Apunte Examen de Grado Procesal 01

1º APUNTE DERECHO PROCESAL PLAN ESTÁNDAR 

Nociones de Jurisdicción, proceso y tribunales.



Bases fundamentales de la organización judicial.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

Nociones fundamentales: El derecho procesal se estructura en base a tres nociones fundamentales, las cuales son: a) La Acción b) El Proceso c) La Jurisdicción. Este es el orden lógico en que se vinculan estas tres instituciones. La acción es el punto de partida del proceso, y la jurisdicción representa su meta, o mejor dicho, su culminación. I) ACCIÓN: Es el poder jurídico que tiene todo sujeto de derecho de acudir a los órganos jurisdiccionales para reclamar la satisfacción de una pretensión. La acción pone en movimiento la actividad jurisdiccional del Estado, y permite acudir a un tercero imparcial para la solución del conflicto quien, a su vez, se sirve del proceso como instrumento para hacer posible el ejercicio de la función  jurisdiccional. La acción, en cuanto poder jurídico, no cambia, es siempre la misma; lo que sí varía es la pretensión, y es esta naturaleza variable de la pretensión, lo que permite que existan diversos procedimientos (civiles, penales, labores, tributarios, etc.). Couture define a la pretensión como: pretensión como: La auto atribución de un derecho por parte de un sujeto que, invocándolo, pide concretamente que se haga efectiva a su respecto la tutela  jurisdiccional. II) PROCESO: Es una de las varias formas de solución de conflictos de relevancia jurídica, que supone la intervención de un tercero imparcial, llamado juez, que ejerce jurisdicción en nombre del Estado, y que emite una resolución

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

El Estado, en consecuencia, se sirve del proceso para poner en ejercicio la función  jurisdiccional. El proceso es el medio idóneo para resolver imparcialmente por acto de juicio de autoridad, un conflicto de relevancia jurídica. El proceso, al igual que la acción, no cambia, es uno sólo. Lo que sí varía es el “procedimiento”, que es:

El conjunto de formalidades concretas o secuencia de actos con arreglo a los cuales se tramita o sustancia una causa, según sea la naturaleza de la acción deducida (pretensión que se formule). Es el orden con arreglo al cual se tramita el proceso. III) JURISDICCIÓN: Es el poder – deber que tienen los tribunales para conocer y resolver por medio del proceso y con efecto de cosa juzgada, los conflictos de intereses de relevancia jurídica que se promueven en el orden temporal dentro del territorio de la República, y en cuya solución les corresponde intervenir.

PRINCIPALES FORMAS DE SOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS DE RELEVANCIA JURÍDICA. El conflicto es la existencia de pretensiones contrapuestas que se resisten entre sí. No todo conflicto es de relevancia jurídica. El conflicto de relevancia jurídica se denomina litigio, litigio, y éste puede ser entendido como un conflicto jurídicamente transcendente y susceptible de solución, asimismo jurídica, que se alcanza mediante la autotutela, la autocomposición o la heterocomposición, y que se caracteriza por la existencia de una pretensión resistida. resistida. Las principales formas de solución de conflictos de relevancia rel evancia jurídica son: 1) Autotutela o Autodefensa 2) Autocomposición 3) Heterocomposición. 1. LA AUTOTUTELA O AUTODEFENSA.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

Esta es la forma primitiva de solución de conflictos de relevancia jurídica, y actualmente, por regla general, está prohibida, más aún se sanciona criminal y civilmente. Excepcionalmente, en algunos casos se permite, por ejemplo: 1. La legítima defensa. 2. El derecho legal de retención. 3. El derecho a cortar las raíces de un árbol que invaden predio ajeno. 4. En materia internacional, en la llamada “guerra defensiva” (legítima defensa internacional). Cabe tener presente que en la mayoría sino en todos estos casos se precisa de una sentencia que “homologue” o apruebe la autodefensa, a fin de determin ar si ésta se

ajusta o no a derecho. 2. LA AUTOCOMPOSICIÓN. AUTOCOMPOSICIÓN.  “Es una forma pacífica de solución de conflictos de relevancia jurídica, que

proviene del acuerdo directo de las partes o de la declaración unilateral de una de ellas”.

Lo que caracteriza a la autocomposición es que la solución del conflicto se produce directamente por las propias partes, sea con o sin la asistencia de terceros, exista o no un proceso. La autocomposición tiene lugar en el ámbito de las relaciones jurídicas de carácter disponible, es decir, las que importan derechos renunciables, de acuerdo al Artículo 12. Naturaleza jurídica: La autocomposición es un equivalente jurisdiccional, jurisdiccional, es decir, un medio por el cual se pone término a un conflicto de relevancia jurídica de un modo diverso al proceso jurisdiccional. La mayoría de los autores estima que para estar en presencia de un equivalente jurisdiccional, es preciso que ella produzca el efecto de cosa juzgada. Revisten este carácter: a) La autocomposición b) la sentencia extranjera c) la sentencia eclesiástica d) el compromiso.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

Clases de autocomposición: Se distinguen dos clases de autocomposición: 1. Atendiendo a la sede en que el conflicto se resuelve: Se distingue entre: 

autocomposición extraprocesal: es aquella que opera fuera del proceso;



autocomposición intraprocesal: es aquella que opera dentro del proceso.

2.

Atendiendo

a

número

de

voluntades

que

se

requieren

para

su

perfeccionamiento: autocomposición bilateral: es aquella que opera por el acuerdo de 



voluntades de ambas partes. autocomposición unilateral: es aquella que opera por la declaración unilateral de voluntad de una de ellas.

Casos de autocomposición: 1.- La transacción (extraprocesal, bilateral) 2.- La conciliación (intraprocesal, bilateral) 3.- El avenimiento (intraprocesal, bilateral) 4.- La renuncia a la pretensión (extraprocesal, unilateral) 5.- El desistimiento de la demanda (intraprocesal, unilateral) 6.- La aceptación de la pretensión (extraprocesal, unilateral) 7.- El allanamiento (intraprocesal, unilateral) 8.- La mediación (¿método autocompositivo?). 9.- Suspensión condicional del procedimiento (intraprocesal, bilateral) 10.- Acuerdos reparatorios (intraprocesal, bilateral) 1. LA TRANSACCIÓN: Es un contrato por el cual partes terminan extrajudicialmente un litigio pendiente o precaven un litigio eventual, por medio de concesiones recíprocas. (Artículo 2446). Características: a) Es un contrato. b) Es un método autocompositivo extraprocesal c) Es un método autocompositivo bilateral.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

2. LA CONCILIACIÓN:  “Es un acto jurídico procesal bilateral en virtud del cual las partes, a iniciativa del

 juez que conoce del proceso, logran durante su desarrollo ponerle fin por mutuo acuerdo”. Artículos 262 al 268 Código de Procedimiento Civil.

Características: a) Tiene carácter de obligatorio al término de la fase de discusión del juicio ordinario civil, y adquiere el carácter de facultativo en las etapas posteriores del  juicio. b) Es un trámite o diligencia declarado esencial para los efectos de la interposición del recurso de casación en la forma (Artículo 768 nº 9 en relación al 795 nº 2 código de procedimiento civil, lo analizaremos en su oportunidad). c) Es un método autocompositivo intraprocesal. d) Es un método autocompositivo bilateral. e) Su carácter de equivalente jurisdiccional viene dado por el Artículo 267 CPC, el cual señala que el acta de conciliación se mira como sentencia ejecutoriada para todos los efectos legales, y, en consecuencia, produce efecto de cosa juzgada (Artículo 174 y 175 CPC). Para

algunos,

la

conciliación

es

una

forma

heterocompositiva,

y

no

autocompositiva, puesto que el juez de la causa no sólo está obligado a llamar a conciliación, sino que también a proponer las bases de arreglo, de lo que se desprende que cumple un rol preponderante activo en la solución del conflicto, pues surge de su iniciativa. Sin embargo, otros señalan que la conciliación es un método autocompositivo, porque si bien las bases de arreglo las propone el juez, son las partes quienes directamente arriban al acuerdo, considerando además que en estos casos el juez se halla entre las partes y no sobre ellas , como ocurre en los métodos heterocompositivos.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

3. EL AVENIMIENTO. “Es el acuerdo que logran directamente las partes al interior de un proceso que se

encuentra pendiente, y al que ponen término expresándolo así ante el tribunal que conoce del litigio”.

Características: a) Es un método autocompositivo intraprocesal. b) Es un método autocompositivo bilateral. c) Su carácter de equivalente jurisdiccional viene dado por el Artículo 434 nº 3 CPC que le da mérito ejecutivo al acta de avenimiento pasada (autorizada) ante tribunal competente, esto es, le confiere fuerza de acción de cosa juzgada, en el sentido de que permite exigir ejecutivamente el cumplimiento de lo acordado. Sin embargo, es dudoso, dada la escasa regulación de este medio autocompositivo, que produzca  “excepción de cosa juzgada”.

4. LA RENUNCIA A LA PRETENSIÓN. “Es el acto jurídico unilateral de abdicación a la pretensión que tiene derecho a

formular el litigante antes de ponerla en ejercicio, es decir, antes de iniciarse un proceso”.

Características: a) Es una forma autocompositiva unilateral. b) Es una forma autocompositiva extrajudicial. c) Su fundamento legal arranca en materia civil del Artículo 12, según el cual es posible renunciar a un derecho siempre que mire interés individual del renunciante y cuya renuncia no esté prohibida. En materia procesal civil, la doctrina le reconoce “ antes de su fundamento legal en el Artículo 148 inciso 1 CPC, que señala que “antes notificada la demanda, el actor podrá retirarla sin trámite alguno, y se considerará como no presentada”. presentada”.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

5. EL DESISTIMIENTO DE LA DEMANDA. “Es un acto procesal por el cual el demandante manifiesta su voluntad de no

perseverar en su pretensión contra el demandado, una vez que la demanda le ha sido notificada”.

Características: a) Es una forma autocompositiva intraprocesal (después de notificada la demanda). b) Es una forma autocompositiva unilateral. c) Constituye un acto de abdicación de la acción, y más precisamente de la pretensión. d) Su carácter de equivalente jurisdiccional viene dado porque el desistimiento se tramita como incidente, de acuerdo al Artículo 148 CPC, y debe ser aprobado por sentencia judicial, precisamente, por una sentencia interlocutoria. Luego, de acuerdo al Artículo 175 CPC, las sentencias interlocutorias firmes producen efecto de cosa juzgada. e) En el proceso penal, tratándose de la acción penal privada, el desistimiento del querellante es el único capaz de extinguir la pretensión penal, terminando el proceso por sobreseimiento definitivo (Artículo 401 CPC). 6. ACEPTACIÓN DE LA PRETENSIÓN. “Es

la admisión o reconocimiento de una pretensión contraria, dándole

cumplimiento fuera del proceso”.

Características: a) Es un método autocompositivo unilateral. b) Es un método autocompositivo extraprocesal. c) Esta figura no está reconocida expresamente en nuestra legislación, sino que es una elaboración de la doctrina.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

allanamiento no es un equivalente jurisdiccional, porque es el juez quien resuelve en definitiva. Sin embargo, otros autores estiman que sí se trata de un equivalente  jurisdiccional, toda vez que el juez en su fallo debe ajustarse a los términos del allanamiento. 8. LA MEDIACIÓN. Es un medio de solución de los conflictos por medio del cual un tercero imparcial, a través de la organización de intercambios entre las partes de un conflicto, les permite confrontar sus puntos de vista y, con su ayuda, resolver la controversia que les afecta. Su carácter autocompositivo es discutido. Estiman algunos, que la mediación es una forma de autocomposición, ya que el mediador no resuelve el conflicto, sino que se limita a aproximar a las partes, partes , de modo que se halla intraparte y no supraparte, como en los casos de heterocomposición. Para otros autores, la

mediación es más bien un caso de heterocomposición y ello, porque el mediador es un tercero imparcial, quien en definitiva resuelve el conflicto, aunque sean las partes quienes adopten el acuerdo. 9 y 10. SUSPENSIÓN CONDICIONAL DEL PROCEDIMIENTO Y ACUERDOS REPARATORIOS. Se conocen genéricamente con el nombre de  penal”.

“salidas alternativas del proceso

Toman este nombre porque una vez cumplida la condiciones (o la

prestación contraída por el imputado se resuelve la contienda por una vía distinta al pronunciamiento de una sentencia, pues una vez cumplidas las condiciones u obligaciones que de ella emanan, generan el sobreseimiento definitivo de la causa, causa, y con ello también se produce el efecto de cosa juzgada, no pudiendo renovarse la investigación penal por el mismo hecho que motivó la salida alternativa.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

Diferencia entre tribunales arbitrales y tribunales ordinarios: Existen varias diferencias. Primero, en cuanto a su fuente, sabemos que es la ley quien crea los tribunales ordinarios. Respecto de los tribunales arbitrales se reconocen cuatro fuentes: la ley como fuente indirecta, ya que contempla su existencia como tribunal en la legislación, la voluntad de las partes, la voluntad de causante o una resolución judicial. Respecto de su nombramiento, los tribunales ordinarios son nombrados por los poderes públicos y son permanentes y perpetuos, y los arbitrales por regla general por las partes, y por esta razón también son accidentales, y se constituyen para resolver un conflicto específico y determinado, y a su vez son temporales, porque tienen un plazo para desempeñar el arbitraje. En cuanto a su competencia, los tribunales ordinarios tienen una competencia amplia, y ella es determinada siempre por la ley. Los tribunales arbitrales tienen una competencia restringida; sólo pueden conocer y resolver el conflicto específico que se ha sometido a su conocimiento por la ley, el compromiso o la cláusula compromisoria. En cuanto a la facultad de imperio: Los tribunales ordinarios tienen facultad de imperio, y los tribunales arbitrales carecen de esta facultad, de modo que cuando el cumplimiento de la resolución arbitral exija medidas compulsivas, deberá recurrirse a la justicia ordinaria para el cumplimiento de lo resuelto. Por último, los tribunales arbitrales no integran parte del poder judicial, conclusión a que se arriba básicamente porque los árbitros no pueden hacer carrera funcionaria. Ventajas y desventajas del arbitraje.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

a) Atenta contra el principio de la gratuidad de la justicia, ya que las partes deben remunerar al árbitro. b) Lesiona el principio de igualdad de las partes, lo que se ve particularmente acentuado en el arbitraje forzoso. Clases de arbitraje. 1. Según la materia sometida sometida a arbitraje: a) Arbitraje facultativo o voluntario: voluntario : Es aquél en que las partes someten de propia iniciativa ciertas materias al conocimiento del tribunal arbitral, a través de una “convención de arbitraje”. En Chile encontramos dos tipos de convenciones de arbitraje: el compromiso y la cláusula compromisoria. 

Compromiso: Es una convención por la cual las partes sustraen del conocimiento de la justicia ordinaria determinados asuntos litigiosos, presentes o futuros, para someterlos al conocimiento de un árbitro que designan en el acto mismo de su celebración.



Cláusula compromisoria: Es un contrato por el cual las partes sustraen del conocimiento de la justicia ordinaria, uno o más asuntos litigiosos determinados, presentes o futuros, para someterlos al conocimiento de un  juez árbitro que no se designa en ese instante, pero que las partes se obligan a designarlo con posterioridad.

b) Arbitraje forzoso u obligatorio: Es aquél en que la ley somete expresamente ciertas materias a conocimiento del tribunal arbitral. Artículo 227 22 7 COT, son: - La liquidación de una sociedad conyugal, o colectiva, y las comunidades.

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2. Según la forma en cómo fallan el asunto y el procedimiento aplicable. De acuerdo al Artículo 223 COT hay tres categorías de árbitros: a) Árbitros de derecho: Son los que fallan con estricto apego a la ley, y se someten tanto en la tramitación como en el pronunciamiento de la sentencia definitiva, a las reglas establecidas para los jueces ordinarios, según la naturaleza de la acción deducida. El árbitro de derecho necesariamente debe tener la calidad de abogado. b) Árbitros arbitradores o amigables componedores: Son los que fallan obedeciendo a lo que su prudencia y la equidad le dictaren, y no están obligados a guardar en sus procedimiento ni en su fallos otras reglas que las que las partes hayan expresado en el acto constitutivo del compromiso, y si éstas nada hubieren expresado, a las que se establecen para este caso en el CPC. La referencia a la prudencia o equidad no está hecha al simple criterio subjetivo del árbitro, no se refiere a la noción personal que él tenga de lo justo, sino que es un llamado a atender antecedentes objetivos de solución de conflictos, entre los que se cuentan los principios generales del derecho, a los precedentes en materia de equidad, a la doctrina más autorizada aplicable sobre el particular. El amigable componedor no necesariamente debe tener la calidad de abogado, toda vez que puede fallar obedeciendo a lo que la prudencia y equidad le l e dictaren.

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aconsejan concederla (Artículo 224, inciso 2º COT). Finalmente, haya o no incapaces entre los interesados, el nombramiento de árbitro de derecho siempre será válido en cuanto a este aspecto se refiere, debido a que este tipo de árbitro tramita y falla igual que un tribunal ordinario, ofreciendo las mismas condiciones de seguridad que éste. Fuentes del arbitraje. Al revisar el Artículo 222 COT, se constata que las fuentes del arbitraje arbit raje son dos: a) La voluntad de las partes y b) de modo subsidiario a esa voluntad, la resolución  judicial. Sin embargo, este listado es incompleto, y podemos decir que las fuentes del arbitraje son cuatro: a) La voluntad de las partes. b) La resolución judicial, en subsidio a dicha voluntad. c) La ley, ley, en los casos de arbitraje forzoso. d) La voluntad del causante, quien tiene la atribución de designar en su testamento o en un instrumento público entre vivos, a la persona encargada de hacer la partición de sus bienes (Artículo 1324).

Límites del arbitraje. En cuanto a las personas: La jurisdicción del árbitro sólo se extiende a las personas

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¿Qué naturaleza tiene el arbitraje en el Derecho chileno? A nivel de Derecho comparado existen varias doctrinas que intentan explicar la naturaleza jurídica del arbitraje. Se destacan principalmente tres: 1. Tesis contractualista o privatista: Para algunos el arbitraje tiene una naturaleza contractual y, en este sentido, la labor del árbitro es una actividad meramente privada. Esta teoría presenta las siguientes variantes: Para algunos, el árbitro es un verdadero mandatario de las partes, cuyo encargo consiste precisamente en la resolución del conflicto. Para otros, el arbitraje es una delegación de la facultad de transigir, es decir, de celebrar un contrato de transacción. 2. Tesis jurisdiccional: jurisdiccional: la opinión mayoritaria estima que la naturaleza jurídica del arbitraje es propiamente jurisdiccional, el árbitro es un juez, ya que actúa como un tercero imparcial. En Chile, ésta es la opinión casi unánime de los autores, y las razones que se esgrimen para considerar el arbitraje como un auténtico proceso  jurisdiccional, son las siguientes: a) El Artículo 222 C OT al definir a los árbitros los llama “jueces”. Dice este artículo: Se llaman árbitros los jueces nombrados por las partes o por la autoridad judicial en subsidio, para la resolución de un asunto litigioso. b) El Artículo 5 Inciso final COT menciona al ar bitraje como “tribunal”.

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LA JURISDICCIÓN. Es el poder – deber que tiene los tribunales para conocer y resolver por medio del proceso y con efecto de cosa juzgada, los conflictos de intereses de relevancia  jurídica que se promueven en el orden temporal dentro del territorio de la República, y en cuya solución les corresponde intervenir. Artículos 1 Código Orgánico de Tribunales y 76 inciso 1 Constitución Político de la República. Según ambos preceptos “la facultad de conocer las causas civiles y criminales,

de

juzgarlas

y

de

ejecutar

lo

juzgado,

pertenece

exclusivamente a los tribunales que establece la ley”. De ahí que la jurisprudencia definió a la jurisdicción como “la facultad de conocer

las causas, de juzgarlas y de hacer ejecutar lo juzga do”. Características: 1. Es una función pública: Porque la ejerce el Estado a través de sus órganos  jurisdiccionales. Y más precisamente, porque la jurisdicción constituye una expresión de la soberanía del Estado, por la cual se procura la paz social y la seguridad jurídica. 2. Es un poder-deber público: De acuerdo al Artículos 1 COT y 76 CPR la  jurisdicción es una facultad, una atribución, un poder. Pero no es e s sólo eso, sino que también constituye un deber, lo que se concluye en base al Artículo 10 Inciso 2 COT

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derecho y jurisdicción de equidad. equidad. Sin embargo, los autores con un afán sistemático y pedagógico, clasifican a la jurisdicción, o más precisamente, a los tribunales, en tribunales de derecho y de equidad   La jurisdicción o tribunales de .

equidad son excepcionales, y encontramos los siguientes casos: a) Caso en que no haya una norma que resuelva el conflicto sometido a la decisión del tribunal, caso en el cual, en aplicación del principio de inexcusabilidad, el juez se comportará como legislador del caso concreto resolviendo el asunto a través de los principios de equidad. b) Los árbitros arbitradores que fallan conforme a lo que su prudencia y equidad les dictare. c) El Senado, cuando conoce de la acusación constitucional presentada por la Cámara de Diputados contra los ministros de Estado. d) El TRICEL, cuando conoce de las reclamaciones relativas a las elecciones del Presidente, de diputados y senadores, con arreglo al Artículo 96 CPR. e) La CS, cuando conoce del recurso por la pérdida de la nacionalidad, en conformidad al Artículo 12 CPR.

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10. Es eventualmente factible de ejecución. La coercibilidad es la legítima posibilidad de recurrir a la fuerza socialmente organizada, a fin de obtener el cumplimiento de lo resuelto. Este atributo se conoce el nombre de “imperio” y que

en la Constitución se expresa en el artículo 76 inciso 3. Ahora bien, no todas las sentencias son susceptibles de ejecución. No lo son, por ejemplo, las sentencias declarativas de mera certeza y las sentencias constitutivas. ¿Cuál es el carácter identificatorio de la jurisdicción?: Para algunos, es el carácter de cosa juzgada de la sentencia. Para otros, es la imparcialidad del juez. Y ello, porque existe la cosa juzgada aparente o fraudulenta, que no es cosa juzgada en estricto rigor, sino un remedo (copia) de ella, y ello ocurre precisamente cuando el juez es imparcial. i mparcial.

Momentos de la jurisdicción.

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definitiva. El juez no puede fallar ni más ni menos que aquello que se planteó por los litigantes. Excepcionalmente ello sí es posible, por ejemplo, cuando la ley faculta al tribunal para proceder de oficio. c) Fase de ejecución: ejecución: Esta etapa es eventual, pues no todas las sentencias requieren ser cumplidas compulsivamente, como se dijo anteriormente. En el caso de que no se cumpla voluntariamente lo resuelto, los tribunales pueden hacer uso de la denominada “facultad de imperio”, que consiste en la legítima posibilidad de

recurrir a la fuerza socialmente organizada a fin de dar cumplimiento a la sentencia. d) Fase de cautela: Algunos autores señalan que existe un cuarto momento de la  jurisdicción, que se ubica entre el juzgamiento y la ejecución, y que consiste en el aseguramiento necesario para que la sentencia pueda cumplirse, asegurar la eficacia práctica de la sentencia . Esta fase toma el nombre de “cautela” . Al igual

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

Límites externos constitucionales: Los órganos jurisdiccionales no pueden invadir las funciones de otros órganos del Estado (Artículos 6 y 7 CPR y Artículo 6 COT).

B) Límites internos: Este límite está dado por la competencia que la ley confiere a cada órgano jurisdiccional, de modo que no puede uno entrometerse en las competencias de otro (Art. 108 COT). Ámbito de la jurisdicción. Es inapropiado hablar de “ámbitos de la jurisdicción”, ya que su   naturaleza es siempre la misma, es unitaria en cualquier ámbito que ésta se manifieste. Pese a ello y sólo para efectos sistemáticos o de explicación, y así no más sea para seguir el orden propuesto por los tres primeros artículos del COT, hablaremos de: 1. Jurisdicción contenciosa (Artículo 1 COT).

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navales, militares y aeronáuticos, o el tribunal constitucional o el tribunal calificador de elecciones o el tribunal de la libre competencia. 2. Jurisdicción voluntaria o actos judiciales no contenciosos. Artículo 2 COT “También corresponde a los tribunales intervenir en todos aquellos r equiera su intervención”. actos no c ontenciosos en que una ley expresa requiera

No la define el COT sino que el Artículo 817 CPC, según el cual “son actos judiciales no contenciones, aquellos que según la ley requieren de intervención del juez, y en que no se promueve contienda alguna entre partes”. A los actos judiciales no contenciosos se les conocen con distintos nombres. En efecto, a ellos se les suele llamar como “actos no contenciosos”   (Artículo 2 COT); “asuntos de jurisdicción voluntaria   (Artículo 179 COT), COT), “actos  judiciales no contenciosos” (epígrafe del Libro IV CPC).

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no existe una persona pidiendo algo en contra de la otra parte. Así ocurre, por ejemplo, con las acciones “de mera certeza”. 2) Criterio romanista. Conforme al criterio romanista los actos jurídicos no contenciosos se caracterizan porque el juez actúa sin conocimiento de causa ( sine causa cognitio ), es decir, inaudita altera pars , o sea, sin oír a la parte contraria, porque no la hay, a

diferencia de lo que ocurre en la jurisdicción contenciosa, en que el juez actúa con conocimiento de causa ( cum causa cognitio ), esto es, audita altera pars (oyendo a la contraria). Se critica porque en la jurisdicción voluntaria existen casos en que la propia ley ordena obrar con conocimiento de causa, así ocurre con el art. 836 CPC, a propósito de la emancipación voluntaria. Características de los actos judiciales no contenciosos:

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3. Facultades conservadoras, disciplinarias y económicas. Artículo 3° COT. 1. Facultades conservadoras. Son las facultades de los órganos jurisdiccionales destinadas a velar por la protección o amparo de las garantías individuales y sociales consagradas en la CPR. Manifestaciones actuales de la facultad conservadora: Encontramos por ejemplo: Recurso (acción) de amparo o Habeas corpus. Recurso (acción) de protección,

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C) Recurso de Queja: Artículos 535, 536, 541, 545, 548, 549 y 551 COT.  “Es un instrumento procesal (o recurso extraordinario) que la ley otorga a las

partes, para solicitar al Tribunal superior jerárquico, que ponga pronto remedio al mal que motiva su interposición, mediante la enmienda o invalidación de la resolución que ha dictado un juez o jueces inferiores con falta o abuso grave, por un lado, y por otro, para que aplique las sanciones disciplinarias que fueren procedentes, como consecuencia de tales faltas o abusos graves, respecto de dicho  juez o jueces”.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO



Los juzgados de letras,



Los Juzgados de Garantía y



Tribunal de Juicio Oral en lo Penal.

b) Tribunales especiales: especiales: Son aquellos que están reglamentados por leyes distintas al COT, y a los que le corresponde el conocimiento de ciertos asuntos  judiciales señalados en la ley. Son: Tribunales de familia, 

Juzgados de policía local,

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

3. De acuerdo a su duración o si tienen un plazo fijado para ejercer sus funciones: a) Perpetuos: Son aquellos que no tienen fijado un plazo para ejercer sus funciones, o sea, desempeñan su cargo por tiempo indefinido, hasta que sobrevenga la causal de terminación de sus funciones. Es la regla general. b) Temporales: Son aquellos que sí tienen fijado un plazo para el ejercicio de sus funciones. Tienen esa calidad los jueces árbitros o el TC. 4. En atención a la estabilidad o permanencia del tribunal:

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

b) Primera instancia: Son aquellos en los que la sentencia que pone término al  juicio es susceptible de recurso de apelación. Por ejemplo, el juzgado de letras civil y los juzgados de familia. c) Segunda instancia: Aquellos que conocen y fallan recursos de apelación. Fundamentalmente la Corte de Apelaciones, pero también puede ser la Corte Suprema.

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

Principios formativos del proceso. Se subdividen en:

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

tener presente que el principio dispositivo hoy también tiene aplicación en el nuevo proceso penal, por ejemplo, en materia de acuerdos reparatorios y de convenciones

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

El principio de mediación, por su parte, supone todo lo contrario, el juez no tiene contacto directo con la prueba sino que ésta se vincula con un tercero, o bien,

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DEFIENDE TU GRADO

EL PROCESO JURISDICCIONAL FACULTATIVO Y EL NECESARIO.

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BASES FUNDAMENTALES DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN JUDICIAL.  “Es aquel conjunto de principios o normas normas que se consideran indispensables para el

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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