Apunte Examen de Grado Civil 07

La Condición. Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal de las obligaciones: El pago 7º Interrogación PLAN INTERMEDIO

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

Obligaciones condicionales1 Reglamentación: Título IV del Libro IV, articulo 1473 a 1493. “Es obligación condicional la que depende de una condición, esto es, de un acontecimiento futuro que puede suceder o no”, Artículo 1473.

La doctrina, sin embargo, define a la condición como “un hecho futuro e incierto del cual depende el nacimiento o extinción de un derecho y su obligación

correlativa”. a) La condición se caracteriza por la incertidumbre y la futuridad. El plazo, por la certidumbre y la futuridad. b) La condición es un hecho incierto, es decir, es un hecho que puede suceder o no, y no existe la posibilidad de predeterminarlo. En virtud del artículo 1493, las normas del Libro III sobre asignaciones testamentarias condicionales se pueden aplicar acá, y las normas sobre obligaciones condicionales son aplicables en dichas materias. La esencia de la condición es la incertidumbre, y a ello se refiere el artículo 1071. Además podemos distinguir dos hipótesis vinculadas con la falta de incertidumbre: i) La condición que consiste en un hecho que existe o ha existido se mira como no escrita, se tendrá como pura y simple. ii) La condición consiste en un hecho que no existe o no ha existido. No vale la disposición. c) La condición debe ser un hecho futuro. En el momento en que se celebra la convención nos debemos situar para determinar si estamos frente al hecho futuro; falta el elemento de futuridad, cuando el hecho ya aconteció o no acontece derechamente.

Clasificaciones de las condiciones: Se distinguen las clasificaciones en base al Código Civil, y las clasificaciones doctrinarias.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

I. Clasificaciones del Código Civil 1. Atendiendo a los efectos de las obligaciones condicionales: El artículo 1479 define condición suspensiva y condición resolutoria.

“La condición se llama suspensiva si, mientras no se cumple, suspende la

adquisición de un derecho; y resolutoria, cuando por su cumplimiento se extingue un derecho”.

Definición doctrinal:

a) Condición suspensiva: suspensiva : “Hecho futuro e incierto del cual depende el nacimiento de una obligación y de su derecho correlativo”. b) Condición resolutoria: resolutoria: “Hecho futuro e incierto del cual depende la extinción de una obligación y de su derecho correlativo”. Es la clasificación más importante. Hay autores que dicen que en realidad es solo una condición, y lo que pasa es que tiene efectos de distinto tipo2. También se dice que es solo una porque para una parte produce efectos suspensivos y para la otra, resolutorios.

2. Según el carácter del hecho constitutivo de la condición a) Condición positiva: positiva: “aquella que consiste en que una cosa tiene que acontecer”. Ejemplo “si hay un tornado…” “si me gano el Kino…”, etc. b) Condición negativa: “ aquella que no tiene que acontecer una cosa. Ejemplo “si

no llueve te doy diez mil pesos”, “si no viajo…”, etc. Observación: Para calificar a una condición de positiva o negativa hay que estar a la naturaleza del hecho y no a la forma como está redactada, por ejemplo: te doy diez mil pesos si mañana te quedas en Valparaíso, es negativa porque importa mantener el mismo estado de cosas, o sea, que algo no acontezca. En cambio la condición positiva supone un cambio en el estado de cosas.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

3. Clasificación atendiendo a si el hecho puede o no realizar a) Condiciones físicamente posibles e imposibles b) Condiciones moralmente posibles e imposibles  (Artículo 1475) La condición positiva debe ser física y moralmente posible. Es físicamente imposible la que “es contraria a las leyes de la naturaleza física”; y

moralmente imposible la que “consiste en un hecho prohibido por las leyes, o es opuesta a las buenas costumbres o al orden público”.

Se mirarán también como imposibles las que están concebidas en términos ininteligibles. A partir de esto la imposibilidad puede ser de tres clases:

a) Física: si la condición es contraria a las leyes de la naturaleza, por ejemplo: te doy diez millones de pesos si te metes toda el agua del océano.

b) Moral: si la condición es contraria al ordenamiento jurídico, esto es, si es prohibida por la ley o contraria al orden público o las buenas costumbres, por ejemplo, te doy diez millones de pesos si matas a Pedro.

c) Intelectual: si la condición es contraria a la recta inteligencia, incluyéndose aquellas que están concebidas en términos ininteligibles, por ejemplo: te doy diez millones de pesos si dibujas un triángulo sin ángulo, o si dibujas una circunferencia cuadrada. El tema de lo moralmente posible depende del tiempo y del espacio. Esto se da porque el orden público y buenas costumbres son estándares jurídicos, son ambiguos. Debemos relacionar estas condiciones con las condiciones negativas y positivas. Esto se encuentra en los artículos 1475,1476 y 1480.

a) Si la condición es positiva tenemos que ver si es física y moralmente posible. Si es física y moralmente imposible hay que ver si la condición es suspensiva o

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

tiene por fallida (el derecho no nacerá). - Si la condición positiva es resolutoria y física o moralmente posible, la condición se tendrá por no escrita, por lo tanto, será una obligación pura y simple.

b) Si la condición es negativa (Artículo 1476), acá no importa si la condición es suspensiva o resolutoria, importa solamente si es física o moralmente imposible. -Condición negativa físicamente imposible, se entiende que la obligación es

pura y simple. Ejemplo “te regalo mi auto si no creces más de cinco metros”. -Condición -Condición negativa moralmente imposible, se vicia la disposición. Ejemplo “te

regalo mi auto si no haces contrabando de cocaína”. La razón por la cual se vicia la disposición es que es inmoral obtener un beneficio por no hacer algo inmoral.

4. Clasificación atendiendo de quién depende el cumplimiento de la condición. Esta clasificación se encuentra contemplada en el artículo 1477 y tiene importancia pues no todas ellas son válidas para nuestro legislador.

a) Condición potestativa:  “la que depende de la voluntad del acreedor o del deudor”. Art. 1477. Estas condiciones se subclasifican en (artículo 1478):

i) Simplemente potestativas: son aquellas que dependen de un hecho voluntario de cualquiera de las partes, acreedor o deudor. Estas son perfectamente válidas.

ii) Meramente potestativas: son aquellas que dependen de la sola voluntad del deudor o del acreedor. Son nulas si depende de la voluntad del deudor. La diferencia radica en que en las condiciones simplemente potestativas, las circunstancias que constituyen la condición no sólo dependen de la voluntad de acreedor o deudor, sino que también de otras externas. Por ejemplo, te doy diez mil si mañana tomas un avión a Miami, en este caso no sólo está involucrada la voluntad del deudor de la obligación condicional, sino que también las circunstancias exteriores a su voluntad en orden a poder tomar el avión a la mentada ciudad.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

potestativas dependen del sólo capricho de las partes, por lo que sólo es válida si depende de la voluntad del acreedor, pero no del deudor, la cual el Código señala que es nula. Una condición meramente potestativa que dependa del acreedor seria, por

ejemplo, decir “te doy cien mil pesos si quieres”, esta condición es válida porque para el deudor el que el acreedor quiera o no es un hecho incierto. En cambio si

dependiera del deudor, como decir “te doy cien si quiero”, no hay una verdadera intención de obligarse, va más allá de la incertidumbre, por esto, estas condiciones son nulas.

b) Condición casual: “la casual:  “la que depende de la l a voluntad de un tercero o de un acaso” (dice relación con hechos que no dependen de la voluntad de una persona, sino por ejemplo de la naturaleza). Por ejemplo: Te doy mi auto si llueve o si tiembla (acaso). Te doy mil si Everton gana su próximo partido (de un tercero).

c) Condición mixta: mixta: “la que en parte depende de la voluntad del acreedor y en parte de la voluntad de un tercero o de un acaso”. Por ejemplo: te doy diez millones de pesos si te casas con Pedro; o te doy un millón de pesos si mañana vas a Santiago y llueve.

Estados en que pueden encontrarse las condiciones La condición se puede encontrar en tres estados; pendiente, cumplida y fallida.

PENDIENTE: Estando pendiente no se sabe si se producirá o no el hecho. CUMPLIDA: Cuando está cumplida, el hecho se cumple. FALLIDA: cuando falla, el hecho no va a ocurrir y si era negativo, es porque ocurrió. Cuando la condición está en estado de pendencia estamos ante la incertidumbre misma. No hay problema cuando haya una condición determinada porque sabemos el máximo hasta que la obligación puede estar en estado de pendencia.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

Tradicionalmente la doctrina estimaba que la condición indeterminada no podía estar en un estado de permanente pendencia, por lo que se aplicaba por analogía lo que disponía el artículo 739, norma que en materia de fideicomiso establecía que toda condición de que pendía la restitución del fideicomiso y que tardare más de treinta años en cumplirse se estimaba fallida. Si bien la norma en cuestión se refería exclusivamente al fideicomiso, es del caso que todo el sistema del Código referido a la consolidación de situaciones jurídicas aplicaba el mismo plazo de treinta años: la nulidad absoluta en el artículo 1683, el artículo 82 en materia de posesión definitiva de los bienes del desaparecido, la suspensión de la prescripción adquisitiva extraordinaria, el artículo 962, inciso 3°, referido a las asignaciones a personas que no existen pero se espera que existan, etc., por lo que era perfectamente sostenible la aplicación analógica en cuestión. Posteriormente en virtud de la ley 6.162, todos estos plazos fueron rebajados a 15 años, incluso el contemplado en el art. 739. Sin embargo, con la dictación de la ley 16.952 de 1968, se alteró todo el sistema del Código, puesto que los plazos de todos los casos anteriores se rebajaron a 10 años, con excepción del plazo del art. 739 que se rebajó a 5 años, de manera tal que ya no eran tan válidos los argumentos de la doctrina en orden a la aplicación analógica del art.739 a todas las condiciones indeterminadas. Hoy se postula:

a) Que no está supeditada a ningún plazo pues: i) Sería forzoso aplicar el art. 739 por analogía ii) porque si se sujetara a un plazo no habría ninguna diferencia con la determinada;

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

las determinadas, la diferencia está en quien indico el plazo, si las partes o el legislador. De lo contrario contraviene la tendencia a la certidumbre que existe en el Código.

3. Clasificación que distingue entre copulativas y disyuntivas a) Condición Copulativa: Copulativa : “Es aquella que está constituida por varios he chos, de manera que deben verificarse todos ellos para que se entienda cumplida”, por ejemplo, te doy diez mil pesos si mañana vas a Santiago y llueve.

b) Condiciones Disyuntivas: Disyuntivas : “Son aquellas que están constituidas por varios hechos de manera que basta con que se verifique uno para que la condición se

entienda cumplida”, por ejemplo, te doy diez mil pesos si mañana vas a Santiago o a San Antonio

4. Clasificación atendiendo a su origen a) Condiciones convencionales: convencionales: “Son aquellas que acuerdan las partes  en un acto  jurídico en virtud del principio de la autonomía autonomía de la voluntad que las autoriza a

modificar los efectos normales u ordinarios del acto jurídico”. b) Condiciones testamentarias: testamentarias: “Son aquellas que tiene su origen en la voluntad del testador”, c) Condiciones legales: legales : “Son aquellas que tienen su origen en la ley”, estas son poco frecuentes, sin embargo podemos señalar por ejemplo la condición resolutoria tácita; o la condición de existir fideicomisario en el fideicomiso.

Efecto de las condiciones I. Modo de cumplir la condición

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

Entonces no es contradictoria con el artículo 1483, pues este es aplicación de otra norma, del artículo 1560. Paralelo entre condición y plazo a) Semejanzas: Ambas son modalidades y ambas son hechos futuros. b) Diferencias:

CONDICIÓN

PLAZO

Es un hecho incierto

Es un hecho cierto

Supedita el nacimiento o la extinción de

Supedita el ejercicio o la extinción de un

un derecho

derecho

Si el deudor condicional paga estando

Si

pendiente la condición, habrá un pago de

anticipadamente, no puede haber un

lo no debido, porque el derecho aún no

pago de lo no debido, porque el derecho

ha nacido.

ya había nacido, de manera que estará

el

deudor

a

plazo

paga

renunciando al plazo. Puede encontrarse pendiente, cumplida o

Sólo puede encontrarse pendiente o

fallida.

cumplido.

II. Estados en que pueden encontrarse las condiciones . CONDICIÓN PENDIENTE

CONDICIÓN FALLIDA

CONDICIÓN CUMPLIDA

Si la condición positiva Si la condición es constituye no ha ocurrido y se estima que falla si positiva , se entiende Cuando el hecho que la no se sabe si ocurrirá o no. Si se ha fijado un plazo

dentro del plazo no se

cumplida si se verifica el

produce el hecho que la

hecho

constituye.

dentro del plazo.

que

la

constituye

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

1. Condición en estado pendiente o estado de pendencia. La condición está pendiente cuando el hecho que la constituye no ha ocurrido y no se sabe si ocurrirá o no. Si se ha fijado un plazo para que ocurra ese hecho este debe encontrarse corriendo.

2. Condición en estado fallida Artículo 1482 en relación al art. 1480 se refiere a este estado y hay que distinguir si la condición es positiva o negativa y partir del supuesto que las indeterminadas igual tienen un plazo máximo.

Si la condición positiva y determinada, se estima que falla si dentro del plazo no se produce el hecho que la constituye; o bien, si estando pendiente el plazo, se torna imposible su cumplimiento. En el primer caso, por ejemplo, si digo te doy cien mil pesos si te titulas de abogado dentro de 5 años, y pasa el plazo y no se titula de abogado el acreedor condicional; o bien, si fallece el acreedor condicional antes de cumplirse el plazo, y antes de su fallecimiento no alcanzó a titularse de abogado.

Si la condición es positiva e indeterminada, falla si ha expirado el plazo legal y no se verifico el hecho, o bien, si se torna imposible su cumplimiento estando pendiente este.

En cuanto a la condición negativa, ella falla si se verifica el hecho que la constituye dentro del plazo. Por ejemplo, te doy cien mil pesos si mañana no llueve, y llueve.

3. Condición en estado de cumplida.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

resolutorio para la otra.

¿Desde cuándo se producen los efectos de la condición resolutoria cumplida? Si se dice que produce efectos desde que se cumple solo hacia el futuro, entonces no tendría efecto retroactivo. Pero si decimos que el efecto de la condición se produce desde que se celebró el contrato, entonces tendrá efecto retroactivo, entonces podríamos emparentarla con la nulidad judicialmente declarada. Se dice que la condición cumplida tiene algo de efecto retroactivo pero sería limitado, pues hay algunos aspectos en que no operará. Esto es importante en la condición resolutoria tácita, pues hay una tendencia comparada para asignarle menor efecto.

Artículo 1486: 1486: Por ejemplo, “te regalo un auto si te titulas” y el auto se destruye sin culpa del deudor, la obligación se extingue. Pero si se cumpliera la condición y en el intertanto le cambiaron la radio al auto, se beneficiaría el acreedor, el Código está pensando que el derecho se incorporó al patrimonio del acreedor desde que se celebró el contrato.

Artículo 1490 y 1491 : Si hay derecho a reivindicar contra terceros de mala fe, por lo que hay efecto retroactivo. Si los deterioros o pérdidas se produjeron por culpa del deudor o si estamos en los casos en que no quedan sin efecto las enajenaciones, no hay efecto retroactivo, el que sufre el deterioro o pérdida no es el acreedor sino que el deudor condicional.

Artículo 1488. 1488. “Te dono mi taxi si apruebas el examen”, si se cumple la condició n por regla general, no se deben restituir los frutos, no hay retroactividad.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

1. El acreedor no puede exigir el cumplimiento de la obligación. Artículo 1485. Si hubiese pagado anticipadamente, podrá solicitar lo que se ha pagado. Por tanto: a) no puede operar en una condición suspensiva la compensación, artículo 1656. b) no puede operar la novación, ya que el artículo 1633 inciso primero exige que la condición se encuentre cumplida para que pueda operar en una obligación condicional. c) no corren los plazos de prescripción extintiva, porque este se cuenta desde que la obligación se ha hecho exigible d) no puede haber compensación legal, ya que uno de los requisitos para que opere es que ambas obligaciones sean actualmente exigibles. e) el acreedor no podría ejercer respecto de la deuda la acción pauliana (artículo 1468) porque todavía el acto en virtud del cual surge la deuda, no le ha perjudicado.

Puede ocurrir que estando pendiente la condición se destruya la especie o cuerpo cierto que se debe , y en tal caso interesa saber qué va a ocurrir si con posterioridad se cumple la condición Hay que distinguir:

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

que el deudor condicional no se puede retractar.

3. El acreedor tiene la expectativa de llegar a ser titular del derecho personal pertinente. Mientras no se cumpla la condición, sólo tendría un germen de derecho, por eso el código igualmente le da un cierto grado de protección, por ejemplo, si fallece el acreedor transmite el derecho, y en el caso del deudor, transmite la obligación. Esta regla no se aplica a las asignaciones testamentarias ni a las donaciones entre vivos.

2. Condición suspensiva cumplida En este estado la condición suspensiva produce como efecto básico que el derecho

nazca  o como diría Claro Solar, se adquiere con todas sus consecuencias jurídicas, con ello se producirán los efectos propios de cualquier derecho personal, como si fuera una obligación pura y simple. En consecuencia: a) el derecho se hace actualmente exigible, por tanto, el acreedor se encuentra facultado para exigir su cumplimiento incluso por la vía coactiva. b) comienza a correr el plazo de la prescripción extintiva de la acción. c) si el deudor había pagado estando pendiente la condición, cumplida que sea ésta ya no podría pedir la restitución.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

b) Si el deudor condicional había enajenado la cosa objeto de la obligación esa enajenación se consolidará definitivamente.

LA CONDICIÓN RESOLUTORIA Definición legal de condición:

 “Es  “Es obligación condicional la que depende de una condición, esto es, de un acontecimiento futuro que puede suceder o no”. no ”. Artículo 1473. resolutoria: “ se llama…resolutoria, Definición legal de condición resolutoria: resolutoria, cuando por su cumplimiento se extingue un derecho ”. Artículo 1479. Se elabora un concepto a partir del concepto doctrinario de condició n (“hecho futuro e incierto del cual depende el nacimiento o extinción de un derecho y su obligación

correlativa”). Así las cosas, se define doctrinariamente a la condición resolutoria como “el

hecho futuro e incierto del cual depende la extinción de un derecho ”. El profesor René Moreno hace la observación de que suele creerse que la condición suspensiva y la condición resolutoria son dos cosas completamente distintas, sin ninguna vinculación, pero ello no es así, pues un mismo hecho para una persona

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

1. Condición resolutoria ordinaria o expresa “Es un hecho futuro e incierto del cual depende la extinción de un

derecho, pero el hecho puede ser cualquiera, salvo el incumplimiento de una obligació n contractual”. contractual”. ¿Cómo opera la condición resolutoria resolutoria ordinaria? Opera de pleno derecho o por el solo ministerio de la ley, es decir, no se necesita de sentencia judicial que la declare. No obstante lo anterior, puede ocurrir que el tema se discuta, pero en este caso la sentencia se va a limitar a constatar si el evento constitutivo de la condición se verificó o no, pero no va a declarar la resolución. Como consecuencia de esto (que opere por el solo ministerio de la ley) cualquier persona que tenga interés puede presentarse ante los tribunales solicitando la constatación del evento constitutivo de la condición. Además, opera con efecto retroactivo, es decir, los efectos no se producen hacia el futuro, sino que se retrotraen al momento en que se estableció la condición, entendiéndose que el deudor condicional nunca tuvo derechos sobre la cosa.

Efectos de la condición resolutoria ordinaria

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

tradición el adquirente la adquiere sujeta a la condición resolutoria, queda firme su derecho, igualmente que todas las enajenaciones y gravámenes que hubiere llevado a cabo a su respecto.

3° Efectos de la condición resolutoria ordinaria cumplida Cumplida sea la condición, se extingue el derecho de aquel que tenía la cosa sujeta a la condición resolutoria, razón por la cual el artículo 1567 se refiere a ella como un modo de extinguir las obligaciones. Mirado desde el acto del cual nació el derecho, este se resolverá, se producirá una ineficacia en sentido estricto, cae el acto y por eso se extingue la obligación. Por consiguiente, si el acto es traslaticio de dominio, por ejemplo, la condición era que se regalaba un departamento hasta que se case, y se cumple la condición, hay que restituir la cosa, porque la tradición es causada y si se resolvió el titulo ya no tendría causa.

2. Condición resolutoria tácita Reglamentación. Artículo 1489: Nuestro código la trata a propósito de las obligaciones condicionales, como un tipo de condición resolutoria; sin embargo, modernamente se estima que debe regularse a propósito del cumplimiento,

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

Concepto de Condición Resolutoria Tácita Es aquella que va envuelta en todo contrato bilateral sin necesidad de estipulación, y cuyo hecho constitutivo consiste en el incumplimiento por una de las partes de sus obligaciones emanadas de tal contrato bilateral. O bien, aquella que va envuelta supletoriamente en todo contrato bilateral, y cuyo hecho constitutivo consiste en no cumplirse por alguno de los contratantes lo pactado.

Características 1) Elemento de la naturaleza de los contratos bilaterales. No es esencial, de manera que las partes, en ejercicio de la autonomía de la voluntad, pueden convenir estipulaciones a su respecto (eliminarla o renunciarla, o estipulaciones sobre su

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

cumplimiento de la obligación de restituir, lo que constituye una especie de caducidad del plazo.

3) Considerada como condición, presenta las siguientes características: a) Es una condición resolutoria. O sea aquella que suspende la extinción de un derecho. Pero acá no sólo hay un derecho resoluble sino que el contrato mismo queda expuesto a resolución (opcional). Asimismo, recordar que la condición no es suspensiva ni resolutoria sino que sus efectos forman esas categorías. b) Es de origen legal. La establece el artículo 1489. c) Es negativa. Consiste en que algo no acontezca: lo que no acontece es el cumplimiento. O visto desde otra óptica, pero siempre como condición negativa, consiste en que una de las partes no cumpla su obligación (o alguna de las varias).

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

b) Si falta la causa, desaparece un requisito de existencia del acto jurídico y en consecuencia la sanción no debe ser la resolución del contrato, sino la nulidad absoluta o inexistencia. Y entre nulidad y resolución hay efectos parecidos pero no idénticos. 2) La Equidad. Parece justo que si una parte cumple, ante el incumplimiento de la otra pueda desvincularse de la relación contractual. Pero la equidad es un fundamento vago y amplio que está presente en todas las instituciones jurídicas, y lo que justifica todo, no justifica nada. 3) Una presunta voluntad de las partes: Se entiende que si las partes de un contrato bilateral hubiesen previsto o regulado lo que ocurriría en caso de incumplimiento de una de ellas, habrían establecido la posibilidad de desvincularse, pidiendo la otra la resolución.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

insolvencia de su contraparte, tiene la alternativa de la resolución para evitar competir sobre el patrimonio del incumplidor insolvente con otros acreedores que pudieren tener preferencia en el pago.

¿Es realmente la condición resolutoria tácita una condición? Llaman la atención los siguientes aspectos: 1) Que la condición resolutoria tácita es un elemento de la naturaleza   de los contratos bilaterales, mientras que en general las condiciones son elementos accidentales. 2) Que las condiciones en general forman parte de la estructura del acto jurídico y suspenden el nacimiento o extinción de derechos y obligaciones, mientras que la condición resolutoria tácita opera en la fase de ejecución del contrato y frente al incumplimiento de obligaciones que ya han sido generadas. Por ello se dice que la condición resolutoria tácita es una institución que debe estudiarse a propósito del incumplimiento contractual o, genéricamente, en los efectos de las obligaciones. 3) Una diferencia específica con la condición resolutoria ordinaria: Aquí, en la

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

¿Qué se entiende por estar llano a cumplir ? No basta una “intención” de cumplir; se necesita algo más, que esa intención se haya exteriorizado en hechos positivos; en suma, significa que debe haber “principio de ejecución”, por ejemplo,  en un contrato de promesa de celebrar una compraventa de bien raíz, se ha entendido que hay

 “principio de ejecución” si el contratante contratante diligente envía a la Notaría la minuta de la compraventa prometida.

3) Contratante negligente (o incumplimiento) . Es el que no ha cumplido con su obligación, que no está llano a cumplir y que no tiene una condición suspensiva pendiente o plazo suspensivo pendiente para cumplir. El incumplimiento parcial también configura la opción del acreedor. Esta parcialidad se presenta cuando de varias obligaciones se deja una o más sin cumplir o cuando una no se cumple, o se cumple parcial o defectuosamente. Pero en el incumplimiento parcial se presenta el problema que veremos a continuación.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

procesal para demandar la resolución. Y sin interés no hay acción. 3. El artículo 1489 debe interpretarse en el contexto de los principios generales del Derecho Civil. De esta manera: a. Prima el principio de conservación de los contratos. b. Buena fe (si el contratante diligente demanda la resolución frente al incumplimiento insignificante estaría actuando de mala fe) c. Rechazo del abuso del derecho (el contratante diligente estaría siendo un

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

6) Sentencia judicial. Este requisito no aparece contemplado expresamente en el artículo 1489, pero unánimemente se estima que es necesaria sentencia, puesto que en virtud del incumplimiento nace un derecho optativo para el contratante diligente: pedir el cumplimiento o la resolución del contrato. Si puede pedir el cumplimiento, ello está demostrando que la resolución no opera de pleno derecho. Si la resolución operara de pleno derecho, no habría opción. Cabe recordar que acá la resolución no es del derecho del acreedor, como sucede en

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

1. En rigor, la mora del deudor es un requisito de la indemnización de perjuicios y no de la condición resolutoria tácita. Por tanto, si no hay mora, de todas maneras puede demandarse la resolución pero sin indemnización. 2. Si la condición resolutoria tácita opera cuando uno de los contratantes es negligente, con mayor razón debiera operar cuando ambos son negligentes. 3. Esta materia no está reglamentada en el código, o sea, hay una vacío o laguna legal que debe colmarse aplicando equidad. Si ninguno de los contratante ha cumplido, es claro que su voluntad es la de no perseverar en el contrato, de

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

(prescribe en 3 años desde que la obligación se hizo exigible) y ejerce su acción dentro de los 2 años siguientes a su expiración. ¿Por qué? Porque según el artículo 2515 inc. 1º, la acción ejecutiva prescribe al cabo de tres años (ya sabemos desde cuándo), pero, prescrita, subsiste como ordinaria por dos años más, y según el artículo 680 del código de procedimiento civil, a la acción ejecutiva prescrita pero transformada en ordinaria se le aplica el procedimiento sumario.

2) Acción resolutoria. La acción resolutoria es el medio que la ley otorga a quien

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

durante toda la secuela del juicio. A partir de esta norma y de la conclusión de que la resolución se produce mediante la sentencia, algunos autores y fallos han estimado que el deudor o contratante negligente puede pagar durante toda la secuela del juicio, es decir, puede enervar la acción pagando. Y se agrega que si el acreedor se niega a recibir el pago, naturalmente el deudor podrá pagar por consignación.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

3. Pacto Comisorio Artículos 1877 a 1880.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

hay pacto comisorio simple se llega al mismo efecto por aplicación de la condición

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

reunir todos los requisitos de éste.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

contrato, ¿qué ocurre si la obligación de una de las partes estaba subordinada a una

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

a) El sujeto activo es el contratante diligente.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

éste, y todo ello con las formalidades legales.

¿Cuándo procede el pago por consignación? En caso de: 1. Repugnancia del acreedor a recibir el pago. 2. No comparecencia del acreedor al lugar convenido en que debe recibir el pago. 3. Que el acreedor y sus representantes no tienen domicilio donde debe pagarse o si lo tienen, no han sido habidos en ellos. 4. Incertidumbre respecto de la persona del acreedor.

PAGO CON SUBROGACIÓN. Artículos 1608 al 1613. La subrogación, en términos generales, es la sustitución o el reemplazo de una

cosa o de una persona por otra que pasa a ocupar la misma situación  jurídica que tenía la primera. primera. De este concepto se desprende que la subrogación puede asumir dos formas: una subrogación real y una subrogación personal. Así:

1) Subrogación Real. Sustitución o cambio de una cosa por otra que pasa a ocupar la misma situación jurídica que tenía la primera

Subrogación real dentro del código civil: a) Pérdida de la especie o cuerpo cierto debida por hecho, culpa o dolo del deudor, o durante su mora. Si se debe una especie o cuerpo cierto y se destruye por dolo, culpa o por un hecho del deudor, o bien se destruye durante la mora del deudor (aunque sea por caso fortuito, porque lo que importa es que ocurrió durante la mora), la obligación subsiste pero hay una subrogación en el objeto, y es una subrogación real: como lo debido, destruido, no puede ser reemplazado porque es una especie o cuerpo cierto, el objeto de la obligación cambia y será el precio de la cosa más la correspondiente indemnización de perjuicios. b) A propósito del régimen de sociedad c onyugal: “inmuebles debidamente

subrogados” . Si uno de los cónyuges tiene un inmueble en su patrimonio propio, lo vende, y con el producto de esa venta compra otro inmueble (lo compra durante la vigencia de la sociedad conyugal), éste, en principio, debería ir al haber social por ser adquisición a título oneroso durante la vigencia del régimen. Sin embargo, para evitar la inmovilidad de patrimonios que ello pudiera generar (ningún cónyuge se

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

adquirido con el producto de la venta del inmueble propio de uno de los cónyuges, pasa a subrogar a éste; el inmueble nuevo adquirido subroga al anterior y, por lo tanto, sigue siendo inmueble propio, lo que, según vimos, constituye excepción porque por regla general las adquisiciones a título oneroso hechas durante la vigencia de la sociedad conyugal, ingresan al haber social.

2) Subrogación Personal. Es la sustitución de una persona (subrogado) por otra (subrogante) que pasa a ocupar la misma situación o calidad jurídica que tenía la primera. Casos 1. Los herederos, que pasan a ocupar la calidad jurídica que tenía el causante. 2. El cesionario de un crédito, que pasa a ocupar la misma calidad jurídica que tenía el acreedor cedente. 3. En el caso del pago por subrogación.

Pago por Subrogación: El código solo dice que es “la transmisión de los derechos del acreedor a un tercero que le paga” (artículo 1608). Este concepto de legal es criticado porque: 1. Ocupa el vocablo “transmisión”, que i ndica un traspaso por acto mortis causa (traspaso por sucesión por causa de muerte); y el pago por subrogación opera entre vivos. 2. Al referirse a la subrogación como la “transmisión de los derechos del acreedor a

un tercero que le paga”, está contemplando solo la subrogación (personal) convencional, dejando fuera la subrogación legal. 3. El código da a entender que lo básico para que opere la subrogación (personal) es que el tercero pague, y resulta que lo fundamental es que el tercero proporcione el dinero para el pago, aunque el pago lo haga el propio deudor. 4. Este concepto olvida dos cosas: los efectos de la subrogación (personal) o del pago con subrogación, y asimismo olvida señalar el carácter de ficción legal de esta figura. Por tanto, podríamos definir al pago por subrogación como una ficción legal

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

reembolso de lo que él ha pagado. En el fondo, el crédito se paga con dineros suministrados por un tercero, extinguiéndose para el acreedor, pero subsistiendo para este tercero en contra del deudor para que éste le reembolse lo pagado. Observaciones. Es una ficción jurídica. La ficción es una creación artificial del legislador que no tiene correspondencia en la vida real. Sólo en virtud de esta ficción, de esta creación artificial, podemos entender: a) Que un crédito se extinga para una persona (acreedor) pero subsista para otra (el tercero que soltó el billete). b) Desde otro punto de vista, que el vínculo expire respecto al acreedor pero siga subsistiendo respecto del deudor. Así funciona esta ficción. ¿Por qué el legislador recurre a una ficción y altera la realidad? Porque hay intereses comprometidos y esta figura los satisface todos: al acreedor le pagaron, el deudor quedó liberado y no quedó en mora y el tercero puede realizar una buena inversión, ya que generalmente esto se pacta con intereses. ¿Qué efecto produce? Que el tercero que pagó ocupa el lugar del acreedor. Por consiguiente, tendrá los mismos derechos que tenía el acreedor: a) El crédito mismo (derecho a cobrarle al deudor); b) Si este crédito era preferente, también lo será para el tercero que lo adquiere; c) Si el crédito estaba asegurado (prenda, hipoteca, fianza, era solidario), el tercero también tendrá las mismas garantías; d) Y en definitiva, el derecho es con lo principal y accesorio: si generaba intereses, también los generará respecto del tercero. Lo mismo con las cauciones. Resultado de la ficción . De acuerdo a lo dicho, como opera a favor del tercero que proporcionó dinero para pagar y adquiere los mismos derechos del acreedor, entonces la ficción produce el resultado de que el tercero que suministra el

dinero es quien tiene derecho a exigirle al deudor que le reembolse lo pagado. Y este derecho es con los accesorios vistos. Y, por consiguiente, el vínculo expira para el acreedor pero subsiste entre el tercero y el deudor. Finalidad de la subrogación (personal). La subrogación persigue como objetivo

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

Clases de Pago por Subrogación. Atendido el origen de la subrogación (personal), ésta puede ser legal o convencional: 1) Subrogación Legal (artículo 1610). Aquella que se produce por el solo ministerio de la ley.

Características: Con respecto al artículo 1610: a) El artículo 1610 no es taxativo porque nos dice que la subrogación personal opera

 “en todos todos los casos señalados por las leyes y especialmen especialmente te a beneficio beneficio de...”. de...”. b) El art. 1610, por ser una norma excepcional (ficción legal), no se puede aplicar por analogía y debe ser interpretado restrictivamente. c) El 1610 tiene 6 numerales, y en el sexto necesita que el pago se haga con dineros suministrados por un tercero; por lo tanto, en este numeral (6º) está la hipótesis del pago que no lo hace el tercero sino que lo hace el propio deudor, pero el tercero lo habilitó para pagar (el pasó la plata) y en favor de tal tercero opera la subrogación. Con respecto a la subrogación legal misma: a) Se produce por el sólo ministerio de la ley. b) No necesita el consentimiento del acreedor. c) Opera incluso contra la voluntad del acreedor. d) Sólo opera en los casos que la ley señala: los del artículo 1610 y los señalados en otras leyes especiales, según advierte el propio artículo.

Casos de subrogación legal del artículo 1610 : Opera la subrogación por el ministerio de la ley y aun contra la voluntad del acreedor, en todos los casos señalados por las leyes, y especialmente: a) Cuando un acreedor paga a otro acreedor de mejor derecho (en razón de un privilegio o hipoteca). Esto significa que el deudor tiene dos acreedores y uno de los acreedores le paga al otro acreedor; el que paga es el acreedor con un derecho inferior, por ejemplo, valista o de una preferencia anterior, y le paga al acreedor con un derecho preferente (crédito privilegiado o hipotecario, esas son las causales de

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

¿Por qué pagaría el acreedor de derecho inferior al acreedor mejor derecho? Un ejemplo fácil: hay un acreedor hipotecario (crédito preferente, 3º clase) y varios acreedores comunes. Al acreedor hipotecario sólo le interesa satisfacer su crédito (pudiendo sacar a remate la finca) y le da lo mismo si se pagan o no los demás acreedores. Frente a la posibilidad que el acreedor hipotecario saque a remate la finca del deudor, un acreedor común puede advertir el riesgo que ello significa porque no va a poder satisfacer su crédito y entonces decide pagar al acreedor hipotecario. De esta manera, tendría dos créditos, uno preferente (hipotecario) y uno común (su crédito original). Así tendrá un bien embargable sobre el cual satisfacer el crédito por el que se subrogó e incluso esperar mejores condiciones de mercado para que el inmueble se venda a mejor precio y pueda pagarse ambos créditos. Incluso más, si otro de los acreedores comunes decide sacar a remate la finca, él alegará su preferencia hipotecaria a través de una tercería de prelación. b) Cuando quien compra un inmueble es obligado a pagar a los acreedores en cuyo favor el inmueble está hipotecado (acreedores hipotecarios). El comprador de un inmueble hipotecado a favor de terceros le paga a los acreedores hipotecarios. Les paga porque el deudor personal no cumplió, entonces este tercer poseedor de la finca hipotecada, para no perderla, paga la deuda del deudor principal. Entonces, y acá es donde opera la subrogación, si el tercer poseedor quiere conservar la finca y le paga al acreedor hipotecario, se subroga en los derechos de éste y desde esa posición podrá cobrar al deudor principal. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, esta persona pasa a tener dos créditos: el propio que tenía él y enseguida, el crédito que tenía el acreedor hipotecario a quien le pagó este último con subrogación. Ahora, este acreedor dueño del inmueble se encuentra con que tiene en favor de él una hipoteca sobre su propio inmueble ¿Qué ventaja tiene esto último? Supongamos que posteriormente otro acreedor embarga el inmueble y lo quiere sacar a pública subasta; aquí hay tres acreencias: el crédito que tenía el comprador, el crédito que adquirió cuando le pagó al acreedor hipotecario, y el crédito de este otro acreedor que embargó el inmueble y lo sacó en pública subasta. Entonces, este acreedor que le pagó al acreedor hipotecario tiene un crédito hipotecario (preferente) y por consiguiente, con el producto de la subasta, él se va a pagar antes que el acreedor que embargó el inmueble y lo llevó a remate.

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

interesada en que la deuda se extinga, porque si no se extingue le van a embargar los bienes a él. Se encuentran en esta situación los codeudores solidarios y los fiadores. Hay que hacer presente lo siguiente: 1. Tratándose del codeudor solidario, la subrogación se produce en los términos del artículo 1522. 2. El fiador cuenta con una acción de reembolso además de la acción que emana de la subrogación legal de esta norma. d) Cuando el heredero que aceptó con beneficio de inventario paga con su propio dinero las deudas de la herencia. Este es el heredero que ha aceptado con beneficio de inventario y que paga más de lo que le corresponde (sabemos que con este beneficio, es responsable de las deudas hereditarias sólo hasta concurrencia del monto de lo que recibe por herencia). Por ese exceso en lo pagado, se subroga (por el solo ministerio de la ley) en los derechos del acreedor para cobrarles a los demás herederos en proporción a sus derechos hereditarios. e) Cuando un tercero paga una deuda con consentimiento expreso o tácito del deudor. Si se paga una deuda ajena y el deudor de un modo explícito o implícito autoriza el pago, hay un contrato de mandato; por consiguiente, este tercero para recuperar lo que pagó tiene 2 acciones: la acción que emana de esta subrogación legal y también la acción que proviene del contrato de mandato. ¿Cuál elige? Depende si de el acreedor a quien le pagó tenía un crédito preferente o con garantías; si ejerciera la acción de subrogación legal, solo puede recuperar lo que él invirtió en pagar la deuda (pero con un crédito preferente o caucionado si es que así era, porque se traspasa el mismo crédito del acreedor), pero sólo puede recuperar lo invertido y, quizás, le convenga más ejercer la acción de mandato porque por ella podrá exigirle al deudor (su mandante) que le pague lo que invirtió en extinguir la deuda más los intereses, gastos e indemnizaciones que puedan proceder; por

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

2) Subrogación Convencional (se somete a las normas de la cesión de créditos). La subrogación convencional es aquella que se produce en virtud de un acuerdo entre el acreedor y el tercero que le paga, ocupando éste, por tanto, la misma situación jurídica que tenía el primero. Se somete a las reglas de la cesión de derechos personales.

Requisitos : (a) Que el pago lo haga un tercero. Recordemos que en el pago por subrogación legal el dinero es suministrado por un tercero pero no es indispensable que pague el tercero. Acá el requisito de la subrogación convencional es que el pago lo haga el propio tercero. (b) Acuerdo entre el acreedor y el tercero que le paga. Se requiere que el acreedor acepte este pago que le está haciendo el tercero. (c) Que la subrogación convencional se haga al momento en que se efectúa el pago y, concretamente, en la carta de pago. No podría hacerse después porque si se hiciera después del pago, la obligación ya se habría extinguido y, por consiguiente, el crédito el acreedor también. El acreedor dejaría de ser acreedor y nada podría cederle al tercero que pagó. Formalidades: Reglas de la cesión de créditos. En lo demás, la subrogación personal se somete a las reglas de la cesión de derechos personales y nos referimos en rigor a las normas sobre cesión de créditos nominativos. Esto significa que: 1. Entre el subrogado (acreedor que recibió el pago) y el subrogante (tercero que pagó) queda perfecta la subrogación desde que se haga la entrega (cesión) del título en que consta el crédito. 2. Respecto del deudor cedido y demás terceros, la subrogación solo habrá operado

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La Condición. Condición Resolutoria. Efecto normal normal de las obligaciones: El pago

subrogante (artículos 1611, 1612 y 1613). 3. PAGO POR CESIÓN DE BIENES (o por acción ejecutiva del acreedor o

acreedores. Pago por cesión de bienes es el abandono voluntario que el deudor hace de todo lo suyo cuando, por consecuencia de accidentes inevitables, no se encuentra en estado de pagar sus deudas.

4. PAGO CON BENEFICIO DE COMPETENCIA. Artículos 1625 a 1627. Es aquel que se concede a ciertos deudores para no ser obligados a pagar más de lo que buenamente puedan, dejándoseles, en consecuencia, lo indispensable para una modesta subsistencia, según su clase y circunstancias, y con cargo de devolución cuando mejoren de fortuna.

PRUEBA DEL PAGO EN GENERAL, CON O SIN MODALIDADES. Pagar significa extinguir la obligación y su extinción la prueba quien la alega. Así, el deudor tiene que probar que pagó su deuda.

Recibo o carta de pago. El código no establece la obligación del acreedor de entregar recibo al deudor, aunque el Código de Comercio sí lo establece.