Apuntes INDICIOS Y PRESUNCIONES

 

@pumtds HMKHLHF\ X QWD\TMLHFMD\  QWD\TMLHFMD\ 

¶Pud sfm ifs hmkhlhfs6

\fm `ltfs, lhrlumst`mlh`s f subhlhdmtdjdmtd `lrdkht`kfs ` tr`vès kd ifs jdkhfs prfg`tfrhfs, `kquhdrdm shnmhbhl`lhüm dm su lfmoumtf lu`mkf lfmkuldm `i Oudz ` i` ldrtdz` f lfmvhllhüm dm um edlef rdi`lh rdi`lhfm`kf fm`kf lfm i` lfmtrfvdrsh lfmtrfvdrsh`. `. Qudkdm sdr i`s lhrlumst` lhrlumst`mlh`s mlh`s dm qud suldkhdrfm ifs edlefs j`tdrh` j`tdrh` kd i` lfmtr lfmtrfvdrsh` fvdrsh` y ifs `mtdldkdm `mtdldkdmtds tds kd i` kd `jg`s p`rt p`rtds. ds. Di hmkhlh hmkhlhf f pudkd prfg`rsd pfr lu`iquhdr jdkhf kd prudg` y dmtrd `qudi y di edlef prdsujhkf e` kd dxhsthr um dmi`ld prdlhsf y khrdltf sdnÿm i`s rdni`s kdi lrhtdrhf euj`mf. \fm ifs hmkhlhfs, edlefs, k`tfs f lhrlumst`mlh`s lhdrtfs y lfmflhkfs qud mfs shrvdm p`r` `pihl`r di r`zfm`jhdmtf kdkulhr ftrfs edlefs f k`tfs kdslfmflhkfs. Q`r` L@WWHÜM ITNF, di jdkh`mtd hmkhlhf ds i`tfkf vdsthnhf, eudii`, lhrlumst`mlh` y dm ndmdr`i tfkf edlef lfmflhkf qud vê` r`strf, kd i` hmbdrdmlh` mfs iidv` `i lfmflhjhdmtf kd ftrf edlef kdslfmflhkf. L`r`ltdrêsthl`s

`) \d tr`t` kd um jdkhf kd prudg` oukhlh`i. g) Qudkd sdr prfpudstf pfr i`s p`rtds f uthihz`kf kd fbhlhf pfr di oudz. l) Di hmkhlhf sdrà di edlef lhdrtf y kdjfstr`kf dm di prfldsf pfr ifs jdkhfs kd prudg` pdrthmdmtds y idn`ids. M`tur`idz` ourêkhl` 

Ifs hmkhlhfs sfm um` prudg` hmkhrdlt`, kd l`ràltdr lrêthlf y iünhlf, pfr if t`mtf mf ds um` prudg` ehstfrh` mh rdprdsdmt`thv`. Di hmkhlhf `t`ðd `i jumkf bàlthlf, sd rdbhdrd ` edlefs f `ltfs p`s`kfs qud um` vdz lfmflhkfs y prfg`kfs pudkdm sdr p`r` hmbdrhr f prdsujhr i` vdrk`k f b`isdk`k kd ftrfs suldsfs. I` `prdlh`lhüm f v`ifr`lhüm kd ifs hmkhlhfs

I` v`ifr`lhüm kd ifs hmkhlhfs, dm l`sh tfk`s i`s idnhsi`lhfmds, i` e`ld ihgrdjdmtd di Oudz p`r` s`gdr sh sfm mdlds`rh`s f lfmthmndmtds nr`vds, prdlhsfs, lfmlurrdmtds y lfmlfrk`mtds, y luài ds su jèrhtf qud kdgd rdlfmflèrsdids p`r` i` bfrj`lhüm kd su lfmvdmlhjhdmtf sfgrd i` dxhstdmlh` f hmdxhstdmlh` kd ifs edlefs hmvdsthn`kfs. di Oudz kdgd tdmdr um` jhmulhfs`, lhdmtêbhl`, jdtükhl` y lfmlhdmzuk` `prdlh`lhüm kd dst` prudg`. Ds kdlhr, qud i` tèlmhl` p`r` e`ldr i` lfmstrullhüm kd i` hmbdrdmlh`.   I` prdsumlhüm Lfmldptfs

I` prdsumlhüm ds um ouhlhf iünhlf kdi idnhsi`kfr f kdi oudz, dm vhrtuk kdi lu`i sd lfmshkdr` lfjf lhdrtf f prfg`gid um edlef (if sdnumkf ds prdsumlhüm oukhlh`i f kd efjgrd), lfm bumk`jdmtf dm i`s jàxhj`s ndmdr`ids kd i` dxpdrhdmlh`, qud id hmkhl`m luài ds di jfkf mfrj`i lfjf sd suldkdm i`s lfs`s y ifs edlefs. Di tr`t`khst` Whvdr` Jfr`ids (7118) dm su fgr` I`s Qrudg`s dm di Kdrdlef Rdmdzfi`mf, hmkhl` qud di tèrjhmf prdsumlhüm, dm prhmlhphf sd kdrhv` kd i` vfz i`thm` pr`dsujdrd, qud shnmhbhl` rdsfivdr kd `mtdj`mf, `mthlhp`r, tfj`r um` lfs` lhdrt` shm qud dstè prfg`k`. Di ourhst` Kdvhs Dle`mkê` (lht`kf dm Whvdr` Jfr`ids, fg. lht.) `rnuyd if shnuhdmtd? I` prdsumlhüm ds um ouhlhf iünhlf kdi idnhsi`kfr f kdi oudz, dm vhrtuk kdi lu`i sd lfmshkdr` lfjf lhdrtf f prfg`gid um edlef (if sdnumkf ds prdsumlhüm oukhlh`i f kd efjgrd), lfm bumk`jdmtf dm i`s jàxhj`s ndmdr`ids kd i` dxpdrhdmlh`, qud id hmkhl`m luài ds di jfkf mfrj`i lfjf sd suldkdm i`s lfs`s y ifs edlefs. Kdskd ftrf pumtf kd vhst` y lu`mkf sfm shjp shjpid ids s prdsu prdsumlh mlhfm fmds ds kd efjgrd efjgrd,, sfm sfm pr prhm hmlh lhph phfs fs iünh iünhlfs lfs g`s` g`s`kfs kfs dm i`s i`s rdni rdni`s `s kd i` dxpdrhdmlh`, dxpdrhd mlh`, qud pdrjhtdm um` lfrrdlt` v`ifr`lhüm v`ifr`lhüm kd i`s prudg`s3 pfr lfmshnu lfmshnuhdmtd hdmtd,, mf sfm dm rd`ihk`k prdsumlhfmds, shmf rdni`s p`r` di lrhtdrhf kdi Oudz. M`tur`idz` ourêkhl`

Di prfgidj` kd i` m`tur`idz` ourêkhl` kd i` prdsumlhüm ds juy khsluthkf dm i` kfltrhm`. Di prhmlhp`i tdj` qud sd khslutd ds sh sfm f mf jdkhfs kd prudg`. Dm tfkf l`sf, di edlef kd mf sdr umhbfrjds i`s prdsumlhfmds, khsthmnuhèmkfsd i`s ii`j`k`s? `) Oukhlh`ids, kd efjgrd f shjpids3

 

 g) I`s idn`ids3 l) I`s kd kdrdlef, hjpihl`rê` um` m`tur`idz` ourêkhl` khsthmt` p`r` l`k` um` kd dii`s. Li`shbhl`lhüm kd I`s prdsumlhfmds 0.) Qfr r`züm kdi suodtf?

 •I`s lrd`k`s pfr di idnhsi`kfr, qud sfm i`s prdsumlhfmds hurhs f idn`ids. •I`s bfrj`k`s pfr di Oudz, prdsumlhfmds kd edlef u efjhmhs. 7.) @tdmkhdmkf ` su lfmtdmhkf.

•Qudkdm •Qudkd m sdr hurhs dt kd hurd, qud sd dst`gidld lfjf vdrk`k hmlfmtdst hmlfmtdst`gid `gid i` dxhst dxhstdmlh` dmlh` idn`i kdi edlef kdkulhkf, sd rdle`z` tfk` khslushüm prfg`tfrh` `ldrl` kd èi. Dstd lrhtdrhf ds rdle`z`kf pfr `inumfsy tr`t`khst`s •I`s prdsumlhfmds hurhs t`mtuj, qud i` idy hjpfmd `i Oudz qud tdmn` pfr vdrk`kdrfs ifs edlefs qud sd kdkuldm kd lhdrt`s prudg`s lhrlums lhrlumst`mlh t`mlh`ids, `ids, pdrf pdrjhtd ` ifs hmtdrds`kfs hmtdrds`kfs kdjfstr`r i` hmdx`lthtuk kd i` hmkullhüm bumk`k` dm khlefs edlefs.