Apunte Examen de Grado Civil 10

Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos. 10º INTERROGACIÓN PLAN INTERMEDIO

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

GRANDES PRINCIPIOS DE LA CONTRATACIÓN: 1. Libertad contractual 2. Buena fe 3. Intangibilidad de los contratos y fuerza obligatoria del contrato 4. Consensualismo contractual 5. Efecto relativo de los contratos Autonomía de la voluntad y la libertad contractual. En el código civil chileno, no hay una norma que consagre expresamente este principio, pero los autores estiman que se desprende del artículo 1545, 1545, porque la única forma de justificar la fuerza obligatoria del contrato es señalar que si las partes deben respetarlo es porque libremente consintieron en él. El principio de la libertad contractual  contractual  es la manifestación de un principio más amplio, cual es, el de la autonomía de la voluntad o autonomía privada1. La palabra autonomía proviene de autos y nomos, que implica la idea de auto normarse, regularse. Para Alessandri la autonomía de la voluntad es:  “La libertad de que gozan los particulares para pactar los contratos que les plazcan y determinar su contenido, efectos y duración”. Federico de Castro señala en muy buen logrado concepto:  “El poder de autodeterminación (autonormarse) de la persona y se refiere a la

libertad de ésta tanto para ejecutar derechos y facultades como para conformar distintas relaciones jurídicas que le afectan (obligarse)”.

1

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Se reconocen entonces dos elementos en la autonomía de la voluntad: a) Poder atribuido a la voluntad en la creación, modificación y extinción de las relaciones jurídicas. b) Poder de la voluntad referido al uso, goce y disposición de poderes, facultades y derechos subjetivos. (Voluntad en cuanto a su ejercicio) La doctrina contemporánea admite la autonomía de la voluntad, de manera más realista, que nos acerca al análisis económico del derecho, así se postula la necesidad de no hablar más de autonomía de la voluntad, sino que es mejor denominar a este principio como autonomía privada porque no es la voluntad la que explica todo. A propósito de la denominación, se postula que no sólo debemos fijarnos cuando el contrato se concluye o nace, hay que mirar como regula los efectos, es decir, como un todo, no solo cuando el contrato nace sino también como funciona y cómo se ejecuta, es decir, como se proyectó. Enrique Barros, sostiene que hablar de autonomía privada es más práctico, en donde un sujeto que celebra un acto jurídico, acepta las reglas del juego impuestas por el derecho objetivo y las leyes del mercado, ya no es la voluntad la generadora de todo, es decir, la voluntad está presente cuando se celebra el contrato en orden a aceptar las reglas. Límites de la autonomía de la voluntad volunta d a) Límites Intrínsecos: Intrínsecos: Dados por el orden público, lo que se relaciona con la costumbre y también por la evolución del concepto de autonomía de la voluntad, en orden a lo que hoy en día debemos entender por ella. b) Límites Extrínsecos: Extrínsecos: Dados por la normativa legal, reglamentaria, que establece donde la voluntad debe operar.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Principios de la contratación o sub principios de la autonomía privada en el iter contractual : El

iter contractual  

son las etapas que tienen lugar en la

contratación, cuales son:

1. Etapa precontractual 2. Celebración o conclusión del contrato 3. Ejecución del contrato 4. Extinción del contrato. 5. Etapa post contractual. Dimensiones de la libertad contractual. El principio de la libertad contractual tiende a confundirse con la autonomía privada, pero se refiere específicamente a la facultad que tienen las personas para decidir si contratan o no, y si deciden contratar, para elegir a la persona de su co -contratante y para darle a ese contrato el contenido que estimen necesario, es decir, de la autoconfiguración interna del contrato. Este principio lo ubicamos en la etapa precontractual y en la etapa de conclusión. Se distinguen 3 dimensiones de este principio: 1. Libertad de conclusión: conclusión: Se refiere a decidir si contrato o no. 2. Libertad de elección de co-contratante. co-contratante. 3. Libertad de autoconfiguración interna: interna: Se refiere a determinar el contenido contractual, la construcción interna del contrato, porque las normas en materia de contrato son supletivas de la voluntad de las partes, pueden éstas construir el contrato de la manera que les parezca más adecuada. Esto se entiende en el contrato clásicamente celebrado, en una sociedad igualitaria, pero la estructura social hoy no nos permite configurarlo de esta manera, por lo tanto la libertad contractual presenta ciertos deterioros que deterioros que pueden ser de dos tipos: a) Cuantitativos:  Cuantitativos:  Cada vez hay más contratos donde ya no existe esta triple manifestación, estamos en presencia del fenómeno del dirigismo contractual , en donde la autoridad se involucra en el contrato, tratándose de normas de orden

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Contratos de adhesión: El contrato libremente discutido es aquel cuyas cláusulas son el resultado de una deliberación previa y libre entre los contratantes. Para que pueda darse esta libertad de discusión es fundamental que las partes se encuentren en un plano igualdad. Estos contratos constituyen la regla general. El contrato de adhesión es una manera especial de contratar, es decir, de cómo configuramos el contrato (autoconfiguración interna). Jorge López Santa María, María, lo define como:  “Aquel contrato en el cual una de las partes, o bien impone a la otra la totalidad de

las cláusulas, o al menos las más importantes, restándole a la otra parte sólo adherir a las mismas si desea contratar ”. La Ley de protección al consumidor2 señala que  “Es aquel cuyas cláusulas han sido propuestas unilateralmente por el proveedor, sin

que el consumidor para celebrarlo pueda alterar su contenido”. Nos encontramos al hablar de contrato de adhesión con dos problemas: 1. Naturaleza jurídica del contrato por adhesión 2. Formas de solución al fenómeno fenómeno de la adhesión contractual.

Naturaleza jurídica del contrato por adhesión. adhesión . Nace casi paralelamente con el derecho proteccionista al consumidor, desde principios del siglo XX. Al respecto hay dos posturas:

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Postura Anticontractualista 3: Considera que el contrato por adhesión no es contrato, sino que es un acto jurídico jurí dico unilateral y reglamentario. a) Razón jurídica: Esta figura escapa de la noción clásica de contrato, porque quien celebra el contrato es quien qu ien establece las cláusulas y acá no lo l o hacen ambas partes, éstas no se encuentran en igualdad de condiciones y por tanto no se puede calificar como contrato. b) Razón práctica: Al no ser contrato se le confieren más facultades al juez para revisar este acto jurídico. Por ello podría revisarlo, modificarlo y no se aplicaría el artículo 15454. Postura Contractualista: Es la postura mayoritaria. El contrato por adhesión es contrato, la parte a la que se le imponen las cláusulas igual adhiere al contrato, tiene que aceptar. aceptar. Hay manifestación de voluntad voluntad y por lo tanto tanto hay consentimiento, hay acuerdo de voluntades. En cuanto contrato lo que lo caracteriza, es la etapa precontractual, en la negociación contractual, dicha etapa está presente, pero de forma distinta, ya que no hay negociaciones o son ínfimas, la parte más fuerte impone las cláusulas a la más débil. Existe un desequilibrio o desigualdad. El legislador no busca igualdad matemática entre las partes, ya que la ley entiende que una parte naturalmente tiene que sacar más ventaja que la otra. El problema se produce cuando el desequilibrio es excesivo, por las consecuencias negativas que esto puede generar. Características esenciales del contrato de adhesión 1. Minuciosidad: Minuciosidad: la oferta es bien detallada en la redacción de las l as cláusulas. 2. Permanencia: Permanencia: se decía que el contrato por adhesión se prolongaba en el tiempo porque se supone que el que lo redacta lo ofrecerá a varios destinatarios. 3. Generalidad: Generalidad: se ofrece a un número indeterminado de personas que tendrán la opción de adherir o no al contrato.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Ahora bien, éstas no son características que necesariamente tienen que estar en el contrato por adhesión, generalmente las supone, pero lo que ocurre es que la mayoría de los casos se da en el mercado de proveedores y consumidores (contrataciones masivas), pero si no es así, es preciso identificar el elemento de mayor poder de negociación, ya que podría igualmente darse un contrato por adhesión entre dos personas particulares. Desde el punto de vista del análisis económico del derecho, el contrato por adhesión es una eficaz herramienta para: obtención de bienes y servicios, nos permite una mayor celeridad en la celebración de contratos. Si todos los contratos de prestación de bienes y servicios fueren libremente discutidos habría una demora en su obtención. Empero sus desventajas se manifiestan en el abuso del poder  poder  negociador que tiene la parte más fuerte, la consecuencia es la introducción de cláusulas leoninas o abusivas, abusivas, siendo éstas lícitas, pero que concentran las desventajas en una sola parte. Actualmente la ley y la doctrina se preocupan de qué manera podemos palear esas cláusulas abusivas. abusivas. Cláusula abusiva: Es aquella que entraña una ventaja excesiva para el empresario, acarreando un desequilibrio en los derechos y obligaciones en un contrato concluido por adhesión, celebrado entre un empresario y un consumidor, y que ha sido preredactado por el primero. Es aquella que choca con los principios de justicia conmutativa, que rompe el equilibrio económico propio de los contratos onerosos. A partir de esto, lo que caracteriza a una cláusula abusiva es: i) Desequilibrio.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Los autores señalan que las cláusulas abusivas pueden introducirse fácilmente a un contrato, ya que las normas que regulan el ámbito contractual son supletorias de la voluntad de las partes, y en virtud del principio de la autonomía de la voluntad éstas podrían acordar lo que estimen conveniente modificando la reglamentación que establece la ley en torno a un determinado contrato. Sin otra limitación que ese contrato no contenga nada prohibido por la ley o contrario al orden público, a la moral o las buenas costumbres. Frente a esto parte de la doctrina señala que ello no es tan efectivo, las partes no pueden pactar cualquier cosa porque por una parte se podría llegar a desnaturalizar el vínculo contractual y por otra parte porque las normas que regulan a los contratos si bien son supletorias de la voluntad representan el mejor modelo de lo justo. En consecuencia, si en un contrato en particular las partes se alejan demasiado de ese modelo debido a la introducción de cláusulas abusivas el ordenamiento jurídico debe reaccionar. Es por ello, que habría que agregar como limitación a la autonomía de la voluntad las normas dispositivas en el ámbito contractual, en cuanto representan el mejor modelo de lo justo. Por ejemplo: i) El servicio de custodia de un supermercado, y éste señala que no va a responder por las perdidas, hurtos y robos. Jurídicamente es un contrato de depósito (forzado) y es de la esencia de la obligación del depositario cuidar y custodiar esa cosa. Luego esa cláusula de irresponsabilidad esta desperfilando de tal forma ese contrato que pierde su naturaleza, de manera que por mucho que las normas sobre el depósito sean supletorias de la voluntad de las partes, en caso de la desnaturalización de este

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Ejemplos de cláusulas abusivas: 1. Si una parte se reserva el derecho de resolver el contrato unilateralmente en forma discrecional. 2. Si una parte se reserva el derecho de suspender el cumplimiento del contrato en forma unilateral. 3. Si una parte se reserva el derecho de modificar m odificar unilateralmente el contrato. 4. Si se invierte el onus probandi. 5. Si se limitan las excepciones que puede poner el demandado. 6. Si se limita la posibilidad de acudir a la justicia. 7. Las cláusulas sorpresivas, son aquellas que revisten el carácter de insólitas porque su existencia no era previsible en un contrato. Por ejemplo: si un contrato de compraventa con algún proveedor se asume la obligación que los contratos futuros se celebraran con el mismo proveedor. Las cláusulas abusivas en el derecho comparado. En general existen tres grandes sistemas para abordar el tema de las cláusulas abusivas. 1. Una cláusula general: La ley señala en términos amplios qué características debe presentar una cláusula para que sea considerada abusiva. 2. Sistema de las listas grises: En el cual ley señala que cláusulas potencialmente tendrían el carácter de abusivas correspondiéndole al juez determinar en cada caso

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Paliativos al problema de la Adhesión Contractual. 1. Soluciones de carácter general: Encontramos la posibilidad de aplicar normas del código civil o principios del derecho civil, que servirán como paliativos de alcance general. a) Primera solución: principios de la formación del consentimiento. consentimiento . La voluntad debe ser libre y espontánea, ver como se forma el consentimiento. Se ha dicho que en rigor la parte más débil no manifiesta verdaderamente su voluntad y/o consentimiento, y no lo presta por desconocimiento o por ignorancia. Entonces no habría consentimiento, por lo tanto el contrato no existe por ausencia de voluntad. La parte no tiene cabal conocimiento de lo que se celebra, ya que es para un número indeterminado de destinatarios, la oferta es excesivamente minuciosa, con un lenguaje ininteligible, muy técnico, o porque se encuentra en otro idioma, en letra pequeña, entonces una posibilidad es decir que no hay manifestación de consentimiento. Problemas: 1. Si es que se pide que se constate la inexistencia o se declare la nulidad del contrato no habrá contrato, entonces la parte más débil no va a obtener los bienes y servicios que necesita. 2. Si hablamos de una parte más débil, habrá entonces una más fuerte. La cual estará mejor preparada frente a un eventual juicio y a la más débil le acarreará un gran costo.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

La parte más débil contrata porque lo requiere de manera urgente; por ejemplo los l os servicios básicos, por lo tanto acá hay fuerza moral, la voluntad está viciada. Problema: El problema de esta solución es que hay que ver cuál es el origen de la fuerza para viciar la voluntad (persona o circunstancia externa). ii. El error, este puede ser diversos tipos: Una posibilidad es señalar que producto del desconocimiento de las cláusulas del contrato a lo mejor se incurrió en un error esencial en la l a naturaleza del contrato que se celebra. El problema aquí es la consecuencia que se genera, es decir, si es la inexistencia, la nulidad absoluta o relativa. Otra posibilidad podría ser un error vicio y este sí que constituye vicio de la voluntad porque podría haber un error en la calidad esencial de los bienes que se contratan. Problema.: Costear un juicio ordinario de lato conocimiento, y si el resultado es favorable para el más débil, este se quedará qu edará sin contratar y por lo tanto sin obtener el bien o el servicio que requiere. c) Tercera Solución: afectación a la buena fe, buenas costumbres y orden público. Es valerse de cláusulas generales o conceptos válvulas. d) Cuarta Solución: aplicar las reglas de interpretación. i. En el derecho comparado más clásico, existe un sistema de interpretación aplicable sólo a los contratos por adhesión, señalando que deben interpretarse de manera distinta las cláusulas accidentales de las esenciales. En las esenciales el  juez tendrá mayores facultades para revisarlas a favor de la parte más débil.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

2. Soluciones de carácter particular. a) Primera solución: dirigismo contractual. contractual. Fórmula que acoge Jorge López y se refiere al dirigismo contractual que constituye una eficaz herramienta para palear los efectos del abuso del contrato por adhesión. Por ejemplo: el contrato de arrendamiento, en materia de inversión extranjera y el contrato de trabajo. b) Segunda solución: homologación del poder público. Una forma de evitar la inclusión de cláusulas abusivas es mediante la aprobación de un órgano del Estado. Ejemplo, el contrato de seguro, que tienen que ser aprobados y registrados en la Superintendencia de valores y seguros. c) Tercera Solución: mayor proliferación de contratos tipos bilaterales. d) Cuarta Solución: ampliación de la lesión enorme. enorme. Es una solución propia del derecho comparado. Si la ampliamos y la configuramos como un vicio de la voluntad nos permitiría reclamar ante los tribunales de justicia. e) Quinta Solución: a través del derecho del consumidor. consumidor. Esta es la forma más desarrollada, de origen europeo. Se dicta en Chile la ley 19.496, donde se define el contrato por adhesión y contempla los problemas que se generan en éstos al

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

c) Pongan de cargo del consumidor los efectos de deficiencias, omisiones o errores administrativos, cuando ellos no le sean imputables; d) Inviertan la carga de la prueba en perjuicio del consumidor; e) Contengan limitaciones absolutas de responsabilidad frente al consumidor que puedan privar a éste de su derecho a resarcimiento frente a deficiencias que afecten la utilidad o finalidad esencial del producto o servicio; f) Incluyan espacios en blanco, que no hayan sido a, b y c) llenados o inutilizados antes de que se suscriba suscriba el contrato, y g) En contra de las exigencias de la buena fe, atendiendo para estos efectos a parámetros objetivos, causen en perjuicio del consumidor, un desequilibrio importante en los derechos y obligaciones que para las partes se deriven del contrato. Para ello se atenderá a la finalidad del contrato y a las disposiciones especiales o generales que lo rigen. Se presumirá que dichas cláusulas se encuentran ajustadas a exigencias de la buena fe, si los contratos a que pertenecen han sido revisados y autorizados por un órgano administrativo en ejecución de sus facultades legales.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Si en estos contratos se designa árbitro, el consumidor podrá recusarlo sin necesidad de expresar causa y solicitar que se nombre otro por el juez letrado competente. Si se hubiese designado más de un árbitro, para actuar uno en subsidio de otro, podrá ejercer este derecho respecto de todos o parcialmente respecto de algunos. Todo ello de conformidad a las reglas del COT. En todo contrato de adhesión en que se designe un árbitro, será obligatorio incluir una cláusula que informe al consumidor de su derecho a recusarlo, conforme a lo establecido en el inciso anterior. Lo que se entiende sin perjuicio del derecho que tiene el consumidor de recurrir siempre ante el tribunal competente. El año 2004 se dicta la Ley 19.955, ésta incorpora un artículo 12 donde se reglamentan los contratos celebrados por medios electrónicos, esta ley sigue la tendencia del derecho comparado e incorpora una cláusula más general que es la de la buena fe, en virtud de lo que dispone en el art. 16 en la letra g. Pone énfasis en que para calificar una cláusula como leonina hay que atender a parámetros objetivos de buena fe que fe que permitirán juzgar si esa cláusula es o no contraria a la buena fe, se considera el equilibrio económico contractual, justicia contractual, considerar la posición de las partes para determinar si hay un desequilibrio y si éste se produce a partir de d e la cláusula en cuestión. La ley 19.955 incorpora en la letra 16 A, el legislador permite la nulidad parcial del

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Finalidades del dirigismo contractual: 1. Proteger a la parte más débil de la relación contractual, de abusos que pueda cometer la parte más fuerte, a través de la intervención del legislador. 2. Promover por parte del Estado determinadas actividades, particularmente actividades económicas.

Ejemplos de dirigismo contractual. 1. El contrato de trabajo. 2. El contrato de arrendamiento de predio urbano y predio rustico. 3. Contrato de inversión extranjera DL 600. 4. Operaciones de crédito de dinero ley 18.010. 5. Contrato de transporte marítimo bajo régimen de conocimiento de embarque.

Contrato forzoso. La ley no lo define. Sin embargo, algunos lo contraponen con el contrato voluntario. Jorge López Santa María lo define como:

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

El contrato Forzoso Ortodoxo Es un contrato que viene impuesto por el legislador en orden a que hay que celebrarlo, por tanto, el mandato legal del legislador se da a quien se encuentra en una determinada situación jurídica. Lo particular es que aquí hay una merma al principio de libertad contractual. Fundamentalmente hay una disminución de la libertad de conclusión (si contrato o no). Por lo tanto es un contrato que se distancia del contrato clásicamente concebido. En el Código Civil hay diversos casos de contratos forzosos ortodoxos: ortodoxos: 1. Artículo 775 derecho de usufructo. Acá encontramos un contrato forzoso ortodoxo, ya que se tiene que rendir caución. La razón de esta caución es que el legislador quiere cautelar la obligación restitutoria del usufructuario5. 2. Artículo 374 en trámites para discernir la tutela o curaduría, en donde también se requiere de fianza o caución. La razón de esta caución es la finalidad es la profunda desconfianza del legislador con los administradores de bienes bi enes ajenos. 3. Artículo 21516. El mandatario puede, en el ejercicio de su cargo, contratar a su propio nombre o al del mandante; si contrata a su propio nombre, no obliga respecto de terceros al mandante.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

voluntariamente en la situación jurídica (manejar su auto). Pero está disminuida la libertad contractual en sus tres aspectos. Contrato Forzoso Heterodoxo. Aquel que la autoridad da por celebrado7. En cuanto a su naturaleza jurídica existen distintas opiniones8: 



No estaríamos frente a un contrato, no habría contenido de voluntad, y sólo serían obligaciones legales. Es contrato9. Ya que para clasificar al contrato como tal debe ponerse énfasis en lo contraído, es decir, en sus efectos. Puede que no haya acuerdo, pero si lo contraído tiene efectos de contrato, es por tanto un contrato.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Podría el ex comunero adjudicarse bienes de mayor valor al de su cuota, (que es una representación abstracta de los derechos que tiene el comunero en los bienes parte de la comunidad) y pagar al contado el exceso, o si el valor excede al 80% de su cuota se entiende celebrada una hipoteca. 3. Artículo 71 Código Tributario inciso primero Cuando una persona natural o jurídica cese en sus actividades por venta, cesión o traspaso a otra de sus bienes, negocios o industrias, la persona adquirente tendrá el carácter de fiador respecto de las obligaciones tributarias correspondientes a lo adquirido que afecten al vendedor o cedente. Para gozar del beneficio de excusión dentro del juicio ejecutivo de cobro de los respectivos impuestos, el adquirente, deberá cumplir con lo dispuesto en los artículos 2.358 y 2.359 del Código Civil. También la ley da por celebrado una fianza. No hay voluntad, solo hay en orden a

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

En sede jurídica, este principio se proyecta en dos sentidos distintos: a. La buena fe subjetiva b. La buena fe objetiva.

a) Buena fe subjetiva:  “Es la convicción interna, persuasión o conciencia de que se está actuando u obrando conforme a derecho”.

Se trata de una convicción sicológica, interna de estar celebrando un acto jurídico legítimo y válido. Este concepto se extrae a partir del artículo 706, respecto a la buena fe posesoria.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

fe (los que sabían que estaban contratando con alguien que tenía un derecho resoluble). Es siempre una situación de orden psicológico. Tratándose de inmuebles la regla es distinta ya que se exige un requisito objetivo para que la resolución afecte a terceros. 4. PRESTACIONES MUTUAS EN LA ACCIÓN REIVINDICATORIA (RESTITUCIÓN DE FRUTOS Y MEJORAS).  MEJORAS).   Para resolver sobre los frutos y mejoras se distingue según la buena o mala fe del poseedor vencido; el poseedor que sin serlo se creía dueño es poseedor de buena fe, y aquel que sabía que no era dueño es un poseedor de mala fe. 5. MATRIMONIO NULO PUTATIVO. PUTATIVO . El matrimonio putativo es aquel matrimonio nulo celebrado o ratificado ante un Oficial de Registro Civil y que produce los mismos efectos civiles que el matrimonio válido respecto de quien o de quienes lo

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Buena fe objetiva o negocial. Artículo 154611.  “Es el deber que tienen los contratantes de comportarse leal y correctamente en

sus relaciones mutuas desde el comienzo de los tratos preliminares, y hasta los momentos posteriores a la terminación del contrato” .

La buena fe negocial implica actuar de buena fe, lo único que se nos exige es que tengamos un comportamiento recto, leal, honesto para la contraparte. Esta dimensión de la buena fe es la que interesa mayormente en materia contractual ya que es a ésta a la que se refiere el artículo 1546 al señalar que los contratos deben ejecutarse de buena fe. En numerosas ocasiones, el legislador no da una solución específica a un determinado problema pero éste se puede resolver aplicando los principios, por ejemplo de la buena fe, la reprobación del abuso del derecho, la actuación de un

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

2. La buena fe se utiliza cuando se incorporan instituciones al ordenamiento  jurídico,  jurídico, o bien para interpretar instituciones que podemos encontrar en nuestro ordenamiento. ordenamiento. a)

Una posibilidad es que por esa vía podamos incorporar al

ordenamiento instituciones que no están contenidas en nuestro ordenamiento. Por ejemplo, se podrían ampliar los casos de lesión enorme, que no están en el ordenamiento. En cuanto a la fuerza, el código parte de

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

En síntesis, la buena fe objetiva en la fase precontractual se manifiesta en los siguientes deberes: 1) Deber de no aparentar una situación económica que no se tiene, por ejemplo se está en insolvencia. 2) Deber de no aparentar una calidad jurídica que no se tiene, por ejemplo encubrir una causal de incapacidad.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

La buena fe en la celebración del contrato impone los deberes de: 1) Deber de declarar la verdadera calidad de la cosa objeto del contrato. Ejemplo, se vende un bien y adolece de defectos o vicios ocultos. 2) Deber de declarar la verdadera calidad personal de un contratante cuando se trata de una obligación de hacer. Ejemplo, es aprendiz y no maestro. 3) Deber de declarar la exacta calidad jurídica del bien a que se refiere el contrato.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

insignificante del contrato13. b. La consagración de la excepción de contrato no cumplido14. c. La posibilidad de rechazar una acción indemnizatoria si aplicando la buena fe se configura una causal de inexigibilidad aunque no constituya caso fortuito. d. La aceptación de la teoría de la imprevisión.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

b) Es un instrumento morigerador del rigor del contrato, ya que el juez puede apartarse de su texto para ampliar o restringir su interpretación, dependiendo de las circunstancias del caso. c) Permite dar cabida a una seria de instituciones que carecen de una regulación expresa en la ley, por ejemplo, la teoría del abuso del derecho, la lesión, la teoría de la imprevisión, etc.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Diferencias entre la ley y el contrato.

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

Hay dos grupos de excepciones a esta regla:

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

c) Plazo extintivo: Las propias partes han establecido un plazo en el contrato

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

b) Un segundo grupo, son aquellos casos en donde se presenta un recurso de

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Grandes principios de la contratación: libertad contractual, buena fe e intangibilidad de los contratos. La interpretación de los contratos.

4. Principio del Consensualismo.

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