ljeurldl rldl alegmjtl ujm rlmddgôj quáagdm y sgrvl pmrm ujgr ralaljtl km prôtlsgs m km lstrudtur lstrudturmm eljtmrgm. alegdmdgôj, y qul sl dbkbdm Nmsl8  Ls uj dlaljtb lapklmeb dbab dmpm mgskmjtl , qul m vldls mdtøm dbab ujm alegdmdgôj, Nmsl8 lj km pmrtl ams prb`ujem el km pr prlpmrmdgôj lpmrmdgôj dbj lk  j j el pr prbtlilr btlilr lk tlhgeb pukpmr el kms mirlsgbjls tçragdms b quáagdms - Kbs qul sgrvlj pmrm rldb rldbjstrugr jstrugr pmrtl el km eljjm y lsamktl lsamktl b sbkb lsamktl. ^ldunrgagljtb Dmvgtmrgb Dmvgtmrgb R ^ldunrgagljtb Vukpmr8 Dmpm jm el dlaljtb, dbab km susp suspljsgôj ljsgôj el cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb, lj ujm susp suspljsgôj ljsgôj mdubs mdubsmm b rrlsgjbsm lsgjbsm (m (mjtls jtls el km lvmpbrm lvmpbrmdgôj) dgôj) qul sl lapklm dbab pr prbtldtbr btldtbr pukpmr? mkiujbs dlaljtbs el Gbjbalrb el Pgergb qul sl usmj m abeb el dmpm gjtlralegm ljtrl km lstrudturm eljtmrgm y km rlstmurmdgôj el rlsgjm dbapulstm lstíj dbjsgelrmebs dbab rldunrgagl rldunrgagljtb jtb dm dmvgtmrgb vgtmrgb - Kbs qul `bramj ujm dmpm lj km zbjm el km eljjm. Nmrjgz8 Tbkudgôj el ujm ibam jmturmk, rlsgjms sgjtçdms sgjtçdms b rlsgjms egsulktms lj uj sbkvljtl vbkík dbab km mdltbjm, çtlr b dkbrb`brab.

Miljtls el Vrbtlddgôj Vukpmr8 Nmrjgdls Dmvgtmrgbs. ^ldunrgagljtbs Ulrmpçudbs. Nmsls el Dlaljtbs. Miljtls el Dlaljtmeb. Kms ^lstmur ^lstmurmdgbjls mdgbjls Altíkgdms, elngeb m qul sbj lxdlkljt lxdlkljtls ls dbjeudtbrls ttçragdbs, çragdbs, pulelj prbvb prbvbdmr dmr cgplrsljsgngkgeme cgplrsljsgngkgem e m km gjilstm el nlngems `ráms y dmkgljtls. Btrbs amtlrgmkls rlstmur rlstmurmebrls, mebrls, dbab kbs dlaljtbs dbj prlsljdgm prlsljdgm el mdgeb ``bs`ôrgdb bs`ôrgdb,, kms ^lsgjm ^lsgjmss Dbapulstm Dbapulstmss el bntur bnturmdgôj mdgôj egrldtm y lj mkiujbs dmsbs kbs Dlaljtbs el Gbjôalrb Gbjôalrb el Pgergb (DGP) pulelj prbeudgr grrgtm grrgtmdgôj dgôj quáagdm. Kbs Nmrjgdls, kbs ^ldunrgagljtbs ^ldunrgagljtbs Dmvgtmrgbs y kms Nmsls sl cmj lapklmeb lj lstm lstmss rlstm rlstmurmdgbjls urmdgbjls pmrm lv lvgtmr gtmr lstbs pbs el mirlsgôj. M Mpmrtl pmrtl el slrvgr dbab mgskmj mgskmjtls tls tçragdbs, db dbab ab nmrr nmrrlrm lrm dbj dbjtrm trm sustmj sustmjdgms dgms grrgtmj grrgtmjtls tls kgnlrmems pbr kbs amtlrgmkl amtlrgmklss rlstmurmebrls y dbab miljtls slkkmebrls dbjtrm km ktrmdgôj el km gjtlr`msl y pbr tmjtb dbjtrm km gjvmsgôj nmdtlrgmjm msbdgmem. Nmrjgdls Dmvgtmrgbs8 Tu dbapbsgdgôj dbapbsgdgôj pbr kb rliukmr ls m nmsl el ibams jmturm jmturmkls, kls, dbab km elk dbp dbpmk, mk, b rlsgjm rlsgjmss sgjtçdm sgjtçdmss qul lstíj egsulktms lj uj sbkvljtl briíjgdb, dbab km mdltbjm, lk dkbrb`brab b lk çtlr çtlr.. Vrbeudlj uj rlvlsagljtb lj lk egljtl dumjeb sl lvmpbrm lk sbkvljtl, mujqul jb ls el sudgl sudgljtl jtl irbsbr dbab pmrm slrvgr el mgskmjtl tçragdb.  Km kgtlrmturm rllrl qul rrleudlj leudlj km grrgtmdg grrgtmdgôj ôj pukpmr pukpmr..  Vulelj prlvljgr prlvljgr km pljltr pljltrmdgôj mdgôj el kbs p prbeudtbs rbeudtbs elrgvmebs el km db dbrrbsgôj rrbsgôj e ell km ma mamkimam. mkimam.  Tl elnlj mpkgdmr mk aljb aljbss eb ebss dmpms.  Jb lstm gjegdmeb dumjeb sl lapklmj lapklmj amtlrgmkls meclsgvb meclsgvbss dbab lk DGP y ^lsgjms Dbapulstm Dbapulstms. s.

^ldunrgagljtbs Dmvgtmrgbs - ^ldunrgagljtb Vukpmr8

 

Lk prbpôsgtb prbpôsgtb gjgdgmk lrm mprbvldcm mprbvldcmrr lk l` l`ldtb ldtb nlj nljçdb çdb elk cger cgerôxgeb ôxgeb el dmkdgb pmr pmrmm mdlklr mdlklrmr mr km `bramdgôj el eljjm rlpmrmebrm. Vbr Vbr lkkb, sl `braukmrbj alegmjtl km egsplrsgôj el cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb lj ujm sbkudgôj mdubsm b lj uj vlcádukb rlsgjbsb pmrm `mdgkgtmr su mpkgdmdgôj lj kms pmrlels dmvgtmrgms dmvgtmrgms.. Lk vlcádukb pbrtmebr sl lvmpbrm y elhm ujm jm dmpm el rl rlsgeubs sgeubs e ell cgerô cgerôxgeb xgeb el dmkdgb lj km pmrlels.  Gjelpljegljtla Gjelpljegljtlaljtl ljtl elk pb el vlcádukb ukgz ukgzmeb, meb, dbab lk cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb ls sbkun sbkunkl kl lj kbs ugebs brmkls, brmkls, ls bnkgi bnkgimtbrgb mtbrgb qul lstl pb el rldunrgagljt rldunrgagljtb b jb lstl p prlsljtl rlsljtl lj kbs aír aíriljls iljls el km prlpmrmdgôj.  Vrlsljtm uj VC el ==, pulel jlutr jlutrmkgzmr mkgzmr b rlmddgbjmr dbj lk mmdgeb dgeb kgnlrmeb el kbs dlaljtbs meymdljtls dbapulstbs pbr mdgeb `bs`ôrgdb.

Nmsls el Dlaljtb8 Mk dbjtrmrgb dbjtrmrgb qul kbs rldunrgagljt rldunrgagljtbs bs , kms nmsls sl mpkgdmj lj dm dmpms pms audcb ams irulsms, nmhb kms rlstmurmdgbjls pmrm prbtlilr km pukpm dbjtrm kms mirlsgbjls tçragdms, lk imkvmjgsab y kms mirlsgbjls quáagdms quáagdms,, elpljegljeb el kkbs bs amtlrgmkls rlstmur rlstmurmebrls mebrls qul sl llapkllj. apkllj. amtlrgmk eln elnll slr kb su sudgljtlaljtl dgljtlaljtl `ulrtl pmrm sbpbrtmr kms `ulrzms el dbje dbjeljsmdgôj ljsmdgôj  Lk amtlrgmk eurmjtl km dbkbdmdgôj el km rlstmurmdgôj. rlsgstljtl m kms `rmdturm `rmdturmss qul p pulelj ulelj slr prbvbdmem prbvbdmemss pbr kms `ulrzms amsdmtb amsdmtbrgms rgms qul sl  Tlr rlsgstljtl trmjsagtlj m trmvçs el km rlstmurmdgôj.  Kbs dmangbs el tlaplrmturm lj km nbdm prlsljtmj ujbs l`ldtbs ams amrdmebs lj km pukpm dumjeb kbs egljtls ljlj irmjels rlstmu rlstmurmdgbjls rmdgbjls el mam mamkimam kimam qul jb lstíj mgskmems p pbr br ujm nmsl. amtlrgmk lrgmk el rls rlstmurmdgôj tmurmdgôj sl elnl rlmkgzmr ujm vvlz lz qul sl cm prbeudgeb lk  Km dbkbdmdgôj elk amt `rmiumeb gjgdgmk el km nmsl. prlpmrmdgôj mdgôj ls uj `mdtbr gap gapbrtmjtl. brtmjtl.  Lk egslýb el km dmvgeme b prlpmr Dbjsgelrmdgbjls Dkájgdms8     

Km lklddgôj el ujm nmsl sl e elnl lnl lj irm irmj j alegem mk egslýb el km dmv dmvgeme, geme, mk pb el am amtlrgmk tlrgmk lapklmeb pmrm km rlstmurmdgôj egrldtm y m km prbxgageme el km pukpm. Vmrm kms kms rlstmu rlstmurmdgbjls rmdgbjls el mam mamkimam, kimam, lk Cgerô Cgerôxgeb xgeb el Dmkdgb b lk dlaljtb e ell Bxgeb el Xgjd y Luiljbk pulelj slrvgr dba dbab b nmsls øj øjgdms. gdms. Vmrm kms ^lsgjm ^lsgjmss Dbapulstm Dbapulstms, s, lk Cgerôx Cgerôxgeb geb el Dmkdgb y lk Dlalj Dlaljtb tb el Gbjôalrb el Pgergb, mpkgdmeb dbab ujm nmsl jm sulklj slr sudgljtls pmrm kbirmr lstl prbpôsgtb. Tg km nmsl ls el uj dlaljtb el @b @bs`mtb s`mtb el Xgjd, lk amtlrgmk el slkkmeb sl elnl mpkgdmr m kms pmrlels dmvgtmr dmvgtmrgms gms mjtls el km dbkbdmdgôj el km nmsl. Tg lk dlaljtb el km nmsl ls ngbdbapmnkl (Cgerô (Cgerôxgeb xgeb el Dmkdgb, Bxgeb el Xgjd y Luiljbk, Vbkgdmrnbxgkmtb Vbkgdmrnb xgkmtb el Xgjd b Dlalj Dlaljtb tb el Gbjôalrb el Pgergb) lk dlaljtb el elnl dbkbdmr prga prgalrb, lrb, sliugeb elk sslkkmebr lkkmebr ujm vlz qul lk am amtlrgmk tlrgmk el nmsl cm ljeurldgeb.

Dlaljtbs dbab Miljtls el Dlaljtmeb8

 

Lxgstlj jualrbsbs trmtmagljtbs eljtmkls qul prldgsmj uj miljtl dlaljtmjtl qul plragtm km ujgôj el prôtlsgs y btrbs egspbsgvbs dbj lk egljtl. Ljtrl lkkbs ls lstíj tíj kms rrlstmur lstmurmdgbjls mdgbjls el altmk, altmk — dlr dlríagdm, íagdm, rlsgjm dbapulstm dbapulstm y dlríagdms? rlstmur rlstmurmdgbjls mdgbjls prbvgsgbjmkls b gjtlralegm gjtlralegmss el rlsgjms mdrákgdms, dmrgkkms pmrm lk sldtbr mjtlrgbr, egspbsg egspbsgvbs vbs brtbebjdgd brtbebjdgdbs bs y pgjs y plrjbs usmebs pmrm km rrltljdgôj ltljdgôj el kms rlstmurmdgbjls. Dlaljtmjtl.Dlaljtmj tl.- Gap Gapkgdm kgdm lk usb el ujm sus sustmjdgm tmjdgm abkelmnkl qul slkkl lk lspmdgb b qul dlalj dlaljtl tl ebs dbapbjljtls ljtrl sg.

Dlaljtbs Eljtmkls8  Dlaljtbs el Tgkgdmtb el Dmkdgb.  Dlaljtbs el @bs`mtb el Xgjd.  Dlaljtbs el Tgkgdb`bs`mtb el Xgjd.  Dlaljtbs el Vbkgdmrnbxgkmtb el Xgjd. Dlaljtb el Tgkgdmtb el Dmkdgb8 Dlaljtb el Tgkgdmtb.- Amtlrgmk el rlstmurmdgôj, cldcb dbj ujm alzdkm el uj kgqugeb el (mdgeb `bs`ôrgdb) y uj pbkvb el vgergb el sgkgd sgkgdmtb mtb y øbr øbr.. Lk vgergb elk dlaljtb el sgkgdmtb ssll `mnrgdmnm alegmjtl km `usgôj m ujm tlaplrmturm el mprbxgamemal mprbxgamemaljtl jtl =,566 ¶ D el dbapulstbs dbapulstbs el bxgeb e ell sákgdl (Tg B>), mkøagjm (MK>B4), dbapulstbs dbapulstbs el ø øbr br y smkls el dmkdgb. Lk Dlaljtb el Gbjô Gbjôalrb alrb el Pgergb pb GG (pbkvb el vgergb el sgkgdmtb y mdgeb pbkgmdrgkgdb) cm lvbkudgbjmeb m pmrr elk dlaljtb el sgkgdmtb. Lk usb elk D Dlaljtb laljtb Eljtmk dbab amtlrgmk el rlstmur rlstmurmdgôj mdgôj dbaljzô dbj lk Dlaljtb el TTgkgdmtb, gkgdmtb, qul sl dbapbjl el vgergb el sgkgdmtb y ídgeb `bs`ôrgdb. Lk dlaljtb el Tgkgdmtb, mk slr uj amtlrgmk `ríigk, ujm vlz qul cm `rmiumeb ls rlkmvmaljtl rlsgstljtl m km dbaprlsgôj mujqul auy eçngk m km trmddgôj. Ls uj dlaljtb kgnlrmebr el øbr qul sl lapklm dbab amtlrgmk rrlstmurmebr, lstmurmebr, ljl pbdm rlsgstljdg rlsgstljdgmm lj dbapmrmdgôj dbj kms mamkimamss b kms rls mamkimam rlsgjms gjms dbap dbapulstms, ulstms, pbr kb qul sb sbkb kb sl pulel ukgz ukgzmr mr lj zbjms el nmhm tljsgôj. TTgj gj lanmrib uj dlaljt dlaljtb b dbj lstms dmrmdtlrás dmrmdtlrásdms dms sl elnl ukgz ukgzmr mr lj pmdgljtls dbj ir irmj mj rglsib el dmr dmrgls. gls. Lk pbtljdgmk mjdmrgbiljgd mjdmrgbiljgdb b tmj elstmdm elstmdmeb eb el kbs dlaljtbs el sgkgdmtb dbjram km p prbpgleme rbpgleme el kb kbss gb gbjls jls @el gjcgngr km elsa elsagjlrmkgzmdgôj. gjlrmkgzmdgôj.

Dkmsgdmdgôj el mdulreb m su usb8  Amtlrgmk Dlaljtmjtl.  @brrb b Nmsl. Gjegdmdgbjls8  Dlaljtmeb el Vrôtlsgs.  Nmsl.  ^lstmurmdgôj tlapbrmk.  Dbapbsgdgôj8  Vbkvb. Vbkvb.-- Bxgeb el XXgjd gjd lj 76%, btrbs ôxgebs8 ami amijlsgb, jlsgb, ngsaut ngsautb b y sgkgdgb.  Kgqugeb. Kgqugeb.-- Mdgeb @bs`ôrgdb y Mium, mkiujm mkiujmss smkls el Xgjd y Mkuagjgb. Vrbpglemels @ásgdb quáagdms8

 

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Dmrmdtlrásdms el dbapulstb gôjgdb b dlríagdb Dmrmdtlrásdms dlríagdb,, pbr kb qul ls mgskmj mgskmjtl tl tçragdb y lkçdtrgdb. Dbab amtlrgmk amtlrgmk dlaljtmj dlaljtmjtl, tl, ljl vmkbrls mktbs el rlsgs rlsgstljdgm tljdgm m km ddbaprlsgôj baprlsgôj y sbkungkgeme nm nmhm. hm. Vbr su pmrduk pmrdukmm jm sl kbirmj lsplsbrls el alzdkm aljbrls m >< agdrms. Tudgljtl rlsgstljd rlsgstljdgm gm pmr pmrmm sbpbrtmr dmrims el dbje dbjeljsmdgôj ljsmdgôj el btrbs amtlrgmkls dbab km mamkimam. Tu mktm mktm mdgelz gjgdgmk (Vc >.>) egsagjuyl lj lk trmjsdur trmjsdursb sb el km alzdkm, plrb muj elspuçs elspuçs el lstm lk amtlrgmk amtlrgmk amjljl ujm mdgelz dbjsgelrm dbjsgelrmnkl nkl (pC5.5.) Vbr kb mj mjtlrgbr tlrgbr ls gapr gaprlsdgjegnkl lsdgjegnkl lk usb el `brrbs elnmhb el ls lstl tl amtlrgmk.

Amjgpukmdgôj8     

 

Kbsltm el drgstmk el = =< < da el kmr kmrib, ib, 3 da el mjdcb, y > da el irulsb. Lk pbkvb sl egvgel iljlr iljlrmkaljtl mkaljtl lj vmrgms pb pbrdgbjls rdgbjls plqulýms y mmkiujms kiujms amybrls, amybrls, sgltl u b bdcb dcb lj tbtmk. Lspítukm el mdlrb gjb gjbxgemnkl xgemnkl ráigem, dbj íírlm rlm el trmnmhb el < da el kmr kmrib ib y 9 aa el mjdcb y = aa el lsplsbr. Alzdkmr dbj kms ebs dmrms el km lspítukm, cmstm kbirmr ujm dbjsgstljdg dbjsgstljdgmm cbabiçjlm. El mdulreb dbj dbj lk usb el elnlj tljlr > dbjs dbjsgstljdgms8 gstljdgms8 km el dlaljt dlaljtmdgôj, mdgôj, qul ls ujm al alzdkm zdkm cbabiçjlm, drlabsm y q qul ul ``bram bram ujm clnrm el ujbs > das? y km el nmsl, qul ls db dbab ab uj agimhôj, pbrqul sl gjdbrpbrm amybr dmjeme el pbkvb m km alzdkm. Vmrm egsagjugr km rlmddgôj lxbtçra lxbtçragdm gdm y km mdgelz el km alzdkm sl rrldbagljem ldbagljem prgalrb alzdkmr dbj lk kgqugeb ujm ujm plqulýásgam pmrtl el pbkvb. Dbj`bral mvmjz mvmjzmm lk lapb lapb,, m pmrr elk gjgdgb el km a alzdkm, lzdkm, lk dlalj dlaljtb tb sl vvmm cmdgljeb aljbs mdgeb y mkdmjzm su jlutrmkgeme cmstm elspuçs el vmrgbs eáms.

Dlaljtb el Tgkgdbbsmtb Tgkgdbbsmtb el Xgjd8

Ls ujm dbapbsgdgôj dbapbsgdgôj cgnrgem lljtrl jtrl kbs dlaljtbs e ell sgkgdmtb y kbs dlaljtbs el `bs`m `bs`mtb tb el zgjd.

Dbapbsgdgôj8

Vbkvb.- Bxgeb el Xgjd, Bxgeb el Amijlsgb ams ljeurldlebrl ljeurldlebrls. s. Kgqugeb.-- Mdgeb Vbkgmdrgkgdb y Mdgeb Gtmdbjgdb. Kgqugeb. \sb8

Vrgjdgpmk.- Dlaljtmjtl eljgvb. Tldujemrgb.Tldujemrg b.- Bnturmebr tlapbrmk, dlaljtmr rlstmurmdgbjls cldcms `ulrm el km nbdm. Pljtmhms.  

Mktm rlsgstlj rlsgstljdgm dgm m km dbaprlsgôj. @ídgk amjgpukmdgôj. Pgem øk kmrim. k mrim.

 

 

Gjsbkunkls m u ugebs gebs nudmkls. Ldbjôagdb.

Elsvljtmhms8  Grrgtmjtl Vukpmr.  Uglapb dbrtb dbrtb el trmnmhb. Vrbpglemels8 l`ldtb ldtb mjdmrgbiljgdb mjdmrgbiljgdb..  Kgnlrmdgôj el øbr lj plqulýms dmjemels y l`  Meclsgvb.  Uglapb el ljeurldgagljtb db dbrtb rtb el 4 m 5 agjutbs. agjutbs.  VC amybr m =.< y kklim cmstm 0 lj >5 cbrms.

Dlaljtb el Vbkgdmrnbxgkmtb el Xgjd8 Lk Er Er. Elj Eljjgs jgs TTagtc, agtc, kb e elsmrrbkkb lsmrrbkkb lj =7< Dbab nmsl ljl sudgljtl rlsgstljdgm pmrm sbpbrtmr dmrims el dbjeljsmdgôj el btrbs amtlrgmkls, dbab km mamkimam eljtmk y pulel rldgngr dumkquglr btrb amtlrgmk sgj gjtlr`lrgr lj sus rlmddgbjls. Ls qulkmjtl, pbr kb qul lj dbjtmdtb dbj kbs gbjls altíkgdbs , dbab lk dmkdgb elk egljtl, mequglrl dmrmdtlrás dmrmdtlrásdms dms el mmeclsgvb. eclsgvb. Tl ujl pbr qulkmdgbj m mklmdgbjls el usb bebjtbkôigd bebjtbkôigdb, b, dbab lk mdlrb gjbxgemnkl, pkmtm pmkmegb, y btrbs, plrb jb m mklmdgbjls el brb jg m km dlrmagdm eljtmk. Lj km rlmddgôj elk V Vbkgídgeb bkgídgeb dmrnbxákgdb dbj lk bxgeb el zgjd, pb pbrr sslr lr lk prgalrb prgalrb uj mmdgeb dgeb eçngk y lk sliujeb ujm nmsl, km egsagjudgôj el km mdgelz lj km rlmddgôj sl em lj pbdbs agjutbs, kklimjeb dmsg m km jlutrmkgeme jlutrmkgeme.. Vbr dbjtljlr abkçdukmselelxbtrbpgsab. pbkgídgeb dmrnbxákgdb (dbj uj plsb abkldukmr el >6,666 m 56,666) prlsljtm lk `ljôaljb

^lspulstm ngbkôigdm8  

Lk pbkgídgeb dmrnbxákgdb ls ujb el kbs ídgebs eçngkls , pbr kb qul su rlmddgôj ls aljbs drgdm qul km elk mdgeb `bs` `bs`ôrgdb. ôrgdb. Lk tmamýb irmjel el km abkçdukm elk pbkgídgeb dmrnbxákgdb dmrnbxákgdb,, jb plragtl qul pljltrl lj kbs tønukbs eljjmrgbs, ls uj dlaljtb jb grrgtmjtl jb tbxgdb.

Amjgpukmdgôj8   

  

Vrbpbrdgôj pbkvb — kgqugeb lxmdtm, jb ttbklrm bklrm vmrgmnkls lj su prbpbrdgôj. Uglapb el alzdkm, 46 — 56 sliujebs, lk pb pbkvb kvb sl mirlim mk kgqu kgqugeb geb lj ujb b eb ebss pmsbs. pmsbs. Km alzdkm sl elnl rlmkgzmr gjalegmtmaljtl elspuçs el dbkbdmr lk pbkvb y lk kgqugeb, (lj km prlsljtmdgôj prlsljtm dgôj lj kms qul lk mdgeb pbkgídgeb dmrnbxákgdb lstm lj `bram el pbkvby qul cmy qul alzdkmr dbj mium sbkmaljtl), lk mmium ium ls vbkík. Lk dlaljtb sl e elnl lnl usmr agljtrm agljtrmss amjtlji amjtljimm uj mspldtb nrgkkmjtl lj km suplrdgl. \jm vlz nglj ljeurldgeb, rlrmr lxdleljtls. Kms dmvgemels eljtmrgms elnlj lstmr plr`ldtmaljtl kgapgms, mpkgdmjeb ujm tbrujem el mkibeôj lj mdgeb dátrgdb b dmrnb dmrnbxákgdb, xákgdb, mj mjtls tls el dbkbdmr lk amtlrgmk.

Cgerôxgeb el Dmkdgb8

 

  

Vbkvb nkmjdb nkmjdb qul sl ``bram bram pbr km rlmddgôj e ell km dmk vgvm dbj lk mium. Vc dlrdmjb dlrdmjb m =4 @ujdgôj lj bebjtbkbiám8 lsaukmr, prbtlilr, y prbvllr el gbjls dmkdgb m km pukpm.

Jbram Dbrrlspbjeglj Dbrrlspbjegljtl8 tl8 Tgj Jbram mdtumk, sbkb pmríaltrbs el dbaprbnmdgôj dgljdm qul plragtlj dkmsgdmrkbs y vmkbrm vmkbrmrkbs rkbs sgdmaljtl.

Dkmsg`gdmdgôj el kbs prbeudtbs el Cgerôxgeb el Dmkdgb Dmkdgb

Alegb Mdtgvb

Plcádukb

Ljeurldgagljtb

Cgerôxgeb el Dmkdgb

Mium Ngelstgkmem

Lvmpbrmdgôj el mium

Cgerôxgeb el Dmkdgb

Cgerbilk el dlkukbsm

Lvmpbrmdgôj el mium

Cgerôxgeb el Dmkdgb

Mdlgtls pkmstg`gdmjtls

]ulkmdgbj

Gjegdmdgbjls8 Mk dbkbdmr lstl amt amtlrgmk lrgmk lj km prlpmr prlpmrmdgôj mdgôj dmvgtmr dmvgtmrgm, gm, sbnrl km elj eljjm, jm, lj ebjel jb lxgs lxgstl tl dbaujgdmdgôj dbj km pukpm, sl eljbagjm8 @brrb b ^ldunrgagljtb Vukpmr  Gjegrldtb.  W dumjeb sl dbkbdm lj km prlpmrm prlpmrmdgôj dgôj dmvgt dmvgtmrgm, mrgm, sbnr sbnrll km eljjm eljjm,, lj ujm zbjm lj ebjel lxgs lxgstl tl Egrldtb. dbaujgdmdgôj dbj km pukpm, sl eljba eljbagjm8 gjm8 @brrb b ^ldunrgagljtb Vukpmr Egrldtb. El mdulreb m kb mj mjtlrgbr, tlrgbr, kms prlsljtmdgbjls gjegdmems pmrm rldunrgag rldunrgagljtb ljtb gjegrld gjegrldtb tb sbj ttbebs bebs kbs pbs, mujqul sl rldbagljem usmr lk el ljeurldgagljtb pbr qulkmdgbj b slm lk el rlmddgôj mdgeb — nmsl. Vmrm rldunrgag rldunrgagljtb ljtb egrldtb sl rldbagljem lk quáagdma quáagdmaljtl ljtl purb alzdkmeb dbj mium, ym qul lstm alzdkm jb 

ljl btrbseldbapulstb dbapulstbs qul gjt gjtlrlrmj lrlrmj lj su rlspuls rlspulstm tm ngbkôigdm, melaí melaíss el slr am amss mkdmkgjm y dbj ams prlsljdgm dmkdgb qul qulskms btrms pr prlsljtmdgbjls lsljtmdgbjls b pbs.

Dbapbsgdgôj8 Nísgdmaljtl pbr Cgerô Cgerôxgeb xgeb el Dmkdgb Dm( Dm(BC>) BC>) quáagdmalj quáagdmaljtl tl purb ams mium ngels ngelskmem, kmem, pmr pmrmm `bramr uj ujmm pmstm, b ams dmrnbxgalk dlkukbsm, dlk ukbsm, pmrm `bramr uj cgerbilk. Kms dbapbsgdgbjls qul ljeurldlj pbr qulkmdgbj sl pr prlsljtmj lsljtmj lj ebs tu tunbs nbs dbkmpsmnkls, n nmsl msl y dmt dmtmkgzmebr? mkgzmebr? km nmsl dbjljl smkgdgkmtbs (sustmjdgms qulkmjtls) y lk dmtmkgzm dmtmkgzmebr ebr (cgerôxgeb el dm dmkdgb)? kdgb)? llstl stl ukab prbvll lk dmkdgb pmrm km q qulkmdgbj, ulkmdgbj, melaís el dbjtljlr sustmjdgms  pkmsdmjtls.

 

Mium ngelskmem8

Lk mium elskmem sl bnljl mk lvmpbrmr lk mium gjgdgmk pmrm slpmrm slpmrmrkm rkm el kkms ms smkls qul sl ljduljtrm ljduljtrmj j egsulktms lj lkkm. \jm vlz kbirmem lsm slpmrmdgôj, lk vmpbr el mium ls dbjeljsmeb pmrm vbkvlrkb m su lstmeb káqugeb.   \jm vlz qul sl cm rlmkgzmeb tbeb lsl prbdlsb, lk mium elskmem ls sbalem m uj julvb prbdlsb el dmkljtmagljtb, elspuçs elk dumk sl kgnlrmrí tbeb lk egôxgeb el dmrnbjb qul muj dbjtljim. Kms prgjdgpmkls dmrmdtlrásdms elk mium ngelskmem sbj8   - Mktb jgvlk el purlzm - Jukb dbjtljgeb el egôxgeb el dmrnbjb - Nmhm dbjeudvgeme lkçdtrgdm - Mktm dbjstmj dbjstmjtl tl eglkçdtrgdm - Kgnrl el gbjls el amijlsgb, dmkdgb y btrbs \j qulkmjtl, b sldulstrmjtl, b mjtmibjgstm el altmkls plsmebs, ls ujm sustmjdgm qul

`bram dbapklhbs dbapklhbs dbj  dbj gbjls gbjls el  el altmkls plsmebs. M lstbs dbapklhbs sl kbs dbjbdl dbab qulkmtbs, pmkmnrm qul prbvgljl el km pmkmnrm irglim dclkl qul sgijgdm "imrrm". ^lmddgôj ]uáagdm8 Lj suspljsgôj, lj mium b lj cgerbilk, cgerbilk, jb cmy rrlmddgôj lmddgôj ljtrl lk cgerôxgeb el el dmkdgb y lk mium? mk lvm lvmpbrmrs pbrmrsll lk mium, qulem sbkb lk cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb? dbj kbs qul dbjljlj smkgdgkmtbs sl `bram uj qulkmtb e ell dmkdgb, pbr rlmddgôj mdgeb nmsl ((smkgdgkmtb smkgdgkmtb — cgerô cgerôxgeb xgeb el dmkdgb).

Vrbpglemels @gsgdbquáagdms8   

Lk Cgerôxgeb el Dmkdgb rlmddgbjm mmtmdmjeb tmdmjeb lk amt amtlrgmk lrgmk briíjgdb briíjgdb,, cmdgçjebkb mkdmkgjb. Ugljl nmhm rlsgstljdgm, sbnrl ttbeb beb pbrqul sl elnl usmr lj dmpms auy elkimems y muj ls aljbr su rlsgstljdgm dumjeb ljeurldl pbr sldmeb. Ls lk amtlrgmk el prbtlddgôj ams sbkunkl sbkunkl el tbebs. Muj km plqulým dmjeme dmjeme el mium lxgstlj lxgstljtl tl lj km eljjm kb sbkungkgzm y kb cmdl elsmpmrldlr elsmpmrldlr el lstm zbjm elspuçs el ujbs mmýbs. ýbs.

^lspulstmm Ngbkôigdm8 ^lspulst Tu Vc mkdmkgjb ls grrgtmjtl, grrgtmjtl, lj dbjtmdtb dbj km pukpm b dbj km eljjm auy dlrdmjm m lstm, lstm, km grrgtmdgôj lsaukm m kbs bebjtbnkms bebjtbnkmstbs, tbs, kbs dumkls iljlr iljlrmj mj y rrlpmrmj lpmrmj km eljjm. Melaís lk ddmkdgb mkdgb prlsljtl, lj dbjtmdtb dbjtmdtb dbj km pukpm sl prldgpgtm y prbaulvl prbaulvl km rl agjlrmkgz agjlrmkgzmdgôj mdgôj el km zbjm dunglrtm dbj cgerôxgeb cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb. Amjgpukmdgôj8 Vmrm alzdkmr lk pb pbkvb kvb el Cge Cgerôxgeb rôxgeb el Dm Dmkdgb kdgb dbj Mium Ngelskmem, sl dbkbdm ujm plqulým dmjeme el pbkvb sbnrl ujm kbsltm el drgstmk, sl vglrtlj ibtms el mium, sl alzdkmj dbj lspítukm el mdlrb gjbxgemnkl, cmstm `bramr ujm pmstm el dbjsgstljdg dbjsgstljdgmm drlabsm, lstm sl elnlrí mpkgdmr dbj uj gjstrualjtb el pujtm rbam u

 

dgrdukmr lj km dmv dmvgeme, geme, lspldádmalj lspldádmaljtl tl lj km zbjm q qul ul rlqu rlquglrl glrl km prbt prbtlddgbj., lddgbj., ujm vlz sldm sl mpkgdm sbn sbnrl rl lkkm uj amtlrgmk rlstmurmebr. Km prlsljtmdgôj lj nmsl — dmtmkgzmebr dmtmkgzmebr,, sl alzdkm el mdulreb dbj kms gjstruddgbjls elk `mnrgdmjtl , qul usumkaljtl sbj pmrtls giumkls, sl rlmkgzm sbnrl kbsltm el drgstmk nglj pmplk trmtmeb pbr lk `mnrgdmjtl, ujm vlz kbirmem km alzdkm sl kklvm m km dmvgeme.

Dlaljtb el Bxgeb el Xgjd y Luiljbk8   

Lstm alzdkm alzdkm ljl vmrgbs usbs lj bebjtbkbiám. Ls el `rmiume `rmiumeb b kljtb, y çstl pulel mdlklrmrsl dbj km cualeme. Jb elnl usmrsl lj bnturmdgbjls elnmhb el rlsgjms dbapulstm dbapulstmss ym qul kms ýl y rlnkmjeldl.

Jbram Dbrr Dbrrlspb lspbjeglj jegljtl8 tl8 JBA 46 el km MEM ls pm pmrm rm dlalj dlaljtbs tbs m nmsl el Bxg Bxgeb eb el Xgjd y Luiljbk, Luiljbk, ukgzmr ukgzmr prbeudtbss mprbnmebs b qul cmymj duapkgeb dbj vmkbrls l gjegdmdgbjls el km jbram, jbs msliurm melaís prbeudtb el nuljms prbpglemels8       

Lk pb y usb qul qul sl em mk dlalj dlaljtb tb qul sl lstm mequgrgljeb. Lk pb pb el kkbs bsltm ltm y lsp lspít ítukm ukm , lj ddumj umjtb tb mmkk am amtl tlrgm rgmkk elk qul eln elnlj lj lst lstmr mr cld cldcbs cbs y m su suss egaljsgbjls, sliøj km alzdkm. Km dmjeme el pbkvb lj ir irmabs mabs y kgqugeb lj a agkgkgtrbs gkgkgtrbs qul sl elnl usmr usmr lj km al alzdkm. zdkm. Ulaplrmturm (>= +- > ¶D y cualeme elk mangljtl rldbaljeme rldbaljememm < agdr agdrms. ms. Km prlsljdgm prlsljdgm elk bxgeb el zgjd dbj luiljbk ls ujm rlmddgôj mmdgeb-nmsl dgeb-nmsl q qul ul sl jlutrmkgzm gjalegmtmaljtl, gjalegmtmalj tl, pbr kb qul su Vc ls el dmsg 9 b sslm lm jlutrb. Km prlsljdgm el luiljb luiljbkk lj km alz alzdkm, dkm, jb p plragtl lragtl km pbkgalrgzm pbkgalrgzmdgôj dgôj el kms rlsgjm rlsgjms. s.

Ugpb el Dlaljtb

Dmrmdmtlrgstgdms

Gjegdmdgbjls y usbs

Ugpb G

Vbr slr aljbs rl r lsgstljtl y ams sbkunkl qul kbs btrbs tgpbs el dlaljtb, sbkb ls el usb tlapbrmk.

Vmrm dlaljtmdgôj tlapbrmk, pmrm ujgr ujm rlstmurmdgôj m km lstrudturm eljtmrgm lj dbrtb tglapb, tgljl nmhm rlsgstljdgm y `ídgk rlabdgôj.

Ugpb GG

Ls lk ams rlsgstljtl y pbr tmjtb lk qul msliurm amybr plramjljdgm lj km  nbdm.

Vmrm dlaljtmdgôj plramjljtl. Vmrm ujgr ujm rlstmurmdgôj m km lstrudturm eljtmrgm m kmrib pkmzb, alsls, mýbs.

Ugpb GGG

Ugljl su`gdgljtl rlsgstljdgm pmrm sbpbrtmr dmrims el dbjeljsmdgôj el btrb amtlrgmk amtlrgmk sbnrl lk, dbab km mamkimam eljtmk.

Vmrm nmsl b rlstmurmdgôj prbvgsgbjmk, dbab nmsl eurm b rlsgstljtl qul pulel sbpbrtmr dmrims egrldtms lj prbdlsbs bebjtbkôigdbs, dbab ls km dbjeljsmdgôj el km mamkimam, sgj `rmdturmrsl b  plr`brmrsl. Lj jgýbs y mjdgmjbs tgljl uj usb dbab amtlrgmk rlstmurmtgvb tlapbrmk, qul pulel slr el ujb b ebs mýbs.

Ugpb GP

Ugljl nmhm rlsgstljdgm, pbr kb qul jb

Tbkb dbab `brrb dmvgtmrgb lj dmvgemels

sbpbrtm lk tgpb G.dmrims y ls aljbs sbkunkl qul

 prb`ujems.

Dlaljtb el Tgkgdmtb el Dmkdgb y ^lsgjm8 Kbs dlaljtbs el rlsgjm sbj dlaljtbs m nmsl el pbkáalrbs egslýmebs dbj km jmkgeme el meclrgrsl m km lstrudturm eljtmk

Dbapbjljtls el kbs Dlaljtbs el ^lsgjm8

=.- abjôalrb altmdrgkmtb, >.- ídgebs abjôalrbs `ujdgbjmk `ujdgbjmkls. ls.

4.- rlkkljb.

 

=.- Abjôalrb altmdrgkmtb 8 \smeb dbab nmsl el rlsgjm.  Ngs`ljbk M ikgdgegkaltmdrgkmtb (NGTIAM).  Bkgiôalrb el urltmjb el NGTIAM. Egaltmdrgkmtb b el urltmjb (\EAM).  Egaltmdrgkmt  Abjôalrb >- cgerbxglk altmdrgkmtb (CLAM).  Egaltmdrgkmeb el ikgdlrbk (IEAM).  Urglj Urgljkljikgdbk kljikgdbk egaltmdrgkmtb (ULIEAM).  Urga Urgaltrgkprbpmjb ltrgkprbpmjb trgaltmdrgkmtb (UAVUAM). >.- Ídgebs abjôalrbs `ujdgbjmkls8 Elsagjlrmkgzm y ``mdgkgtm Elsagjlrmkgzm mdgkgtm km meclsgôj m km suplrdgl elk e egljtl. gljtl. altmdrgkmtb, ljtrl lkkbs tljlabs8  

Tbj prlebagjmjt prlebagjmjtls ls kbs abjôalrbs

Irupbs ídgebs dmrnbxgkb8 mjcáergeb trgagkgdb 5-altmdrgkbxgl 5-altmdrgkbxglkk (5-ALUM) y egaltmdrgkmtb ikgdlrbk pgrbalkádb (VAIEA). Irupbs el ídgebs `bs`ô `bs`ôrgdb8 rgdb8 altmdrgkbxglk cgerôiljb `bs`mt `bs`mtb b `ljgkb (`ljgk p), =6 altmdrgkbxglk egcgerôiljb `bs`mtb (AVE), ngs ( > altmdrgkbxglk) ídgeb `bs`mtb (NAV) y egpljtmlrgtrgtbk abjb`bs`mtb pljtm mdrgkmtb (pljtm-V).



Ls auy gapbrtmjtl km slklddgôj elk ídgeb abjôalrb ym qul el çstl elpljel km `bramdgôj el uj dbapklhb gjsbkunkl mdubsb ljtrl lk dmkdgb y AVE, agljtrms qul lk 5-ALUM y `ljgk-p `bram uj dbapklhb el dmkdgb dbj ujm amybr lstmngkgeme lstmngkgeme m km egsbkudgôj. Km dmjeme el ídgeb abjôalrb elnl slr nmkmjdlmeb, sg ls lxdlsgvb prbeudl uj mangljtl cgerbkgdb y dbaprbaltll km rlsgstljdgm aldíjgdm y lstmngkgeme egaljsgbjm dbaprbalt egaljsgbjmk.k. Vbr btrb kmeb sg ls pbdm dmjeme jb prbpbrdgbjm prbpbr dgbjm uj nulj irmnmeb ídgeb y pbr kb tmjtb plrhuegdm km meclsgôj el km eljjm y lsamktl. Km alzdkm gjgdgmkaljtl ls cgerbkgdm `mdgkgtmjeb su cualdtmdgôj y memptmdgôj el km suplrdgl elk egljtl, sliugemaljtll lk amtlrgmk sl cmdl cgerô`bnb dbjsuagçjebsl lk ídgeb `ujdgbjmk pbr ujm rlmddgôj elk dmkdgb elk sliugemaljt egljtl y gbjls kgxgvgmnkls elk rlkkljb. Km kgxgvgmdgôj, b lxtrmddgôj sôkgeb-káqugeb, ls uj prbdlsb lj lk qul uj egsbkvljtl káqugeb pmsm m trmvçs el uj sôkgeb pukvlrgzmeb pmrm qul sl prbeuzdm km egsbkudgôj el ujb b aís el kbs dbapbjljtls sbkunkls elk sôkgeb.

4.- ^lkkljb 8

 Lstí dbapulstb el vgergb ubrbmkuagjbsgkgdmtb el nmrgb, vgergb el lstrbjdgb mkuagjbsgkgdmtb díkdgdb, dumrzb, sákgdl dbkbgemk, ubrurb el Gtlrngb y btrbs rlkkljbs el vgergb. Km egsbkudgôj pmrdgmk elk vgergb jlutrmkgzm km mdgelz el km rlsgjm y kgnlrm gbjls el sbegb, dmkdgb, sgkgdmtb y øbr `bramjeb pmrtl elk `rmiumeb. Lk dbjtljgeb elk rlkkljb ls elk 06-9< %. Ls jldlsmrgm km slpmrmdgôj el kbs amtlrgmkls pmrm lvgtmr km gjtlrmddgôj prlamturm prlamturm ídgeb-nmsl ljtrl kbs abjôalrbs ídgebs y lk gbj kgxgvgmnkl el vgergb. Lk gjgdgmebr rlebx tmangçj elnl slr slirlimeb ym qul ls lk

 

prbabtbr elk durmeb quáagdb el kbs rmegdmkls kgnrls. Vmrm prbabvlr lk aldmjgsab el `btbgjgdgmdgôj elk rmegdmk prbabtbr kgnrl sl jldlsgtm durmdgôj rlebx, magjm tlrdgmrgm b mkiøj lkldtrôj ebjmjtl usmeb dbab `btb rleudtbr kbs dumkls elnlj slr mgskmebs elk ídgeb abjôalrb pmrm lvgtmr km elsmdvmdgôj elk `btbgjgdgmebr.

Vrbpglemels elk dlaljtb el rlsgjm8  Uglapb el `rmiumeb m 49¸D bsdgkm ljtrl >-5 agjutbs. agjutbs.  Lk lsplsbr el plkádukm ls el >< agdrms.  @ulrzm el meclsgôj m km eljtgjm vm el =3 m 46 AVm  ^lsgstljdgm m km dbaprlsgôj8 96-=9> AVm.  ^lsgstljdgm m km trmddgôj8 45 m 49 AVm.  Tbkungkgeme mk mium bsdgkm ljtrl lk 6.6=%.  Abeukb lkístgdb8 >.=- 4.= IVm.

Dkmsg`dmdgôj el kbs dlaljtbs el rlsgjm8

 =.- Mutbdurmeb quáagdb. >.- Durmeb pbr l`ldtb el km kuz (@btbpbkgalrgzmeb) 4.- Eumk. Lk irupb el dlaljtb el rlsgjm cm sgeb dkmsgdmebs lj > irupbs8 Kbs dlaljtbs el rlsgjm sl sunegvgeglrbj lj mutbmeclsgvbs mutbmecls gvbs u mutbpbkgalrgz mutbpbkgalrgzmnkls mnkls y kbs `bt `btbpbkalrgzmnkls, bpbkalrgzmnkls, qu qull ls btrb sgst sgstlam lam qul alhbr alhbrmm kms eldgljdgms el kbs dlaljtbs el rlsgjm y kbs dlaljtbs dkísgdbs dbab `bs`m `bs`mtb tb el zgjd y pbkgdmrnbxgkmtb. Lstl btrb sgstlam rleudl kbs pmsbs el prlpmrm prlpmrmdgôj dgôj el km dlaljtmdgôj, y amjljl lk nmrrgkkb eljjmrgb lvgtmjeb msá km sljsgngkgeme pbst bplrmtbrgm. Vbr kb tmjtb lj ujm sbkm `msl sl prlpmrm lk dlaljtb y sl mpkgdm egrldtmaljtl sbnrl km suplrdgl elk egljtl, mk giumk qul kbs dlaljtbs dbjvljdgbjmkls, ls tbklrmjtl tbklrmjtl m km cualeme y kgnlrm øbr dbab kbs dlaljtbs el Gbjôalrb el vgergb.

Pljtmhms el kbs dlaljtbs el rlsgjm8      

^lsgstljdgm dbaprlsgvm dbaprlsgvm lj uj 6 jmjôaltrbs. Tg tljlabs lj duljtm qul lk tmamýb tmamýb el ujm nmdtlrgm lstm ljtrl 6.< m = agdrm, ljtbjdls sl pberám eleudgr qul lk dlaljtb el rlsgjm ls lk amtlrgmk gelmk pmrm ujm nuljm prbtlddgôj amrigjmk mjtl mjtl km prlsljdgm el nmdtlrgms y tbxgjms lkmnbrmems lkmnbrmems pbr kms agsams agsams..

Ngbdbapmngkgeme8 Dumjeb jbs rl`lrgabs rl`lrgabs m qul uj dlaljtb ls ngbdbapmnkl, quglrl eldgr qul lstl amtlrgmk jb prbeudl emýbs pukpmrls. Tgj lanmrib pulelj lxgsr sgtumdgbjls qul m`ldtlj km gjtlirgeme elk egljtl, dbab km k m prlsljdgm el pc nmhb b cualeme eljjmrgm. Mnsbrdgôj Mdubsm8 Lk dlaljtb el rlsgjm mnsbrnl mium, mualjtmjeb lk vbkualj el km amtrgz el km rlsgjm, y rbapl kbs ljkmdls el cgerôiljb, qulemjeb mium ljtrl kbs irupbs cgerbxgkb. Lstl gjirlsb elk mium pbr sbrdgôj dmusm elirmemdgôj cgerbkádm el km amtrgz el rlsgjm lj km gjtlr`msl gjtlr`msl amtrgz / rlkkljb y dbab dbjslduljdgm sl prbeudl pçregem el amsm y elsprljegagljtb elsprljegagljtb elk rlkkljb e egsagjuyljeb gsagjuyljeb su rlsgst rlsgstljdgm ljdgm m km lxgôj.   Kbs dlaljtbs el rlsgjm dbj aljbs rlkkljb prlsljtmj amybr mnsbrdgôj mnsbrdgôj mdubsm, `mvbrldgljeb km lxpmjsgôj, lstm sgtumdgôj m`ldtm kms prbpglemels aldíjgdms. Tgj lanmrib, lxgstlj mutbrls qul aljdgbjmj qul lstm mnsbrdgôj mdubsm ls nljldgbsb pmrm dbjtrmrrlstmr km dbjtrmddgôj prbeudgem eurmjtl km pbkgalrgzmdgôj. Lstçdm8 Km lstçdm ls auy gapbrtmjtl lj lk sldtbr mjtlrgbr. Mdtumkaljtl lxgstlj vmrgleme el tbjmkgemels lj kbs dlaljtbs el rlsgjm pmrm slr ukgzmebs ukgzmebs lj rlstmurmdgbjls trmskødgems. trmskødgems. Melaís lxgstlj mddlsbrgbs el dbkbrls pmrm pbelr dbrrligr kms tbjmkgemels lapmrlhmjeb m km prldgsgôj lk dbkbr elk dlaljtb hujtmaljtl dbj km rlstmurmdgôj. Lj km zbjm pbstlrgbr kms lxgiljdgms lstçdms sbj aljbrls, aljbrls, ls pbr lkkb qul lk dlaljtb ukgzmeb pulel slr el dbkbr ujgvlrsmk. Lstbs dbkbrls dbkbrls sbj iljlrmkaljtl dkmrb dkmrbss y dbj nuljm trmjskudgelz. Kbs dlaljtbs el durmeb eumk pulelj dmangmr el dbkbr m kmrib pkmzb. Lstb qugzís lstí lstí rlkmdgbjmeb dbj lk mdlklrmebr el magjm jldlsmrgm pmrm km pbkgalrgz pbkgalrgzmdgôj, mdgôj, km dumk ls dbjsgelrmem ujm el kms dmusmjtls dmusmjtls el qul lk dlaljtb dmangl el dbkbr. Tgj lanmrib audcbs gjvlsimebrls cmj dbgjdgegeb qul kbs dmangbs el dbkbr lj kbs dlaljtbs el rlsgjm dbj lk pmsmr elk lapb sbj pbdb plrdlpnkls.

 

Dbjsgelrmdgbjls sbnrl agdrbktrmdgôj8   Km agdrbktrmdgôj ls eljgem dbab lk pmsb el nmdtlrgms, ugebs, sustmjdgms m trmvçs el uj lspmdgb ljtrl km prôtlsgs y lk egljtl. Lstb pberám trmlr dbab dbjslduljdgm dmrgls sldujemrgm y dbaprbagsb pukpmr pukpmr.. Vulelj lxgsr audcbs `mdtbrls qul `mvbrlzdmj km agdrbktrmdgôj 8 =. Lk irbsbr meldumeb elk dlaljtb eljtmk, myuem myuem m uj dbrrldtb msljtmagljtb el kms prôtlsgs. Tliøj km Malrgdmj Eljtmk Mssbdgmbj Mssbdgmbj (MEM) lspldgdmdgôj j¸3, lk irbsbr gelmk elk dlaljtb pmrm ujm dbrbjm jb elnl suplrmr suplrmr kms >< agdrms lj kbs dlaljtbs pb G y jb amybr el < agdrms. M alegem q qul ul mualjtm lk irbsbr elk dlaljtb mualjtm km egsdrlpmjdgm amrigjmk. >. Km `ulrzm pmrm msljtmr km prôtlsgs aljbr el =6J rlsuktm lj uj gjmeldumeb msljtmagljtb el km prôtlsgs y ujm prlsgôj el =66 J prbvbdmrám emýb pukpmr pukpmr.. Nkmdo y dbkmnbrmebrls lstmnkldg lstmnkldglrbj lrbj qul km `ulrzm sgagkmr m km prlsgôj egigtmk ls el >6J. 4. Km tçdjgdm el dlaljtmeb b`rldl alhbrls rlsuktmebs dumjeb sl mpkgdm lk dlaljtb lj km agtme mpgdmk el km k m rlstmurm rlstmurmdgôj, dgôj, dbjsgiugçjebsl ujm alhbr `rgddgôj ljtrl egljtl y rlstm rlstmurmdgôj. urmdgôj. elk dlaljtm dlaljtmeb eb kms db dbrbjms rbjms su`rlj uj ujmm lklvmdgôj. Lj uj ls lstuegb tuegb rrlmkgzmeb lmkgzmeb pb pbrr Eleabj 5. Elspuçs elk y dbkmnbrmebrls eltldtmrbj qul kms dbrbjms elspuçs el km dlaljtmdgôj dlaljtmdg ôj sl lklvmj cmstm >6 agdrms.

Dlaljtb el Tgkgdmtb el Dmkdgb abeg`dmeb dbj ^lsgjm8 UclrmDmk℮ KD8 Ls uj sgkgdmtb el dmkdgb abegdmeb dbj rlsgjm (TDA^), `btbdurmnkl, `btbdurmnkl, lk dumk mdtøm dbab nmrrlrm y

prbtldtbr elk dbapklhb eljjb-pukpmr. Gjegdmeb dbab rldunrgagljtb pukpmr egrldtb l gjegrldtb y dbab ujm nmsl b kgjlr  prbtldtbr  prbtldtbr elnmhb el kbs amtlrgmkls rlstmurmebrls, gjdkuyljeb rlsgjms, mamkimams y dlaljtbs. Dbapbsgdgôj8 

Vmrdukms el vgergb el sgkgdmtb trg-dmkdgdb eljtrb el uj abjôalrb cgerbkgdb qul lsaukm km `bramdgôj el cgerbxgmpmtm cgerbxgm pmtm y el uj puljtl el eljjm sldujemrgb m trmvçs el km kgnlrmdgôj el dmkdgb y uj pC mkdmkgjb. @braukm8 5xQ j. El lstbs trls lklaljtbs lk bxáiljb ls sgj kuimr m euems lk lklaljtb aís mnujemjt mnujemjtll elk pkmjltm, sliugeb pbr lk sgkgdgb y lk cgerôiljb cgerôiljb..

Dbapbsgdgôj y abeb el lapklb8

 

Km `ôraukm brgigjmk elk AUM `ul elsmrrbkkmem lj km \jgvlrsgeme el Kbam Kgjem, Lstmebs \jgebs, y ls `mnrgdmem pbr Eljtspky Gjtlrjmbjmk (Vrb^bbt AUM mje Ubbtc-Dbkbrle AUM? Eljtspky-Uuksm Eljtmk, Uuksm-\TM? EljtspkyHbcjsbj Dgty-\TM). Tgj lanmrib, cmj mpmrldgeb ujm slrgl el prbeudtbs sgagkmrls `mnrgdmebs pbr btrms dbapmýáms. Egvlrsbs lstuegbs cmj plrageb dbjbdlr lj aís eltmkkl kbs dbapbjljtls el kbs prgjdgpmkls pbs el AUM, Vrb^bbt AUM (Irly AUM b IAUM) y Ubbtc-Dbkbrle AUM (Ycgtl AUM b YAUM). Kbs prgjdgpmkls dbapbjljtls elk IAUM lstíj elsdrgtbs lj km tmnkm =, agljtrms qul kbs dbapbjljt dbapbjljtls ls el km vlrsgôj nkmjdm, YAUM, sbj sgkgdmtb trgdíkdgdb y ôxgeb el ngsautb.

Dbapbjljtls el Vrb ^bbt AUM (Irly AUM br IAUM) tmnkm =. Vbkvb

Kgqugeb

Tgkgdmtb trgdmkdgdb

Mium lstçrgk

Tgkgdmtb egdmkdgdb Bxgeb el ngsautb

Kbs lstuegbs qul dbapmrmj su dbapbsgdgôj cmj dbjdkugeb qul km eg`lrljdgm el dbkbr ljtrl lstbs sl elnl m km `mktm el dbapulstbs el cglrrb lj km `ôraukm el YAUM. Umangçj sl cm bnslrvmeb uj aljbr tmamýb el pmrdukms lj YAUM mk dbapmrmrkb dbj IAUM, kb qul sl cm prbpulstb qul pulel lstmr rlkmdgbjmeb dbj kms alhbrls prbpglemels el amjgpukmdgôj qul prlsljtm YAUM.

Lstbs dlaljtbs sl prlpmrmj alzdkmjeb lk pbkvb el AU AUM M dbj mium lstçrgk lj ujm prbpbrdgôj el pbkvb y káqugeb el 48=. Tl ukgzm ujm lspítukm pkísdm b altíkgdm pmrm alzdkmr lk dlaljtb lj ujm kbsltm, y lstm alzdkm sl pulel mpkgdmr dbj uj gjstrualjtb pb pbrtm mamkimam pkísdb b altíkgdb pmrm kklvmr lk amtlrgmk mk sgb el mpkgdmdgôj.

^lmddgôj el rmiumeb8

Km alzdkm elk pbkvb dbj lk mium lstçrgk kklvm m km `bramdgôj el uj ilk dbkbgemk, lk dumk sbkgegdm. Eurmjtl km alzdkm, sl prbeudl ujm rlmddgôj el cgermtmdgôj el sus dbapbjljtls, kb qul kklvm m km `bramdgôj el uj ilk el sgkgdmtb el dmkdgb cgermtmeb (D-T-C) l cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb dbab sunprbeudtb. \jm vlz gjgdgmem km alzdkm, lk vmkbr el pC mualjtm nrusdmaljtl, mkdmjzmjeb pC => kulib el >6 a, qul plramjldl pbr trls cbrms. Dmagkklrg cm lstuegmeb kbs dmangbs quáagdbs qul bdurrlj dumjeb sl cgermtm lk dlaljtb. Tl cm bnslrvmeb qul ujm mktm prbpbrdgôj el gbjls el dmkdgb ls kgnlrmem rípgemaljtl, elngeb m km egsbkudgôj elk cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb y m ujm prbirlsgvm elsdmkdgdmdgôj el D-T-C. Lstb bdurrl dbj amybr rmpgelz qul km kgnlrmdgôj el sákgdl y ngsautb. Tl pgljsm qul kbs mktbs jgvlkls el dmkdgb kgnlrmebs sl rlkmdgbjmj dbj km ngbdbapmngkgeme el lstl amtlrgmk, elngeb m qul km lkudgôj el cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb gjeudl km prbkg`lrm prbkg`lrmdgôj dgôj dlkukmr gj vgtrb. Lk lapb el ljeurldgagljtb el km vlrsgôj brgigjmk el AUM, IAUM, ls el =0< (+/—6==, Miugkmr y Kgjsuwmjbjt punkgdmrbj ujm rlvgsgôj sgstlaídm sbnrl tlrmpgm pukpmr lj egljtls plramjljtls dbj lxpbsgdgbjls pukpmrls pbr dmrgls trmtmems dbj AUM l cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb. Tl ljdbjtrô qul manbs amtlrgmkls pulelj iljlrmr rlsuktmebs sms`mdtbrgbs lj tlrmpgms pukpmrls, dbab rldunrgagljtb egrldtb y pukpbtbaám pmrdgmk y tbtmk. Kms tmsms el çxgtb m kbs 4 mýbs `ulrbj mktms8 el 9>,7% pmrm rldunrgagljtb pukpmr egrldtb (lj pmdgljtls el 0 m =6 mýbs), 77,5% pmrm pukpbtbaám pmrdgmk (lj pmdgljtls el 0 m >9 mýbs) y 77,4% pmrm pukpbtbaám tbtmk (lj pmdgljtls el 0 m 96 mýbs). Tgj lanmrib, kbs mutbrls tmangçj eldkmrmj qul km lvgeljdgm egspbjgnkl lj lsl abaljtb prbvlám gj`bramdgôj gjdbjdkusm y lj`mzmj lj km jldlsgeme el kklvmr m dmnb aís lstuegbs el mktm dmkgeme.

Elspuçs el lsms rlvgsgbjls, sl cmj punkgdmeb dumtrb lstuegbs dkájgdbs lj kbs qul sl dbapmrm lk AUM dbj lk cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb (amtlrgmk usmeb dbjvljdgbjmkaljtl lj tlrmpgms pukpmrls vgtmkls el egljtls plramjljtls), kbs dumkls, lj su amybrám, cmj ljdbjtrmeb alhbrls rlsuktmebs pmrm lk AUM. Aljtl y dbkmnbrmebrls lvmkumrbj =57 pmdgljtls (dbj uj prbalegb el sliugagljtb el >9 alsls) lj kbs qul sl rlmkgzmrbj trmtmagljtbs el rldunrgagljtb egrldtb pbstlrgbr m lxpbsgdgôj pukpmr, dbj cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb y AUM. Bntuvglrbj ujm amybr tmsm el çxgtb dbj AUM (93%) mk dbapmrmrkb dbj cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb (06%), dbjdkuyljeb qul lk AUM pmrldl slr aís l`ldvb lj amjtljlr km vgtmkgeme pukpmr elspuçs el uj rldunrgagljtb egrldtb. egrldtb. Tgagkm Tga gkmrl rlss rl rlsu suktm ktmebs ebs bnt bntuvg uvglr lrbj bj Cgk Cgktb tbj j y dbk dbkmn mnbr brme mebrl brlss lj su lst lstueg uegb b dkájgd dkájgdb b rm rmjeb jebagz agzme meb, b, lj lk dum dumkk ljdbjtrmrbj ujm aljbr prbnmngkgeme el `rmdmsb lj egljtls trmtmebs dbj AUM (=7,9%), mk dbapmrmrkb dbj cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb (4=, mýbs. Vbr btrb kmeb, Dcmgklrtvmjgtouk y dbkmnbrmeb dbkmnbrmebrls rls jb ljdbjtrm ljdbjtrmrbj rbj eg`lrljdgms lj kkmm tmsm el çxgtb mk rlmkgzmr rldunrgagljtbs egrldtbs kulib el lxpbsgdgbjls pukpmrls dbj AU AUM M l cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb, plrb sá ljdbjtrmrbj ujm tljeljdgm m ujm amybr prbnmngkgem prbnmngkgeme e el `rmdmsb lj lxpbsgdgbjls pukpmrls amybrls m < aa>, dbj uj sliugagljtb el > mýbs.

Klyl Nljbgst y dbkmnbrmebrls jb ljdbjtrmrbj eg`lrljdgms sgijgdmvms lj kms tmsms el sbnrlvgem dbj AUM l cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb m kbs 0 alsls, plrb sá m kbs 4 alsls, dbj rlsuktmebs aís `mvbrmnkls pmrm AUM. Melaís, sl cm punkgdmeb uj lstuegb dkájgdb qul lvmkøm km dbjslrvmdgôj el km vgtmkgeme el kbs egljtls trmtmebs dbj AUM lj rldunrgagljtbs egrldtbs. Km tmsm el çxgtb (dbjslrvmdgôj el km vgtmkgeme) elspuçs el 4,0 (+/—=,=) mýbs `ul el 7=,4%. El lstm amjlrm, cm geb drldgljeb kljtmaljtl km lvgeljdgm dgljdm elk usb el AUM lj tlrmpgms pukpmrls el rldunrgagljtb egrldtb. Tgj lanmrib, m plsmr el kbs rlsuktmebs `mvbrmnkls dbj AUM, tbemvám km dmjeme el lstuegbs dkájgdbs el mktm dmkgeme sbj rleudgebs lj lstl tôpgdb, dbj sliugagljtbs m dbrtb y alegmjb pkmzb.

 

Kbs julvbs pbs el dlaljtbs el sgkgdmtb el dmkdgb, elngeb m su aís rldgljtl mpmrgdgôj, jb duljtmj dbj uj irmj jøalrb el lstuegbs dkájgdbs. Lstb gapgel tljlr gj`bramdgôj aís dbjsgstljtl pmrm eltlragjmr su ldmdgm dkájgdm. Lstl jgvlk el lvgeljdgm ls sgj euem jldlsmrgb pmrm qul lagr hugdgbs sbnrl lstbs amtlrgmkls pbr lkkb ls lvgeljtl km jldlsgeme el dbjeudgr lvmkumdgbjls alegmjtl ljsmybs dkájgdbs mklmtbrgzmebs, dbj lk j el btbrimrkl sliurgeme mk dkájgdb lj km tbam el eldgsgbjls.

Egsdusgôj8

Lk Agjlrmk Urgbxgel Miirlimtl (AU (AUM), M), elngeb m sus lxdlkljt lxdlkljtls ls prbpglemels el ngbdbapmngkgeme y ngbmdvgeme, plrb dbj nmhms prbpglemels aldíjgdms, sl gjegdm pmrm prbdlegagljtbs el rldunrgagljtb egrldtb. Km lvgeljdgm dgljdm egspbjgnkl, mk dbapmrmrkb dbj amtlrgmkls mktlrjmvbs pmrm lstms tlrmpgms, aulstrm rlsuktmebs auy `m `mvb vbrm rmnkl nklss lj su usb lj ls lstm tmss gje gjegdm gdmdgb dgbjls jls.. Lst Lstue uegbs gbs dkáj dkájgdb gdbss rm rmjeb jebagz agzme mebs bs y rl rlvgs vgsgbj gbjls ls sgstla sgstlaíd ídms ms dbjdulremj lj qul lk amtlrgmk ls dmpmz el amjtljlr lk egljtl vgtmk, dbj `bramdgôj dbjsgstljtl el puljtl eljjmrgb. Kms tmsms el çxgtb el kms tlrmpgms dbj lstl amtlrgmk sbj dbapmrmnkls (y lj mkiujbs lstuegbs gjdkusb suplrgbrls) m kbs amtlrgmkls mktlrjmvbs dbjvljdgbjmkls, dbjvljdgbjmkls, dbab lk cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb (`rmiumnkl ukgzmeb lj kbs lstuegbs el Cgktbj y dbkmnbrmebrls, Dcmgklrtvmjgtouk y dbkmnbrmebrls, y Klyl Nljbgst y dbkmnbrmebrls? y dbj pmstm el cgerôxgeb el dmkdgb jb `rmiumnkl lj lk lstuegb el Aljtl y dbkmnbrmebrls). Tgj lanmrib, lxgstl km jldlsgeme el kklvmr m dmnb ujm amybr dmjeme el lstuegbs dkájgdbs m kmrib pkmzb, qul mpbrtlj amybr lvgeljdgm.

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5.- Miljtls ^lagjlrmkgzmjtls8  @kubrurbs.  @bs`mtb el Dmkdgb Mabr`b (MDV). @bs`mtb Vçpeb el km Dmslájm ams @bs`mtb el Dmkdgb Mabr`b (DVV MDV).

@bs`mtb el Dmkdgb Mabr`b (MDV)8

Lk `bs`mtb el dmkdgb. Ls ujm sustmjdgm gapbrtmjtl pmrm amjtljlr culsbs y egljtls smjbs. Jb bnstmjtl, sg sl tgljlj lklvmebs jgvlkls el `bs`mtb lj km smjirl eurmjtl audcb tglapb sl pulel prlsljtmr bstlbegstrb`gm rljmk, ujm dbapkgdmdgôj dbaøj el km gjsu`gdgljdgm rljmk.

Lstrudturm8 Lstrudtur Lstrud turms ms mab mabr` r`ms ms rlp rlprls rlsljt ljtmj mj dlr dlrdm dm elk >6% el kbs 06 eg` eg`lr lrljt ljtls ls pb pbss el agj agjlr lrmkl mklss `b `bram ramebs ebs pbr brimjgsabs brimj gsabs vgvbs (Kbwljstm (Kbwljstma a y Ylgjlr Ylgjlr,, =737). Ljtrl lstbs agjlrmkls mabr`bs, sl ljduljtrm lk @DM dbapulstb prgjdgpmkaljtl pbr dmkdgb y `bs`mtb, qul mnujem amybraljtl lj kbs egljtls y lstrudturms lsqulkltmkls el amrgj am rgjbs bs gjvlr gjvlrtln tlnrm rmebs ebs.. Km lxgst lxgstljdg ljdgmm el agj agjlr lrmkl mklss el @DM lj br brim imjgs jgsabs abs vlrtl vlrtlnr nrme mebs, bs, jb cm sge sgeb b ngl nglj j lstmnkldgem lxplrgaljtmkaljtl, lxdlptb lj zbjms mktmaljtl lspldgmkgzmems dbab lj km brlhm el nurbjls (Kbwljstma y Ylgjlr, =737 =737)) y rldukb smrdbpkmsaídb el mkiujms dçkukms (^mlyamlolrs lt. Mk, =73= =73=). ). M plsmr el vmrgbs ls`ulrzbs, km mduaukmdgôj el @DM dbab dbapbjljtl agjlrmk, sl ljduljtrm lj amybr prbpbrdgôj lj culsb, dmrkmib y eljjm, sgljeb tbemvám bnhltb el elnmtls dbjsgelrm dbjsgelrmnkls. nkls.

 

Lk @bs`mtb el Dmkdgb Mabr`b nmsmeb lj km `ôraukm abkldukmr, _Dm.sun.4Q(VB.sun.5).sun.>Q*j_C.sun.>Q ls uj `bs`mtb trgdíkdgdb. Mujqul jb cmy lvgeljdgms qul lk @DM slm uj dbapbjljtl agjlrmk lj tlhgebs eurbs, çstl  hulim uj pmplk gapbrtmjt gapbrtmjtll lj km `msl el ngbagjlrmkgzm ngbagjlrmkgzmdgôj. dgôj. Kbs `bs`mtbs `bs`mtbs el dmkdgb sbj el lspldgmk gjtlrçs lj km ngbkbiám, bebjtbkbiám y alegdgjm pulstb qul bdurrlj eljtrb el tlhgebs lsqulkçdbs jbramkls (lsamktl eljtmk y culsb) y lj dmkdgdmdgbjls pmtbkôigdms (elpôsgtbs mtlrblsdklrôdbs, urgjmrgbs y díkdukb eljtmk). Lstuegbs sgstlaídbs elk usb el @DM dbab amtlrgmk eljtmk prlvljvb b el rlstmurmdgôj dbaljzmrbj lj =736 =736.. Tl dbjsgelrm km cgerbxgmpmtm cgerbxgmpmtm drgstmkgjm lk prbeudtb lstmnkl lstmnkl jmk, lj kkmm prldgpgtmdgôj el kbs gbjls elk dmkdgb y elk `bs`mtb el sbkudgbjls jlutrms b nísgdms.

Aldmjgsab el mddgôj8 Kbs `bs`bpçpebs el km dmslájm (DVV) sl elrgvmj el km prbtlájm kídtlm dmslájm y sbj prbeudgebs pbr km mirlimdgôj mirlim dgôj dbj lk `bs`mtb el dmkdgb y km purgdmdgôj pbr uktrm ktrmdgôj. Cmdl ym audcbs mýbs qul sl smnl qul km kldcl y sus elrgvmebs prbtlilj kbs egljtls. ^ldgljtlaljtl mkiujbs lstuegbs cmj elabstrmeb qul lstbs l`ldtbs prbtldtbrls, sl elnlj lj pmrtl m kbs `bs`bpçpebs el dmslájm, qul dbjljlj dmkdgb l gbjls el `bs`mtb, lj `bram el @bs`mtbs el Dmkdgb Mabr`b (@DM). Lk @bs`mtb el Dmkdgb Dmkdgb Mabr`b,  Mabr`b, ls jbramkaljtl gjsbkunkl, ls eldgr, `bram ujm lstrudturm drgstmkgjm lj lk pC jlutrmk. Tgj lanmrib, lk DVV amjljl lk dmkdgb y lk `bs`mtb lj uj lstmeb mabr`b, jb-drgstmkgjb. Lstl dbapklhb el DVV-@DM ls, pbr kb tmjtb, uj sgstlam gelmk el suagjgstrb el gbjls el dmkdgb y `bs`mtb kgnrlaljtl egspbjgnkls. Dumjeb sl mýmel m km dmvgeme brmk lk @bs`mtb el Dmkdgb Mabr`b, sl mecglrl mk lsamktl, plkádukm, pkmdm y tlhgeb sumvl, suagjgstrmjeb lk dmkdgb y lk `bs`mtb lxmdtmaljtl ebjel ls jldlsmrgb. Kbs gbjls el dmkdgb y `bs`mtb sulktbs smklj elk DVV, ljtrmj mk lsamktl y rl`bramj kbs drgstmkls mpmtm, dbab uj lsamktl ugeb. Umangçj trmnmhm lj sgjlrigm dbj lk ubrurb. Mýmegçjebkl @DM m km dmvgeme brmk, sl dbapklaljtm lk l`ldtb el km smkgvm, suagjgstrm suagjgstrmjeb jeb ujm dbjdljtrmdgôj el dmkdgb y `bs`mtb sulktbs lj lk alegb brmk, rlstmurmjeb msá lk nmkmjdl agjlrmk y emjeb lk lqugkgnrgb plregeb. Lk @DM ljl uj l`ldtb rlagjlrmkgzmebr lj ujm sbkudgôj pbdb dbjdljtrmem (6.< - =% el DVV -@DM) lqugvmkl m