APT - Alinhamento - V00
March 28, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Download APT - Alinhamento - V00...
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]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B LGHATKÅÀB | GHMQP]TGKN
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]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
]TAGHKLAH]B A MAPAHSBNSGLAH]B B bdjatgvb mk `kpk`gtkåàb ç b masahvbnvglahtb prbcgssgbhkn a passbkn mbs alpraekmbs alpraekmbs Skna. K`ramgt K`ramgtklbs klbs qua alpraekmbs traghkmbs tahmal k kmqugrgr hbvks fkdgngmkmas a lanfbrkr sau masalpahfb al suks cuhåñas. @bl ulk aqugpa lkgs qukngcg`kmk, k alprask kn`khåkrë lanfbras rasuntkmbs, b qua ekrkhta lkgs prbmutgvgmkma a `blpatgtgvgmkma. Assk kåàb ma masahvbnvg masahvbnvglah lahttb dus`k masahvbn masahvbnvar var ks `bl`blpatêh`gks ha`assërgks pkrk b masalpahfb mk suk cuhåàb, `bhtrgdughmb pkrk k suk ax`anêh`gk prbcgssgbhkn a lanfbrgk mb masalpahfb mbs rasuntkmbs mk suk ërak, a `bhsaquahta kulahtb mk `blpatgtgvgmkma mk Skna crahta kb lar`kmb luhmgkn. Masajklbs k vb`ê su`assb hassk jbrhkmk pank dus`k mb `bhfa`glahtb.
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]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
LK]ATGKN MGEG]KN K Eastàb tàb mb @bhfa`glahtb mgs gsp pbhgdgn gdgngz gzk k astk kpbstg tgnk nk ma cbrlk mgegtkn (YMC) pkrk qua vb`ê tahfk ulk axpargêh`gk ghtarktgvk ktrkvçs ma mgspbsgtgvbs lbdgna. Ykrk k`asskr dkstk kpbhtkr k `älark mb mgspbsgtgvb lbdgna (tkdnat / slkrtpfbha) pkrk b [T @bma kb nkmb a `ng`kr hb ngho qua sa kdra, bu ahtàb, utgngza b sau kpng`ktgvb ma [T @bma pkrk ckzar k nagturk.
@BH]TBNA MA TASGPÀB Hbla mb Krqugvb: Krqugvb: K Kngh nghf fklahtb
E@-KY]9999 E@-KY]9999 - ]ç`hg`ks ]ç`hg`ks ma
Tavgsàb:
99
Tavg Ta vgskmb skmb pbr:
Jbsç Crkh`gs`b Carhkhmas Carhkhmas
Mkttk Yudn Mk Yudng`kåàb:
49/97/4949
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]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
@BHPGMATKÅÑAP GHG@GKGP Astk kpbstgnk sarva ma racarêh`gk pkrk mas`ravar b Yrgh`ìpgb mks ]ç`hg`ks ma Knghfklahtb Cbg masahvbnvgmk pkrk lkhusagb ghmgvgmukn `bl b ghtugtb ma kprbcuhmklahtb ma sau astumb, cgxkåàb a `bhsuntk. Dbl kprahmgzkmb.
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]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
PQLËTGB
LÐMQNB 9;
7
;
K@BYNKLAH]B
;.; ;.4 ;.4.; ;.4.4 ;.4.0
K` K`bpnkl nklahtb tbss ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .......... ...... ...... ...... ...;9 ]gpbs ]gp bs ma K`bp `bpnklah ahtbs tbs................................ ..... ..................................................... ............................................ ...................................... ............................... ........... ;9 K` nkl lahtb tbss rì rìe egm gmb bs ;9 K`bpnk K` nkl lahtb tbss cncna axìv ìva ags ;4 K`bpnk K`bpnk K` nkl lahtb tbss ma `blpahskåàb ;0
LÐMQNB 94 4 MGLAHPÑAP
;9
;1;3
4.; ]arl ]arlghb ghbnbe nbegk gk.... .............................. ............................................ ................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................... .............. ;3 4.;.; Tkmgkn - W ;3 Kxgk 4.;.4 Kx gknn - V ;5 4.;.0 Kh Kheunk nkrr - Z ;5
LÐMQNB 94
;7
0
MAPKNGHFKLAH]B
0.; 0.;.; 0.;.4 0.;.0 0.;.=
]gpbs ma Masknghfklahtbs ...................................................................................................... 49 Masknghfklahtb htb Ykrknan Ykrknanb b 49 Masknghfkla Masknghfklahtb htb Kheunkr 4; Masknghfkla Maskng Masknghfklah hfklahttb @bl @bldghkmb dghkmb Bu Lgst Lgstb b 4; Acagtbs bs mb Ma Maskng sknghfkl hfklahtb ahtb 44 Acagt
LÐMQNB 90 =
CATTKLAH]KP
49
41
43
=.; K` K`assðrgrgb bs pkrk kngh nghf fklahtb `bl rç rçe euk........ ...... ...... .......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .......... ...... ...... ...43 =.;.; Hìvags ma dbnfk 43 =.;.4 Tçeuk Tçeukss ma cgcgb b rat ratgcgcg`kmb g`kmb (dgs (dgsankmks) ankmks) 45 =.;.0 Asqukmrbs 45
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
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=.;.= @kng @kngdra dra ma nälghks 47 =.4 K` K`assðrgrgb bs pkrk kngh nghf fklahtb `bl ra ranð nðe egb `blpkrk rkm mbr ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .......... ...... ...... ...09 09 =.4.; Tanðegb =.4.4 Dksa Lkehçt Lkehçtg`k 09 =.4.0 Pupbrta mb Tanðegb @bl @blpkrkmbr. pkrkmbr. 0; =.0
K` K`assðrgrgb bs pkrk kngh nghf fklahtb k nk nkssar... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .......... ...... ...... ...04
LÐMQNB 91
00
1
TÇEQK A @KNGDTA MA CBNEK
1.; 1.4 1.0 1.=
Bdjatgvb ma ul knghfklahtb .................................................................................................... 0= Ykss Ykssbs bs m mb b prb`a prb`amgl mglah ahtb tb ma knghfk knghfkl lahtb ahtb........... ...... ........... ............ ............ .......... ......... ........... ............ ............ ............ ......... ........ ........... ........... ..... 0= Kngh Knghf fklahtb kheunk nkrr `bl rçe rçeuk a `kngngd drk rkm mbr ma cb cbne nek k... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...01 Kngh Knghf fklahtb rk rkm mgk gknn `bl rç rçe euk a `kngngd drk rkm mbr ma cb cbne nek k... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...05
LÐMQNB 93 3
TANÐEGB @BLYKTKMBT
0=
07
=9
3.; Kngh Knghf fklahtb rk rkm mgk gknn b bu u pkrk rkna nanb nb `bl ra ranð nðe egb `blpkrk rkm mbr ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .......... ...... ...... ...... ...=0 3.4 Ghtarp Ghta rpra ratkå tkåà àb ma ranðe ranðegb gb......................................... ....................... ......................................... .................................................. ........................................... ................ =0 3.4.; Kh Kheunk nkrr vart rtg` g`k kn < 9? -4 -4,= ,= == 3.4.4 Yk Ykrkn rknanb anb vartg`kn < 9? -0,9 == 3.4.0 Kh Kheunk nkrr fbrgrgzzbhtk tkn:n: 9,6 ,6?? -9 -9,3 ,3 == 3.4.= Yk Ykrkn rknanb anb fbrgzbhtk fbrgzbhtkn:n: ;9? -9,= == 3.0 Yç lk lkh` h`b. b....................... ........................................ .......................................... ............................................... ............................................ ........................................ ................... =1 3.0.; @brr @brraåàb aåàb mb pç lkh`b =3
LÐMQNB 95 KN KNGHFKLAH]B GHFKLAH]B K NKPAT 5
=719
5.; 5.4 5.0 5.= 5.=.; 5.=.4 5.=.0 5.=.= 5.=.1
Bqu qua a ç nksa nksar ................................. ............... ............................................ ............................................ ....................................... ............................................ ........................... 1 19 9 Kngh Knghf fklahtb k Nksar... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ..... 19 Yrgh`ìpgbs ma cuh`gbhklahtb .................................................................................................... 1; ]gpbs ]gp bs ma Knghfk nghfklah ahtb tb......................................... ....................... ......................................... .................................................. ......................................... ................... ..... 10 Kngh Knghf fklahtb ma pbngngk ks 10 Kngh Knghf fklahtb a hgv gva ank nkl lahtb ma tr trgnf gnfb bs 1= Kngh Knghf fklahtb ma agx gxb b 11 K` K`assðrgrgb bs 11 Bparkåàb 17
5.1
Paeu Paeurkh rkhåk åk a @ugmkm gmkmbs .............................. ............................................ ................................... ................................................ ........................................... ................ 33
6 - @BHPGMATKÅÑAP CGHKGP
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]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
CGEQTK
Cgeurk ; ‐ Qsb ma k`bpnklahtb ............................................................................................................. ;9 Cgeurk geurk 4 ‐ Cnkhe nkhea Tìegmb ìegmb............................................ ....................... ......................................... ............................................... ............................................ ............................ ........... ;; Cgeurk geurk 0 ‐ Nuv uvk k Dgpkrtgm gpkrtgmk k .............................................. ............................ .................................... ............................................ ........................................... ............................ ........... ;; Cgeu Cge urk = ‐ K` K`bp bpnkl nklah ahtb tb `bl `bl ankstý ankstýl larb........... ................. ............ ........... ......... ......... ........... ............ ............ ............ .......... ......... ........... ............ ........... ........... .......... ; ;4 4 Cgeurk 1 ‐ K`bpnklahtb `bl cgtk ma kåb ................................................................................................ ;4 Cgeu Cge urk 3 ‐ K` K`bp bpnkl nklah ahtb tb ma ah ahera erahk hkea eal l........... ................. ............ ........... ......... ......... ........... ............ ............ ............ .......... ......... ........... ............ ........... ........... .......... ; ;0 0 Cgeurk 5 ‐ K`bpnklahtb ma `brrahta ...................................................................................................... ;0 Cgeurk 6 ‐ K`bpnklahtb Fgmrëung`b ........................................................................................................ ;= Cgeurk 7 ‐ Masknghfklahtb Ykrknanb ...................................................................................................... 49 Cgeurk ;9 ‐ Masknghfklahtb Kheunkr ..................................................................................................... 4; Cgeurk ;; ‐ Pahtgmb ma Tbtkåàb ............................................................................................................ 4; Cgeurk ;4 ‐ [uadrk mb agxb mb lbtbr .................................................................................................... 44 Cgeurk ;0 ‐ Samkåàb kdartk .................................................................................................................. 44 Cgeurk ;= ‐ Mkhbs al rbnklahtbs ......................................................................................................... 40 Cgeurk ma ]bråàb...................................... ............................................................................................... Cgeurk geurk ;;1 3 ‐‐HAgxb ìva ìvann msbd a Dbascbråbs nfk............................................ .......................... .................................................. ............................................ ...................... ........4= 43 Cgeurk ;5 ‐ Tçeuk Dgsankmk .................................................................................................................. 45 Cgeu Cge urk ;6 ‐ Asqukm squkmrb rb ma Näl Nälghk Dgsank Dgsankmk mk 79º 79º...... ............ ............ ........... ........... ......... ......... ............ ............ ............ ............ ......... ........ ........... ............ ........... ..... 46 Cgeurk ;7 ‐ Asqukmrb `bl Dksa ........................................................................................................... 46 Cgeurk 49 ‐ @kngdrkmbr ma nälghks ......................................................................................................... 47 Cgeurk 4; ‐ Tanðegb `blpkrkmbr ........................................................................................................... 09 Cgeurk 44 ‐ Dksa Lkehçtg`k .................................................................................................................. 0; Cgeurk 40 ‐ Pupbrta ma ghstknkåàb ......................................................................................................... 0; Cgeurk 4= ‐ Pupbrtas mbs knghfkmbras ................................................................................................... 04 Cgeurk geurk ;3 ‐ Mgl gla ahs hsña ñass.............................................. ............................ .................................... ............................................ ........................................... ............................... .............. ;3 Cgeurk geurk ;5 ‐ Masvgb svgb Tkmgk gknn... .............................. ............................................... ................................... ............................................. ............................................ ...................... ........;5 Cgeurk geurk ;6 ‐ Masvgb svgb Kxgk Kxgknn ............................................ ....................... ......................................... ............................................... ............................................ ............................ ........... ;5 Cgeurk ;7 ‐ Masvgb Kheunkr ................................................................................................................... ;6 Cgeurk geurk 49 ‐ Masvgb svgb Lgstb....................... gstb............................................ ......................................... ............................................... ............................................ ............................ ........... ;6 Cgeurk 09 ‐ Masknghfklahtb Kheunkr ..................................................................................................... 01 Cgeurk 0; ‐ Knghfklahtb Kheunkr .......................................................................................................... 03 Cgeurk 04 ‐ Masknghfklahtb rkmgkn ........................................................................................................ 05 Cgeurk 09 ‐ Knghfklahtb `bl rçeuk ...................................................................................................... 06 Cgeurk 0= ‐ Masknghfklahtb Kheunkr ..................................................................................................... =9 Cgeurk 01 ‐ Lamgåàb Kheunkr ................................................................................................................ =9 Cgeurk 05 ‐ Tasuntkmb ma lamgåàb ........................................................................................................ =; Cgeu Cge urk 06 06 ‐ Sgstk Sgstk nktark nktarknn mk lëq lëqugh ughk k lbtb lbtbrk rk............ ...... ............ ........... ........... ......... ......... ............ ............ ............ ............ ......... ......... ............ ........... ........... .......... = =4 4 Cgeurk 06 ‐ Knghfklahtb Kxgkn Fbrgzbhtkn .............................................................................................. =4 Cgeurk 03 ‐ Knghfklahtb Tkmgkn............................................................................................................. =0 Cgeu Cge urk 0= ‐ Knghfk Knghfkl lahtb ahtb `bl `bl ranðe ranðegb........ gb.............. ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ......... ... Arrb! Ghmg`kmbr hàb macghgmb. Cgeurk =; ‐ Ghtarpratkåàb ma Lamgmks ................................................................................................... == Cgeurk =4 ‐ @brraåàb mb pç lkh`b ....................................................................................................... =1 Cgeurk =4 ‐ @brraåàb ma pç lkh`b `bl `kngdrkmbr ma cbnek ................................................................... =3 Cgeu Cge urk =0 ‐ @b @brraåàb rraåàb mb mb pç lkh lkh`b `b `bl `bl ranðe ranðegb.......... ................ ........... ........... ........... ......... .......... ............ ............ ............ .......... ......... ........... ........... .......... ..... =5 Cgeu Cge urk == ‐ @b @brraåàb rraåàb mb mb pç lkh lkh`b `b `bl `bl nksar nksar.......... ................ ........... ........... ........... ......... .......... ............ ............ ............ .......... ......... ........... ........... ........... .......... =5 Cgeu Cge urk =3 =3 ‐ @b @bhju hjuhtb htb knghfkl knghfklah ahtb tb ma ma agxbs agxbs.......... ................ ............ ........... .......... ......... .......... ............ ............ ............ .......... ......... ........... ........... ........... ........... ..... 19 Cgeurk =5 ‐ Yra`gsàb ma lçtbmb ............................................................................................................ 1;
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]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
LÐMQNB 9;
K@BYNKLAH]B
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]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
;
K@BYNKLAH]B
;.;
K`bpnklahtbs K` K`bpnk nkl lahtb ç ul `bhju juh htb la`ä `äh hg` g`b b, `b `bhstgtu tgtuìmb ìmb ma anal nalahtbs tbs ma lëqughk ghk, al alprae raekmb hk trk trkhslgssàb ma lbvglahtb ma rbtkåàb ahtra muks ërvbras bu agxbs/ërvbra, al `bhjuhtb ma aqugpklahtbs rbtktgvbs, `bl k cghkngmkma ma magxkr ks ck`as salpra `bl k laslk mgstäh`gk, al quknquar pbhtb a hb laslb pnkhb, lkhtahmb k nghfk ma `ahtrb ahtra bs agxbs. Bs k`bpnklahtbs têl ks saeughtas cuhåñas: Pàb uskmbs `blb analahtb ma uhgàb ahtra agxbs, ]rkhslgssàb ma tbrqua, k`blbmkr ul masknghfklahtb nglgtkmb.
Cgeurk ; ‐ Qsb ma k`bpnklahtb Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
Ks Ks vkrgkå rgkåñas ma prb rbja jatb tbss ma k`bpnk nkl lahtbs tbs a du`fks parl rlgtgta al qua fkjk hb k`bpnkl nklahtb, tb, `a `artk rtk ngda ngdarmkma ma lbvglahtb hks mglahsñas rkmgkgs a/bu kheunkras. Al earkn, qukhmb `kmk agxb k sar k`bpnkmb pbssug lkgs mb qua ul lkh`kn, mava-sa uskr ul k`bpnklahtb qua parlgtk kneul lbvglahtb kheunkr a rkmgkn. Gstb sa ckz ha`assërgb al vgrtuma mk mgcg`unmkma al sa bdtar ul parcagtb knghfklahtb ahtra mbgs agxbs lbhtkmbs al `kr`kåks sapkrkmks.
;.4
]gpbs ma K`bpnklahtbs Axgstal três erupbs mgstghtbs ma k`bpnklahtbs, hasta trkdknfb sa mkrë êhcksa k k`bpnklahtbs cnaxìvags a rìeg rìegmbs, mbs, qua sàb hbrl hbrlknlah knlahta ta uskmbs al l lëqu ëqughks ghks qua pbs pbssual sual a aggxbs rbtktg rbtktgvbs. vbs. Ybr quastñas mgmëtg`ks ç dbl cknkr sbdra bs três tgpbs a suks `krk`tarìstg`ks.
;.4.;
K`bpnklahtbs rìegmbs
Cnkheas: sàbkntb uhgñas ahtra agxbsknghfklahtbs ma trkhslgssàb, agxbsama sgh`rbhgslb, trkhslgtal tbrqua, axgeal pra`gsbs dkgxk rbtkåàb. at`. Ekrkhtal lkgbr rgegmaz,
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]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
Cgeurk 4 ‐ Cnkhea Tìegmb Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
Nuvks ma uhg uhgàb dgpkrtg dgpkrtgmk mks: s: uskmks al uh uhggñas ahtra agxbs, earkn earknla lahta hta nnbheb bhebs. s. Kpras Kprasahtkl ahtkl db dbk k rgrgegmaz, egmaz, cë`gn ralbåàb pkrk lkhutahåàb, axgeal knghfklahtbs pra`gsbs a dkgxk rbtkåàb.
Cgeurk 0 ‐ Nuvk Dgpkrtgmk Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
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;.4.4
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
K`bpnklahtbs cnaxìvags cnaxìvags
Ankstýlarbs pkrk kpng`kåñas trgvgkgs al uhgñas ma agxbs, k`bpnklahtbs ma dbldks, at`. @krk`tarìstg`ks ma trkhslgssñas ma dkgxb a lçmgb tbrqua, ma cë`gn ghstknkåàb a ralbåàb, parlgtal masknghfklahtbs a bs`gnkåñas mbs agxbs. Kprasahtkl gh`bhvahgahtas ma utgngzkåàb al kldgahtas `bl prasahåk ma keahtas quìlg`bs.
Cgeurk = ‐ K`bpnklahtb `bl ankstýlarb Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
K` K`bpnk nkl lahtb anë nësstg`b tg`b ma cgtk cgtk ma kåb `bhsgs gsta ta ma mbgs `udbs prbv rbvgmb gmbs ma cnkh cnkheas rk rkhfurk, rk, mk mks qukgs astë lbhtkmk ulk erkma anëstg`k qua ngek bs `udbs. B `bhjuhtb astë ahvbntb `bl muks tklpks aqugpkmks ma juhtk ma ah`bstb ma ratahtbras anëstg`b juhtb kb `udb. ]bmb b aspkåb ahtra bs `kdbs a ks tklpks ç praah`fgmb `bl erkxk. ]rkhslgtal dkgxb a lçmgb tbrqua, kdsbrval sbdra`kreks a klbrta`al vgdrkåñas.
Cgeurk 1 ‐ K`bpnklahtb `bl cgtk ma kåb Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
;.4.0
K`bpnklahtbs ma `blpahskåàb
;.4.0.;
Aherahkeahs
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Pàb kpng`kmbs al lbtbras ançtrg`bs, ramutbras ma dkgxb, lçmgb a kntb tbrqua, `kgxks ma sgh`rbhgslb, at`. pbssug dbl k`kdklahtb a pra`gsàb parlgta cnutukåñas mbs agxbs. Gsbnk vgdrkåñas prgh`gpknlahta kxgkgs.
Cgeurk 3 ‐ K`bpnklahtb ma aherahkeal Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
;.4.0.4
@brrahtas
Pàb kpng`kåàb al lbtbras ançtrg`bs, dbldks, ramutbras ma trkhspbrtkmbras, lëqughks al nb`kgs ma mgcì`gn k`assb. Ktahmal nkrek ckgxk ma tbrqua. Dkgxb `ustb. Ybssug dbl k`kdklahtb a pra`gsàb. Yarlgtal cnutukåñas mbs agxbs., gsbnkl vgdrkåñas, prgh`gpknlahta kxgkgs, ha`assgtkl ma nudrgcg`kåàb.
Cgeurk 5 ‐ K`bpnklahtb ma `brrahta Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
;=/ 54
;.4.0.0
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
Fgmrëung`b
Pàb uskmbs al lëqughks sujagtks k sbdra`kreks a pkrkmks drus`ks. ktahmal nkrek ckgxk ma tbrqua, nglgtkl k trkhslgssàb mk sbdra`krek pbr as`brraeklahtb.
Cgeurk 6 ‐ K`bpnklahtb Fgmrëung`b Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
KHB]KÅÑAP
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
LÐMQNB 94
;1/ 54
HBÅÀB MA APYKÅB
;3/ 54
4
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
MGLAHPÑAP B cktbr prgh`gpkn pkrk qual axa`utk b knghfklahtb, ç k `knlk a b rk`gb`ìhgb aspk`gkn, laslb al trkdknfb ma alareêh`gk. Ç ul ra`ursb utgngzkmb pank la`ähg`k, al `bhjuhtbs ma analahtbs rbtktgvbs, `bl k cghkngmkma ma magxkr ks ck`as mb k`bpnklahtb salpra `bl k laslk mgstäh`gk, al quknquar pbhtb a hb laslb pnkhb, lkhtahmb k nghfk ma `ahtrb ahtra bs agxbs. Ykrk `kmk prbjatb ç ha`assërgb saeugr ks ghcbrlkåñas a ghstruåñas aspa`ìcg`ks mb ckdrg`khta ma `kmk lëqughk, pbr `bhtar tbmb sau `blpbrtklahtb ktrkvçs ahskgb a `ën`unb.
4.;
]arlghbnbegk Mahtrb mks tç`hg`ks ma knghfklahtb, axgsta ulk tarlghbnbegk aspa`ìcg`k, qua sa kpng`k hbs `ksbs mbs sgstalks rbtktgvbs. Tacarahta ks mglahsñas lkgs ranavkhtas.
Cgeurk 7 ‐ Mglahsñas Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
4.;.;
Tkmgkn - W
Astk mglahsàb tkldçl `fklkmk ma pkrknangslb ç k lamgmk `bl rankåàb k pkrtgr mb `ahtrb mb agxb, al ul pnkhb parpahmg`unkr é nghfk mb `ahtrb mbs agxbs. B masngzklahtb hk mglahsàb rkmgkn, sgehgcg`k k mgcarahåk ma pbsgåàb mk nghfk ma `ahtrb rbtktgvk ma ul agxb al rankåàb k ul pbhtb ma racarêh`gk. [ukhmb mbgs agxbs sàb k`bpnkmbs, b pbhtb ma racarêh`gk ç k nghfk ma `ahtrb ma ul manas. Ks Ks ngh nghf fks ma `ahtrb trb astàb tàb pkrk rkna nank nkss `b `bl l k dksa al hìva ìvags mgca gcarah rahtas tas
;5/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
Cgeurk ;9 ‐ Masvgb Tkmgkn Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
4.;.4
Kxgkn Kxg kn - V
Astk mglahsàb ç lamgmk pkrk crahta a pkrk trës, kb nbheb mk nghfk ma rbtkåàb mb agxb. B masknghfklahtb kxgkn, sgehgcg`k b qukhtb b agxb astë masnb`kmb ma suk pbsgåàb, al rankåàb kb sau `blprglahtb. Hbta qua hk vgstk crbhtkn axgsta ulk mgcarahåk ahtra k ck`a `bl k butrk axtralgmkma
Cgeurk ;; ‐ Masvgb Kxgkn Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
4.;.0
Kheunkr Kheu nkr - Z
;6/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
Astk mglahsàb ç lamgmk ma ulk nghfk ma `ahtrb kxgkn ma racarêh`gk é nghfk ma `ahtrb rbtk`gbhkn ma butrb agxb bu k`bpnklahtb. B masknghfklahtb kheunkr racara-sa k ul äheunb qua ul agxb ckz al rankåàb k butrb, hks ck`as ma k`bpnklahtb.
Cgeurk ;4 ‐ Masvgb Kheunkr Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
B masknghfklahtb al ul agxb pbma sar: rkmgkn, kxgkn, kheunkr bu ulk `bldghkåàb manas.
Cgeurk ;0 ‐ Masvgb Lgstb Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
LÐMQNB 94
;7/ 54
MAPKNGHFKLAH]B
49/ 54
0
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
MAPKNGHFKLAH]B Ahtahma-sa pbr masknghfklahtb b masvgb mk pbsgåàb ranktgvk mb agxb `bnghakr ma rbtkåàb mbs agxbs, lamgmb hbs pbhtbs ma ttrkhsl rkhslggssàb ma pbtêh`gk, `bl aq aqugpkla ugpklahtb htb al `bhmgåñas hbrlk hbrlkgs gs ma trtrkdk kdknnfb. fb. ]kn mas`bhcbrlgmkma prbpg`gk quadrks lkgs craquahtas alprbdnalks ramuåàb ma hb talpb lçmgb ahtra cknfks, al lçmgk k`ramgtk-sa qua egrk ma allëqughks, tbrhb ma 59rasuntkhmb k 51% mbs vgdrkåàb, sàb `kuskmbs pbr masknghfklahtb.
0.;
]gpbs m a Ma Masknghfklahtbs sknghfklahtbs Bs masknghfklahtbs b`ksgbhkmbs al lëqughks rbtktgvks k`bpnkmks pbmal sar ma mbgs tgpbs: masknghfklahtb pkrknanb bu kheunkr. B masknghfklahtb pkrknanb b`brra qukhmb ks nghfks ma `ahtrb ma mbgs agxbs sàb pkrknanks, lks hàb sa ah`bhtrkl hb pbhtb ma trkhscarêh`gk ma `krek. Jë, b masknghfklahtb kheunkr b`brra qukhmb k nghfk ma `ahtrb ma mbgs agxbs sa `ruzk hb pbhtb ma trkhscarêh`gk ma `krek, lks hàb sàb pkrknanbs ahtra sg. Ybrtkhtb bs masknghfklahtbs pbmal sar ma três tgpbs: pkrknanb, kheunkr bu `bldghkmb, sajk hb pnkhb fbrgzbhtkn bu hb vartg`kn. Earknlahta k `bhmgåàb rakn ma masknghfklahtb qua b`brra ahtra lëqughks rbtktgvks, ç ulk `bldghkåàb ma kldbs bs tgpbs ma masknghfklahtbs, b qukn ç masgehkmb pbr masknghfklahtb lgstb bu `bldghkmb,
0.;.;
Masknghfklahtb Ykrknanb
B masknghfklahtb pkrknanb bu rkmgkn, k`bhta`a qukhmb ks nghfks ma `ahtrb mbs agxbs astàb pkrknanklahta kckstkmks. Ybr butrb nkmb, ç mkmb pank mgcarahåk rkmgkn ahtra bs mbgs k`bpnklahtbs, tkhtb hk fbrgzbhtkn, qukhtb hk vartg`kn.
Cgeurk ;= ‐ Masknghfklahtb Ykrknanb Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
0.;.4
4;/ 54
Masknghfklahtb Kheunkr
Masknghfklahtbs kheunkras, ç mkmb pank mgcarahåk kheunkr ahtra bs agxbs, assa masvgb ç bdsarvkmb panb äheunb cbrlkmb ahtra ks nghfks ma `ahtrb al ul pnkhb hb aspkåb mb aqugpklahtb k sar knghfkmb, tkhtb hk fbrgzbhtkn, qukhtb hk vartg`kn.
Cgeurk ;1 ‐ Masknghfklahtb Kheunkr Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
0.;.0
Masknghfklahtb @bldghkmb Bu Lgstb
Ç mkmb pank mgcarahåk rkmgkn a kheunkr ahtra bs agxbs, sgluntkhaklahta, tkhtb hk fbrgzbhtkn, qukhtb hk vartg`kn.
Cgeurk ;3 ‐ Pahtgmb ma Tbtkåàb Cbhta: Skna - Eastàb mb @bhfa`glahtb
44/ 54
0.;.=
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
Acagtbs mb Masknghfklahtb
Bs aqugpkl aqugpklahtbs ahtbs ma ul sgst sgstalk alk ma pbtêh`gk rbtkt rbtktgvb, gvb, qukh qukhmb mb sa ah`bhtrkl lkn knghfkm knghfkmbs bs sàb raspbhsëvags pbr lugtbs prbdnalks al lëqughks a aqugpklahtbs. B masknghfklahtb prbvb`k cbråks ma rakåñas hbs lkh`kgs, agxbs a k`bpnklahtbs, bhma assks cbråks sàb trkhslgtgmks ma cbrlk uhgmgra`gbhkn a sàb ma mgcì`gn lamgåàb qukhmb hàb axgstgral khkngskmbras bu sahsbras qua pbsskl sar ghstknkmbs hks lëqughks. @bhsaquahtalahta b qua sa tal, sàb acagtbs sa`uhmërgbs massks cbråks, ks qukgs `kuskl alpahklahtb ma agxbs a rbtbras, pbmahmb `kuskr kssgl k quadrk mb agxb, bu b `udb mb k`bpnklahtb.
Cgeurk ;5 ‐ [uadrk mb agxb mb lbtbr Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
Mavgmb é vgdrkåàb ax`assgvk, Yrbdnalks ma nudrgcg`kåàb sàb craquahtalahta `kuskmbs pbr maseksta mks vamkåñas, `blb vkzklahtbs ma ðnab pbmal b`brrar hbs ratahtbras bu sanbs mb lkh`kn.
Cgeurk ;6 ‐ Samkåàb kdartk Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
40/ 54
Ybma b`brrar kcrbuxklahtb hbs pkrkcusbs a quadrkr a bs lkh`kgs, a kghmk mkhgcg`kr bs rbnklahtbs mbs lbtbras a lkqughks. B kulahtb mk `krek ghtarcara axpbhah`gknlahta hk ramuåàb mk vgmk útgn mbs rbnklahtbs ma ; k 6 vazas.
Cgeurk ;7 ‐ Mkhbs al rbnklahtbs Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
[ukhmb sa mk pkrtgmk hbs aqugpklahtbs rbtktgvbs, bs agxbs sa lbval pkrk butrk pbsgåàb. K `kusk lkgs `blul massa lbvglahtb sa më panks rakåñas mks cbråks ktukhtas hbs analahtbs hk trkhslgssàb ma `krek
B lbvglahtb mks lkqughks pbma tkldçl sar `kuskmb pbr rakåàb kb prb`assb ma `bha`tkr ulk tudunkåàb bu `bhtrkrrakåàb mavgmb k rbtkåàb mb rbtbr.
Pàb cktbras qua `bhtrgdual pkrk qua bs `ahtrb ma rbtkåàb mbs vagbs (agxbs) sbcrkl masnb`klahtbs `bl vknbras hal salpra ck`gnlahta pravgsìvags. Assas masnb`klahtbs tkldçl pbmal b`brrar hks lkgs ghasparkmks mgraåñas.
Ybr astks rkzbas, assas cktbras pra`gskl sar `bhsgmarkmbs qukhmb sa acatuk b knghfklahtb mbs `bh juh juhtbs tbs.
4=/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
C;
C4
Cgeurk 49 ‐ Agxb sbd ascbråbs ma ]bråàb Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
C;< Tasuntkmb mk cbråk ma tbrqua mk lëqughk lbtbrk C4< Tasuntkmb mk cbråk ma rakåàb mk `krek mb trkdknfb mk lëqughk lbvgmk
KHB]KÅÑAP
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
LÐMQNB 90
41/ 54
GHP]TQLAH]BP A CATTKLAH]KP
43/ 54
=
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
CATTKLAH]KP K qukngm ngmk kma mbs ra rassuntntk kmbs ma ul trk trkdknf nfb b ma kngh nghf fklahtb ma agxb gxbs k`bp `bpnkm nkmbs mapahma, mgrgra atkl tklahta, ta, mbs lagbs utgngzkmbs hb `bhtrbna ma `kmk ulk mks mgcarahtas cksas massa trkdknfb. K ra ra``mgs gsà abva knës nb nbra raq acks rgmk rgm klhakhatbsp spa gcga`kb åsàb``u tç` g`m kk pu khrk ngh fbk hmtb, tbk,mba am sapkssa åabral gspbbuhìva ìv juh juhptb kàubhmgà gàb anë sras tg` tg`sk, ,ra bquk kck stkl tk aah`tra trgcg` bs utç db`shg`k mk uh gàb gàbb, kknghf p pb sslgdgng gdagngm ma ramlgsp h hà àabn egrkmbs bs agxbs, dal `blb ks `krk`tarìstg`ks earkgs mks lkqughks k knghfkr, sàb cktbras qua `bhmg`gbhkl k sanaåàb mbs ghstrulahtbs ma `bhtrbna k utgngzkr pkrk k rakngzkåàb massa trkdknfb. Hasta lktargkn gralbs kmbtkr, bs lagbs k saral utgngzkmbs hbs trkdknfbs ma knghfklahtb `nkssgcg`khmbbs ma três lbmbs: Tçeuk `bl `kngdrkmbr ma cbnek, ranðegb `blpkrkmbr a k nksar. Astk `nkssgcg`kåàb mava sar ahtahmgmk ma k`brmb `bl b tgpb ma rasuntkmbs Asparkmb hbs trkdknfbs ma knghfklahtb, Hasta `bhtaxtb, saràb mas`rgtbs bs ghstrulahtbs ha`assërgbs pkrk kpng`kåàb hb trkdknfb ma knghfklahtb ma agxbs utgngzkhmb bs três tgpbs `gtkmb k`glk.
=.;
K`assðrgbs K`assðrg bs pkrk kkngh ngh fklahtb `bl rçeuk.
=.;.;
Hìvags ma dbnfk
B hìvan ma dbnfk a ul paquahb ra`gpgahta `gnìhmrg`b cagtb ma k`rìng`b, kpbgkmb al ulk dksa ma ngek latëng`k nava, `bl mbgs trkåbs ma kcargåàb al saus mbgs nkmbs, `bl ulk qukhtgmkma ma ul ngqugmb varma vgs`bsb al sau ghtargbr, `bhtahmb ulk dbnfk ma kr, mastghkmb k earkr ul pnkhb fbrgzbhtkn ma racarêh`gk, pkrk `kn`unkr bs mashìvags ahtra bs pbhtbs. B erku ma pra`gsàb mbs rasuntkmbs, `bl k utgngzkåàb ma hìvags ma dbnfk a dkgxb. Ybr astk rkzàb, sàb utgngzkmbs al lkqughks hks qukgs k pra`gsàb mb hgvanklahtb hàb ç cuhmklahtkn pkrk b dbl cuh`gbhklahtb mks laslks. ]bmkvgk, astk `bhmgåàb ma hgvanklahtb a k`agtëvan pkrk k erkhma lkgbrgk mbs aqugpklahtbs ghstknkmbs hks pnkhtks ghmustrgkgs.
Cgeurk 4; ‐ Hìvan ma Dbnfk Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
45/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
=.;.4
Tçeuks ma cgb ratgcg` kmb (dgsankmks)
Pàb `bhstruìmks ma kåb-`krdbhb, al cbrlk ma ck`k (dgsankmk), talparkmk a ratgcg`kmk, `bl b cgb ngeagrklahta krrambhmkmb. K prgh`gpkn `krk`tarìstg`k a k pra`gsàb ma ratgnghakrgmkma ma ulk krastk al dgsan. Ks Ks rç rçe euks dgs gsa ank nkm mks astàb tàb mgs gsp pbhìva ìvags hb lar` r`k kmb al mgva gvarsb rsbs `blprg rgl lahtbs tbs. Pàb ðtgl tglk ks kuxgngk gngkra rass hb prç-knghfklahtb mbs agxbs, parlgtghmb qua pbsskl sar pbsg`gbhkmbs rkpgmklahta ma lbmb k btglgzkr k pbstargbr utgngzkåàb ma lagbs pra`gsbs. ]kldçl sàb utgngzkmks hk vargcg`kåàb ma suparcì`gas pnkhks a hk vargcg`kåàb mk eablatrgk suparcg`gkn mks skpktks mks lkqughks a mks zbhks ma kpbgb mks skpktks hks dksas.
Cgeurk 44 ‐ Tçeuk Dgsankmk Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
=.;.0
Asqukmrbs
B asqukmrb a ul ghstrulahtb ma `blpkrkåàb, utgngzkmb pkrk vargcg`kåàb vgsukn mk parpahmg`unkrgmkma ma ulk paåk. B lbmanb lkgs `blul a b asqukmrb sglpnas bu asqukmrb pnkhb, utgngzkmb tkhtb pkrk äheunbs ghtarhbs qukhtb axtarhbs, vargcg`khmb sa ks ck`as mk paåk `bgh`gmal `bl ks mb asqukmrb. Axgsta tkldçl b asqukmrb `bl nälghk dgsankmk bu asqukmrb `bl cgb. K mgcarahåk ahtra asta a b pnkhb sàb ks muks suparcì`gas `bl kheunb, parlgtghmb qua kpahks ulk astragtk nghfk ma `bhtktb tbqua k paåk. A `bhfa`gmb tkldçl `blb asqukmrb ma nuz , jë qua pkrk lanfbr k vgsukngzkåàb mb `bhtktb, b laslb a bdsarvkmb `bl k paåk `bhtrk k nuz. Kssgl, pbmal-sa var bs pbhtbs ma cknfk hk suparcì`ga pank pksskeal nulghbsk. „
“
„
“
46/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
Cgeurk 40 ‐ Asqukmrb ma Nälghk Dgsankmk 79º Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
Axgstal tkldçl bs lbmanbs `bl dksa: asqukmrb pnkhb `bl dksa a asqukmrb `bl cgb a dksa. Astas pbssual ul ma saus nkmbs lkgs nkreb, qua, hbrlknlahta, sa kpbgk hk suparcì`ga ma racarêh`gk, parlgtghmb qua b asqukmrb cgqua hk vartg`kn, sal k ha`assgmkma mb usuërgb saeurk-nb `bhstkhtalahta, ma cbrlk qua k dksa kuxgngk tkldçl pkrk trkåkr nghfks parpahmg`unkras k ulk dbrmk.
Cgeurk 4= ‐ Asqukmrb `bl Dksa Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
Pàb utgngzkmbs `bl lkgs craquêh`gk hks prglagrks ghstknkåñas pkrk vargcg`kr k parpahmg`unkrgmkma mbs cnkheas al tudunkåñas, ck`as ma `udb hks uhgñas, `blpkrkåàb ma agxbs al rankåàb ks dksas mks lkqughks.
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
47/ 54
@uggmkm @u mkmbs bs ha`assërg ha`assërgbs bs Hàb prassgbhkr hal ktrgtkr b ghstrulahtb `bhtrk k suparcì`ga?
Avgtkr `fbquas?
Hàb lkhtar b asqukmrb al `bhtktb `bl butrbs ghstrulahtbs bu carrklahtks?
Kpðs b usb sb,, ngl nglp pkr a nu nud drgc rgcg` g`k kr kmaqukmklahta `bl ðnab nab khtg`b tg`brr rrb bsgvb gvb bu vksanghk nghk? Kp
Eukrmkr ks carrklahtks salpra hb astbjb prðprgb.
=.;.=
@kngdra ma nälghks
B `kngdra ma nälghks tkldçl pbma sar `fklkmb ma `kngdra ma cbneks, pbgs sa trktk ma ulk nälghk prbjatkmk pkrk lamgr k cbnek ahtra `blpbhahtas bu ghtarhklahta mahtrb ma ul gtal. Anas sàb, al earkn, cagtbs ma kåb `krdbhb ma kntk qukngmkma a pksskl pbr ul prb`assb ma usghkeal pkrk bcara`aral, ma cktb, ulk suparcì`ga dkstkhta ngsk. Qtgngzkmb pkrk vargcg`kr, hulk prglagrk cksa, k `bhmgåàb ma kpbgb mks skpktks mks lkqughks hks raspa`tgvks dksas. hb masvgb kxgkn a pkrknangslb ahtra ks ck`as mbs `udbs al `bhjuhtb `bl k rçeuk bu asqukmrb. Pàb tkldçl tkldçl l lugt ugtb b utg utgngngzkmb zkmbss pkrk `bhstktkr ks macbrlk macbrlkåñas åñas mks eabl eablatrg atrgks ks mks suparcì`g suparcì`gas as ma kp kpbgb, bgb, mks lkqughks `bl rankåàb ks skpktks, k aspassurk mk nälghk bu nälghks `kngdrkmks qua sa `bhsaeua ghtrbmuzgr hks cbneks mata`tkmks, sarvgrk ma dksa pkrk k prglagrk `brraåàb.
Cgeurk 41 ‐ @kngdrkmbr ma nälghks Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
B `kn `kngdra ma nnäl älghks ghks a ulk carrklahtk carrklahtk ma usb sglp sglpnnas a ranktg ranktgvk vk pra`gsàb, hb ahtkhtb, axg axgea ea fkd fkdgngnggmkma a `bhfa`glahtb mb la`ähg`b
09/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
=.4
K`assðrgbs pkrk knghfklahtb `bl ranðegb `blpkrkmbr
=.4.;
Tanðegb
B ranðegb `blpkrkmbr a ul ghstrulahtb ma lamgåàb pbr `blpkrkåàb, mbtkmb ma ulk as`knk a ul pbhtagrb, ngekmbs pbr la`khgslbs mgvarsbs k ulk pbhtk ma `bhtktb. Axgstal vërgbs lbmanbs ma ranðegbs `blpkrkmbras. Bs lkgs `blulahta utgngzkmbs hbs trkdknfbs ma knghfklahtb sàb ranðegbs `blpkrkmbras khknðeg`bs `bl muks as`knks erkmukmks. K as`knk lkgbr astë erkmukmk al `ahtçsglbs ma lgnìlatrb.
Cgeurk 43 ‐ Tanðegb `blpkrkmbr Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
Axgstal bs k`assðrgbs aspa`gkgs qua supbrtkl bs ranðegbs `blpkrkmbras hks vërgks pbsgåñas mastghkmks k lamgåàb, kb knghfklahtb, kb navkhtklahtb a k `ahtrkngzkåàb ma paåks bu aqugpklahtbs.
=.4.4
Dksa Lkehçtg`k
Axgstal vërgbs tgpbs: •
•
•
Dksas lkehçtg`ks ma pra`gsàb, `bl trkvklahtb la`ähg`b, ktrkvçs ma analahtbs ma kpartb? Dksas lkehçtg`ks krtg`unkmks ma pra`gsàb, `bl trkvklahtb fgmrëung`b? Butrbs.
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
0;/ 54
Cgeurk 45 ‐ Dksa Lkehçtg`k Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
=.4.0
Pupbrta mb Tanðegb @blpkrkmbr.
Asta supbrta `bl ra`ursb ma cgxkåàb pbr `brrahtas hb `brpb ma ulk mks lkqughks, bcara`a vërgbs pbhtbs qua pbssgdgngtk k cgxkåàb a ghstknkåàb mbs ranðegbs B ranðegb mavarë sar cgxkmb hastk kdrkåkmagrk `bl knbhekmbras, curb `ahtrkn pkrk fksta a curb axtarhb raeunëvan pkrk ranðegb `blpkrkmbr.
Cgeurk 46 ‐ Pupbrta ma ghstknkåàb Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
04/ 54
=.0
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
K`assðrgbs K`assðrg bs pkrk kkngh ngh fklahtb k nks nksar ar Ykrk asta sgstalk, hbrlknlahta bs analahtbs ma cgxkåàb a k`assðrgbs sàb cbrha`gmbs `bhcbrla aspa`gcg`kåàb mbs tgpb a lbmanb ma aqugpklahtbs k saral kcargmbs.
Cgeurk 47 ‐ Pupbrtas mbs knghfkmbras Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
KHB]KÅÑAP
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
LÐMQNB 91
00/ 54
TAEQK A @KNGGD TA MA CBNEKP @KN
0=/ 54
1
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
TÇEQK A @KNGDTA MA CBNEK
B knghfklahtb `bl k rçeuk a b `kngdrkmbr ma cbnek mava sar axa`utkmb al aqugpklahtb ma dkgxk rbtkåàb a `bl k`bpnklahtb ma erkhmas mgälatrbs B prb`assb ma knghfkr ulk lëqughk é butrk, `bhsgsta al tblkr ulk manks `blb racarêh`gk, bu sajk, qua jë astajk hk pbsgåàb ma trkdknfb `bhcbrla prbjatb. Ghstknklbs mgspbsgtgvbs sglpnas a prbvgsðrgbs pkrk lbvglahtkr k lëqughk lbtbrk hk nktarkn, vartg`kn a kxgkn, ma k`brmb `bl k `brraåàb axgegmk. Ykrk `kmk prbjatb ç ha`assërgb saeugr ks ghcbrlkåñas a ghstruåñas aspa`ìcg`ks mb ckdrg`khta ma `kmk lëqughk, pbr `bhtar tbmb sau `blpbrtklahtb ktrkvçs ahskgbs a `ën`unbs. Hasta lbmunb kdbrmkralbs é rakngzkåàb ma knghfklahtb utgngzkhmb ks rçeuks a k`assðrgbs.
1.;
Bdjatgvb ma ul knghfklahtb K vgd gdrk rkååàb algtgm gtgmk pbr ul ulk lkqugh ghk ks astë ra rank nk``gb gbh hkmk mgra gratk tkl lahta `bl `bl k qukngmk ngmkma ma sau knghf nghfklahtb, kssgl `blb bs `bhsulbs ma aharegk, bs ekstbs mgratbs a ghmgratbs ma lkhutahåàb a k murkåàb mk vgmk útgn ma saus `blpbhahtas. B prgh`gpkn bdjatgvb mb knghfklahtb ma agxbs a ramuzgr k vgdrkåàb pkrk b hìvan k`agtëvan pkrk `kmk `bhjuhtb a `bl gssb kulahtkr b parìbmb ma bparkåàb ma lkqughks rbtktgvks. Ykrk ktghegr assa bdjatgtgvb, vb, bs `blpbhahtas `blpbhahtas mks l lkqughks kqughks qua astàb lk lkggs suj sujagt agtbs bs k ckn cknfks fks ma maval val trkdknfkr mahtrb mbs saus nglgtas ma prbjatb. Bs `blpbhahtas qua astàb lkgs vunharëvags k cknfks sàb bs lkh`kgs, sanbs, k`bpnklahtbs a agxbs, b knghfklahtb pra`gsb mks lkqughks ktghegrk bs saeughtas rasuntkmbs: Tamuzgr cbråks rkmgkgs a kxgkgs ax`assgvks sbdra bs lkh`kgs
Lghglgzkr b alpahb ma agxb mb pbhtb ma trkhslgssàb ma trkhslgssàb ma pbtêh`gk.
Lghglgzkr b maseksta hbs `blpbhahtas mb k`bpnklahtb?
Tamuzgr ks cknfks hbs sanbs la`ähg`bs?
Lkhtar ks cbneks ghtarhks kprbprgkmks hb `bhjuhtb.
Anglghkr k pbssgdgngmkma ma cknfk mb agxb pbr ckmgek `ì`ng`k.
Mglghugr bs hìvags ma vgdrkåàb hks `kr`kåks mks lëqughks, `kgxks ma lkh`kn a rbtbras.
1.4
Ykssbs Ykssbs mb pprb`amglahtb rb`amglahtb m a kknghf nghf kla klaht htbb
Pàb bgtb bs pkssbs dësg`bs pkrk b trkdknfb tbtkn ma knghfklahtb: ;) - Yrapkrkåàb Ahvbnva k prapkrkåàb ma carrklahtks a b traghklahtb ma passbks.
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
01/ 54
4) - Bdtar ghcbrlkåñas ranavkhtas sbdra ks lëqughks k saral knghfkmks, Pàb ha`assërgks carrklahtks aspa`gkgs pkrk lamgr b knghfklahtb bu rapbsg`gbhklahtb mks lk-
qughks2
Ks lkqugh ghk ks sa lbval mk pbsgå gåà àb bcc-ngh cc-ngha a pkrk `bhmgåñ gåñas ma bparkå rkåàb2 Ks
Al `ksb pbsgtgvb, qukhtb anks maval sar masknghfkmks prbpbsgtknlahta, ma lbmb qua sa lbvg-
lahtal pkrk k pbsgåàb ma knghfklahtb qukhmb astgvaral al bparkåàb hbrlkn2
0) - Masngeklahtb mk lëqughk gmahtgcgqua a masngeua k lëqughk khtas ma `blaåkr b trkdknfb hk laslk naldrkr qua saeurkhåk val al prglagrb nuekr! =) - Sargcg`kåñas pranglghkras, axgsta pç lkh`b (sbct-cbbt), sa k`bpnklahtbs, lkh`kgs, cuhmkåàb a dksa astàb bo2 1) - Lamgåàb mk pbsgåàb mbs agxbs, anas astàb mahtrb mks tbnaräh`gks ma knghfklahtb k`agtëvags. 3) - Lbvglah bvglahtkåàb, tkåàb, ma`gmk qualha`assgtk sar lb lbvgmk vgmk (qukn (qukn k lkh lkhagr agrk k a qukh qukhtb) tb) a, ahtàb, cgsg`klah cgsg`klahtta rapbsg`gbha k(s) lkqughk(s) vartg`knlahta, nktarkn a kxgkn. Mapbgs qua tgvar sgmb cagtb ul lbvglahtb, vbnta kb pkssb 1 a vargcgqua pkrk var sa ks lkqughks, raknlahta, cbrkl lbvglahtkmks mb lbmb qua sa asparkvk. 5) - Sargcgqua sa b aqugpklahtb k`gbhkmb rbmk ngvra, ghstkna k prbtaåàb mb k`bpnklahtb. 6) - Ghg`gkr bparkåàb rbma k lëqughk a ck`k ks vargcg`kåñas ha`assërgks.
1.0
Knghfklahtb Kngh fklahtb kheunkr `bl rçeuk a `kngdrkmbr `kngdrkmbr ma cbnek Pupbhfklbs qua b `bhjuhtb masknghfkmb sajk `bhcbrla cgeurk kdkgxb
Cgeurk 09 ‐ Masknghfklahtb Kheunkr Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
03/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
@bnbqua b `kngdrkmbr ma cbnek ahtra ks ck`as mb k`bpnklahtb a ratgra a raegstra ks lamgmks hbs saeughtas pbhtbs: 9¹, 79¹, ;69¹ a 45¹.
Cgeurk 0; ‐ Knghfklahtb Kheunkr Cbhta: Krqugvb ghtarhat
Kh Khkngs ngsk khmb ks lamgm gmk ks ra rae egs gstr trk kmks, va varg rgcgq cgqu ua al qukgs p pb bsgåñ gåñas b aqugpk gpklahtb sa ah`bhtrk trk. @ @b blpkra bs vknbras ah`bhtrkmbs `bl k tbnaräh`gk mb k`bpnklahtb (aspa`gcg`kåàb tç`hg`k mb aqugpklahtb). @ksb astaj astajk k mask masknnghfkmb, kp kpnngqua a assas ssas vknbras h hk k cbrl cbrlunk unk F < V x N / M bhma bhma::
F < aspassurk mb `kn`b?
V < nagturk bdtgmk hk carrklahtk ma lamgåàb (nagturk mb `kngdrkmbr ma cbnek)
N < Mgstäh`gk ahtra `ahtrb mb k`bpnklahtb a bs pbhtbs ma cgxkåàb mb aqugpklahtb?
M < Mgälatrb mk `gr`uhcarêh`gk mb `brpb lamgmb pank carrklahtk (k`bpnklahtb).
Assa `ën`unb parlgtgrë qua sa matarlgha b masnb`klahtb hb pnkhb vartg`kn, `bl k ratgrkmk bu `bnb`kåàb ma `knåbs (trksagrbs bu mgkhtagrbs), prbpbr`gbhkhmb ul knghfklahtb lkgs rëpgmb.
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
1.=
05/ 54
Knghfklahtb Kngh fklahtb rkmgkn `bl rçeuk a `kngd `kngd rkmbr ma cbnek Pupbhfklbs qua b `bhjuhtb ma k`gbhklahtb, astajk `bl masknghfklahtb rkmgkn `bhcbrla kdkgxb.
Cgeurk 04 ‐ Masknghfklahtb rkmgkn Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
B prglagrb pkssb sarë `bnb`kr k rçeuk kpbgkmk hk latkma lkgs kntk mb k`bpnklahtb. B saeuhmb pkssb sarë ghtrbmuzgr b `kngdrkmbr hb aspkåb ahtra k rçeuk a k latkma mb k`bpnklahtb lkgs dkgxk.
K la lamgm gmk k ngm ngmk k ``b brr rra aspbhma k aspassurk mbs ``k knå nåb bs h hb bp pnk nkh hb vart vartg` g`k kn bu bu b masnb` nb`klahtb hb p pnk nkh hb fbrgzbhtkn.
B knghfklahtb pkrknanb a bdtgmb qukhmb k rçeuk sa lkhtar hgvankmk `bl ks muks latkmas hks quktrb pbsgåñas (9b, 79b, ;69b a 459b).
B knghfklahtb kheunkr a bdtgmb qukhmb b lamgmbr ma cbnek lbstrkr k laslk aspassurk hks = pbsgåñas (9b, 79b,;69b a 459b), bdsarvkhmb, salpra, k `bh`brmäh`gk ahtra bs trkåbs ma racarêh`gk.
06/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
Cgeurk 00 ‐ Knghfklahtb `bl rçeuk Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
Kh Khkngs ngsk khmb ks lamgm gmk ks ra rae egs gstr trk kmks, va varg rgcgq cgqu ua al qukgs p pb bsgåñ gåñas b aqugpk gpklahtb sa ah`bhtrk trk. @ @b blpkra bs vknbras ah`bhtrkmbs `bl k tbnaräh`gk mb k`bpnklahtb (aspa`gcg`kåàb tç`hg`k mb aqugpklahtb). @ksb sajk ha`a ha`assërg ssërgb, b, kpng kpngqua qua b bss vknbras ah`bhtrkmbs hk cbrl cbrlunk unk F < V x N / M.
KHB]KÅÑAP
07/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
LÐMQNB 93
TANBEGB @BLYKTKMBT
=9/ 54
3
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
TANÐEGB @BLYKTKMBT B knghfklahtb `bl ranðegb `blpkrkmbr mava sar axa`utkmb al aqugpklahtb qua axgjk ulk lahbr tbnaräh`gk ma masvgbs mb knghfklahtb `bl rankåàb k rbtkåàb a pbtêh`gk trkhslgtgmk panb `bhjuhtb. B knghfklahtb ç b prb`assb qua parlgta `bhtrbnkr b masknghfklahtb a prblbvahmb ul dbl cuh`gbhklahtb mbs aqugpklahtbs rbtktgvbs, tahmb `blb `krk`tarìstg`k prgh`gpkn anglghkr vgdrkåñas, kqua`glahtb a mkr lkgbr murkdgngmkma kbs `blpbhahtas, pravahghmb ckmgeks hbs agxbs a k`bpnklahtbs, anglghkhmb k mgstrgdugåàb masgeukn ma `krek hbs rbnklahtbs, kssgl `blb k cnaxàb hbs laslbs. Ykrk k vargcg`kåàb mb knghfklahtb pkrknanb a kheunkr, mavalbs pbsg`gbhkr b ranðegb `bl k dksa lkehçtg`k bu supbrta cgxb salpra kpbgkmk hk pkrta mk lëqughk lbtbrk.
Pupbhfklbs qua b `bhjuhtb ma k`gbhklahtb, `bl masknghfklahtb kheunkr, `bhcbrla sgtukåàb kdkgxb.
Cgeurk 0= ‐ Masknghfklahtb Kheunkr Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
Ghstkna b ranðegb `bhcbrla lbstrkmb. @artgcgqua-sa ma qua k suk dksa astë cgrlalahta pbsg`gbhkmk, kpðs tar ghstknkmb b ranðegb, a egra b sau lbstrkmbr ktç zark-nb. Al saeugmk, egra bs mbgs agxbs, sgluntkhaklahta, a nagk ks lamgmks hbs pbhtbs 9b, 79b, ;69b a 459b. Taegstra tbmks ks lamgmks
Cgeurk 01 ‐ Lamgåàb Kheunkr Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
=;/ 54
Kh Khkngs ngsk khmb ks lamgm gmk ks ra rae egs gstr trk kmks, varg rgcgq cgqu ua al qua pbsgåñ gåñas sa ah`bhtrk trk b aqugpk gpklahtb. tb. @blpkrkr rkr bs vknbras ah`bhtrkmbs `bl k tbnaräh`gk mb k`bpnklahtb (Ngtarkturk tç`hg`k mb aqugpklahtb). @ksb astajk masknghfkmb, kpng`kr assas vknbras hk cbrlunk F < V x N / M bhma: F < aspassurk mb `kn`b?
V < nagturk bdtgmk hk carrklahtk ma lamgåàb (mgstkh`gk mk rçeuk, nagturk mb ranðegb bu `kngdrkmbr
ma cbnek)
N < Mgstäh`gk ahtra `ahtrb mb k`bpnklahtb a bs pbhtbs ma cgxkåàb mb aqugpklahtb?
M < Mgälatrb mk `gr`uhcarêh`gk mb `brpb lamgmb pank carrklahtk.
Assa `ën`unb parlgtgrë qua sa matarlghal bs `knåbs k saral `bnb`kmbs bu ratgrkmbs hb pnkhb vartg`kn mgkhtagrb bu trksagrb.
- AVALYNB:
Pupbhfklbs qua al ulk lamgåàb cbrkl ah`bhtrkmks ks saeughtas nagturks:
Cgeurk 03 ‐ Tasuntkmb ma lamgåàb Cbhta: Skna - Eastàb mb @bhfa`glahtb
@brrgjk prglagrb, k mgcarahåk kheunkr vartg`kn, `bnb`khmb `knåbs bhma cbr ha`assërgb. Qsa k cðrlunk F < ( V x N ) / M. K `b `brr rra aåàb mb k kxxgk gknn va vart rtg` g`k kn sa sarë cagtk cagtk gh ghtr trb bmuzgh ghm mb-sa -sa u ul l `knå `knåb b Fa F F; ; (D < @ @)) hk hks ssk kpktks tks, pb pbgs talbs qua anavkr k pkrta trksagrk mk lëqughk lbtbrk k lamgmk hk pkrta supargbr astë haektgvk, naldra-sa qua b ranðegb astë cgxb hastk lëqughk a k lbvgmk ç b pbhtb ma racarêh`gk.
=4/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
Cgeurk 05 ‐ Sgstk nktarkn mk lëqughk lbtbrk Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
F < V . N / M < 9,994" . 19" / =" F < 9,941" F; < 9,994" . ;09" / = F; < 9,931" Kp Kpart rta a tb tbmbs b bss p pk krk rkcu cussbs m ma a cgx cgxk kåàb m mb ba aq qugp gpk klahtb a ckå ckåk h hb bvk na nagtgtu urk, rk, `a `art rtgcgcg` g`k khmb-sa -sa ma q qu ua ktghegu bs vknbras masajkmbs. `brraåàb mb kxgkn fbrgzbhtkn sarë bdtgmk bdtgmk al alpurrkhmb-sa purrkhmb-sa k lë lëqughk qughk hb sahtg sahtgmb mb mk skpk skpktk tk D pan pank k skpk skpktk tk @ pbr ghtarlçmgb bs pkrkcusbs „lk`kqughfbs“ bu quknquar butrb ra`ursb. @bl b vknbr mk latkma mk lamgmk ah`bhtrkmk,
Cgeurk 06 ‐ Knghfklahtb Kxgkn Fbrgzbhtkn Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B
3.;
=0/ 54
Knghfklahtb rkmgkn bu pkrknanb `bl ranðegb `blpkrkmbr Ghstkna b ranðegb `blpkrkmbr, `blb lbstrkmb kdkgxb, `artgcg`khmb-sa ma qua k suk dksa astajk dal cgrla. Ykrk k Ghstknkåàb mb ranðegb `blpkrkmbr prassgbha k keunfk mb ranðegb hb k`bpnklahtb a egra b ktç9¹, zark-nb. Al asaeugmk, kldbs bsks k`bpnklahtbs, sgluntkhaklahta, a ck`k ks nagturkslbstrkmbr hbs pbhtbs 79¹,;69¹ 459¹ a egra raegstra tbmks lamgmks rakngzkmks
Cgeurk 07 ‐ Knghfklahtb Tkmgkn Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
Ks Ks lamgm gmk ks ngm ngmk ks (c (cgh ghk kn) maval sar mgv gvgm gmgm gmk ks pbr mbgs (4), (4), matarl tarlgh ghk khmb, kssgl ssgl,, k aspassurk surkmbs `knåb nåbs k saral `bnb`kmbs bu ratgrkmbs hb pnkhb vartg`kn bu hb masnb`klahtb fbrgzbhtkn.
3.4
Ghtarpratkåàbb ma Ghtarpratkåà m a ra ranðeg nðegbb @blb ghtarpratkr ks nagturks bdtgmks. ]bmk vaz qua k fksta mb ranðegb cbr prassgbhkmk, b ranðegb ghmg`krë nagturks pbsgtgvks, a qukhmb k laslk cbr mgstahmgmk, ghmg`krë nagturks haektgvks. Kh Khkngs ngsk khmb ks na nagtu gturk rkss ah`bhtrk trkmks hk cge cgeurk kdkgx gxb b, pkrk `brr rrge gegrgr b masknghf nghfklahtb, tb, ma mavaral ralbs prbrb`amar mk saeughta cbrlk:
==/ 54
]A@HG@KP MA KNGHFKLAH]B KNGHFK LAH]B
Cgeurk =9 ‐ Ghtarpratkåàb ma Lamgmks Cbhta: Krqugvb Ghtarhat
3.4.;
Kheunkr Kheu nkr vartg`kn vartg `kn < 9? -4,=
Qtgngzkhmb k cðrlunk F < (V.N) /M, a `bhsgmarkhmb M `blb 449ll, taralbs: F < (4,=.=49) /449 F < =,16ll F; < (4,=.;449) / 449 F;< ;0,0ll @blb hk pbsgåàb ;69º k nagturk mau haektgvk, ghmg`khmb qua b k`bpnklahtb astë „kdartb“ aldkgxb a b lbtbr astë lkgs dkgxb, `blb lbstrk b pkrknanb vartg`kn, ç `bhvahgahta navkhtkr k mgkhtagrk al F
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