Aproceso de Fabricacion Del Acido Sulfúrico A Partir de Gases Metalurgicos

 

S^LKF[L EF @MN^OKMKOLB EFD MKOEL [VD@Ú^OKL M SM^UO^ EF HM[F[ AFUMDV^HOKL[

OBU^LEVKKOLB Fb fd kmapl ef dm Ufkbldlhám y dm Obeustrom gmy ubm amylr rfsplbsmnodoeme plr tlamr klbkofbkom fb sus mkvoemefs, plr fd gfkgl ef sfr dms prlaltlrm prlaltlrmss efd efsmrrlddl y alvoaofbtl ef dm slkofeme. Fb fspfká`kl fd [fktlr Obeustromd Aobfrl, efbtrl ef bufstrl bufstrl pmás, efsef sus obokols gm soel ub fjf fklbûaokl probkopmd. [ob fanmrhl sus mkvoemefs bl sûdl hfbfrmb ub Oapmktl plsovl m dm slkofeme sobl tmanoïb surhfb Oapmktls Manofbtmdfs, efnoel m dm fxtrmkkoûb ef dls ^fkursls efd Afeol Manofbtf, aobfrmdfs quf md pmsmr ubm sfrof ef prlkfsls fb su trmbslramkoûb prleukfb efsfquodonrols fb fd afeol. Slr fddl kmem mkvoeme quf rfmdozm efnf fbamrkmrsf fbamrkmrsf proafrl fb ubm prfvfbkoûb ef tmdfs efsfquodonrols y fb údal kmsl aohíbeldls l rfafeoíbeldls. W Efbtrl efd prlkfsl prleukvl ef ubm faprfsm aobfrm gmy ub mktlr oaplrtmbtf pmrm quf su rfmdozmkoûb sfm ûpam: Fd sfhuoaofbtl ef dls pmríaftrls lpfrmvls, lpfrmvl s, plr afeol ef ub mbídosos prfkosl y fxmktl. Msá aosal pmrm dms efkosolbfs klafrkomdfs ef dls prleuktl prleuktlss `bmdfs. Mubquf fs fvoefbtf dm eofrfbkom fb kmbeme rfspfktl m dm prlpom faprfsm, fs ub prlndfam quf efnf fbrfbtmrsf klb dm aosam mtfbkoûb, plr pfrtfbfkfr m ubm lrhmbozmkoûb quf klal tmd mvmbzm klb ubm mrkudmkoûb klaúb fbtrf sus pmrtfs. Msuaor ubm klbkofbkom afeol manofbtmd fs, plr efkor dl afbls, ubm klbeuktm ef aíxoam rfdfvmbkom pmrm fd nofbfstmr guambl mktumd, msá klal pmrm fd ef dms uturms hfbfrmkolbfs. Dls prlkfsls ef rf`bmkoûb y klbvfrsoûb ef kruels, hfbfrmb hmsfs klb hrmb vmdlr fbfrhïkl. Obefpfbeofbtfafbtf Obefpfbeofbtfafbtf ef dm prlkfefbkom y klaplsokoûb, dls klbtmaobmbtfs klbtmaobmbtfs quf sufdfb fstmr prfsfbtfs fb fstls hmsfs klanusndfs klanusndfs slb: fd sudurl ef goerûhfbl (dkg[) y fd

 

eoûxoel ef kmrnlbl (K3>), tmanoïb ddmamels hmsfs íkoels kuyl trmt trmtmaofbtl maofbtl y rfalkoûb fs bfkfsmrom pmrm fvotmr dm klrrlsoûb fb dls fquopls, tlxokoeme pmrm fd sfr guambl, y dduvom d duvom íkoem fb fd afeol manofbtf. SFU^LSF^V fb rfspufstm m dls bufvls fstíbemrfs aubeomdfs y bmkolbmdfs ef klafrkomdozmkoûb ef Eoïsfd y Hmsldobm, kuym tfbefbkom fs dm eosaobukoûb l rfeukkoûb ef dls bovfdfs ef mzurf efkoef alefrbozmr dm ^f`bfrám ef Umdmrm pmrm prleukor klanusndfs ef mkufrel m dls bufvls rfqufroaofbt rfqufroaofbtls ls manofbtmdfs, m prfkols klapfvls y msfhurmr dm rfsfrvm fbfrhïkm efd pmás. Klb fd Srlyfktl ef Alefrbozmkoûb ^f`bfrám Umdmrm (SA^U), SFU^LSF^V mapdomrí sus uboemefs y klbstruorí bufvms, pfraofbel fbtrf ltrms klsms, efsud=~=rozmr dls klanusndfs y afjlrmr fd lktmbmjf ef dms bmms. Umanoïb, prlkfsmrí kruels aís pfsmels pmrm rfeukor klstls y afjlrmr fd rfbeoaofbtl ef klanusndfs dovombls (hmsldobm y eoïsfd). Fstf trmnmjl ef obvfshmkoûb obvfshmkoûb fbf klal `bmdoeme eosaobuor dm kmbeme ef hmsfs íkoels ef dls hmsfs klanus klanusndfs ndfs rfsoeumdfs hfbfrmels fb dms uboemefs ef: @dfxokliobh (@KI), Krmqufl Kmtmdákl @duoeozmel (@KK), Goerltrm Go erltrmtmaofbtl tmaofbtl ef Eoïsfd (GUE), Goerltrmtmaofbtl ef dm Bmm (GUB), Goerltrmtmaofbtl ef Bmm Krmqufmem (GU@), Efsudurozmelr HDS (UHD) y dm Vboeme ef Pmkál OOd (VEP OOO).Dms kumdfs nrobemb tlel fd klbtfboel ef mzurf ef dls hmsfs íkoels fb lram ef sudurl ef goerûhfbl (G>[), quf fs dm amtfrom proam pmrm dls Srlkfsls ef Fbeudzmaofbtl y ef Íkoel Íko el [udúrokl. Smrm fddl sf fvmdumrlb fvmdumrl b dms afjlrfs tfkbldlháms tmbtl fb "Fbeudzmaofbtl" (eosaobukoûb ef dm klbkfbtrmkoûb klbkfbtrmkoû b ef hmsfs íkoels), klal fb dm ^fkupfrm ^fkupfrmkoûb koûb efd mzurf fb lram ef Íkoel [udúrokl (G>[35) ef klbkfbtrm klbkfbtrmkoûb koûb klafrkomd. Fd Srlkfsl ef Fbeudzmaofbtl ef Hmsfs Íkoels fdfhoel fs fd ef Mnslrkoûb ]uáaokm klb Maobms y fd pl ef maobm udozmel fs dm Afdeoftmbldmaobm (AEFM), dm kumd sf nmsm fb dm sfdfkvoeme md sudurl ef goerûhfbl (G>[) klb ub efkmoaofbtl efd eoûxoel ef kmrnlbl (K3>) efd 63%. Dufhl fd Hms Fbeudzmel sfrí fbvomel fbvomel m [frvokols xdov

 

Obeustromdfs pmrm sfr eostronuoel eostronuoel m dms Vboemefs fdf Srlkfsl ef dm ^f`bfrám y fd Hms Íkoel rfambfbtf klblramel probkopmdafbtf plr sudurl ef Goerûhfbl (G>[) sfrí fbvomel md Srlkfsl ef Íkoel sudúrokl, pmrm fd kumd sf gm sfdfkkolbmel fd Srlkfsl ef íkoel [udúrokl Gúafel (Xft [udurok Mkokd- X[M) plrquf sf lnfbf íkoel sudúrokl eorfktmafbtf efd G>[ sob fufbtfs ef rfsoeuls dáquoels ym quf trmtm fd hms ef prlkfsl klb dm tltmdoeme ef su klbtfboel ef mhum9 mhrfhíbeldf ub pdus md prlkfsl klb dm hfbfrmkoûb ef vmplr ef mdtl plefr kmdlrá`kl.

S^LNDFAM ¼Kûal fs fd prlkfsl ef lntfbkoûb ef íkoel sudúrokl m pmrr ef hmsfs aftmdúrhokls< aftmdúrhokls<

LNJFUOPL HFBF^MD Srlkfsl ef lntfbkoûb efd G>[L5 m pmrr ef hmsfs faoels fb ubm obeustrom aftmdúrhokm.

LNJFUOPL[ F[SFKO@OKL[ Kumd fs fd prlkfsl pmrm eosaobuor dm klbkfbtrmkoûb ef [(h), sudurls y ltrls hmsfs faoels md afeol manofbtf. Klblkfr kumdfs slb dms ftmpms ef mnrokmkoûb klb sus pmríaftrls ef prlkfsl fb dm lntfbkoûb ef íkoel sudúrokl.

EF[M^^LDDL EFD UFAM F[UVEOL EF AF^MKMEL Fd íkoel sudúrokl fbf hrmb rfpfrkusoûb fb dms mkvoemefs obeustromdfs, slnrf tlel fb dm aobfrám quf fb fstls údals mJ=ls gm mdkmbzmel bovfdfs mdtls fb sus prfkols, fd kumd gm rfhostrmel ub rfpubtf oaplrtmbtf fb su bovfd ef fxplrtmkoûb. Fd obkrfafbtl ef íkoel sudúrokl prlvofbf efd muafbtl fb dm efambem ef Kgodf efnoel m dms ubeokolbfs ef

 

klnrf y zobk, y dm mpmrokoûb ef bufvls afrkmels ef efsbl. Fb fd a=l >337 sf rfhostrû ub krfkoaofbtl fb su bovfd ef fxplrtmkoûb ef >3>.8% quf rfprfsfbtû vfbtms vfbtms plr 08.6 aoddlbfs ef eûdmrfs, sfýmdl dm [upfrobtfbe [upfrobtfbefbkom fbkom Bmkolbmd ef Meaobostrmkoûb Meaobostrm koûb Uronutmrom ([VBM ([VBMU). U). Fd 85 %ef dms fxplrtmkolbfs ef íkoel sudúrokl sf eorohoû m Kgodf (63 aoddlbfs ef eûdmrfs), rfhostrm rfhostrmbel bel mefaís ub obkrfafbtl ef =>?.; % efnoel md eï`kot quf rfhostrm fd afrkmel ef Kgodf klal klbsfkufbkom ef dm pufstm fb amrkgm ef vmrols prlyfktls ef doxovomkoûb ef aobfrmdfs ef klnrf. Kmnf efstmkmr quf dm " aobfrám efd klnrf klbsuaf fb prlafeol ;.>5 UUlbfdmems lbfdmems ef íkoel sudúrokl plr tlbfdmem ef kítlel prleukoel prleukoel (vïmsf Kumerl d.d ). Dm amylrám ef dms fxplrtmkolbfs pfrumbms ef íkoel sudúrokl eurmbtf eurmbtf fd >337 ufrlb rfmdozmems plr'dms faprfsms [lutgfrb Sfrú Klppfr Klrplrmlb (6= aoddlbfs ef eûdmrfs) y Pltlrmba Aftmds ef Kmjmamrquoddm (=0 aoddlbfs aodd lbfs ef eûdmrfs). [fhúb dm klaosoûb Kgodfbm efd Klnrf (KLKGJDKL) kgodf efpfbef ef dms d ms oaplrtmkolbfs ef íkoel sudúrokl ef Sfrú: "[f gm prlyfktmel quf pmrm fd >3>3 dm prleukkoûb ef íkoel sudúrokl fb fd Sfrú tfberám ubm prleukkoûb aíxoam ef 0,8 aoddlbfs ef tlbfdmems ef íkoel sudúrokl, pmrm ub klbsual aíxoal ef 8,8 aoddlbfs ef tlbfdmems. Dm eofrfbkom, ef tlels alels, sfrí afblr m dm quf sf fsam plerám rfhostrmrsf fstf mýl y fb fd afeombl pdmzl, elbef dm eofrfbkom fbtrf manms prlyfkkolbfs muafbtm sustmbkomdafbtf, fbtrf >,6 aoddlbfs ef tlbfdmems y ; aoddlbfs ef tlbfdmems. Fd íkoel sudúrokl fs ub prleuktl fstr fstrmtïhokl mtïhokl pmrm dm aobfrám efd klnrf fb kgodf, dl quf fxpdokm fd ?0% ef klbsual ef íkoel sudúrokl gm tfboel ub mdtl obkrfafbtl ddfhmbel m dms >.05 aoddlbfs ef tlbfdmems Kdd >3=3, efsef 033 gáoddlbfs ef tlbfdmems quf obhrfsmnmb md pmás fb >330. Fb fd >3=> fd Sfrú sf fbklbtrû fb fd quobtl duhmr ef dls eofz proafrls pmásfs fxplrtmelrfs fxplrtmelr fs ef íkoel sudúrokl efd aubel, klb ub albtl ef 70.08 aoddlbfs ef V[$ fb fxplrtmkoûb (vïmsf fd kumerl = .5), sofbel fd proafr pmás oaplrtmelr Kgodf klb ;?6.66 aodfs

 

ef V[$.

V[L[ HFBF^MDF[ EFD S^LEVKU S^LEVKUL L Dm amylrám ef dls usls efd Íkoel [ud!rokl bl dl oapdokmb ef lram eorfktm klal ubm amtfrom proam sobl klal ef usl obeorfktl fb lram ef kmtmdozmelr. Slr fstf alvl, auy plkl Íkoel [udôrokl mpmrfkf fb dls prleuktls ef dms obeustroms elbef obtfrvofbf pfrl mpmrfkf klal Íkoel klbsuaoel l klal vmrols pls ef [udmtls [udmtls ef efsfkgl. Hfbfrmdafbtff sf usm fb dms obeustroms ef: Hfbfrmdafbt • Sohafbtls

 

• Íkoels • Sfhmbtfs • Suro`kmkoûb ef pftrûdfl • Nmýls ef fdfktrlpdmt fdfktrlpdmtfmel fmel • Doxovomkoûb ef aftmdfs • Gfrnokoems • Fb dm rf`bmkoûb ef Mkfotfs aobfrmdfs y vfhftmdfs • Obeustrom efd kufrl • Mhfbtf fb dm prleukkoûb ef fxpdlsovls • Efsgoermtmkoûb ef ïtfrfs, fstfrfs y hmsfs Vsls obeorfktls fb dm Obeustrom ef: • @frdozmbtfs, hfbfrmbel Íkoel lsûrokl m pmrr ef rlkm lsûrokm, quf dufhl emrí Juhmr m amtfromdfs frdozmbtfs klal [upfrlsmtls tropdfs y [udmtls ef albl y eomalbol. Kfrkm efd 03 % efd Íkoel [ud(Jrokl prleukoel sf usm fb dm obeustrom, sofbel dm kmbeme aís mprfkomndf usmem fb dm obeustrom pftrlquáaokm klal efsgoermtmbt efsgoermtmbtff Íkoel fb rfmkkolbfs ef botrmkoûb, klbefbsmkoûb, efsgoermtmkoûb efsgoermtmkoûb y fb dm rf`bmkoûb elbef sf usm pmrm rf`bmr, mdquodmr y puro`kmr efsdmels ef pftrûdfl kruel. Fb dm obeustrom Oblrhíbokm sf usm fb dm prleukkoûb ef pohafbtls ef eoûxoel ef tmbol (Uo3>) y Íkáels aobfrmdfs. Fb fd prlkfsmaofbt prlkfsmaofbtl l ef aftmdfs, sf usm fb fd efkmpmel efkmpmel,, fb fd trmt trmtmaofbtl maofbtl ef aobfrmdfs ef klnrf, urmbol y vmbmeol y fb dm prfpmrm prfpmrmkoûb koûb ef nmýls fdfktrldákls pmrm dm puro`kmkoûb ef aftmdfs bl frrlsls frrlsls.. ; Vbl ef sus usls eorfktls obkduyf su eospfrsoûb fb lram ef sldukoûb eoduoem fb sufdls auy mdkmdobls quf vmb m sfr usmels klb `bfs mhrákldms, pfrl fd usl eorfktl aís oaplrtmbtff dl klbstuyf dm obeustrom ef dm sudlbmkoûb lrhíbokm fb elbef sf usm pmrm dm oaplrtmbt mnrokmkoûb ef eftfrhfbtfs. eftfrhfbtfs. Ltrl ef sus usls eorfktls oaplrtmbt oaplrtmbtfs fs fs fd ef dm obeustrom ef dms nmtfráms

 

SDMBUM EF ÍKOEL [VD@Ú^OKL AMUF^OM[ S^OAM[

Fd hms sob pldvl, prfvomafb prfvomafbtf tf fbromel m ;63 klb ubm klbkfbtrmkoûb ef 6.6 m 8.3% fb vld. pmsm plr ubm sfrof ef ftmpms pmrm klbv klbvfrrsf frrsf fb íkoel sudúrokl. EF[K^OSKOÛB EF DL[ S^LKF[L[ EF LNUFBKOÛB EFD ÍKOEL [VD@Ú^OKL [f usm fd ddmamel —prlkfsl ef klbtmktl‑, quf fs ub prlkfsl klbbul, klbsostfbtf fb trfs ftmpms ef`boems quf slb. =.- Doapofzm y mklbeokolbmaofbtl efd ujl hmsflsl efd tlstmelr ef kmam turnudfbkom (U.D.^.) Fb fstm ftmpm sf trmtm ef fdoaobmr fd pldvl quf mrrmstrmb dls hmsfs aftmdúrhoklss efd aftmdúrhokl 5> U.D.^., kuym klaplsokoûb fs dm sohuofbtf [L>1 6.7 % B>1 88.5 % L>1 ?.> % G>L1 8.6 % Glt Klrfdd, prfkopotmelr fdfktrlstíkl fdfktrlstíkl sfkl, su ubkoûb fs rfkupfrmr fd pldvl ef kmdkobm quf mrrmstrmb dls hmsfs efd Ulstmelr. Ulrrf ]ufbkg y Ulrrf ef Fbromaofbtl, fquopls quf pfraotfb fbromr dls

 

hmsfs ef ;53³K gmstm >6³K, msoaosal rfrmr fd pldvl quf tlemvám mrrmstrmb dls hmsfs. Aost Klrfdd (Srfkopotmelrfs Fdfktrlstíkls Fdfktrlstíkls Gúafels), kuyl lnjfvl fs fdoaobmr fd mrsïbokl y fd mbalbol quf mklapmýmb md afbkolbmel m dls hmsfs, dls kumdfs sfrámb mdtmafbtf pfrjueokomdfs pmrm dms sohuofbtfs ftmpms efd prlkfsl. Ulrrf ef [fkmel, fquopl quf pfraotf fd rfrl ef dm guafeme fb dls hmsfs ef eoûxoel ef mzurf, mbtfs ef quf obhrfsfb md klbvfrelr, usmbel íkoel sudúrokl ef klbkfbtrmkoûb ef ?;.3%, fd kumd sf ambfbf plr afzkdm klb íkoel sudúrokl ef ?7.6 ef dm tlrrf ef mnslrkoûb. >.- Klbvfrsoûb ef [L> m [L; Fquopl quf pfraotf dm klbvfrsoûb efd eoûxoel ef mzurf m troûxoel ef mzurf, rfmkkoûb quf fs mkfdfrmem plr ub kmtmdozmelr fd pfbtmûxoel ef vmbmeol,, rfmkkoûb quf fs fxltïraokm, kmdlr quf efnf sfr rfalvoel pmrm vmbmeol mdkmbzmr fd fquodonrol y bl emýmr fd kmtmdozmelr, pmrm fstl sf usm 5; obtfrkmanomelrfs hms ‛ hms pmrm fbromr dls hmsfs quf obhrfsmb m dm tlrrf ef mnslrkoûb. 5. Mnslrkoûb efd hms [L; Fd hms [L; prleukoel fb fd klbvfrelr, mubquf sf fbkufbtrf mefkumemafbtff rál, bl sf klanobmrm eorfktmafb mefkumemafbt eorfktmafbtf tf klb fd mhum, pufs efnf gmkfrdl fb lram obeorfktm plr eosldukoûb efd ef ?7.6-?7.7%. Nmjl fstms klbeokolbfs fd [L; sf ubf íkodafbtf md mhum efd íkoel, fstm lpfrmkoûb sf ffktúm fb dm tlrrf ef mnslrkoûb klb íkoel ef ?7.6%. ^FMKKOÛB FB DM LNUFBKOÛB EFD ÍKOEL [VD@Ú^OKL

 

5.=.5. Efskropkoûb Ef Dms Srufnms fxpfroafbtmdfs ef mnslrkoûb M klbbumkoûb sf rfmdozmrl rfmdozmrlb b prufnms fxpfroafbtmdfs ef mnslrkoûb klb hms rfsoeumd ef dm pdmbtm ef Mkoel, klb sldukolbfs prfpmrmems fb Dmnlrmtlrol ef kmrnlbmtl ef sleol, klb fd lnjfvl ef eftfraobmr dm `jmkoûb ef [ klal nosud`tl. 5.=.6. Srufnms ef dmnlrmtlrol 5.=.6.= Aïtlel - Fb F b dm obvfshmkoûb udozmals fd aïtlel ef mnslrkoûb ef eoûxoel ef mzurf fb kmrnlbmtl ef sleol pmrm hfbfrmr sldukoûb ef nosud`tl ef sleol 55 5.=.6.> Aufstrm: [f usmrí fd —hms rfsoeumd‑ quf hfbfrm dm pdmbtm ef Mkoel efd Korkuotl ef Zobk mnslrnoïbeldl fb dm sldukoûb ef kmrnlbmtl kmrnlbmtl,, pmrm fstl sf mklbeokolbû ubm tlam quf pfraotm nurnujfmr hms fb dm sldukoûb prfpmrmem. Umndm 6 Klaplsokoûb ef Aufstrm B³=

 

Dms klbeokolbfs ef dm aufstrm B³ =, sf usmrí klal rffrfbkom pmrm usmrdl m bovfd podltl pmrm mnslrnfr fd hms rfsoeumd y lntfbfr dm sldukoûb ef nosud`tl. 5.=.6.; ^fmkvls: sldukoûb ef kmrnlbmt kmrnlbmtl l ef sleol Amtfromdfs usmels: Kmrnlbmtl ef sleol alblgoermtmel. @ûraudm quáaokm: Bm>KL;. G>L Sfsl aldfkudmr: =>5.335 h/ald Ulambel fb kufbtm quf dm sldunodoeme efd kmrnlbmtl ef sleol fs aíxoam m ubm tfapfrmturm ef ;6.5 ³K(=), sf rfmdozm dm eosldukoûb fb mhum efd kmrnlbmtl m fsm tfapfrmturm, pmrm fvotmr su krostmdozmkoûb. M ubm klbkfbtrmkoûb efd >=.0 % fb pfsl, sf eftfraobm quf sf efnf eosldvfr fb >?3 ad ef mhum, 73 h ef kmrnlbmtl ef sleol, rfsudtmbel rfsudtmbel ubm efbsoeme ef =>;> h/d 56 5.=.6.5 Hms rfsoeumd [f eftfraobû fd fapl ef mnslrkoûb plr dm smturmkoûb ef dm sldukoûb prfpmrmem, prfpmrm em, tfbofbel fb kufbtm dl sohuofbtf: =. Efbsoeme klbstmbtf ef dm sldukoûb, bl obkrfafbtmn obkrfafbtmnm. m. >. Srfsfbkom ef ldlr mkrf f orrotmbt orrotmbtff fb dm sldukoûb prfpmrmem.

 

;. Kldlrmkoûb ef dm d m sldukoûb: mamroddfbtm. [f rfmdozmrlb eofrfbtfs prufnms m bovfd podltl, eosldvofbel kmrnlbmtl ef sleol fb mhum Umndm 0 Srufnm: M

 

@ltlhrmm @ltlhr mm B³> tunl nurnujfmelr ([SOBHF^)

 

 @ltlhrm`m B³ ;: fquopl udozmel fb dms prufnms fxpfroafbtmdfs 5.=.6.6 Umndm Umndm B³ 8 Srufnm B³ =

57 5.=.6.0 Umndm Umndm B³ 7: Srufnm B³>

 

5.=.6.8 Umndm Umndm B³ ?: Srufnm B³ ;

5.=.6.7 Umndm Umndm B³ =3: Srufnm B³ 5

 

5.=.6.? Umndm Umndm B³ ==: Srufnm B³6

5.=.6.=3 Umndm Umndm B³ =>: Srufnm B³ 0

 

@ltlhrmm @ltlhr mm B³ 5 [ldukoûb ef nosud`tl ef sleol lntfboel 5.>. EO[KV[OÛB EF ^F[VDUMEL[ 63 5.>.=. @mnrokmkoûb Mbhum efd Nosud`tl ef [leol Fb dm Sdmbtm ef Íkoel [udúrokl Dm fbtrmem efd hms [L> frm ef 8% fb dls Umbqufs ^fmktlrfs ef nosud`tl, fstf tmbquf fstmnm ddfbmel klb mhum ubms 5 pudhmems (=.>=? a) y kmrnlbmtl ef sleol ;3 nldsms ef 63 iodlhrmals io dlhrmals kmem ubl (=633 Ih

 

ef Bm>KL;). Umanoïb frm mdoafbtmem klb vmplr ef dm kmsm kfdem pmrm quf mkfdfrf dm rfmkkoûb y bl sf prfkopotf fd kmrnlbmtl ef sleol. Fstf prleuktl efalrmnm 7 glrms pmrm dm mnrokmkoûb efd nosud`tl ef sleol. @oh. ? @mnrokmkoûb mbhum ef nosud`tl ef sleol Fbtlbkfs smnfs dm klbkfbtrmkoûb efd nosud`tl ef sleol 6= 5.>.>. Lntfbkoûb efd Nosud`tl Mktumd Smrm bufstrls emtls mktumdfs dl quf vmrámb fs quf bufstrl eoûxoel ef mzurf fs auy plnrf [L> 1 3.5%, y plr dl tmbtl dm rfmkkoûb vm m efalrmr y sf plerám vmromr dms klbkfbtrmkolbfs. Ulamals dls emtls ef dms klbkfbtrmkolbfs obokomdfs pmrm plefr emrbls ubm oefm, ef fstmr rfmdozmb rfmdozmbel el dms prufnms klrrfktms y fbklbtr fbklbtrmr mr dls fstíbemrfs rfqufroel. Smrm plefr klafrkomdozmr fstf prleuktl dms faprfsms emb dms kmrmktfráskms kmrmktfrás kms efd Nosud`tl ef [leol quf prleukfb. Klal plr fjfapdl dm faprfsm JVMB AF[[OBM [.M. quáaokmafbtf su sldukoûb ef Nosud`tl ef [leol klb ubm klbkfbtrmkoûb afeom efd >0% fxprfsmel klal [L>. Umndm =; Klaplsokoûb ef Nosud`tl ef [leol 6> 5.>.;. Gopûtfsos Hfbfrmd