Apunte Vulcan.pdf
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015
Por David Meneses
Segundo apunte Categorización de reservas Las reservas mineras son el punto de partida para crear cualquier cualquier plan minero y la base de una futura operación minera. Es por esto que las reservas mineras son un aspecto decisivo para determinar la vida del proyecto, la magnitud de la operación y su ritmo de producción con el fin de maximizar el valor del negocio y por consiguiente la rentabilidad. Por último constituyen el activo más importante de una empresa minera y puede ser utilizado por estas para diversos objetivos financieros como lo son préstamos bancarios entre otros. Dada las características del negocio minero, este se encuentra sujeto a mucha incertidumbre y por ende riesgo. El valor de un activo varia con con respecto al riego asociado, es por ello que reducir y controlar la incertidumbre con que fueron estimadas las reservas mineras es muy importante. Para el caso de recursos y reservas una forma de reducir la incertidumbre asociada es mejorar la información con la cual fueron estimadas. En la actualidad existen diversos organismos que han trabajado en crear normas que regulen de forma completa y acertada la información acerca de prospectos, recursos y reservas, uno de los códigos con más aceptación es el código JORC, el cual divide las reservas en tres categorías: probadas, probables probables y posibles. Los códigos antes mencionados establecen una serie de exigencias al momento de realizar una categorización, a continuación se presentará una forma de realizarla.
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015 Método de las mallas regulares Este método se basa en malla de sondajes o muestreo teóricos. Una malla está compuesta de cinco sondajes, cuatro en cada vértice (muestras conocidas) y uno al medio(por estimar). Las dimensiones de la malla son AxA mts, donde A es variable.
Figura 1: Malla cuadrada
A través de un método de estimación determinado y usando los cuatro sondajes o muestras de cada vértice(X1,,X2,X3 y X 4) se estimara el sondaje o muestra que está en medio (X0). Cada método de estimación tiene asociado una medida de error por lo que la propia malla tendrá asociada una medida de error. Dependiendo del método esta medida del error puede variar, en el caso de los métodos geoestadísticos es la varianza del error, dentro de la amplia gama de estimadores los más utilizados son Kriging ordinario y Kriging simple.
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015
En base a lo anterior cada malla con diferentes dimensiones debiera tener una varianza del error
) distinta, por lo que ocupando ocupando dos mallas, por ejemplo una malla AxA y otra
(
malla BxB con
A reservas probadas Categ=2 => reservas probables Categ=3 => reservas posibles Para poder llevar a cabo esta tarea debemos agregar una variable de tipo entera (integer), porque trabajaremos con números enteros. Como solo estamos creando la variable, variable, le daremos un valor por defecto o un valor de partida a todas nuestras reservas de 3, es decir en un comienzo todas nuestras reservas serán posibles.
Modelo de bloques en el cual
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015 Una vez creada la variable debemos saber cuál es la variable dentro de nuestro modelo de bloques que representa a la varianza del krigeage con la cual fue fue realizada nuestra estimación. Para saber esto debemos ir a block->Grade estimation ->estimation editor como se muestra en la figura siguiente:
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015
Presionada la opción debemos buscar la estimación usada en nuestras reservas y luego revisar el nombre de la variable con la cual fue almacenada la variable del krigeage en cada bloque como se muestra en la imagen, esta variable es cut_vk:
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015
Ya determinada la variable que representa a la varianza del krigeage o kriging en nuestro modelo de bloques debemos encontrar una forma bajo la cual el programa entienda que para ciertos valores de cut_vk en un determinado determinado bloque la variable categ tomara un valor. Para realizar esto usaremos Scripts, que es un archivo de texto que nos ayudará a modificar el modelo de bloques a través de sentencias escritas en FONTRAN. Los scripts para Vulcan tienen extensión .BCF. Es este archivo debemos escribir de alguna forma lo siguiente:
Si
0.353(
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015
Ya conociendo estas nociones básicas podemos escribir las siguientes sentencias If (cut_vk le 0.353 ) then Categ =1 End if
Reservas probadas
If (cut_vk gt 0.353 and cut_vk le 1.184) then Categ=2 End if
If(cut_vk gt 1.184) then Categ=3 End if
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015 El problema que muestra es que se escribió end if y la palabra correcta es endif por lo que en el mismo cuadro presionamos edit script y modificamos la sentencia incorrecta por lo que
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015 Para acceder a ella debemos ir a block-> advanced reserves->advanced reserve editor, como se muestra en la figura:
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Apunte planificación minera subterránea 2015 También se puede separa el material en productos como por ejemplo mineral, estéril, stock etc. Para ello se debe definir el tipo de material y que condiciones debe cumplir, por ejemplo mineral será todo bloque con ley de co bre total (cut) mayor o igual a 0 .7.
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Por lo cual si de alguna forma se pudiera separar el mineral del esteril dentro de una labor subterránea se tendría los siguientes resultados:
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