Apuntes de inglés A1 A2

INGLÉS A1-A2 2012–2013 NEW MACEGOLD & CARPE VITAE CARLOS TOMÁS MARTÍNEZ

Índice New Macegold Pronombres Personales_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Artículos A, An, The_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ To be_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Saludos, despedidas, introducciones_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Abreviaturas_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ This&That_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ To have&To do_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Present simple_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Adjetivos posesivos _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Franjas horarias, numeros, notas útiles_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Present simple negative - interrgative_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Present Continuous_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Past simple_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pas simple negative - interrogative_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Orden de adjetivos_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Preposiciones_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Interrogative words_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Past continous_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Contables e incontables_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Plurales irregulares _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ There is&There are_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

02 02 02 03 04 04 05 07 09 09 10 11 12 12 14 14 15 16 16 17 17

Índice Carpe Vitae Personal pronouns, Possessives, To be, Articles_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ To be negative - interrogative_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ This/These, That/Those, Here/There, There is/There are_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ To do_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Modal verbs_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ To have_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cuantitivos_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Genitivo Sajón_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Hours_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Prepositions _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Object Pronouns_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Past simple_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ So do I, Neither do I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Adjectives_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Link Words_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

19 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24

Vocabulario_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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1

CURSO INTRODUCCIÓN NEW MACEGOLD 16/02/2012

A ei B bi

C si

D di

Ei

F ef

G gi

J jei K kei L el

M em N en O ou P pi

S es T ti

V vi

U iu

W dubliu

H eich I ai Q kiu

X ecs Y uái

R ar Z sed

Pronombres Personales I yo You tu He/She él/ella It neutro We nosotros/as You vosotros/as They ellos/as

Artículos A, An, The A Si la palabra empieza por consonante. An Si empieza por vocal, salvo U o EU. (Ambos son artículos indefinidos) The Artículo definido.

Verbo To Be I am, You are, He is, She is, It is, We are, You are, They are. I am a teacher. You are an employer. He is a police officer. She is an office worker. It is a pen/ It is the pen (Refiriéndose a un boli cualquiera o a uno en concreto) We are people/ the people (Gente en general, o unas personas en concreto) You are students. They are secretaries.

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20/02/2012

Greetings (Saludos) Good Morning - Buenos Dias. Good Afternoon- Para después del medio día. Good Evening – A partir de las 5 o las 6. Nice to see you again - Me allegro de volver a verte.

Saludos Informales How you doing/How are you doing? What’s going on? What’s happening? What’s up? What’s new?

Introductions -Hello, how are you? -I am well/fine/o.k., thank you/thanks. And you? -I am ok too. Otras respuestas más informales podrían ser Not Bad, Not too bad, so so (así así), se usan cuando yo se tiene confianza con el interlocutor. Una situación más formal podría ser asi: -How do you do? (Podría traducirse “¿Cómo esta usted?”) -How do you do? (Se responde con la misma pregunta) -My name is Benny. -Nice to meet you. -Nice to meet you too (forma corriente)/ Please to meet you (formal) -What is your name? -My name is…

Despedidas Good bye/ Bye Bye/ Bye. See you later/tomorrow. Good Night – Buenas noches, solo se usa para despedidas.

Despedidas Informales Take care – Cuidate Take it easy – Podría traducirse como “que vaya bien” Cheers (BE)- También se usa para brindar y para decir gracias.

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Abreviaturas en lenguaje coloquial I am – i’m You are – you’re He Is – he’s She is – she’s It is – it’s We are - we’re You are – you’re They are – the’re Para preguntar se invierte: Am i? Are you? Is He?

Abrevituras en Negativo I am not/ i’m not You are not/ you aren´t He/she/it is not – he/she/it isn’t We/you/they are not we/you/they aren’t

Abrevituras en Interrogativo What’s my name? your name? his name? her name? its name? our name? your name? their name? Mr-señor, Mrs-señora casada, Mss-señorita, Ms-señora no se sabe si casada o no -How old are you?/ is he/she? -I’am 23 years old/ I’m 23 Es importante recordar que los años “se son” no “se tienen”. 21/02/2012

This/That This – Se utiliza para señalar algo cercano. Su forma plural es these. That – Se utiliza para señalar algo alejado, su plural es those. What is this? -> What’s this? What is that? -> What’s that? What are these?/ What are those? Para señalar a personas se utiliza who: Who is that?/ Who is this? (“¿Quien es ese?” se ha de tener en cuenta que en inglés no tiene matiz despectivo) 4

También pude usarse con el pronombre personal, Who is he/she? Si te preguntan por algo que esta cerca del interlocutor pero lejos de ti se adapta: -What is this? -This is a Blackboard 23/02/2012

To Have (Tener/tomar) To Do (verbo auxiliar/hacer) I have a car You Have a pen He has a house She has a book It has a bone We have a class You have a teacher They have a telephone El verbo to do se utiliza como verbo auxiliar para formar frases negativas e interrogativas. I Do/ don’t (Do not, esta forma complete se usa para negar con énfasis) You do/don’t He does/doesn’t (Do not) She does/ doesn’t It does/ doesn’t We do/don’t You do/don’t They do/don’t I don’t have an apple -Do you have a car? -Yes I do/ No I don’t (Se utiliza el to do para la respuesta, no el verbo principal) - Does she have a car? -Yes she does/ No she doesn’t -What do you do? (¿A qué te dedicas? -What does she do? - I don’t know (no lo se) Do I have a date? Does he have a table? Does it have a name? Do whe have a clock? Do you have a pencil? Do they have a radio?

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27/02/2012

Verbos en present simple Se debe tener en cuenta que la tercera personal del singular (he/she/it) cambia la forma del verbo. Como se ha visto en la sección anterior para la forma interrogativa de la tercera persona del singular no se altera, pero lo hará en su lugar el verbo auxiliar do.

To Arrive I arrive You arrive He/She/ It arrives We arrive You arrive They arrive -Do i arrive? -Yes i do/No I don´t -Do you arrive? –Yes you do/ No you don’t -Does he/she/it arrive? –Yes he does/ No he doesn’t -Do we arrive? –Yes we do/No we don’t -Do you arrive? –Yes you do/ No you don’t -Do they arrive? –Yes they do/ No they don’t

To Begin I begin You begin He/She/ It begins We begin You begin They begin

To Drink I drink You drink He/She/ It drinks We drink You drink They drink

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To Come (Venir) I come You come He/She/ It comes We come You come They come

To Eat I eat You eat He/She/ It eats We eat You eat They eat

To Leave (Dejar) I /You leave He/She/ It leaves We/You/They leave

To Like I /You like He/She/ It likes We/You/They like

To Live I /You live He/She/ It lives We/You/They live

To Practice I /You practice He/She/ It practices We/You/They practice

To Pronounce I /You pronounce He/She/ It pronounces We/You/They pronounce

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To Speak I /You speak He/She/ It speaks We/You/They speak (Se usa para referirse a hablar un idioma, o a hablar a un grupo de gente, como dar una conferencia)

To Talk I /You talk He/She/ It talks We/You/They talk

To Discuss (Discutir, debatir) I /You discuss He/She/ It discusses We/You/They discuss

To Argue I /You argue He/She/ It argues We/You/They argue Tener una discursion – to have an argument. No me gusta tener una discursion – i don’t like to have an argument. No me gusta discutir- i don’t like to argue. To teach: teach, teaches. To undersantd (entender): understand, understands. To work: Work, works. To read: read, reads. To write: write, writes. To run: Run, runs. To send: send, sends. To play: play, plays. To want: want, wants. To search: Search, sarchs. To go: go, goes. To learn: learn, learns. To listen (escuchar): listen, listens. To hear (oir): hear, hears. To open: open, opens. To close: close, closes. To walk: walk, walks. To type (teclear): type, types. To wash (lavar): wash, washes. To catch: catch, catches. To watch (mirar fijamente, observar): Watch, watches. To know: Know, Knows. To need: need, needs. To Try (probar, intentar): Try, tries. To taste (probar): Taste, tastes.

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28/02/2012

Possessives My Mio Your Tuyo His/Her Suyo Its Suyo neutro Our nuestro Your vuestro Their de ellos

Franjas horarias In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening. At Noon/Midday (AE-BE) (Medio dia), At night, At Midnight

Numbers 0 zero/oh (00=double oh) 1 One, 2 two, 3 three, 4 four, 5 five, 6 six, 7 seven, 8 eight, 9 nine, 10 ten. 11 eleven, 12 twelve, 13 thirteen, 14 fourteen, 15 fifteen, 16 sixteen, 17 seventeen, 18 eigteen, 19 nineteen, 20 twenty. (21 twenty one, 22 twenty two, etc) 30 thirty, 40 forty, 50 fifty, 60 sixty, 70 seventy, 80 eighty, 90 ninety, 100 one hundred/ a hundred. 1000 One thousand/ a thousand. 2012 two thousand and twelve/ twenty twelve (20,12 se fracciona la cifra para agilizar pero solo para años.) I talk a lot with my sister. A lot/lots se usa tanto para cosas contables como no contables. 05/03/2012 - 06/03/2012

Recodarotiro de estructura correcta: I arrive to clase late (que, donde, cuando) I come to my house in the evening. I practice english at home every day. They lisen to the song on the radio (a lisen siempre le sigue to) I walk in the country on monday (los días de la semana siempre precedidos de on) (contry se traduce como campo o pais, campo de cultivo o de deporte se dice field)

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Veces se traduce como times. Dos veces two times, tres veces three times, etc. Una vez se dice once time. I think about my problems. (About significa a cerca de) Eso creo se puede traducir como: I think so, o i believe so. From X -> To Y (Desde aquí hasta aquí, se usa para preguntar direcciones)

Negatives I/you don’t He/she/it doesn’t We/you/they don’t I am not/ I’m not You are not/ you aren’t He is not/ he isnt’t She is not/she isn’t The students don’t have a class They James doesn’t speak spanish He Es importante observar que como el verbo ya esta conjugado en el auxiliar do al principal no se le cambia la forma (se mantiene como speak, no cambia a speaks) The students go to school on Sundays -> The students don’t go to school on Sundays I don’t do any thing. I don’t want to sing a song. I don’t play any sports. Nota: No es correcto poner dos negativos juntos en la misma frase.

Interrogative To be: Am I?, Are you? Is he/she /it? Are we?, Are they? Are you students? Am i a techaer? What’s your name? who are you? ¡Importante recordar que en interrogativo el verbo siempre va delante! You are techer -> Are you teacher? El resto de verbos necesitan del auxiliar do. 10

Do you like oranges? Does she speak spanish? Do you arrive to the train in time? Wich hotel? Where are you? When do you come? Where are you coming from? Where are you from?/Where do you come from? (AE) Interrogative + negative Don't you like the pizza? Doesn't he speak spanish?

Presente continuo Se usa para hablar del momento actual o de planes a corto plazo. No confundir con el presente simple, que se usa para rutinas o hechos. To be + ing I’m speaking/ i’m not speaking You’re listening / you’re not listening He/She is playing/ Isn’t playing I’m sitting/I’m not sitting You’re listening/ you aren’t listening -What are you doing tonight? -I’m coking, I’m studing, I’m eating at home, I’m diner, etc. Nota: No usar “going to…” ya que es una forma de futuro, El verbo go se conjuga directo. I’m going home. La estructura correcta de una frase es Sujeto-Verbo-Donde-Cuando. Si hay más de un elemento de lugar y/o tiempo se ordena de menor a mayor. I’m Sleeping at home tonight. I’m meeting whit some friends to have a drink in a pub in a central park this evening. -What are you doing on the weekend? -I don’t’ know what I’m doing on the weekend. (En presente simple por que es un hecho, el resto en continuo por que es futuro) 1 persona = person, más de una persona = people.

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Interrogativa negativa continua Aren't you watching tv? Isn't she drinking? 22/03/2012

Past Simple To be I Was You Were He/She/It Was We Were You Were They Were We were at the School in 1995. The fridge was empty this morning. Infinitive/Past (ver lista de verbos) To be, Was/Were To have, Had To do, Did To arrive, Arrived To Live, Lived I did the homework yesterday. She arrived the last Monday. It rained last night.

Past Negative I Wasn’t You Weren’t He/She/It Wasn’t We Weren’t You Weren’t They Weren’t I wasn’t good student. You weren’t in your house. Did -> Did Not (abreviado Didn’t) You didn’t study yesterday. 12

I didn’t have plans for holidays. (El verbo mantiene la forma porque se conjuga el auxiliar Did)

Past Interrogative Was I? Where you? Was He/She It? Where We/You/They? Where you in your house this morning? Was I a good singer? Notese que en interrogativo el verso se pone delante. I was a good Singer -> Was I a good Singer? El resto de verbos necesitan el uxiliar Did. Did she watch the film yesterday? Did I lose the keys? Did we pass the test? (El verbo mantiene la forma porque se conjuga el auxiliar Did) Past interrogative negative Didn't you like the film?

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Adjectives Order

02/04/2012

El sufijo “ish” tras un color forma un nuevo adjetivo: reddish, bluish, greenish, yellowish, orangish... (rojizo, azulado, verdoso, amarillento, anarajado). Siempre de pequeño a grande: the books is on the table in the room. I have a test at 10 A.M. on Monday.

Prepositions

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Other Prepositions From- A present from Jane. Of- A page of the book, the picture of a palace. By- A book by Mark Twain. On- On foot on horseback, Get on the bus. In- Get in the car. Off- Get off the train. Out of- Get out of the taxi. By- Prices have risen by 10 percent. By car, by bus. At- She learned Russian at 45.

Questions

10/04/2012 – 23/04/2012

What? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? What is your father’s last name? Which? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? Which film is better? (refiriendose a dos) Where? - ¿Dónde? ¿Adónde? Where is your new black coat? When? - ¿Cuándo? When is your birthday? Why? - ¿Por qué? Why is this car so expensive? Who? - ¿Quién? ¿Quiénes? Who are the guys playing with George? How? - ¿Cómo? ¿Cuán? How do you like the pizza? Where do you have coffee? (¿Donde tomas café?) Where are you having coffee? (¿Dónde estás tomando café?) Where did you have coffee? (¿Dónde tomabas café?

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Past continuous

24/04/2012

Se forma con I was/were + ING. Se utiliza para una acción en un tiempo concreto. -I was camping out in Easter. -I was watching TV last night. Para decir que una acción fue interrumpida se necesitan dos acciones, una larga (was/were + ing) y la que se interrumpe. -I was taking a shower when you arrived. -I was watching tv when the kid cried.

Count Noncount

26/04/2012

Contables si podemos contarlo o si sabemos el numero exacto. Incontables si no se pueden contar (por ejemplo agua). Algunas no coinciden con el español, por ejemplo cake es incontable, el contble sería “a piece of cake”. Some: Algunos (no sabemos numero exacto). Se usa en contables e incontables. Some books, some apples, some cats. / Some water, some cake, some paper, some fish, some money. A lot: Mucho. Se usa en contables e incontables. A lot of books, a lot of money. A few: Unos pocos, algunos. Se usa con contables. A few books. Many: Muchos. Se usa en contables. Many books. A little: Un poco. Se usa en incontables. A little money. Much: Mucho. Se usa en incontables. Much money.

Excepciones al plural Man-Men , Woman-Women, Tooth (diente) – Teeth, Foot-Feet, Mouse-Mice, Shelf (estante)- Shelves, Leaf- Leves, Loaf (barra)-Loaves. Los no contables no usan el artículo: A bread -> A loaf of bread A water -> A glass of water

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There is/There Are There is/There Are significa Hay. There is an apple on the table. There are four apples on the table. Las formas de pasado son There was y There were. (Había). En interrogativo: is there?, are there?, was there?, were there?, En negativo: there isn't, there aren't, there wasn't, there weren't. La forma futura es there will be (Habrá). 07/05/2012

Para referirse a cosas que hacíamos antes pero ya no se utiliza I used to. I used to play videogames when I was 10. Después de like va ing: She likes buying clothes, She doesn’t like buying food.

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CURSO CARPE VITAE 2012-2013 17/10/2012

Personal Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives

I You He She It

I-My You-Your He-His She-Her It- Its

We You They

To be I Am You Are He Is She Is It Is

We-Our You-Your They-Their

To be abreviado We Are You Are They Are

I’m You’re He’s She’s It’s

We’re You’re They’re

Articles A boy/ A girl. An Indian/ An eagle. The house/ The car. The boys/ The Girls. 22/10/2012

To understand- Entender. To mean- Querer decir, significar. To know- Saber, Conocer. I’m Sorry- Lo siento. Excuse me- Disculpeme. 29/10/2012

Todo lo que acaba en “ción” en español es “tion” en inglés: Constitution, Revelation, Relation… El To delante de un verbo denota que está en infinitivo, es equivalente a las formas ar, er, ir del español. To look, to speak, to walk… para formar el imperativo se suprime el to. Añadiendo el sufijo “er” a los verbos que son de acción se forma una palabra derivada: Eat-Eater (comedor), Drin-ker, Wal-ker, Teach-er.

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30/10/2012

To be (negative) I am not - I'm not You are not - You aren't He is not - He isn't She is not - She isn't It is not - It isn't —Are you student? —Yes I'm student. —No I'm not a student.

We are not - We aren't You are not - You aren't They are not - They aren't

05/11/012 - 18/11/2012

So puede significar así, tan o asi que. —I don't think so (así). —That car is so expensive... (tan). Is not so rich -no es tan rico-. —I was ill so I stayed at home (así que). What: Que, ¿Qué...?, ¿De qué?, etc. —What I think (lo que pienso). —What color is your car? Verbo + ing para forar el gerundio: To come – coming. Solo el verbo, sin el to, es para formar un imperativo. 26/11/2012

Interrogative - Afirmative - Negative To be + sujeto + …? Is the school cheap? Sujeto + to be. The school is cheap. Negativo + to be. The school is not cheap. Is the car new? The car is new. The car is not new. Is the hospital far? The hospital is far. The hospital is not far. 28/11/2012

The car is new (verb adj). Tat is a new car (adj sustan). The students are intelligent. The intelligent students are lazy. This/These: Este/Estos. This is my car, These are my cars. That/Those: Aquel/Aquellos (o Ese/Esos). That is my car, Those are my cars. Here/There: Aquí/Allí. There is/There are: hay (Individual/plural) There is a book, There are books.

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03/12/2012

To do present simple I do – do not (don't) You do – do not (don't) He/She/It does – does not (doesn't) We/You/They do – do not (don't) -Do you like italian food? -Yes I do/No I don't = Yes I like italian food/No I don't like italian food. Cuando se usa la tercera persona se conjuga el auxiliar en lugar del verbo: -Does she live in Paris? -Yes she does/No she doesn't = Yes, she lives in Paris/ No, she doesn't live in Paris.

Modal verbs No utilizan Do como auxiliar: -To be (ser/estar). -To have got (tener). -Can (poder). -Must (deber -de boligación-). -May (poder refieriendose a pedir permiso -May I help you?-). You are not a good friend (nunca you don't are). Have you got a gar?. Can I help you?. You must not go out. May I open the door?. 10/12/2012

To have I have, You have, He/She/It has, we/you/they/have. Al contrario que have got, si admite auxiliares. To have to significa “tener que”, denota obligación. Do you have a car?. I have to study. 12/12/2012

Cuantitativos Much – mucho, Many – Muchos. A lot of – un montón de.

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07/01/2013

Genitivo Sajón (Posesivo) Al poseedor/es se le añade un apostrofo y una ese: Jose's car is Blue. The women's books. Si la palabra acaba en ese se añade solamente el apostrofo ('). Charles' house. My brothers' room (la habitacón de mis hermanos). También se emplea con nombres de animales, nombres de países, ciertas expresiones de tiempo, espacio, distancia, peso, etc.. The cat's ears (Las orejas del gato). France's cities (las ciudades de Francia). Yesterday's meeting (La reunión de ayer). A mile's walk (Un paseo de una milla). El posesivo mediante la preposición of se una normalmente cuando el poseedor no es una persona. The window of the house (La ventana de la casa). Combinar el genetivo con of puede servir para distinguir el sentido de propiedad. A photo of Peter's (Una foto de Pedro, la foto es de su propiedad). A photo of Peter (Una foto de Pedro, de su persona). Se debe tener en cuenta que el uso del genetivo puede cambiar el sentido de la frase. John and Ann's cars (Los coches son de ambos). John's and Ann's cars (Cada uno tiene su propio coche). 14/01/2013

El sufijo “ly” esquivale a “mente”: completely, honestly, boringly. No se debe poner “I don't go never”, la forma correcta es I never go. Plus se usa para sumas de numeros: six plus five equals eleven. También puede ser sinonimo de además. I have a car and plus I have a motorbike. 16/01/2013

Hours Seven o clock, Quarter to eight, Half past eight, Quarter past six, Ten past four. X days/hours ago – hace X horas/dias.

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18/02/2013

Prepositions To = a. To the = al, a la, a los, a las... To the cinema, to the church. Of = de. The = El/la Los/las. In: years, months, seasons, week, moring. On: days, dates. At: night, time (clock), festivals (christmas, easter, halloween...) 04/03/2013

Object Pronouns I-Me You-You He-Him She-Her It- It

We-Us You-You They-Them

Se utilizan cuando se sustituye el sujeto por el objeto directo. Can you help me? I can help you. Can you see him? Give it to her. Give it a kick. Can you see us? I see you. He can help them. 25/03/2013

To be (past simple) I was, You where, He/She/It was, You where, They where. 25/03/2013 - B1

Nota: going to como forma de futuro proximo, similar a “voy a” , “va a”, “vamos a”... I'm going to watch a film. I'm going to go shopping on Saturday. Are you going to go shopping? What are you going to buy? He is going to leave his jobs. We are going to boy a house near the beach. So do I: Yo también. Neither do I: Yo tampoco. Oh, I do: yo sí. Oh, I'm not/I don't: Yo no. 1)I love travelling. 2)I don't go out much. 3)I don't like cycling. 4)I'm a vegetarian. El “do” cambia con la forma verbal: So does she, So do we... o con el tiempo: —They danced —So did I. —We went out for a walk. —So did we El “do” se cambia por los vervos can y be: -I can't swim -Neihter can I. -She is tall -So am I. “Do”También debe adaptarse a formas como will y woul: -They would do it if they could. -So would we. (Ellos lo harían si pudieran. Nosotros también). 23

28/03/2013 – B1

Adjetivos Towns/Cities

People

Weather

Food

Industrial, Polluted, Touristy, Cosmopolitan, Crowded (concurrido)

Welcoming (acogedor)

Wet, Freezing, Changeable, Windy

Delicious, Spicy, Bland (templado,poco fuerte)

Helpful (Servicial) Relaxed Reserved

Healthy, Salty

Bride significa “novia” y Groom “novio” pero solo durante la ceremonioa. Antes son boyfriend y girlfriend, y después Husband y Wife. 10/04/2013 – B1

Let's + verbo = imperativo plural Let's go = vamos, Let's drink = vevamos, Let's play = juguemos. To get + adjetivo = verbo To get old = envejecer, To get tired = cansarse, To get young = rejuvenecer, To get white = blanquear. To get + past participe = acción reflexiva To get lost = perderse, to get corrupted = corromperse, to get exhausted = “exhaustarse”, to get driven = ser conducido, to get married = casarse, to get divorced = divorciarse. 03/05/2013

Link words In spite of – a pesar de, no obstante. Although – a pesar de que, aunque. Instead of – en vez de. But – pero. While – mientras. Then – entonces. After – despues. Before – antes. With – con. Without – sin. However – sin embargo. 22/05/2013

Once time, twice time, three times, four times... Get wet = mojarse. No se puede usar launch como verbo, se dice to have a launch.

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NACIONALIDADES E IDIOMAS Countries Spain Austria Australia Russia France Portugal Germany Sweden (Suecia) Switzerland (Suiza) Italy Belgium Holland USA Canada Ireland The United Kingdom -England -Scotland -Wales -Northen Ireland

Nationalities Spanish/Spaniard Austrian Australian Russian French Portuguese German Swedish Swiss Italian Belgian Dutch American Canadian Irish British

Language Spanish German English Russian French Portuguese German Swedish Italian, French, German Italian Dutch, French Dutch English English, French English English

-Where are you from?/Where do you come from? -I’m from Spain/ I come from Russia -What language do you speak? -I speak Spanish -What language does she speak? -She speaks Russian

DIRECCIONES Y UBICACIONES Go along: Seguir a lo largo. Go along this road. Turn: Girar. Turn left, Turn right. Over there: Por ahí. Near the cinema, Next to the cinema. Opposite the cinema. In this street/ on this. On the left/right.

MEDIDAS DE TIEMPO Días de la semana (Days of the week): Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Los días se dicen siempre preceididos de “on”: On Sunday, On Monday. Meses del año (Months of the year): January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December. Los meses llevan delante “in”. 25

Estaciones del año (Seasons of the year): Spring, Summer, Autumn/Fall, Winter

HOGAR Y MOBILIARIO Air Conditioning - Aire acond. Balcony - Balcon Bath-Room - Cuarto de baño Bed-Room - Dormitorio Beed - Cama Ceiling – Techo Cellar sotano Chair - Silla Clock - Reloj Closet - Armario grande Cooker (BE) – Cocina (electrodoméstico) Cupboard - Armario superior Desk - Escritorio Dining-Room - Comedor Door – Puerta Floor - Suelo Hall - Vestibulo Hallway - Pasillo Heater - Calentador Kitchen - Cocina Living-Room - Sala de estar Micro Wave oven Microhondas Office - Despacho Oven - Horno Refrigerator - Nevera Roof - Tejado Room - Habitación

Stove (AE) - Cocina (electrodoméstico) Terrace - Terraza Toilet - Servicio Publico Upstairs/downstairs: Piso de arriba, piso de abajo. Wall - Muro Wardrobe - Armario ropero Window – Ventana Yard (BE) – Terraza

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VESTUARIO Boots - Botas Coat - Abrigo Jacket - Chaqueta Pants - Pantalones Pullover - Jersey Shirt - Camisa Shoes - Zapatillas Sweater - Jersey Trousers - Pantalones T-Shirt – Camiseta Vest: chaleco

FAMILIA Aunt - Tía Brother - Hermano Cousin/e – Primo/a Childrens - Niños, Hijos/as Daugther - Hija Father – Padre Grand Mother, Grand Father – Abuela/o Grand Daugther, Grand Son – Nieta/o Mother - Madre Niece - Sobrina Nephew - Sobrino Parents - Padre y Madre Sibling: hermano/a Sister - Hermana Son - Hijo Uncle - Tío

PROFESIONES/ TRABAJO

Aide: Ayudante Attendant/Dependent/Shop assitant: Dependiente Clerk: Secretario, administrativo Clerical work: Trabajo de oficina. Civil Servant: Funcionario Daycare: Guardería Engineer: Ingeniero Firefigther: Bombero Housewife: Ama de casa Mason: Albañil

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CUERPO Cheek: mejilla. Shoulder: hombro. Elbow: codo. Navel: ombligo. Wrist: muñeca. Nail: uña. Knee: rodilla. Ankle: tobillo. Heel: talón. Waist: cintura. Toe: dedo del pie. Forehead: frente. Chin: barbilla. Bottom: trasero. Head, hair, face, nose, mouth, eye, ear, neck, arm, palm, finger, chest, leg, foot/feet, tooth, tongue, back, hand, nose.

EXPRESSIONS

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of course not

por supuesto que no

that's fine

está bien; no pasa nada

that's right

es verdad

sure

claro

certainly

seguramente

definitely

definitivamente

absolutely

absolutamente

as soon as possible

tan pronto como sea posible

that's enough

es suficiente

it doesn't matter

no importa

it's not important

no es importante

it's not serious

no es nada serio

it's not worth it To mind I don't mind

no vale la pena Tener en cuenta, importar No me importa

I'm in a hurry

tengo prisa

I've got to go

tengo que irme

I'm going out

voy a salir

sleep well

qué duermas bien

same to you!

¡lo mismo te digo!

not bad To be fed up Had in Force of habit By the way

no está mal estar harto Entregado en mano Fuerza de la costumbre Por cierto, a propósito

what shall we do?

Qué podríamos/deberíamos hacer?

Where shall we meet? What time shall we meet?

Shall funciona igual “do”. Es un futuro. Shall = “tener que” o “deber de”

Top up. Can I get you a top-up? To fire up.

Rellenar una copa, pero cuando ya se ha tomado al menos una. Es similar a ofrecer otra copa. Encender, arrancar.

To patch it up.

Hacer las paces, arreglar una relación.

I'll drink to that

Estar de acuerdo con algo. También es un brindis.

I'm growing bored it's up to you

Tu decides.

- Have a bun in the oven. Literalmente dejar un bollo en el horno, significa dejar embarazada a una chica. - Have you ever es una frase hecha que se usa como “¿Alguna vez has...?”. Have you ever drive a car? - Have you heard? Has oido?/Te has enterado? - Bide one's time: Esperar el momento oportuno. - Take it Easy: Tomalo con calma. - I'm rooting for you: Te estoy apoyando. - Free will: libre albedrío - My own free will: Mi propia voluntad

Phrasal Verbs

find out: averiguar get up: levantarse go up: subir look after: cuidar look at: mirar de reojo look for: buscar see to: vigiliar show off: presumir, pavonearse, mostrar stand up: levantarse

SUSTANTIVOS

Aim: Objetivo. ATM: Cajero automático (“ei-ti-em”), también llamado cash point. Behavior: Comportamiento. Burden: Carga. Burial: Entierro, sepultura. Bystander: Espectador. Commitment: Compromiso. Copper: Cobre. Country : Campo, País. Demise: Muerte, fallecimiento. 29

Expenses: gastos. Farwell: despedida. Fiance & Fiancee: Prometido y prometida (en matrimonio). Field ; Campo de cultivo, deporte o profesión Fluke: casualidad. Folks: gente. Fright: susto. Kind: tipo. Kindness: amabilidad. Half: Media, mitad. Light: Luz, fuego mechero. Lighter: Mechero. Motorway: autopista Output: Salida, producción Parcel: paquete. Pickpocket: carterista Pineapple: piña. Rubbish: comida. Sightseeing: turismo. Sorrow: dolor, tristeza, pena, pesar. Spark: chispazo Square: Plaza Token: Ficha, simbolo vow: voto Warm: Calido Wit: Ingenio Whole: todo, entero Witness: Testigo Youth: juventud

ADJETIVOS Adamant: firme Awful: Horrible Both: ambos, los dos Burdened: Agobiado Comfy: confortable, cómodo. Engaged: Comprometido/a (de matrimonio). Ocupado. Damp: húmedo, mojado Dependable: Digno de confianza Frail: fragil Frightening: Aterrador. Hooked: Enganchado Kind: amable Light: Ligero Loud: ruidoso Mild: templado (temperatura y carácter), apacible. Odd: Impar, raro Prone: propenso Self-centred: Egoísta. 30

Selfish: egoísta Side trip: Excursión Square: cuadrado Tough: duro, difícil Weary: Cansado, fatigado Worthy: Digno

VERBOS

Annoy: Molestar Bide: Permanecer Commission: Encargar Conceive: Concebir Encompass: Abarcar Erode: Erosionar Facing: Enfrentar Hesitate: Dudar, vacilar Inherit: Heredar Overdo: Exagerar Pronate: Poner boca abajo Reach: alcanzar Regard: Considerar Release: Liberar. También lanzamiento (en el sentido de lanzar al mercado) o estreno. Settle: Resolver, establecerse Sort: Ordenar, clasificar Squeeze: Exprimir, apretar Struggle: luchar, esforzarse Suit: Acoplar, convenir Swap: Intercambiar Trace: Rastrear Unleash: liberar, desatar, soltar Vexing: Fastidiar, irritar Witness: Testifar Warn: Advertir Wonder: Preguntase (a uno mismo), maravillarse. I wonder if I did right. Yell: Gritar.

ADVERBIOS

Already: ya Quite: bastante Likewise: Igualmente Perhaps: quizás Twice: dos veces

OTROS

Indeed: En efecto / Indeed yes!: Claro que sí! Should: Debería So that: para que Though: Aunque Won't (will not) 31

ABOUT GET When we use 'get' with a direct object (non our pronoun) it often -a menudo- means recive, obtain, fetch, catch, give or something similar.  Alice got a Valentine form a secret admirer (Recibió).  Can I get you a refill -recambio-? (Ofrecer).  He gets the train to work (“Atrapó” en el sentido de que alcanzó ).  Would you mind getting the kids after school? I have to wor late tonight. (Cuidar, hacerse cargo) When   

we use 'get' before an adjective, it often means become. Even after she took the medicine, her cold just got worse and worse. He got rellay angry when she was late for the tird time this week. She doesn't want to get old. She wants to stay a teenage forever.

When we use 'get' with and object + adjective, it means make someone o something become.  Let's get this show stated.  You need to get this room tidy before you go out. Get often means travel and when we use get before a word like up, out, away, etc. it usually means movement of some kind. For example: What time do you get thome usually?. We need to get off the bus the next stop. (Bajarse) When she gets back from work, she likes to wath tv for a bit. (Return, come back) Do you know how to get to the cinema from here? (Arrive) When we use get with a past participle (driven, eatem spoken) it often has a reflexive meaning (something that we di to ourselves -nosotros mismos-). They are getting married next month. (Van a casarse). She gets dressed really quickly in the morning. (Se viste). You need to get washed before you go to bed. (Lavarte).

ABOUT SUCH Such como adjetivo puede significar tal, semejante o parecido. También tanto. This material is of such importance that it has a powerful bearing on the case. (Este material es de tal importancia que tiene una influencia poderosa sobre el caso.) There is no such thing as a free lunch. (no hay tal cosa como un almuerzo gratis) Como adverbio es equivalente a tan: I am so lucky. I have such wonderful friends! (Tengo tanta suerte. ¡Tengo amigos tan maravillosos!) That is such a pretty dress! You should wear it more often. (¡Este vestido es tan bonito! Debería llevarlo más a menudo.) It is such a beautiful day (¡Que día tan bonito!) 32

ABOUT INFINITIVE El infinitivo va normalmente precedido de la partícula 'to' (To be, to run, to eat..). El infinitivo expresa el significado del verbo de una manera general, sin referencia a tiempo alguno. Hay varios tipos de infinitivo: Infinitive Simple (to speak, hablar) Continuous Infinitive (to be speaking, estar hablando), Perfect Infinitive (to have spoken, haber hablado) Perfect Continous Infnitive (to have been speaking, haber estado hablando) Passives infinites(to be spoken, to be being spoken, have been being spoken. Estar hablado, Estar siendo hablen, Haber estado siendo hablado) El infinitivo puede ser usado solo (suele ser imperativo) o como parte de una frase de infinitivo. Run! / We began to run. Puede expresar un deber u obligación cuando sigue al verbo to be You are not to smoke here (No debe fumar aquí). Puede expresar propósito o el motivo por el que alguien hace la acción He went to England to learn English. She went to the supermarket to buy some chocolate. Puede ser usado sin 'to' después de 'do' o de un verbo modal auxiliar como 'must', 'may', 'might', etc. I might go to the pub after dinner.

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