Application Web de Gestion de Stock Du Magasin de Faculté de Médecine

 

Tc``jbrg YGTW@G --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 LBT[G KGT HBAWYGT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = DMJUB[YG DMJUB[ YG B ? BN[YCKWD[BCN BN[YCKWD[BCN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :5

B. B.:. :. DCN[G][G G[ @C[BXJ[BCNT ? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:: :: B. B.9. 9. DCN[YBIW[BCNT ?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:9 B. B.4. 4. CYAJNBTJ[BCN KW YJUUCY[  ? -----------------------------------------------------------------------:4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- :4 DMJUB[YG DMJUB[ YG BB ? TUGDBHBDJ[BCN TUGDBHBDJ[BCN G[ JNJLRTG JNJLRTG KGT IGTCBNT IGTCBNT -------------------------------------------------------------------- :7

BB BB.: .:.. BN[YCKWD[BCN ? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ :8 BB BB.9 .9.. KGTDYBU[BCN KW UYCOG[  ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------:8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- :8 BB.9.:. Kc`jbng k‒jpplbdjtbcn k‒jpplbdjtbcn ? ............................... ........................................................ ................................................. .................................. .......... :1  BB.9.9. Tpâdbhbdjtbcn kgs kgs igscbns ? ...................... ............................................... ......................................... ...................................... ...................... :1  BB BB.4 .4.. G [WKG KG L ‒‒ G]BT[JN[  G   ]BT[JN[  ? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------:2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- :2 BB.4.:. B`pcrtjndg B`pcrtjndg kg lj agstbcn jutc`jtbsâg jutc`jtbsâg kgs stcdfs ? ......................................... ................................................ ....... :2  BB.4.9. Gxg`plgs kg kg lcabdbgls gxbstjnts sur lg `jrdmâ ? .................... ............................................. ................................. ........ :2 

BB.4.4. Dcndlusbcn Drbtbqug kg l‒gxbstjnt ......................... ................................................. ................................................. ......................................... .................. .. 99  99  BB.4.;. ? ............................... ...............?......................................... ................................................. ................................................. ............................ ... DMJUB[YG DMJUB[ YG BBB? BBB? G[WKG G[WKG DCNDGU DCNDGU[WGLLG [WGLLG ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9;

BB BBB.: B.:.. BN[YCKWD[BCN ? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------97 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 BB BBB.9 B.9.. L‒ JUUYCDMG ---------------------------------------------------------------------97 97 JUUYCDMG W@L JKCU[GG ? --------------------------------------------------------------------BB BBB.4 B.4..  [WKG G[ @CKJLBTJ[BCN @CKJLBTJ[BCN KG LJ TCLW[BCN ?------------------------------------------------------91 BBB.4.:. Lgs kbjarj``gs kbjarj``gs kgs djs k‒utblbsjtbcns k‒utblbsjtbcns ? ......................................... .......................................................... ...................... ..... 91  BBB.4.:.:. Kbjarj BBB.4.:.:. Kbjarj``g ``g k kgg djs djs k‒ k‒utblbs utblbsjtbcn jtbcn « @jajsbnbgr @jajsbnbgr ¶ ? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9= BBB.4.:.9. BBB.4. :.9. Kbjarj``g Kbjarj``g kg djs k‒utblbsjtbcn k‒utblbsjtbcn «dlbgnt¶ «dlbgnt¶ ?-----------?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4: BBB.4.:.4. BBB.4. :.4. Kbjarj``g Kbjarj``g kg djs k‒utblb k‒utblbsjtbc sjtbcn n « Hcurnb Hcurnbssgur ssgur ¶ ?-----------?---------------------------------------------------------------------- 44

BBB.4.9. Lgs kbjarj``gs kbjarj``gs kg sâqugndgs ? .......................... .................................................. ................................................. .........................47  47  BBB.4.9.:. Kbjarj BBB.4.9.:. Kbjarj``g ``g kg sâqug sâqugndg ndg « Tjbsbr gt `-j`-j-oo kg lj ijsg kg kcnnâg ¶ ? ------------------------------------------ 47 BBB. BBB.4.9. 4.9.9. 9. Kbjarj Kbjarj``g ``g kg sâqugnd sâqugndgg « Bnsd Bnsdrbpt rbptbcn bcn Dlbgnt Dlbgnt ¶ ?----------?------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 BBB.4.9.4. BBB.4. 9.4. Kbjarj``g Kbjarj``g kg sâqug sâqugndg ndg « jutmgnt jutmgntbhbdj bhbdjtbcn tbcn Dlbg Dlbgnt nt ¶ ?--------------?-------------------------------------------------------- 41 BBB.4.9.4. Kbjarj``g BBB.4.9.4. Kbjarj``g kg sâqugndg sâqugndg sdânjrbc sdânjrbc « Dc``jnkgr Dc``jnkgr ¶ ?-----------?---------------------------------------------------------------- 4= BBB.4.9.;. BBB.4. 9.;. Kbjarj``g Kbjarj``g kg sâqu sâqugndg gndg ku sdânj sdânjrbc rbc « Yâpcnkr Yâpcnkrgg jux jppgls k‒chhrgs k‒chhrgs ¶ ? ----------------------------- 42 BBB.4.9.7. BBB.4. 9.7. Kbjarj``g Kbjarj``g kg ssâqug âqugndg ndg kg sdânj sdânjrbc rbc « Dc``unbdjtb Dc``unbdjtbcn cn ¶ ? ----------------------------------------------------------- 42

BBB.4.;. Kbjarj``g kg dljssgs ? ......................................... ......................................................... ......................................... ............................... ...... ;5  BBB.4.4. Kbjarj``g k‒âtjt trjnsbtbcn ?..................... ?.............................................. ......................................... .................................. .................. ;: BB BBB.; B.;.. UYGTGN[J[BCN KGT @JZWG[[GT UYGLB@BNJBYGT ? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------;; ------;; BB BBB.7 B.7.. DCNDLWTBCN ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;8 ;8 DMJUB[YG DMJUB[ YG BX ? [GDMNBZWG [GDMNBZWG K KG G KGXGLCUUG@GN[ KGXGLCUUG@GN[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;1

BX BX.: .:.. BN[YCKWD[BCN ? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------;= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;= BX BX.9 .9.. KGTDYBU[BCN KG L ‒  ‒ GNXBYCNNG@GN[ GNXBYCNNG@GN[ KG KGXGLCUUG@GN[ BN[GAYG ?---------------------------;= BX.9.9. Gnvbrcnng`gnt Lcabdbgl ? ........................ ................................................ ................................................. ....................................... .............. ;2  BX.9.9.:. Qj`pTgrvgr BX.9.9.:. Qj`pTgrvgr ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;2 BX.9.9.9. BX.9.9. 9. UMU ?-----------------?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ;2 BX.9.9. BX.9.9.4. 4. ?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75 BX.9.9.;. BX.9.9. ;. DTT Ojvj?--------Tdrbpt ?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 BX.9.9.7. BX.9.9. 7. Umctcsmcp Umctcsmcp ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7:

7|Ujag

 

BX BX.4 .4.. L GT GT UMJTGT KG KGXGLCUUG@GN[ ? ---------------------------------------------------------------79 --------------------------------------------------------------- 79 BX BX.; .;.. L GT ----------------------------------------------------------- 74 GT TDGNJYBCT KG KGXGLCUUG@GN[  ? -----------------------------------------------------------74 BX.;.:. Âvjlujtbcn kgs sdânjrbcs ? ........................................ ........................................................ ......................................... ........................... .. 7;  BX BX.7 .7.. L GT GT UMJTGT KG KGXGLCUUG@GN[ ? ---------------------------------------------------------------77 --------------------------------------------------------------- 77 BX.7.:.Yâjlbsjtbcn kg lj ruirbqug kg Dc``jnkg Dc``jnkg ? ............................... ....................................................... ............................. ..... 77  BX.7.9.Yâjlbsjtbcn kg kg lj ruirbqug k‒jppgl k‒chhrg ? ............................... ....................................................... ............................. ..... 7=  BX.7.4.Yâjlbsjtbcn kg lj ruirbqug k‒âkbtbcn ? ........................................ ......................................................... ............................. ............ 85  BX BX.8 .8.. BN[GYHJDGT KG L ‒  ‒JUULBDJ[BCN J   UULBDJ[BCN? -------------------------------------------------------------------89 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 89   

  Gspjdg jk`bnbstrjtgur ?................ ? ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ................................... .......... 84    Gspjdg Hcurnbssgur ?......................... ?................................................. ................................................. ......................................... ...................... ...... 87    Gspjdg dlbgnt ? ......................................... .......................................................... ......................................... ................................................. .........................81  81  BX BX.1 .1.. DCNDLWTBCN ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82   

  

DMJUB[YG DMJUB[ YG X ? DCNDLWTBCN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 JNNG]G-------------------------------JNNG]G---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------- 19 G][GNTBCN G][GNT BCN JNKYCBK-------------JNKYCBK---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1;

B. BN[YCKWD[BCN ? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 BB. KGHBNB[BCN KG L ‒  ‒JNKYCBK J   NKYCBK ? ------------------------------------------------------------------------17 BBB. MBT[CYBZWG K‒ JNKYCBK ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 JNKYCBK ? -----------------------------------------------------------------------17 B X. JYDMB[GD[WYG K‒ JNKYCBK -------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 JNKYCBK ? --------------------------------------------------------------------18 X. DC@UCTJ C@UCTJN[T N[T UYBN UYBNDBUJW DBUJW] ] KG L ‒  ‒JNKYCBK J   NKYCBK ?-----------------------------------------------------------11 W[BLT T KG YGJLBTJ[BC YGJLBTJ[BCN N K‒ WN WN UYCOG[ JNKYCBK ? -----------BXB. BXB. CW[BL ---------------------------------------------------------------------------11 ------11 XB.:. Cutbls gt bnstjlljtbcn ? ........................................ ......................................................... ......................................... ...................................... .............. 11  XB.9. Drâjtbcn gt utblbsjtbcn kg l‒â`uljtgur ? ......................................... ......................................................... ............................. ............. 1=  XB.4. Drâjtbcn k‒un prcogt Jnkrcbk ? ............................... ....................................................... ................................................. ........................... .. 12  XB.;. @ckbhbdjtbcn kg l‒bntgrhjdg l‒b ntgrhjdg arjpmbqug? ............................................... ....................................................................... ........................12  12  XBB. Lgs bntgrhjdgs ? ......................................... .......................................................... ......................................... ................................................. .........................=5  =5  XBBB. Dcndlusbcn ? ......................................... .......................................................... ......................................... ................................................. ............................. .... =9 

8|Ujag

 

Yâsu`â ng jpplbdjtbcn jpplbdjtbcn kg ags agstbcn tbcn kgs st stcdfs cdfs gst un syst systí`g í`g bnhc bnhcr`jt r`jtbqug bqug qu qubb

W

pgr`gt k'jssurgr lg subvb kgs nbvgjux kgs prckubts, dc``jnkgs, vgntgs gt lbvrjbscns. Bl pgut âajlg`gnt ïtrg utblbsâ kjns l'bnkustrbg `jnuhjdturbírg kg

drâgr un crkrg kg trjvjbl, lg prcogt kg lcb kg `jtârbjux gt k'jutrgs kcdu`gnts lbâs å lj prckudtbcn Lgs gntrgprbsgs utblbsgnt lgs jpplbdjtbcns kg agstbcn kgs stcdfs pcur âvbtgr lgs stcdfs gxdâkgntjbrgs gxdâkgntjbrgs kg prckubts gt kg pjnngs. Bl s'jabt k'un cutbl pcur crajnbsgr lgs kcnnâgs k'bnvgntjbrg k'bnvgntjbrg qub j âtâ jvjnt aân aânârjlg`gnt ârjlg`gnt stcdfâs sscus cus hcr` hcr`gg kg dcpbg pjpbgr, Tpâdbjlg`gnt lg `jajsbn qub gst un gspjdg kg stcdfjag cò lgs `jrdmjnkbsgs scnt rjnaâgs subvjnt un crkrg ibgn prâdbs. Bl pgr`gt kg ajrkgr un âtjt oustg kgs stcdfs 6 bl jssurg pcur dmjqug jrtbdlg un pcbnt kg agstbcn gntrg l‒jpprcvbsbcnng`gnt gt lj dcnsc``jtbcn 6 d‒gst lg lbgu cò l‒cn pcbntg lgs gntrâgs gt lgs scrtbgs 6 lg `jajsbn chhrg kgs g`pljdg`gnts kg stcdfjag ibgn `jtârbjlbsâs 6 dg qub pgr`gt kg râjlbsgr kgs bnvgntjbrgs jhbn kg ajrjntbr l‒gxjdtbtukg pgr`jngntg kgs qujntbtâs kg `jrdmjnkbsgs kbspcnbilgs. Nctrg stjag s‒gst kârculâ ju sgbn kg l‒jsscdbjtbcn spcrtbvg kg lj hjdultâ kg `âkgdbng kg @cnjstbr, Tcn iut âtjbt kg kâvglcppgr un gnsg`ilg k‒jpplbdjtbcns jhbn kg `gttrg å lj kbspcsbtbcn kgs utblbsjtgurs, kgs cutbls bnhcr`jtbqugs lgur pgr`gttjnt kg hjdblbtgr lgur trjvjbl. Dg stjag âtjbt prbndbpjlg`gnt kgstbnâs å lj `bsg gn pljdg ung jpplbdjtbcn wgi kg agstbcn kgs stcdfs qub nâdgssbtg un kâvglcppg`gnt k‒ ung

spâdbhbqug djr lgs lcabdbgls gxbstjnts sur lg `jrdmâ scnt prâvus pcur ung utblbsjtbcn plus pcussâg gt `jnqugnt kg sb`plbdbtâ k‒utblbsjtbcn. Nctrg `bssbcn dcnsbstg å

dcnstrubrg ung

jpplbdjtbcn qub j pcur rûlg kg

sb`plbhbgr lgs tjdmgs tjdmgs gt ku `jajs `jajsbn bn kg lj hjdultâ, jbkgr jbkgr lg `jajsbnbgr å crajnbsgr scn trjvjbl gt

`â`crbsgr sgs kcnnâgs sjns jvcbr pj pjssâ ssâ pjr lgs jrdmbvgs gt lub

bnhcr`â gn djs k‒ung rupturg kg st stcdf, cdf, j jussb ussb pc pcur ur jbk jbkgr gr lgs utblbsjtgurs gt lgs prchgssgu prchg ssgurs rs kg lj hjdul hjdultâ, tâ, qub râdlj râdlj`g `g tcut lg tg` tg`ps ps kgs prcku prckubts. bts. Ujr lj râjlbsjtbcn kg dgttg jpplbdjtbcn cn vj crajnbsgr lgs kg`jnkgs, `gttrg gn prg`bgr lbgu lgs kjtgs kgs igscbns pcur lgs dc``jnkgs gt rg`pljdgr lgs hgubllgs gt lgs jrdmbvgs pjr ung `â`cbrg stcdfâ kjns un kbsqug kur ibgn sâdurbsâ.

1|Ujag

 

Lbstg kgs hbaurgs Hba. : ? @ckâlbsjtbcn @ckâlbsjtbcn arjpmbqug ku prcogt ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :1  Hba. 9 ? Dcnsultjt Dcnsultjtbcn bcn k‒un jrtbdlg jrtbdlg (KOJ Tcht) Tcht) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95  Hba. 4 ? Wng hjdturg hjdturg pcur Koj scht------------------------scht---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95  Hba. ; ? Dbnq hjácns kg vcbr un systí`g (;+: vugs kg Frudmtgn) Frudmtgn) ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------- 97  Hba. 7 ? Lgs trcbs dc`pcsjntgs dc`pcsjntgs k‒ung `ckâlbsjtbcn------------------`ckâlbsjtbcn--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98  Hba. 8 ? kbjarj``g kbjarj``g kg kg djs k‒utblb k‒utblbsjtbcn sjtbcn « @jajsbnbgr @jajsbnbgr ¶ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9=  Hba. 1 ? Kgsdrbptb Kgsdrbptbcn cn kâtjbllâ kâtjbllâ ku ku djs k‒utblbsjtbcn k‒utblbsjtbcn « dcnsultgr dcnsultgr lg stcdf ¶ -------------------------------------------------------------- 92  92  Hba. = ? Kgsdrbptb Kgsdrbptbcn cn plus plus kâtjbllâ kâtjbllâ ku ku djs k‒utblbsjtbcn k‒utblbsjtbcn « dcnsultgr dcnsultgr lg stcdf ¶------------------------¶------------------------- 92  Hba. 2 ? Kbjarj``g Kbjarj``g kg djs djs k‒utblbsjtb k‒utblbsjtbcn cn « dlbgnt ¶ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4: Hba. :5 ? Kgsdrbptb Kgsdrbptbcn cn kâtjbllâ kâtjbllâ ku djs k‒utblb k‒utblbsjtbcn sjtbcn « dcnsultgr dcnsultgr lg stcdf ¶ ---------------------------------------------------------- 4: 4: Hba. :: ? Kgsdrbptb Kgsdrbptbcn cn plus plus kâtjbllâ kâtjbllâ ku ku djs k‒utblbsjtbc k‒utblbsjtbcn n « dcnsultgr dcnsultgr lg stcdf ¶ -------------------------------------------- 49  Hba. :9 ? Kbjarj``g Kbjarj``g kg djs djs k‒utblbsjtb k‒utblbsjtbcn cn « Hcurnbssgur¶ Hcurnbssgur¶ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44  44  Hba. :4 :4 ? Kgsdrbptbc Kgsdrbptbcn n kâtjbllâ kâtjbllâ ku « Yâpcnkrg Yâpcnkrg jux jux jppgls jppgls k‒chhrg k‒chhrg ¶ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44  Hba. :; ? Kgsdrbptbcn plus kâtjbllâ ku djs k‒utblbsjtbcn «Yâpcnkrg jux jppgls k‒chhrg¶ k‒chhrg¶ ---------- 4;  Hba. :7 ? Kbjarj``g kg sâqugndg « Tjbsbr gt `bsg å ocur kg lj ijsg kg kcnnâg ¶----------------¶--- ---------------- 47  Hba. :8 ? Kbjarj``g Kbjarj``g kg sâqugndg sâqugndg kg sdânjrbc sdânjrbc « jutmgntbhbdj jutmgntbhbdjtbcn tbcn Dlbgnt ¶ -------------------------------------------------- 48  48  Hba. :1 ? Kbjarj``g Kbjarj``g kg sâqugndg sâqugndg « Jutmgntbhbdjt Jutmgntbhbdjtbcn bcn ¶---------------------¶------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41  Hba. := ? Kbarj`` Kbarj``gg kg kg sâqugndg sâqugndg ku sdânjrbc « dc``jnkgr dc``jnkgr ¶ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4=  Hba. 95 :2 Hba. Hba. 9: Hba. 99 Hba. 94 Hba. 9; Hba. 97 Hba. 98 Hba. 91 Hba. 9= Hba. 92 Hba. 45 Hba. 4: Hba. 49

sâqugndg ku sdânjrbc sdânjrbc juxbcn jppgls k‒chhrgs ¶ -------------------------------- 42  42  ?? Kbjarj``g Kbjarj`` Kbjarj``gg kg kg kg sâqugndg sâ qugndg kg sdânjrb c « « Yâpcnkrg Dc``unbdjt Dc``unbdjtbcn ¶ --------------------------------------------------------------------? Kbjarj``g kg dljssg --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;5  ? kbjarj``gs kbjarj``gs k‒âtjt k‒âtjt trjnsbtbcns trjnsbtbcns --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;4  ? Bntgrhjdg Bnsdrbptbcn ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;;  ? Bntgrhjdg Bntgrhjdg jutmgntbhbdj jutmgntbhbdjtbcn--------------tbcn--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;7  ? Bntgrhjdg ku hcr`uljbrg k‒ung dc``jnkg-----------------dc``jnkg---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ;7  ? Lg `ckílg kg dydlg kg vbg gn djsdjkg------------------------------djsdjkg-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79  ? Tdmâ`j k‒âvjlujtbcn kgs sdgnjrbcs---------------sdgnjrbcs--- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7;  ? Ujag k‒jddugbl kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn l‒jpplbdjtbcn --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89  ? Bntgrhjdg jutmgntbhbdjtbcn jk`bnbstrjtgur------------jk`bnbstrjtgur --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84  ? Bntgrhjdg jocutgr un hcurnbssgur hcurnbssgur ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84  ? Bntgrhjdg pcur `ckbhbgr un hcurnbssgur------------hcurnbssgur ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8;  ? Bntgrhjdg pcur jocutgr un prckubt-------------prckubt- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8;  8; 

Hba. 44 Hba. 4; Hba. 47 Hba. 48 Hba. 41 Hba. 4= Hba. 42 Hba. ;5 Hba. ;: Hba. ;9 Hba. ;4 Hba. ;; Hba. ;7 Hba. ;8

? Bntgrhjdg pcur puilbgr un jppgl jppgl k‒chhrg------------k‒chhrg ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87  ? Bntgrhjdg pcur l‒jutmgntbhbdjtbcn kgs hcurnbssgurs ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- 87  ? Bntgrhjdg pcur lgs chhrgs kgs prckubts prckubts kgs hcurnbssgurs --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- 88  ? Bntgrhjdg pcur râpcnkrg râpcnkrg jux jppgls k‒chhrg k‒chhrg kg `jajsbnbgr ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- 88  ? Bntgrhjdg pcur l‒bnsdrbptbcn l‒bnsdrbptbcn -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81  ? Bntgrhjdg jutmgntbhbdjtbcn Dlbgnt --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81  ? Bntgrhjdg kg dcnsultjtbcn ku stcdf ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8=  ? Bntgrhjdg å rg`plbr rg`plbr pjr l‒utblbsjtbcn pcur dc``jnkgr----------------------dc``jnkgr--------- -------------------------------------------------------- 8=  ? Hbdmg kg `cuvg`gnt kgs gntrâgs -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19  ? Hbdmg kgs jrtbdlgs dcnsc``jilgs -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19  ? Hbdmg kg stcdf-----------------------------stcdf-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14  ? Gvclutbcn kgs vgrsbcns k‒Jnkrcbk. k‒Jnkrcbk. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17  ? Jrdmbtgdturg Jrdmbtgdturg ku systí`g k‒gxplcbtjtbcn Jnkrcbk ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- 18  ? Lbstg kgs JXK drâgs ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1= 

Hba. ;1 ? Bntgrhjdg Bntgrhjdg arjpmbqug --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12  Hba. ;= ? Bntgrhjdg Bntgrhjdg T`jrtpmcng T`jrtpmcng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =5 

=|Ujag

 

Hba. ;2 Hba. 75 Hba. 7: Hba. 79

? Bntgrhjdg k'jddís å l‒jpplbdjtbcn --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =5  ? Ujag k‒jddugbl vbj T`jrtpmcng ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =: ? Hcr`uljbrg k‒bnsdrbptbcn vbj T`jrtpmcng -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =: ? Bntgrhjdg Bntgrhjdg k‒jutmgntb k‒jutmgntbhbdjtbcn-----------------hbdjtbcn------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =9 

2|Ujag

 

Dmjpbtrg B ? Bntrckudtbcn

 

Dmjpbtrg B ? Bntrckudtbcn

B.:. Dcntgx Dcntgxtg tg gt `ctbvj `ctbvjtbcn tbcnss ?

K

urjnt dgs kgrnb kgrnbírgs írgs jnnâg jnnâgss l'bnhcr` l'bnhcr`jtbqu jtbqugg s'gst b`pcs b`pcsââ k'un k'ungg `jnbírg trís b`prgssbcnnjntg kjns lgs gntrgprbsgs, dglj gst ku å scn jppcrt gxtrjcrkbnjbrg kjns lg kc`jbng kg agstbcn kgs ijsgs kg kcnnâgs.

Gn ghhgt, l'bnhcr`jtbqug kâsbang l'jutc`jtbsjtbcn ku trjbtg`gnt kg l'bnhcr l'bn hcr`j `jtbc tbcn np pjr jr un sys systí` tí`gg ddcnd cndrgt rgt « `jd `jdmbn mbngg ¶ cu ji jistr strjbg jbg.. Cn gnt gntgnk gnk âaj âajlg` lg`gnt gnt pjr « l'bnhcr l'bnhcr`jtb `jtbqug¶ qug¶ ll'gnsg` 'gnsg`ilg ilg kg kgss sdbg sdbgndgs ndgs ggtt tgdm tgdmnbqu nbqugs gs gn rj rjppcrt ppcrt j jvgd vgd llgg trjbtg`gnt kg l'bnhcr`jtbcn. Gn râjl râjlbt btâ, â, ddgg tr trjbt jbtg`g g`gnt nt gst kg plu pluss ggn n pl plus us utb utblbs lbsââ kjn kjnss ttcus cus lgs kc` kc`jbn jbngs gs k'jdtbvbtâ k'jdt bvbtâss y dc`p dc`prbs rbs dglub kg lj agstbc agstbcn n kgs stcdfs juqu juqugl gl ncus rjtt rjttjdmgr jdmgrcns cns k'jbllgurs nctrg âtukg, gt dglj pcur ung `gbllgurg agstbcn kgs kbhhârgnts trjbtg`gnts b`pcsâs pjr dgttg jdtbvbtâ kg agstbcn kgs stcdfs. Ncus jvcns pu dcnstjtgr, gn ghhgt, pgnkjnt nctr nctrgg stjag q qug ug l'gnsg`il l'gnsg`ilgg kgs trjbtg`g trjb tg`gnts nts ju sg sgbn bn ku `jajs `jajsbn bn kg lj H@@: sg hjbt `jnugllg`gnt, dg qub gnagnkrg un dgrtjbn nc`irg kg prcilí`gs tgls qug lj lgntgur kjns l'jddís jux kcnnâgs gt lg rbsqug rbsq ug kg pgrtg k‒bnhc k‒bnhcr`j r`jtbcns. tbcns. Lj `gbllgur `gbllgurgg scl sclutbcn utbcn pcur pjlbgr dgs prci prcilí`g lí`gss gst l'bnhc l'bnhcr`jt r`jtbsjt bsjtbcn bcn j jhbn hbn k'jssurgr k'jss urgr l'jd l'jddís dís bnst bnstjntj jntjnâ nâ jux kcnnâ kcnnâgs gs gt lj sâdu sâdurbsjt rbsjtbcn bcn kg dgs kgrnb kgrnbírgs írgs,, dg qub sb`plbhbg lg trjvjbl jk`bnbstrjtbh. Kg dg hjbt, cn j âtâ scllbdbtâ pjr lgs rgspcnsjilgs kg lj hjdultâ kg `âkgdbng jhbn kg lgur dcnd dcndgvcbr gvcbr un ssystí`g ystí`g k'bnhcr`jtbcn j jutc`jtbsâ utc`jtbsâ p pcur cur lgur agstbcn kg 9

stcdfs, stcd fs, k kjns jns lg i iut ut kg kb kb`bnug `bnugrr lg tg`p tg`pss kg trjv trjvjbl, jbl, lgs dcöts kg ddcnsgr cnsgrvjtb vjtbcn cn kgs kcdu`gnt kcdu` gntss gt jbn jbnsb sb râkub râkubrg rg lg dcö dcött kg prcku prckudtb dtbcn cn4. Ncus prcp prcpcscns cscns lg kg kgvglc vglcppg` ppg`gnt gnt k‒ k‒ung ung jp jpplbdj plbdjtbcn tbcn mâigr mâigraâg, aâg, pgr` pgr`gttj gttjnt nt ju `jaj `j ajsb sbnb nbgr gr kg llj j hj hjdu dult ltââ kg aârg aârgrr lg stcd stcdf f gt llgs gs ddc` c``j `jnk nkgs gs ggn n su subv bvjn jntt lj kbspcnbiblbtâ kgs `jrdmjnkbsgs, gt gn jhhbdmjnt lgs prckubts kcnt lg stcdf gst ijs.

: Hjdultâ kg @âkgdbng kg @cnjstbr  9 Lgs hrjbs kg dcnsgrvjtbcn cu kg kgstrudtbcn kg dmâqubgr scnt kgs hrjbs vjrbjilgs prâlgvâs pjr lj arjnkg `jocrbtâ kgs ijnqugs

lcrsqug lg dlbgnt pcssgssgur kun dc`ptg ijndjbrg nj pjs rgtbrâ scn dmâqubgr ju aubdmgt kg sj ijnqug 4 Lgs dcöts juxqugls ung gntrgprbsg kcbt hjbrg hjdg jhbn kjssurgr sj prckudtbcn kg ibgns cu kâqubpg`gnt

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Dmjpbtrg B ? Bntrckudtbcn

B.9. B. 9. Dc Dcnt ntrb rbiu iutb tbcn cnss ? Lcrs kg nctrg prcogt kg hbn k‒âtukg ncus jvcns râjlbsâ un lcabdbgl kg agstbcn kg stcdfs stcd fs gt dcnt dcntrbiu rbiugr gr å l‒j`â l‒j`âlbcrj lbcrjtbcn tbcn ku ttrjbt rjbtg`gnt g`gnt kg l‒b l‒bnhcr` nhcr`jtbcn jtbcn.. Ncus jvcns rgdgnsâ lgs kg`jnkgs spâdbhbqugs ku kbrgdtgur kg lj hjdultâ jbnsb qug lg `jajsbnbgr. Nctrg lcabdbgl lcabdbgl kcbt râpcnkr râpcnkrgg jux drbt drbtírgs írgs subvj subvjnts nts ? 

Jutc`j Jut c`jtbs tbsgr gr lj agst agstbcn bcn kg stc stcdf dfs. s.



Crajnbsgr Crajn bsgr lg trjv trjvjbl jbl ku `jaj `jajsbnbgr sbnbgr gt j j`âlb `âlbcrgr crgr lj ` `jbnt jbntgnjnd gnjndgg kg lj H@@.



Hjdblbtgr Hjdb lbtgr lg prcdgs prcdgssus sus kg dc``jnk dc``jnkg. g.



Jvcbr lj pcssbiblbtâ k‒b`prb`gr n‒b`pcrtg n‒ b`pcrtg qugl kcdu`gnt



J`âlbcrgr J`âl bcrgr lg subv subvbb kg dc`` dc``jnkg jnkg jv jvgd gd dcnsu dcnsultjt ltjtbcn bcn kg lj mbârjr mbârjrdmbg. dmbg.



Tâdurbsgr lgs jddís.



Kb`bnugr lgs dcöts kg prckudtbcn.



Jvcb Jv cbrr un mb mbst stcr crbq bqug ug..

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Jvcbr Jvc br u ung ng jlj jljr` r`gg lcr lcrsq squg ug lj q qujn ujntbt tbtââ lbv lbvrâ râgg gs gstt gn kg kgss sscus cus k kgg 95% ku st stcdf cdf..

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Kb`bnugr Kb`bn ugr lj qujn qujntbtâ tbtâ kgs jrdm jrdmbvgs bvgs pjp pjpbgrs. bgrs.

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@gttrg gn pljdg un systg` kg dc``unbdjtbcn gntrg lgs kbhhârgnts jdtgurs.



Crajnbsgr lgs prckubts gn kbhhârgntgs djtâacrb djtâacrbgs. gs.

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Ugr`gttr Ugr` gttrgg lj dc``un dc``unbdjt bdjtbcn bcn gntr gntrgg lgs dlb dlbgnts gnts gt lg `jajs `jajsbnbgr bnbgr

Jprís jvcbr âtukbâ gt vjlbkâ lj hjbsjiblbtâ k ku u prcogt, ncus jvcns kâv kâvglcppâ glcppâ lg lcabdbgl tcut gn rgspgdtj rgspgdtjnt nt lj tctjlbtâ kgs drbtírgs âncndâs db-kgssus. Kg plus ncus j jvcns vcns hj hjbt bt gn scrtg q qug ug l‒utbl l‒utblbsjt bsjtbcn bcn ku lcabd lcabdbgl bgl scbt lj p plus lus gracnc`bqug pcssbilg. Gn sus kg dg qub ncus j âtâ kg`jnkâ kjns lg djmbgr kgs dmjrags, ncus jvcns kâdbkâ k‒jllgr gndcrg plus lcbn kjns l‒utblbsjtbcn ku lcabdbgl mâigraâ gn prcpcsjnt jux jux kâdbkgurs, l‒bntrckudtbcn kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn sur systg` j jnkrcbk. nkrcbk. Ncus jvcns jvc ns râ râuss ussbb j lub « vgn vgnkr krgg ¶ l‒bk l‒bkâg. âg. Ibgn sur ll‒âtji ‒âtjilbss lbssg`gn g`gntt unb unbvgrsb vgrsbtjbr tjbrgg pg pgut ut n ncus cus scllb scllbdbtgr dbtgr å tc tcus us ` `c`gnt c`gnt pcur lj `ckbhbdjtbcn cu l‒jocut k‒ung ncuvgllg ruirbqug.

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Dmjpbtrg B ? Bntrckudtbcn Tubtg å ung sârbg kg tgst gn dc`pjanbg ku kbrgdtgur jbnsb qug lg `jajsbnbgr ncus jvcns `bs gn prckudtbcn l‒jpplbdjtbcn. Dgttg kgrnbírg kgrnbírg gst å ddgg ocur :55% cpârjtbcnngllg.

B.4. Crajn ajnbsj bsjtb tbcn cn ku rj rjppc ppcrt rt ? B.4. Cr Ncus Nc us jllc jllcns ns pr prâs âsgn gntg tgrr lg pl pljn jn ku rjpp rjppcr crtt qu qubb sg su suik ikbv bvbs bsgr grj j gn dbnq  dbnq  prbndbpjux prbnd bpjux dmjp dmjpbtrgs btrgs qub vvcnt cnt n ncus cus j jbkgr bkgr å râjlb râjlbsgr sgr l‒jpp l‒jpplbdjt lbdjtbcn bcn ggtt su subvrg bvrg lgs âtjp âtjpgs gs nâdgssjbrg pcur lg kârculg`gnt ku prcogt. Kjnss llgg p Kjn prg` rg`bgr bgr dmj dmjpbt pbtrg rg bnt bntbtu btulâ lâ «

bntrckudtbcn ¶ ncus prâsgntcns

l‒b`pcrtjndg kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn kg agstbcn kg stcdf kjns nctrg vbg quctbkbgnng, lgs `ctbvjtb `ctb vjtbcns cns gt lgs dcnt dcntrbiut rbiutbcns. bcns. Uubs, ju sgbn kg « Tpâdbhbdjtbcn gt jnjlysg kgs igscbns ¶, kguxbí`g dmjpbtrg dmjpb trg kg dg tr trjvjb jvjbl, l, ncus dc` dc``gná `gnácns cns å prâs prâsgntgr gntgr l'cra l'crajnbs` jnbs`gg k'jdd k'jddugbl, ugbl, jpprchcnkbr lj dc`prâmgnsbcn ku dcntgxtg ku systí`g pjr un prcdgssus dcntbnu kg dcllgd dcl lgdtg tg k'b k'bnhc nhcr` r`jtb jtbcn cn juprís juprís kg kgss kbh kbhhâr hârgnt gntgg jpp jpplbd lbdjt jtbcn bcnss kjns lg lgss gntr gntrgpr gprbsgs bsgs dc``gr dc` `grdbj dbjlgs lgs gn pr prg`b g`bgr gr lb lbgu gu q qub ub aí aírg rg llgs gs ` `jaj jajsbn sbnss gt j jutc utc`j `jtbs tbsgg lgs ttjd jdmgs mgs , gnsubtg kâtgr`bngr kâtgr`bngr lgs bndcnvânbgnt bndcnvânbgntss `jogurs kg lj aagstbcn gstbcn jdtugllg ku stcdf gt llgs gs pcbnt hjbilgs kgs lcabdbgls lcabdbgls gxbstjntg gxbstjntgss qu‒ cn j kâoå dbtgr , ânu`ârgr kgs su suaagstbcns aagstbcns bnhcr`jtbqugs qub pguvgnt rg`âkbgr jux kbhhbdultâs rgndcntrâgs, tgnjnt dc`ptg kgs `cygns kg lj hjdultâ, ncus prcpcscns lj sclutbcn qub pjrjît lj plus jkâqujtg. Ju nbvgju nbvgju kg trcbsb trcbsbí`g í`g dmjp dmjpbtrg btrg bnt bntbtulâ btulâ « Gtukg dcndgptugllg ¶, un prg`bgr pjs dcnsbstgrjbt dcnsbstgrjbt j Tbttgr lgs âtjpgs qu‒cn kcbt pjssgr pjr, pcur drâgr gt ibgn crajnbsgr nctrg trjvjbllg. Ncus jnjlyscns gnsubtg gnsubtg lgs prbndbpjux ciogdtbhs jttg jttgnkus nkus ku hutur hutur systí systí`g `g å dcnd dcndgvcbr gvcbr gt q qub ub sg sgrcnt rcnt kâdr kâdrbts bts pjr lg kbj kbjarj` arj``g `g k kgs gs dj djss k'utblbsjtbcn. Ncus âtgnkcns lj rgpr rgprâsgntjtbcn âsgntjtbcn kgs kbjarj``gs gh ghhgdtuâs hgdtuâs ju nbvgju kg l'jnj l'jnjlys lysgg ku igs igscbn cbn,, lg lgss sdíng sdíngss gt lgs ssdg dgnjr njrbcs bcs p pjr jr lg k kbja bjarj` rj``g `g k kgg sâ sâqu qugnd gndg, g, lgs dljss dljssgs gs qu qu‒cn ‒cn j i igscb gscbn n kjns nctr nctrgg jpp jpplbdjt lbdjtbcn bcn pj pjrr lg kbjar kbjarj`` j``gg kg ddljss ljssgg gt lg kbjarj``g âtjt âtjt trjnsbtbcn pcur kâdrbr kâdrbrgg lgs dmjnag` dmjnag`gnts gnts k'âtjts k'un ciog ciogtt cu k'un dc`pcsjnt, gn râpcnsg jux bntgrjdtbcns jvgd k'jutrgs ciogts/dc`pcsjnts cu jvgd kgs jdtgurs jdtgurs .dg dmjp dmjpbtrg btrg sgrj tgr`bngr pjr lgs `jqugttgs prâlb`bnjbrgs .

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Dmjpbtrg B ? Bntrckudtbcn Dcndgrnjn Dcnd grnjntt lg qujt qujtrbí` rbí`gg dmjp dmjpbtrg btrg « [gdmnbqug kg kâvglcppg`gnt kâvglcppg`gnt¶ ncus prâsgntcns lgs cutbls kg kâvglcpp kâvglcppg`gnt g`gnt qub ncus cnt sgrvb pc pcur ur lg kâvglcppg`gnt kg l'jpplbdjtbcn. Hbnjlg`gnt kjns lg kgrnbgr dmjpbtrg « Dcndlusbcn ¶ ncus prâsgntcns un râdjpbtuljtbh ku dcntgxtg kg dg prcogt kg hbn k‒âtukg gt jbnsb ncs dcntrbiutbcn subvbg pjr lgs pgrspgdtbvgs pgrspgdtbvgs..

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Dmjpbtrg BB ? Tpâdbhbdjtbcn gt jnjlysg kgs igscbns

 

Dmjpbtrg BB ? Tpâdbhbdjtbcn gt jnjlysg kgs igscbns

BB.:. BB. :. Bntrck Bntrckudt udtbcn bcn ?

L 

j agst agstbcn bcn kg stcdf stcdfss j ju u sg sgbn bn k ku u `j `jajs ajsbn bn k kgg lj hhjdu jdultâ ltâ gst un ungg cp cpârj ârjtbc tbcn n rbacurgusg rbacur gusg qub `ârb `ârbtg tg k'ïtr k'ïtrgg pg pgrhgd rhgdtbcnnâ tbcnnâgg ggtt j jnjlys njlysâg âg scban scbangusg gusg`gnt `gnt.. @jbs jvjnt kg pcrtgr ung sclutbcn bnhcr`jtbqug pcur dg prcdgssus, lj

prâsgntjt prâs gntjtbcn bcn kg l'cr l'crajnbs ajnbs`g `g k'jd k'jddugb dugbll gn aânâr aânârjl jl gt lg sgr sgrvbdg vbdg q qub ub aírg lgs `cuvg`gnts kg kg stcdf ju nbv nbvgju gju ku `jajsb `jajsbn n gn pjrtbdulbgr gst nâdgssj nâdgssjbrg, brg, gt d'gs d'gstt dg qub gst dcnsgbllâ k'jbllgurs kjns tcutg kâ`jrdmg bnhcr`jtbqug kg Aânbg Lcabdbgl. Kcnd Kc nd,, jhbn jhbn kg `b `bgu gux x râj râjlb lbssgr lgs lgs prcd prcdmj mjbn bngs gs âtjp âtjpgs gs ku pl pljn jn kg trjv trjvjb jbl, l, lj spâdbhbdjtbcn gt lj prâdbsbcn kg nctrg suogt kcbvgnt ïtrg ibgn dc`prbsgs, dgrnâgs gt dljrbhbâgs. L'âtjpg kg l'jnjlysg kgs igscbns gst l'ung kgs âtjpgs lgs plus b`pcrtjntgs å dcnsbkârgr, gn ghhgt sb lgs igscb igscbns ns scnt `jl spâdbhbâs gt gxprb`âs, cu `j `jll jnjlysâs,

tcutg lj subtg sgrj `jl trjbtâ, k'cò l'b`pcrtj l'b`pcrtjndg ndg jddcrkâg å ddgttg gttg jdtbvbtâ. Nctrg ciogdtbh kjns dgttg âtjpg gst kcnd k'gxprb`gr lgs igscbns jttgnkus ku hutur systí`g å kâvglcppgr.

BB.9. Kgsd sdrb rbpt ptbc bcn n ku prco prcogt gt ? BB.9. Kg Nctrg trjvjbl dcnsbstg å dcndgvcbr gt å kâvglcppgr ung jpplbdjtbcn bnhcr`jtbq bnhcr `jtbqug ug qub pgr` pgr`gttrj gttrj lj ag agstbcn stbcn jutc` jutc`jtbq jtbqug ug kg kgss utbl utblbsjt bsjtgurs gurs

;

, kgs

hcurnbssgurs7, ku stcdf, gtd. Jutrg`gnt Jutr g`gnt kbt nctr nctrgg i iut ut gst kg kâvg kâvglcppg lcppgrr u ung ng j jpplbd pplbdjtbcn jtbcn wgi kg aagstbc gstbcn n dc``grdbjl jkjptjilg jkjptjilg jux dc dcnkbtbcns nkbtbcns dbtâgs prâdâkg``gnt prâdâkg``gnt .Gn tgnjnt dc` dc`ptg ptg kgs drbtbqugs gt kgs igscbns k'bnhcr`jtbsgr lgs sgrvbdgs lj sclutbcn gst kg dcndgvcbr gt kâvglcppgr ung jpplbdjtbcn jpplbdjtbcn pgr` pgr`gttjnt gttjnt kg sjtbsh sjtbshjbrg jbrg lg dlbgnt .

; Drâjtbcn, @ckbhbdjtbcn gt supprgssbcn kun utblbsjtgur utblbsjtgur gt bnhcr`jtbcn sur lutblbsjtgur  7 Gst un âlâ`gnt dlâ kjns lj dmjbng kjpprcvbsbcnng`gnt ku dmjntbgr 

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Dmjpbt Dmj pbtrg rg BB ? Tpâd Tpâdbhbd bhbdjtb jtbc c gt jnjlysg kgs igscbns

Jrdmbvgs

sgrvbdg `jl aârgr

Ugrtg kgs kcdu`gnts

ung  jpplbdjtbcn wgi pcur  l'crjajnbsjtbcn

Ugrtg kg [g`ps

Kâsc krg ku `jajsbn

sgrvbdg ibgn aârgr

jutc`jtbsjtbcn kgs jutc`jtbsjtbcn tjdmgs

Jvjnt

Hba.

Ajangr lg tg`ps

Crkcnnjndg`gnt ku `jajsbn

Jprís

? @ck @ckâlbs âlbsjt jtbcn bcn arjpmb arjpmbqug qug ku prc prcogt ogt

BB.9.:. BB.9 .:. Kc`jb Kc`jbng ng k‒jpp k‒jpplb lbdjt djtbcn ? Dg  lcab lcabdb dbgl gl gst gst ddcná cnáu pcur lj agst agstbcn bcn kg dc`` dc``jnkg jnkg gt kg stcdf kjns un gnvbrcnng`gnt unbvgrsbtjb g. Bl pg pgr` r`gt gttr trj j  å pl plus usbg bgur urss

dtgurs dtgurs k‒ung `ï` `ï`gg stru strudtur dturgg kg aârg aârgrr lgur igscbns gn

hcurnbturg kbvgrs jhbn k‒cptb`bsgr lg trjvjbl kg dmjdun.

BB.9 .9.9 .9.. Tp Tpâd âdbh bhbd bdjt jtbc bcn n kg ig igsc scbbns ? BB D'gst ung âtjpg prb crkbjlg crkbjlg ju kâiu kâiutt kg dmjq dmjqug ug kâ`j kâ`jrdmg rdmg kg kâvglcppg` kâvglcppg`gnt. gnt. Tcn  iut gst kg vgb vgbllg llgrr å kâvglcppgr ung jpplbdjtbcn jkâqujtg, sj hbnjlbtâ gst lj kgsdrbptbcn  aânârjlg kgs h ndt ndtbcn bcnnjl njlbtâ btâss k ku u ssyst ystí`g í`g,, gn râp râpcnk cnkj j t å lj qugstbcn ? Zugllgs scnt lgs hcndtbcns u systí`g3 Nctr Nc trgg  ssys ystí tí`g `g kc kcbt bt râpc râpcnk nk g jux gxbagndgs subvjntgs ? 

Lg  systí`g kcbt pcu cbr râdupârgr kgs bnhcr`jtbcns kg d jq jqug ug utbl utblbs bsjt jtgu gurr subv su bvjn jntt sc scn n llca cabn bn gt scn `ct kg pj pjss ssg, g, pc pcur ur `gttr gttrgg å oc ocur ur lj i sg kg kcn kcnnâg nâgss kg l'jpplbdjtbcn.



L'bns nsgr grttbcn kgs nc ncu uvgj x prckub prckubts ts gt lgu lgurr dlj dljss ssg`g g`gnt. nt.

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@ckbhbdjtbcn kgs bnhcr jtb jtbcns cns å prc prcpcs pcs ku dlb dlbgnt gnt cu ku pr prcku ckubt bt.



Lj supprgssbcn kgs kc nâgs (prckubt cu dlbgnt)

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B`prgssbcn  ? âtjt ku stcdf å lj kjtg dmcbsbg, kâtjbl kgs `cu g`gnts ghhgdtuâs kjns  tgllg pârbckg gt sglc glcn n k kbhh bhhârg ârgnts nts drb drbtír tírgs gs kg sâlgd sâlgdtbc tbcn, n, ic s kg dc``jnkg, :1 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BB ? Tpâdbhbdjt Tpâdbhbdjtbcn bcn gt jnjlys jnjlysgg kgs igs igscbns cbns icns kg râdgpt râdgptbcn, bcn, icn icnss kg lbvrj lbvrjbscn( bscn(sur sur pjpbgr vvbgra bgragg cu prâ-b`prb` prâ-b`prb`â), â), dcurrbgrs jvgd cu sjns `ckílgs pcur dlbgnts gt hcurnbssgurs(jvgd jrdmbvjag jutc`jtbqug). 

Ugr`gttrg ju `jajsbnbgr gt ju hcurnbssgur kg puilbgr kgs jppgls k‒chhrgs.



Jljr`gs hjdultjtbvgs hjdultjtbvgs ? sb lj q qujntbtâ ujntbtâ rgstj rgstjnt nt gn stcdf gst bnhârbgurg å lj qujntbtâ `bnb`jlg prâvug, sb vcus tgntgz kg scrtbr ku stcdf ung u ng qujntbtâ bnkbspcnbilg.



Ugr`gttrg å l‒utblbsjtgur kg rg`plbr ung dc``jnkg jvgd plus kg sâdurbtâ gt plus k‒crajnbsjtbcn. Lg sys systí` tí`g, g, kcn kcntt llgg ` `jaj jajsbn sbn kg lj hhjd jdult ultââ vvgut gut sg kct kctgr, gr, kcb kcbtt ïïtr trgg

cpârjtbcnngl, âvclutbh, âvclutbh, dcnvbvbjl gt chhrjnt lgs bnhcr`j bnhcr`jtbcns tbcns nâdgssjbr nâdgssjbrgs gs å tg`ps râgl. Ucur dgdb, lg systí`g å râjlbsgr k kcbt cbt sjtbshj sjtbshjbrg brg lgs ggxbagndgs xbagndgs kg lj tctjlbtâ kgs utblbsjtgurs. J pjrt lgs igscbns hcnkj`gntjux, nctrg hutur systí`g kcbt râpcnkrg jux drbtírgs subvjnts? 

Lj rjpbkbtâ kg trjbtg`gnt? Gn ghhgt, vu lg nc`irg b`pcrtjnt kgs trjnsjdtbcns quctbkbgnngs, bl gst b`pârjtbvg`gnt nâdgssjbrg qug lj kurâg k'gxâdutbcn kgs trjbtg`gnts s'jpprcdmg lg plus pcssbilg ku tg`ps râgl.

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Lj pgrhcr`jndg? Wn Wn lcabdbgl kcbt ïtrg jv jvjnt jnt tcut pgrhcr`jnt d' d'gst gst å-kbrg å trjvgrs sgs hcndtbcnnjlbtâs, râpcnk å tcutgs lgs gxbagndgs kgs utblbsjtgurs k'ung `jnbírg cptb`jlg.

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Lj dcnvbvbjlbtâ? lg hutur lcabdbgl kcbt ïtrg hjdblg å utblbsgr. Gn ghhgt, lgs bntgrhjdgs utblbsjtgurs kcbvgnt ïtrg dcnvbvbjlgs d'gst-å-kbrg sb`plgs, gracnc`bqugs gt jkjptâgs å l'utblbsjtgur.

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Lj sâdurbtâ ? lg hutur lcabdbgl kcbt pgr`gttrg un j jddís ddís sâdurbsâ jux kcnnâgs (ncus kbstbnaucns jlcrs l‒jk`bnbstrjtgur qub j lg krcbt kg tcut hjbrg gt qub lb`btg lgs krcbts k‒jddís kgs jutrg utblbsjtgurs, gt lgs utblbsjtgurs qub utblbsgnt lg systg` k‒ung hjácn lb`btâg)

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L‒jpplbdjtbcn kcbt sbanjlgr lgs grrgurs g rrgurs pjr kgs `gssjags k‒grrgur.

:= | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BB ? Tpâdbhbdjtbcn gt jnjlysg kgs igscbns

BB.4. BB. 4. Gt Gtuk ukgg kg l‒g l‒gxb xbst stjn jntt ? BB.4.: BB. 4.:.. B`p B`pcrt crtjnd jndgg kg lj agstb agstbcn cn jutc jutc`jt `jtbs bsâg âg kgs kgs stc stcdfs dfs ? Ncus rg`jrq rg`jrqucns ucns lj pr prâsgnd âsgndgg kgs lca lcabdbgl bdbglss kg agst agstbcn bcn kjns ttcutgs cutgs llgs gs gntrgprbs gntr gprbsgs gs qub vgnk vgnkgnt gnt cu jdmít jdmítgnt gnt kgs prck prckubts. ubts. Gn ghhgt ghhgt,, dgs lcabd lcabdbgls bgls scnt kgvgnus bnkbspgnsjilg bnkbspgnsjilg pcur plusbgurs plusbgurs rjbscn kcnt cn dbtg gn pjr pjrtbdulbgr tbdulbgr ? Hjdblbtgr Hjdb lbtgr lj ags agstbcn tbcn kgs stcdf stcdfs. s.

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

@gttrg gn pljdg kgs jljr`gs jhbn k‒âvbtgr lj rupturg kg stcdf.

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Cptb`bsgr lg subvb kg dc``jnkg.

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@utujlbsgr8 ung ijsg kg kcnnâgs lcrsqu‒bl y j plusbgurs utblbsjtgurs



Crajnbsgr lgs prcdâkurgs kg trjvjbl.



Dc`pjrgr lgs `cuvg`gnts k kgg stcdf jv jvgd gd lg sgrvbdg dc`pt dc`ptjiblbtâ. jiblbtâ.

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Ygdgnsgr lgs pgrtgs gt lgs vcls

BB.4. 4.9. 9. Gx Gxg` g`pl plgs gs kg lc lcab abdb dbgl glss gx gxbs bstj tjnt ntss su surr lg `j `jrd rdmâ mâ ? BB. Cn trcuvg plusbgurs sclutbcns pcur aârgr lgs `jajsbns jutc`jtbqug`gnt gt k'ung k'u ng `jn `jnbír bírgg ghh ghhbdj bdjdg. dg. Ig Igjud judcup cup kgs sc schtw htwjr jrgs gs ncus jbk jbkgnt gnt å jttg jttgbnk bnkrg rg nctr nctrgg iut gt k‒craj k‒c rajnbs nbsgr gr n nctr ctrgg `j `jajs ajsbn. bn. Cn ddbtg btg å tbt tbtrg rg k‒g k‒gxg` xg`plg plg ?



Koj Ko j Tch Tchtt ? Zub gst un lcabdbgl kg agstbcn kg stcdfs gt dc``grdbjl å l'bntgntbcn kgs jutc-

gntrgprgngurs, pgtbtgs gntrgprbsgs jbnsb qu'jux pgtbts dc``grdgs pgr`gttjnt k'j`âlbcrgr lgurs agstbcns dc``grdbjlgs jbnsb qug kg aârgr rjtbcnngllg`gnt gt ghhbdjdg`gnt ghhbdjdg`g nt lgs stcdfs kgs jrtbdlgs. Ujr sj sb`pl sb`plbdbtâ bdbtâ k'ut k'utblbsjtbcn, blbsjtbcn, Koj Tcht pgr`gt k'jutc`jtbsgr k'jutc`jt bsgr lj agstb agstbcn cn kg stcdf stcdfss k kgs gs jrtb jrtbdlgs dlgs jbns jbnsbb qug l‒gns l‒gnsg`il g`ilgg k‒j k‒jdtbv dtbvbtâs btâs kg l‒gntrgprbsg. Lj dcnvbvbjlbtâ kg dgs âdrjns kg sjbsbgs hjdblbtg l‒utblbsjtbcn ku lcabdbgl gt prcdurg un dcnhcrt gt ung sâdurbtâ kjns sj `jnbpuljtbcn,

l‒crajnbsjtbcn gt lj

`jnbírg kg prâsgntgr prâsgntgr lgs kcnnâgs. Gn ghh ghhgt, gt, arédg å dglj, dglj, lj sbtujtbcn kgs st stcdfs cdfs kgs jrtbdlgs gst prâsgntâg k‒ung `jnbírg bnstjntjnâg pjr kgs sbanjlbsjtbcns arjpmbqugs rbgn qu‒gn pjrj`âtrjnt lgs bnkbdjtgurs kg stcdfs sur lj hbdmg kg l‒jrtbdlg. Dgllg-db, rbdmg gn bnhcr`jtbcns, pgr`gt k kgg kcnngr kgs ddjrjdtârbstbq jrjdtârbstbqugs ugs kâtjbllâgs kgs j jrtbdlgs. rtbdlgs. Kg plu plus, s, jvgd jvgd Koj Tch Tcht, t, lj ags agstbc tbcn n k kgg vvcs cs icn icnss k kgg lb lbvrj vrjbsc bscn n dc` dc``j `jnkg nkg,, k kgvb gvbs, s, hjdturgs hjdt urgs n‒gn gst qu qugg sb`pl sb`plbhbâg bhbâg gt ddg, g, aréd arédgg å scn pubssj pubssjnt nt aânâr aânârjtg jtgur ur kg

8 Lj `bsg gn dc dc``un ``un kgs ijsgs kg kg kcnnâgs

:2 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BB ? Tpâdbhbdjtbcn gt jnjlysg kgs igscbns kcdu` kcd u`gnt gntss dc` dc``gr `grdbj dbjux. ux. Lgs kgu kgux x hba hbaurg urgss sub subvj vjntg ntgss bll bllust ustrg rgss l‒bn l‒bntgr tgrhj hjdg dg k kgg dcnsultjt dcnsu ltjtbcn bcn ku prckub prckubtt gt ung bntgrhj bntgrhjdg dg k‒ung hj hjdtur dturgg pcur Koj stc stcdf. df.

Hb Hba. a. 9 ? Dcn Dcnsu sultj ltjtb tbcn cn k‒ k‒un un jrt jrtbd bdlg lg (K (KOJ OJ Tch Tcht) t)

Hba. Hb a. 4 ? Wn Wng g hjdtu hjdturg rg pcu pcurr Koj Koj scht scht

95 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BB ? Tpâdbhbdjtbcn gt jnjlysg kgs igscbns 

BDB@ T[CDF Zub gst un lc lcabdbg abdbgll kg agst agstbcn bcn k kgs gs j jrtbdl rtbdlgs, gs, hj`bl hj`bllgs, lgs, jssg jssg`ilja `iljags, gs, pbíd pbídgs gs

jssg`ilâ jss g`ilâgs, gs, dckg dckgss å ijrrgs ijrrgs,, b`jag b`jagss gt pmctc pmctcss k'jr k'jrtbdlgs tbdlgs,, g`plj g`pljdg`g dg`gnts, nts, nu`âr nu`ârcs cs kg sârbg, sâr bg, râh râhârg ârgndg ndgs, s, unbt unbtâs âs k' k'jd jdmjt mjt gt kg ddcns cnsc`` c``jtb jtbcn, cn, trj trjvju vjux, x, dl dlbgn bgnts, ts, jpp jppglj gljnts nts,, hcurnbssgu hcurn bssgurs, rs, `ckí `ckílgs lgs kg llgttr gttrgs gs gt `c `ckílgs kílgs kg dcu dcurrbg rrbgls ls pcur ddlbgnt lbgntss gt hcurnbssgu hcurn bssgurs. rs. Ousq Ousqu'å u'å qujt qujtrg rg prbx hcurn hcurnbssg bssgurs urs pjr hbdm hbdmgg jrtbdl jrtbdlg, g, gnrgab gnrgabstrâ strâss `jnugllg`gnt cu jutc`jtbqug`gnt lcrs kg lj sjbsbg ku icn kg dc``jnkg. Zujtrg prbx kg vgntg pjr jrtbdlg, dmjqug prbx âtjnt scbt hbxg, scbt un dcghhbdbgnt qub, `ultbplbâ pjr lg prbx `cygn pcnkârâ ku kgrnbgr jdmjt, kcnngrj lg prbx kg vgnt vgntg. g. Yâdupârjtbc Yâdupârjtbcn n kg icns kg lbvrjbscn, icns kg dc``jnkg, dc``jnkg, jssg` jssg`iljags, iljags, jrtbdlg jrtbdlgss gt scrtbgs kjns icns kg lbvrjbscn cu icns kg dc``jnkg. dc``jnkg. Gnvcb kg dcurrbgls jv jvgd gd cu sjns pbídgs ocbntgs, å l'unbtââ cu gn ssârbg. l'unbt ârbg. Kjns lgs hbaur hbaurgs gs ssubvj ubvjntgs ntgs cn ` `cntrg cntrg un hhcr`ulj cr`uljbrg brg å rg`p rg`plbr lbr pjr lg hcur hcurnbss nbssgur gur gt un jutr jutrgg å rg`pl rg`plbr br pcur kcnnâ kcnnâgg lgs kcnnâ kcnnâgs gs k‒un jrtbd jrtbdlg lg

Hba.. ; ? Hcr Hba Hcr`ul `uljbr jbrgg å rg`p rg`plbr lbr pjr pjr lg lg hcurnb hcurnbss ssgur gur (BD (BDB@ B@ Ttcdf Ttcdf))

Hba. 7 ? Hcr`ulj Hcr`uljbrg brg å rg`p rg`plbr lbr pjr pjr lg lg hcurnbss hcurnbssgur gur (BDB (BDB@ @ Ttcdf) Ttcdf) 9: | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BB ? Tpâdbhbdjtbcn gt jnjlysg kgs igscbns

BB.4.4. BB.4 .4. Drbtb Drbtbqug qug kg l‒gxbst l‒gxbstjnt jnt ? Ncus jllcns dbtgr lgs prcilí`gs crajnbsjtbcnngls, mu`jbns gt tgdmnbqugs lbâs jux ju x llca cabd bdbg bgls ls kg ag agst stbc bcn n k kgg stcd stcdfs fs aâ aânâ nârj rjlg lg`g `gnt nt jbns jbnsbb q qug ug lg lgss p prc rcil ilí` í`gs gs lb lbâs âs ju systí`g k'bnhcr`jtbcn. Kjns nctrg âtukg kg l‒gxbstjnt, prgnngnt dc` dc``g `g djs pj pjrtbdulbgr rtbdulbgr KOJ scht gt BD BDB@ B@ stcdf, ncus jllcns kâajagr dgrtjbng bnsuhhbsjndg å sjvcbr kjns lg tjilgju subvjnt qub dc`pjrg nctrg jpplbdjtbcn jvgd lgs jutrgs gxbstjnts sur lg `jrdmâ.

Nctrg Nctr g jpplbdjt jpplbdjtbcn bcn kg agstbcn agstbcn kg Ttcdf Ttcdf

Lgs jutrg jutrgs s jpplbdjt jpplbdjtbcns bcns kg agstbcn agstbcn kg stcdf qub hbaurgnt ju `jrdmâ



Bntg Bntgrh rhjd jdgs gs sb`p sb`plg lgss gt



dc`prâmgnsbilgs

Bntgrhjd Bntgr hjdgs gs dc`pl dc`plbquâs bquâs gt ncn dc`prâmgnsbilgs.



Ujs igscbn kgs hjdturgs

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Lj ijnqug n‒bntgrvbgnt pjs

hjdturgs gt lgs `jnbírgs kg

Arjtubtg Yâpcnk jux igscbns kg lj hjdultâ kg

pjyg`gnt. Ujyjnt Ujy jntgg kcnd dmg dmgrr gt pc pcur ur dm dmjqu jqugg

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





@âkgdbng kg @cnjstbr 

Nctrgg bntgrhj Nctr bntgrhjdg dg gt nctrg `cku `ckulg lg scnt

 [cus lg trjvjbl gst ijsâ sur llgs gs

`bsg å ocur kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn 

dc`plgts.

Cn lgs u utbl tblbsg bsg ooust ustgg pcu pcurr lgs ar arjnk jnkgs gs bntgrhjdgs dc``grdbjlgs dc``g lgs `jajsbns puilbqugs.

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Cn trc trcuvg uvg tcuoc tcuocurs urs kg kgss `cku `ckulgs lgs q qub ub `jnqugnt.

Dc`pjrjbscn Dc`pjrjbs cn gntrg nctrg nctrg jpplbdjtbc jpplbdjtbcn n gt lgs jutrgs jutrgs sur lg `jrdmâ `jrdmâ

BB.4 BB .4.; .;.. Dc Dcnd ndlu lusb sbcn cn ? J l'bssug kg dgttg âtjpg ncus jvcns pu gxprb`gr dljbrg`gnt lgs ciogdtbhs jttgnkus jttg nkus ku hut hutur ur sys systí` tí`gg å dcnd dcndgvcbr gvcbr djr ddgttg gttg âtukg p prâjl râjljilg jilg j jppglâ ppglâgg jnjl jnjlysg ysg gt spâdbhbdj spâd bhbdjtbcn tbcn k kgs gs ig igscbns scbns,, dc dcnstbt nstbtug ug un ungg pmj pmjsg sg dj djpbtj pbtjlg lg kcnt kâp kâpgnk gnk tcut tcutgg lj subt subtgg ku prcogt, gllg kcbt kcbt ïtrg hjbtg jvgd igjud igjudcup cup kg rbaugur gt pl plus us k'jttgntbcn pcur lj râussbtg râus sbtg kg l‒jpp l‒jpplbdjt lbdjtbcn. bcn.

99 | U j a g

 

Kjns dg dmjpbtrg dmjpbtrg,, cn j gxpcsâ lj kgsdr kgsdrbptb bptbcn cn ku prcogt gt dg dgss hcndt hcndtbcnnj bcnnjlbtâs, lbtâs, lgs pr prcil cilí` í`gs gs ku `ja `jajsb jsbn, n, pub pubss ncu ncuss jvcns jvcns drb drbtbq tbquâ uâ l‒gx l‒gxbst bstjn jntt gt gnh gnhbn bn cn j dc` dc`pj pjrâ râ lgs lcabdbgls lcabdbgls gxbstjnts gt l‒jpplbdjtbcn. Judun lcabdbgl ng râpcnk râpcnk å ncs igscbns qub hbaur hbaurgnt gnt kjns lg djmbgr kg dmjrag, gt ng rgspgdtg rgspgdtg ncs dr drbtír btírgs. gs. D‒gst pcu pcurquc rqucbb cn j dmcbsb lj `bs `bsgg gn pljdg k‒ung jpplbdjtb jpplb djtbcn cn wgi kg aagstb gstbcn cn kg stc stcdf df Kbhh Kbhhârgnt ârgntgg kgs ju jutrgs trgs lcabdb lcabdbgls gls gxbst gxbstjnt. jnt. Jprís jvcbr jvcbr hbx hbxââ ncs ciogd ciogdtbhs tbhs,, pcur jtt jttgbnkr gbnkrgg nctr nctrgg iut cn kcbt subv subvrg rg plusbgurs âtjpgs dgs kgrnbírgs dcnstbtugnt ung pjrtbg ku dydlg kg vbg kg tcut prcogt bnhcr`jtbqug. Jbnsb kj kjns ns l'âtjpg subvjntg cn vj kcnngr ung âtuk âtukgg dcndgpt dcndgptugllg ugllg kâtjbllâ.

94 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptugllg

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg

d

BBB. BB B.:. :. Bn Bntr trck ckud udtb tbcn cn ? gttg pjrtbg gst dcnsjdrâg jux âtjpgs hcnkj`gntjlgs pcur lg kâvglcppg` kâvglcppg`gnt gnt kg nctrg systí` systí`gg kg agstb agstbcn cn kg stcdf ku `ja `jajsbn jsbn kg lj hjd hjdultâ ultâ kg @âkgd @âkgdbng bng kg @cnjstbr. Ucur lj dcndgptbcn gt lj râjlbsjtbcn kg nctrg jpplbdjtbcn, ncus

jvcnss dm jvcn dmcbsbs cbsbs kg ` `ckâlb ckâlbsgr sgr gn s‒ s‒jppu jppuyjnt yjnt sur lg hhcr`j cr`jlbs` lbs`gg W@ W@L  L 1 qub chhrg ung

hlgxbiblbt hlgxb iblbtââ `jr `jrqujnt qujntgg gt s'gxp s'gxprb`g rb`g pjr l'utblbs l'utblbsjtbcn jtbcn kgs kbjarj``gs. kbjarj``gs.

BBB.9. L‒j BBB.9. L‒jppr pprcdm cdmgg W@ W@L L jkc jkcptâ ptâgg ? W@L sg kâhbnbt dc``g un ljnajag kg `ckâlbsjtbcn arjpmbqug gt tgxtugl kgstbnâ å dc`prgnkrg gt å kâhbnbr kgs igscbns, spâdbhbgr gt kcdu`gntgr kgs systí`gs, gsqubssgr kgs jrdmbtgdturgs lcabdbgllgs, dcndgvcbr kgs sclutbcns gt dc``unbqugr kgs pcbnts kg vug. W@L `ckâlbsg l'gns l'gnsg`ilg g`ilg kgs kcnnâgs gt k kgs gs trjbtg`gnts gn âljicrjnt kgs kbhhârgnts kbjarj``gs. Gn dljbr, bl ng hjut pjs kgsbangr W@L gn tjnt qug `âtmckg (Bl y `jnqug lj kâ`jrdmg) `jbs plutût dc``g ung icbtg k'cutbls qub sgrt å j`âlbcrgr lgs `âtmckgs kg trjv trjvjb jbl. l. Wng jr jrdmb dmbtgd tgdtur turgg jkj jkjptâ ptâ ggst st lj ddlâ lâ kg vcö vcötg tg= kg suddís k‒un kgvglcppg`gnt, gllg kâdrbt kgs dmcbx strjtâabqugs qub kâtgr`bngnt gn arjnkg pjrtbs lgs qujlbtâs ku lcabdbgl lcabd bgl (jkjptj (jkjptjiblbt iblbtâ, â, pgrhcr` pgrhcr`jndg, jndg, hbji hbjiblbtâ…) blbtâ…).. Um.f Um.frudmt rudmtgn gn prcpcsg kbhhâr kbhhârgntgs gntgs pgrspgdt pgrs pgdtbvgs, bvgs, bnkâp bnkâpgnkj gnkjntgs ntgs gt dc`p dc`plâ`g lâ`gntjbr ntjbrgs, gs, qub pgr` pgr`gttg gttgnt nt kg kâhbn kâhbnbr br un `ckílg. Dgttg vug (”;+:‒) db-kgsscus j hcrtg`gnt bnspbrâ W@L.

Xug lcabqug Xug b`pljntjtbcn Xug kgs djs djs k'utb k'utblbsjt lbsjtbcn bcn Xug kgs prcdgssus

Xug kg kâplcbg`gnt

Hba. ; ? Dbnq Hba. Dbnq hjácn hjácnss kg vcbr vcbr un un systí` systí`gg (;+ (;+: : vugs vugs kg kg Frudm Frudmtgn tgn))

1 Ljnajag kg `ckâlbsjtbcn djkrg kg lj « Dcndgptbcn Crbgntâ ciogt ciogt ¶ `ckâlbsjtbcn `ckbhbâ, bl gst jppjru kjns lg djkrg = Cuvrjag dbntrâ, hcr`â k‒âlâ`gnts k‒âlâ`gnts jppjrgbllâs, `jácnnâs (pbgrrg), vcbrg jssg`ilâs (icbs), dcuvrjnt un gspjdg dcnstrubt

97 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg Dg `ckílg `ckílg gst dc` dc`pcsâ pcsâ kg db dbnq nq vug vugs. s. Lj vug « lcabq lcabqug ug ¶ kâdrbt llgs gs jsp jspgdts gdts stjtbqugs gt kynj`bqugs k‒un systí`g gn tgr`gs kg dljssgs, k‒ciogts, kg dcnngxbcns gt kg dc``unbdjtbcns. Gllg sg dcndgntrg sur l‒jistrjdtbcn gt l‒gndjpsuljtbcn. Lj vug « kgs prcdg prcdgssus ssus ¶ djp djptg tg llgs gs js jspgdt pgdtss kg dcnd dcndurrg urrgndg ndg ggtt kg syndm syndmrcnbs rcnbsjtbc jtbcn, n, gt lgs kâdc`pcsg gn hlux k‒gxâdutbcn (prcdgssus, hbl k‒gxâdutbcn, gtd.). Gllg sg rjppcrtg jux ciogtss jdtbhs gt jux bntgrj ciogt bntgrjdtbcn dtbcns. s. Lj vug « kâvgl kâvglcppg` cppg`gnt gnt ¶ rgprâs rgprâsgntg gntg l‒craj l‒crajnbsjt nbsjtbcn bcn stjtbqug

kgs

`ckulgs

(gxâdutjilg,

dckgs

scurdg,

pjqugtjags,

gtd.) kjns

l‒gnvbrcnng`gnt kg kâ kâvglcppg`gnt. vglcppg`gnt. Lj vvug ug « b`plâ`gntjtbcn ¶ kâd kâdrbt rbt lgs kbhhârgntgs rgsscurdgs `jtârbgllgs `jtârbgllgs gt l‒b`pljntjtbcn lcabdbgllg tgnjnt dc`ptg kg dgs rgsscurdgs.

@ckílg @ckíl g hcndtbcnng hcndtbcnngll

Jspgdt kynj`bqug ?

Zug hjbt lg systí`g Jspgdt hcndtbcnngl ?

kbjarj``gss k'bnt kbjarj``g k'bntgrjdt grjdtbcn bcn sâqu sâqugnd gndgs, gs, dclljicrjtbcn),

kbjarj``gs kgs djs k'utblbsjtbcn

Tâqugndg`gnt  kgs jdtbcns Kjns lg systí`g

@ckílg @ckíl g strudturg strudturgll (ciogt) (ciogt)

Tur qucb lg systí`g jabt @ckílg @ck ílg tg`pcr tg`pcrgl gl

Jspgdt stjtbqug ? kbj rj` rj``g `g kg dlj dljss ssgs gs gt k'ci gts

Hba. 7 ? Lgs trcbs dc`pcsjntgs k‒ung `ckâlbsjtbcn

Ucur ajrjnt ajrjntbr br qu qugg l‒jpp l‒jpplbdjt lbdjtbcn bcn cu lg syst systí`g í`g lc lcabdb abdbgl gl sjt sjtbshjb bshjbtt lgs igsc igscbns bns kgs utblbsjtg utblb sjtgurs urs cn pgut kâdr kâdrbrg brg kgs `ck `ckílgs ílgs utblbs utblbsâs âs tcut ju lcna kg lj dcndg dcndgptbc ptbcn. n. Dgs `ckílgs `ckíl gs jbkg jbkgnt nt å dc`p dc`prgnkr rgnkrgg l'jrdmbt l'jrdmbtgdtur gdturgg gxbstjnt gxbstjntg, g, kbsdut kbsdutgr gr lgs `ckbhbd `ckbhbdjtbc jtbcns ns gt dc``unbq dc`` unbqugr ugr ddljbrg ljbrg`gnt `gnt lgs bntg bntgntbcns ntbcns.. Kjns nctr nctrgg djs djs,, lg `ckí `ckílg lg lg plus jkcpt jkcptgr gr jvgd nctrg âtukg, âtukg, d‒gst lg `ckgl hcndtbcnn hcndtbcnngl gl qub sg ijsg sur lgs ddjs js k‒utblbsjtbcn pc pcur ur dglj pjr`b lgs dbnq vug vug k‒W@L ncus jllcns subvrg lj vug vug kgs djs k‒utblbsjtbcn djr gllg sg dcndgntrg sur lj dcmârgndg gn prâsgntjnt kgs sdânjrbcs k‒utblbsjtbcn qub `gttgnt gn Ŕuvrg lgs âlâ`gnts kgs qujtrg prg`bírgs vugs. Lgs sdânjrbcs scnt ung jistrjdtbcn kgs gxbagndgs hcndtbcnngllgs kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn. Dgttg kgrnbírg vug vjlbkg gn quglqug scrtg lgs jutrgs vugs gt jssurg lj dcmârgndg alcijlg. D‒gst jussb dgttg kgrnbírg vug qub gst dcnstrubtg gn prg`bgr, oustg jprís l‒âtjilbssg`gnt ku djmbgr kgs 98 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg dmjrags, pcur hbxgr lgs dcntcurs ku systí`g å râjlbsgr jvgd sgs hcndtbcnnjlbtâs jppglâgs kjns lj tgr`bnclcabg W@L kgs djs k‒utblbsjtbcn.

BBB.4. Âtukg `ckjlbsjtbcn jtbcn kg lj sclutb sclutbcn cn ? Âtukg gt `ckjlbs BBB.4. BBB .4.:. :. Lgs kbj kbjarj arj``g ``gss kgs djs k‒u k‒utb tblb lbsjt sjtbcn bcnss ? Dg kbjarj``g gst kgstbnâ å rgprâsgntgr lgs igscbns kgs utblbsjtgurs pjr rjppcrt ju systí`g. Bl dcnstbtug un kgs kbjarj``gs lgs plus strudturjnts kjns l'jnjlysg k'un systí`g. Ncuss rjp Ncu rjppgl pglcns cns qu qugg ?



Jdtgurr ? rgpr Jdtgu rgprâsgnt âsgntgg un rrûlg ûlg oc ocuâ uâ pj pjrr ung gntbt gntbtââ gxt gxtgrng grng (utblb (utblbsjtg sjtgur ur mu` mu`jbn, jbn, kbspcsbtbh `jtârbgl cu jutrg systí`g) qub bntgrjabt kbrgdtg`gnt jvgd lg systí`g âtukbâ.



Djs k'utblbsjt k'utblbsjtbcn bcn (usg djs djsg) g) ? rgpr rgprâsgnt âsgntgg un gnsg`il gnsg`ilgg kg sâqugnd sâqugndgs gs k'jdt k'jdtbcns bcns qub scnt râjlbsâgs râjlbsâgs pjr lg systí`g gt qub prckubs prckubsgnt gnt un râs râsultjt ultjt cisgrvji cisgrvjilg lg bntârgssjnt pcur un jdtgur pj pjrtbdulbgr. rtbdulbgr. Cn trcuvg plusbgurs rgljtbcns p pcur cur lbgr lbgr gn gntr trgg lgs djs djs k‒ k‒ut utbl blbs bsjt jtbc bcn, n, dbt dbtcn cnss ? •

Ygljtbcn Yglj tbcn

k'b k'bndlus ndlusbcn bcn ? Wng

rg rgljtbc ljtbcn n

k'bnd k'bndlusbc lusbcn n

k'un

dj djss

k'utblbsjt k'utbl bsjtbcn bcn J pjr rrjppcr jppcrtt å un djs k'ut k'utblbsj blbsjtbcn tbcn I ssbanbh banbhbg bg qu'ung bnstjndg kg J dcntbgnt lg dc`pcrtg`g dc`pcrtg`gnt nt kâdrbt kjns I. •

Ygljtbcn Yglj tbcn

k' k'gxtgn gxtgnsbcn sbcn ? Wng

rglj rgljtbcn tbcn

k' k'gxtg gxtgnsbcn nsbcn

k'u k'un n

djs

k'utblbsjtbcn J pjr un djs k'utblbsjtbcn J sbanbhbg qu'ung bnstjndg kg J pgut ïtrg âtgnkug pjr lg dc`pcrtg`gnt kâdrbt kjns I. •

Ygljtbcn kg aânârjlbsjtbcn ? Lgs djs k'utblbsjtbcn kgsdgnkjnts mârbtgnt kg lj kgsdrbptbcn kg lgurs pjrgnts dc``uns. Dmjdun k'gntrg gux pgut nâjn`cbns dc`prgnkrg kgs bntgrjdtbcns spâdbhbqugs supplâ`gntjbr supplâ`gntjbrgs. gs.

Lgs 4 prb prbndb ndbpju pjux x jdt jdtgur gurss kg nctr nctrgg jppl jpplbdj bdjtbc tbcn n scnt ? Lg `jajsb `jajsbnbgr nbgr d‒gs d‒gstt un jk`b jk`bnbstrj nbstrjtgur. tgur. Bl j lg krcbt kg tc tcut ut hj hjbrg brg gt bl lb`bt lb`btgg lgs krcbt krcbtss k‒jdd k‒j ddís ís kgs jut jutrgs rgs utb utblbs lbsjt jtgur gurs, s, lgs dlb dlbgnt gntss gt lgs hcu hcurnb rnbss ssgur gurss scnt kg kgss utb utblbs lbsjt jtgur gurss qub utblbsgnt lg systg` k‒ung hjácn lb`btâg).

91 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg BBB.4 BB B.4.:. .:.:. :. Kbj Kbjarj arj`` ``gg kg djs djs k‒utb k‒utblbs lbsjtb jtbcn cn « @j @jajs ajsbnb bnbgr gr ¶ ?

Hba. 8 ? kbjar kbjarj`` j``gg kg djs k‒utb k‒utblbsjt lbsjtbcn bcn « @jajsb @jajsbnbgr nbgr ¶

Lj hbaurg nµ8 prâsgntg lg kbjarj``g k kgg djs k‒utblbsj k‒utblbsjtbcn tbcn ku `jajsbnb `jajsbnbgr gr qub gst l‒jk`bnbs l‒jk`bnbstrjt trjtgur gur kjns nc nctrg trg jpplb jpplbdjtb djtbcn. cn. Kjn Kjnss lg hbaur hbaurgg db-kg db-kgsscu sscuss cn gxplbq gxplbqug ug gn kâtjbllg lg djs k‒utblbsjtbcn kg dcnsultjtbcn kg stcdf.

9= | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg

sdânjrbc k‒un djs k‒utblbsjtbcn Dcnsultgr Dcnsu ltgr lg stcdf

Kgsdrbptbcn kâtjbllâ

Urâ-dcnkbtbcn ? Lg `jajsbnbgr kcbt gtr gtrgg jutmgntbhbâ Lj ijsg kg kcnnâgs kcbt gtrg sjbsbg pjr lg `jajsbnbgr Ucst-dcnkbtbcn ? sb un dlbgnt å ddc``jnkgr c``jnkgr k kgs gs prckubts. Lg nc`irg kg prckubt ku stcdf gst kâdrâ`gntâ kg nc`irg kg prckubt prbs pjr l‒utblbsjtgur.

Hba. 1 ? Kgs Kgsdrb drbptb ptbcn cn kâ kâtjb tjbllâ llâ ku dj djss k‒u k‒utbl tblbsj bsjtbc tbcn n « dcn dcnsul sultgr tgr lg stc stcdf df ¶ Dgttg hbaurg pgut gtrg gxplbquâ k‒jv k‒jvjntjag jntjag kjns lj hbaurg =, cu cn kâtjbll kâtjbllgg plus lgs âtjpgs qu‒un `jajsbnbgr pjssg pjr pcur dcnsultgr scn stcdf.

sdânjrbc k‒un djs k‒utblbsjtbcn Dcnsultgr lg stcdf :. 9. 4. ;. 7. 8. 1.

Djs ncr`jl

Kgsdrbptbcn kâtjbllâ

Lg ssystí` ystí`gg llub ub j jhhbdm hhbdmgg un ` `gnu gnu j jvgd vgd un ddmcbx mcbx k‒cpâr k‒cpârjtbc jtbcn. n. Lg `jaj `jajsbnb sbnbgr gr ddmcbsb mcbsb l‒cpâr l‒cpârjtbcn jtbcn gspj gspjdg dg jk`b jk`bnbstr nbstrjtgu jtgur. r. Lg sys systí`g tí`g lub k kg`jn g`jnkg kg kg s‒jut s‒jutmgntb mgntbhbgr. hbgr. Lg `j `jajs ajsbnb bnbgr gr kcnng kcnng sscn cn prâ prâkâh kâhbnb bnb lc lcabn abn gt ` `ct ct kg pj pjss ssg. g. Lg sy syst stí`g í`g lub j jhhb hhbdmg dmg un ` `gnu. gnu. Lg `j `jajsb ajsbnbgr nbgr dmcb dmcbsbg sbg dcnsu dcnsultgr ltgr lg sstcdf tcdf Lg ssyst ystg` g` llub ub j jhhb hhbdmg dmg lj lb lbstg stg kgs prc prckub kubts ts p prâs râsgnt gntss kjn kjnss lg stcdf stcdf crk crkcnn cnnââ jlpmjiâtbqug`gnt. Xjrbjntg : Xjrbjntg 9

Gn (;) lg `jajsbnbgr n'gst pjs rgdcnnu, kjns dg djs, tjnt qu'b qu 'bll n'gs n'gstt pj pjss rgdc rgdcnn nnu, u, c cn n lu lubb rg rgkg kg`j `jnk nkgg kg s'jutmgntbhbgr Gn (1) (1) lg sys systí` tí`gg jh jhhbd hbdmg mg llgg st stcdf cdf,, sb lj quj qujntb ntbtâ tâ k‒ k‒un un prckubt j jttgbnt 95% kg stcdf ung jljr`g sgrj kâdlgndmgr pcur bnhcr`gr lg `jajsbnbgr.

Hba. Hba. = ? Kgs Kgsdrb drbptb ptbcn cn plu pluss kâtj kâtjbll bllââ ku ku djs djs k‒u k‒utbl tblbsj bsjtbc tbcn n « dcn dcnsul sultgr tgr lg stc stcdf df ¶

92 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg Kjns lg rgstg rgstg cn gxplbq gxplbqug ug irbív irbívg`gnt g`gnt lg lgss jutrgs djs k‒ut k‒utblbsj blbsjtbcn tbcn ? 

Jutmgntbhb Jutmg ntbhbgr gr ? Ugr Ugr`gt `gt å u un n jdtg jdtgur ur kg ss'jutm 'jutmgntbh gntbhbgr bgr jv jvjnt jnt k' k'jddâ jddâkgr kgr å l'jpplbdjtbcn.



Gtjilbr un icn kg dc``jnkg bntgrng? Kcnng lj pcssbiblbtâ jux sgrvbdgs kg`jnkgurs k'gxprb`gr lgurs igscbns gnvgrs lg `jajsbnbgr.



Aârgr lgs icns kg scrtbgs? U Ugr`gt gr`gt ju `jajs `jajsbnbgr bnbgr k'ghhgdtugr kgs cpârjtbcns ssur ur lgs icns kg scrtbgs. Dgs cpârjtbcns dcndgrngnt ? lj `ckbhbdjtbcn gt lj supprgssbcn.



Aârgr lgs icns icns k'gntrâgs ? Ugr`gt ju ` `jajsbnbgr jajsbnbgr k'ghh k'ghhgdtugr gdtugr kgs cpârj cpârjtbcns tbcns sur lgs icns k'gntrâgs. k'gntrâgs. D Dgs gs cpârjtbcns dc dcndgrngnt ndgrngnt ? l'jocut.



@bsg å ocur kg kg lj ijsg kg k kcnnâgs cnnâgs ? Ugr`gt ju `jajsbnbgr k kgg `gttrg å ocur sj ijsg kg kcnnâgs. Dgttg `bsg å ocur dcndgrng ? lgs hcurnbssgurs, lgs sgrvbdgs, lgs prckubts, prcku bts, lgs dlbg dlbgnts nts gt lgs hj`bll hj`bllgs. gs.



Ljndgr kgs jppgls k‒chhrg ? Ugr`gt

ju `jajsbnbgr kg `gttrg plusbgurs

hcurnbssg hcurn bssgurs urs gn ddcndu cndurrgnd rrgndgg p pcur cur hcur hcurnbr nbr un pr prckubt ckubt cu u un n ssgrvbd grvbdg, g, gt lg ddmcbx mcbx ku `gbllgur prckubt sg hjbt sglcn trcbs drbtír drbtírgs gs ? lj qujlbtâ, lg prbx gt lj kjtg kg lbvrjbscn. 

Aârgr lgs dc``jnkgs dc``jnkgs ? Ugr`gt ju `jajsbnbgr k kgg trjbtgr lgs dc`` dc``jnkgs jnkgs kgs dlbgnts pcur pcur sjtbshj sjtbshjbrg brg lgurs igscbns.



Dcntrûlgr lg trjvjbllg trjvjbllg kg `jajsbnbgr ? Tgul lg kbrgdtgur aânârjlg gst rgspcnsjilg rgspcnsjilg ku dcntrûlg, dcntrûlg, d‒gs d‒gstt un supgr jk`b jk`bnbstr nbstrjtg jtgur ur qub aírg lg `jajs `jajsbn bn å kbstjnd kbstjndg. g.



B`prb`gr B`pr b`gr lgs ddc``j c``jnkgs nkgs ? Ugr` Ugr`gt gt ju `ja `jajsbnb jsbnbgr gr k‒b`pr k‒b`prb`gr b`gr lg lgss dc`` dc``jnkg jnkgss kgs dlbgnts gn djs k‒un dcnhlbt.

45 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg BBB.4.:. BBB .4.:.9. 9. Kbjar Kbjarj``g j``g kg kg djs k‒utblbsjt k‒utblbsjtbcn bcn «dlbgnt¶ «dlbgnt¶ ?

Hba. Hb a. 2 ? Kbj Kbjar arj` j``g `g kg dj djss k‒u k‒utb tblb lbsj sjtb tbcn cn « dl dlbg bgnt nt ¶

Kjnss lj hba Kjn hbaur urgg 2 cn p prâs râsgnt gntgg lg kbj kbjarj arj`` ``gg kg ddjs js k k‒ut ‒utblb blbsjt sjtbcn bcn ku ddlbg lbgnt. nt. Urâd Urâdbs bscn cnss lg ddjs js k‒ut k‒utbl blbs bsjt jtbc bcn n « dc`` dc``jn jnkg kgrr ¶ p pcur cur un ungg kg kgsd sdrb rbpt ptbc bcn n kâ kâtj tjbl bllâ lâ k kjn jnss lj hbaurg :5.

Tdânjrbc k‒un djs k‒utblbsjtbcn Dc``jnkgr

Kgsdrbptbcn kâtjbllâ

Urâ-dcnkbtbcn ? lg dlbgnt kcbt gtrg bnsdrbt j ju u `jajsbn kg lj hjdultâ

Ucst-dcnkb Ucstdcnkbtbcn tbcn ? sb l‒cp l‒cpârjt ârjtbcn bcn s‒ s‒gst gst ib ibgn gn kâr kârculâg culâg Wng `bsg å ocur jutc`jtbqug dg hjbt kjns lj ijsg kg kcnnâgs. Kgsdrb drbpt ptbcn bcn kâ kâtjb tjbllâ llâ ku djs k‒u k‒utbl tblbsj bsjtbc tbcn n « dcn dcnsul sultgr tgr lg st stcdf cdf ¶ Hba. :5 ? Kgs

4: | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg Lj hbaurg db-kgssus pgut gtrg gxplbquâ k‒jvjntjag kjns lj hbaurg ::.

Tdânjrbc k‒un djs k‒utblbsjtbcn

Djs ncr`jl

Dc``jnkgr

Kgsdrbptbcn kâtjbllâ

:. Lg syst systí`g í`g jhh jhhbdmg bdmg un `g `gssja ssjagg k‒jdd k‒jddugbl ugbl su surr lg tgr`b tgr`bnjl njl jvg jvgdd un dmcbx k'cpârjtbcns. 9. Lg dlbg dlbgnt nt dmcbs dmcbsbt bt l‒gsp l‒gspjdg jdg dlbgn dlbgntt pjr` pjr`bb lgs kbhh kbhhârgn ârgntgs tgs cpârj cpârjtbcns tbcns.. 4. Lg sy systí` stí`gg lub kg`j kg`jnkg nkg k kgg s‒ s‒jutm jutmgntbhb gntbhbgr. gr. ;. Lg dlbg dlbgnt nt kcnn kcnngg scn bkg bkgntbh ntbhbdjt bdjtbcn bcn (lcab (lcabn, n, `ct kg p pjssg jssg). ). 7. Lg sy systg stg` ` jh jhhbd hbdmg mg un ` `gnu gnu k kgg dmc dmcbx. bx. 8. Lg dl dlbg bgnt nt dmc mcbs bsbb « dc dc` ``j `jnk nkgr gr ¶. 1. Lg ssyst ystg` g` kg` kg`jnk jnkgg llgg ND NDBN BN 2 ku dlbgnt, lg nc` k‒jrtbdlg scumjbtâ, lj qujntbtâ gt lj kjtg kg igscbn. =. Lg dlbg dlbgnt nt rg` rg`plb plb ddgg hcr` hcr`uljbr uljbrgg gt gn gnvcb vcb lj dc`` dc``jnkg. jnkg.

Xjrb Xj rbjn jntg tg: :

Gn (= (=)) llgg ddlb lbgn gntt k kcb cbtt ddcn cnnj njbt btrrg llgs gs pr prck ckub ubts ts pr prâs âsgn gnts ts

Xjrbjntg

Gn (;) lg dlbgnt n'gst pjs rgdcnnu, kjns dg djs, tjnt qu'bl n'gst pjs

9

  Xjrbjntg 4

Gn (=), lg dlbgnt pgut gnvcygr plusbgurs dc``jnkgs suddgssbvgs

Hb Hba. a. :: ? Kg Kgsd sdrb rbpt ptbc bcn n pl plus us kâ kâtj tjbl bllâ lâ ku dj djss k‒u k‒utb tblb lbsj sjtb tbcn cn « dc dcns nsul ultg tgrr lg st stcd cdf f¶

Dc``g âtjnt âtjnt un utblbsj utblbsjtgur tgur kg l‒jpp l‒jpplbdjtbcn lbdjtbcn lg dlbg dlbgnt nt bntgrvbgnt p pjr jr plusbgurs djs k‒utblbsjt k‒utb lbsjtbcn bcn qu‒cn gxplb gxplbqug qug irbív irbívg`gnt g`gnt ? 

T‒bnsdrbrg? dmjqug dmjqug utblbsjtgur kcbt hjbrg l‒bnsdrbptb l‒bnsdrbptbcn cn pcur qu‒bl pub pubssg ssg iânâhbdb iânâhbdbgr gr kgs sgrvbdgs kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn.



Dcnsultgr Dcnsu ltgr sscn cn pr prchbl chbl ? dmj dmjqug qug u utblbs tblbsjtg jtgur ur j un prc prchbl hbl q qu‒bl u‒bl dcns dcnsultgr ultgr pcur survgbllgr sgs jrdmbvgs kg dc`` dc``jnkgs. jnkgs.

2 Nu`ârc kg lj djrtg njtbcnjlg k‒bkgntbtâ

49 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptugllg 

Dcnsultgr Dcnsu ltgr lg stcd stcdf f ? dmjq dmjqug ug utblb utblbsjtg sjtgur ur pgut dcnsu dcnsultgr ltgr lg stcdf

gt vcbr

lg

nc`irgg kg pr nc`ir prckubt ckubt prâs prâsgnts gnts p pcur cur sj dc`` dc``jnk jnkg. g. 

Dcntjdtgr lg `jajs `jajsbnbgr bnbgr ? Ugr` Ugr`gt gt jux dlbgnts k‒gnvcygr u un n g`jbl ju `jaj `jajsbnbgr sbnbgr gn djs kg kbs kbshcnd hcndtbcnn tbcnng`gn g`gntt kgs ` `jtâr jtârbgls bgls cu un kâ kâhjut hjut kjns llgs gs prc prckubts kubts..

BB BBB. B.4. 4.:. :.4. 4. Kb Kbja jarj rj`` ``gg kg djs djs k‒ k‒ut utbl blbs bsjt jtbc bcn n « Hc Hcur urnb nbss ssgu gurr ¶ ?

Hba. Hb a. :9 ? Kbja Kbjarj rj`` ``gg kg dj djss k‒ut k‒utbl blbs bsjt jtbc bcn n « Hc Hcur urnb nbss ssgu gur¶ r¶

Kjns lj hbaur hbaurgg :9 cn prâs prâsgntg gntg llgg kbjar kbjarj``g j``g k kgg djs k‒ k‒utblb utblbsjtbc sjtbcn n ku hcurnbssgu hcurn bssgur. r. Urâd Urâdbscns bscns lg djs k‒utb k‒utblbsjt lbsjtbcn bcn « Yâpc Yâpcnkrg nkrg jux jppgl jppglss k‒chh k‒chhrg rg ¶ p pcur cur ung kgsdrbptbcn kâtjbllâ kjns lj hbaurg :4.

Tdânjrbc k‒un djs k‒utblbsjtbcn Yâpcnkrg Yâpc nkrg ju jux x jppgls k‒chh k‒chhrgs rgs

Kgsdrbptbcn kâtjbllâ

Urâ-dcnkb Urâdcnkbtbcn tbcn ? lg hcurnb hcurnbssgu ssgurr kcbt gtrg bnsdr bnsdrbt bt kjns l‒jppl l‒jpplbdjt bdjtbcn bcn Lg hcurnbssgur kcbt dcnnjbtrg tcus lgs prckubts ku `jajsbn Hba. :4 ? Kgs Kgsdrb drbpt ptbcn bcn kâ kâtjb tjbllâ llâ ku « Yâp Yâpcnk cnkrg rg jux jpp jppgls gls k‒c k‒chh hhrg rg ¶

44 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg Lj hba hbaurg urg pr prâdâ âdâkgn kgntg tg pgu pgutt gtr gtrgg gxp gxplbq lbquâ uâ k‒j k‒jvj vjntj ntjag ag kjn kjnss lj hba hbaurg urg sub subvj vjntg ntg..

Tdânjrbc Tdânjr bc k‒un k‒un djs djs k‒utbl k‒utblbsjtb bsjtbcn cn

Yâpcnkrg jux jppgls k‒chhrgs

Djs ncr`jl

Kgsdrbptbcn kâtjbllâ

:. Lg systí systí`g `g jhhb jhhbdmg dmg un `gs `gssjag sjag k‒j k‒jddugb ddugbll sur lg tgr`b tgr`bnjl njl jvgd un dm dmcbx cbx k'cpârjtbcns. 9. Lg hhcur curnbs nbssg sgur ur kcb kcbtt ddmcb mcbsbr sbr « gsp gspjd jdgg hhcur curnbs nbssg sgur ur ¶. 4. Lg ssyst ystí` í`gg lu lubb kg kg`jn `jnkg kg k kgg s‒j s‒jutm utmgnt gntbhb bhbgr. gr. ;. Lg hcu hcurnb rnbssg ssgur ur sj sjbsb bsbgg dg dgss kc kcnnâ nnâgs gs ((lca lcabn, bn, `ct `ct k kgg pjs pjssg) sg).. 7. Lg ssyst ystí` í`gg jh jhhbd hbdmg mg u un n `g `gnu. nu. 8. Lg hcur hcurnb nbss ssgu gurr dm dmcb cbsb sb « jp jppg pgls ls k‒ch k‒chhr hrgs gs ¶. 1. Lg syst systg` g` lub pr prâdbsg âdbsg l‒l‒bntgrh bntgrhjdg jdg qu qu‒bl ‒bl kcbt l‒utb l‒utblbsgr. lbsgr. Xjrbjntg :

Gn (4), lg hcu hcurnb rnbss ssgur gur n'gs n'gstt p pjs js rgd rgdcnn cnnu, u, kjn kjnss dg djs, djs, ttjn jntt qu qu'b 'bll n' n'gs gstt pj pjss rg rgdc dcnn nnu, u, c cn n lu lubb rgkg`jnkg kg s'jutmgntbhbgr

Xjrbjntg 9

Gn (8), lg hcurnbssgur pgut gnvcygr un g-`jbl ju `jajsbnbgr pcur lj dc``unbdjtbcn gt lg dmcbx kgs jppgls k‒chhrgs.

Hba. :; ? Kgs Kgsdrb drbpt ptbcn bcn plu pluss kât kâtjbl jbllâ lâ ku djs k‒u k‒utbl tblbsj bsjtbc tbcn n «Y «Yâpc âpcnkr nkrgg jux jux jppgls jppgls k‒ch k‒chhrg hrg¶¶ Kjns lg rgstg cn gxplbqug gxplbqug irbívg`gnt lgs jutrg jutrg djs k‒utblbsjtb k‒utblbsjtbcn cn ku hcurnbssgur ? 

T‒bnsdrbrg T‒bnsd rbrg ? l‒b l‒bnsdr nsdrbptbc bptbcn n gst lj ttjdmg jdmg lj p plus lus b` b`pcrt pcrtjntg jntg pcur prchb prchbtgr tgr kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn.



Ucstulgr Ucst ulgr kgs jppgl jppglss k‒c k‒chhrgs hhrgs ? pg pgr`gt r`gt ju hhcurnb curnbssgur ssgur kg p pcstul cstulgr gr kgs prcku prckubts bts pcur bnhcr`gr lg `jajsbnbgr gn djs kgs ncuvgjutâs.



Dcntjdtgr Dcntj dtgr lg `ja `jajsbn jsbnbgr bgr ? lg hcurnb hcurnbssgu ssgurr dcntj dcntjdt dt lg `jajs `jajsbnbgr bnbgr gn lub gn gnvcyjn vcyjntt gn g`jbl.

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Dcnsultgr Dcnsu ltgr lg stc stcdf df ? Ugr` Ugr`gt gt ju hc hcurnbs urnbssgur sgur k kgg vcbr llgs gs prc prckubts kubts k kbspcn bspcnbilgs bilgs pcur puilbg pui lbgrr sb bbll yj k kgs gs ncu ncuvgj vgjutâ utâs. s. Dg kgr kgrnbg nbgrr n‒j pjs lg kr krcbt cbt k kgg vc vcbr br q qug ug lg lgss nc` nc`ss kgs prckubts pjs lgurs typg, qujntbtâ, prbx cu lj kâsbanjtbcn.

4; | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg

BBB.4. BBB .4.9. 9. Lgs kbja kbjarj` rj``gs `gs kg kg sâqugn sâqugndgs dgs ? Wn kbjarj``g kbjarj``g kg sâqugndg pgr`gt kg k kâdrbrg âdrbrg lgs sd sdânjrbcs ânjrbcs kg dmjqu dmjqugg djs k'utblbsjtbcn gn `gttj `gttjnt nt l'jddgnt sur lj dmrcnclcabg k kgs gs cpârjt cpârjtbcns bcns gn bntgrjdt bntgrjdtbcn bcn jvgd lgs lgs ciogts ciogts.. Bl `cnt `cntrg rg ung bntgr bntgrjdt jdtbcn bcn prâs prâsgntâ gntâgg gn sâqugn sâqugndg dg kjns lg tg`p tg`ps. s. Gn pjrtbdulbgr, bl `cntrg juss jussbb lgs ciogts qub p pjrtbdbpgnt jrtbdbpgnt å l'bntgrj l'bntgrjdtbcn dtbcn pjr lgur "Lbang kg vbg" gt lgs `gssjags qu'bls âdmjnagnt prâsgntâs gn sâqugndg kjns lg tg`ps. Yjppglcns Yjpp glcns quglq quglqugs ugs nct nctbcns bcns k kgg ijsg ku k kbjar bjarj``g j``g ? 

Tdânjrbc? ung lbstg k'jdtbcns qub kâdrbvgnt ung bntgrjdtbcn gntrg un jdtgur gt lg systí`g.

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Bntgrjdtbcn? un dc`pcrtg`gnt qub dc`prgnk un gnsg`ilg kg `gssjags âdmjnaâs pjr un gnsg`ilg k'ciogts kjns un dgrtjbn dcntgxtg pcur jddc`plbr ung dgrtjbng tédmg.

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@gssjag? Wn `gssjag `gssjag rgprâs rgprâsgntg gntg ung dc`` dc``unbdjtbcn unbdjtbcn unbkbrgdtbcnngllg gntrg ciogts qub trjnspcrtg kg l'bnhcr`jtbcn jvgd l'bntgntbcn kg kâdlgndmgr ung râjdtbcn dmgz lg râdgptgur.

BBB.4.9. BBB.4 .9.:. :. Kbj Kbjarj arj`` ``gg kg kg sâqu sâqugnd gndgg « Tjb Tjbsbr sbr gt `-j `-j-o -o kg lj ijs ijsgg kg kg kcnn kcnnâg âg ¶ ?

Hba. :7 ? Kbjarj`` Kbjarj``gg kg sâqu sâqugndg gndg « Tjbsb Tjbsbrr gt `bsg `bsg å ocur ocur kg lj ijsg kg kcnnâg kcnnâg ¶

47 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg Lg kbjarj``g rgprâsgntâ rgprâsgntâ kjns kjns lj hbaurg :7 kâdrbt lgs sdâ sdânjrbcs njrbcs pcssbilgs lcrs kg lj sjbsbg kg lj ijsg kg kcnnâgs jussb lcrs k‒ung `bsg å ocur. Gn ghhg ghhgt, t, l‒jk` l‒jk`bnbst bnbstrjtg rjtgur ur kcbt gntr gntrgr gr lgs prck prckubts ubts prâs prâsgnts gnts kjns lg `jaj `jajsbn sbn gt pr prâd âdbs bsgr gr lg lgss dcc ccrrkc kcn nnâ nâgs gs kgs jrtbd rtbdlg lgss kjn jnss lj ijsg jsg kg kcnn nnââgs pcu curr lg hcndtbcnng`gnt kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn. Gt gn djs djs kg ddmjn mjnag` ag`gnt gnt kg kgss kcn kcnnâg nâgs, s, lg ` `jaj jajsbn sbnbgr bgr `gt å ocu ocurr lj ij ijsg sg k kgg kcnnâgs bl pgut pgut jocutgr, supprb`gr cu `ckbhbgr k kgs gs prckubts jussb supprb` supprb`gr gr cu `ckbhbgr lgs dccrkcnnâgs k‒un dlbgnt. BBB. 4.9. 9.9. 9. Kb Kbja jarj rj`` ``gg kg sâ sâqu qugn gndg dg « Bn Bnsd sdrb rbpt ptbc bcn n Dl Dlbg bgnt nt ¶ ? BBB.4.

Hba. :8 ? Kbjar Hba. Kbjarj` j``g `g kg kg sâqu sâqugnd gndgg kg sdâ sdânjr njrbc bc « jut jutmgn mgntbh tbhbdj bdjtbc tbcn n Dlb Dlbgnt gnt ¶

Lg kbjarj``g kbjarj``g rgp rgprâsg râsgntâ ntâ kjns lj hbaur hbaurgg :8 kâdrb kâdrbtt lgs sdânj sdânjrbcs rbcs pcs pcssbilg sbilgss lcrs k'ung bnsdrbptbcn k'utblbsjtgur. k'u tblbsjtgur. Gn ghhgt, lcrsqug L'utblbsjtgur kg`jnkg l'jddís å l‒jpplbdjtbcn Lg systí`g lub jhhbdmg ung bntgrhjdg qub qub dcntbgnt kgs dmj` dmj`ps ps vbkgs. Bl rg`p rg`plbt lbt dgs dmj`p dmj`pss gt gnvcbg lgs kcnnâgs pcur qug Lg syst systí`g í`g pubssg vvârbhbgr ârbhbgr lj vvjlbkbtâ jlbkbtâ kgs dmj` dmj`ps, ps, Wng sârbg kg 48 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg tgsts kcbt ïtrg râjlbsâg (lcabn gxbstg, tgstgr g`jbl, tgstgr `ct kg pjssg, tgstgr `jtrbdulg pcur lgs gnsgbanjnts). Tb tcus lgs dmj`ps scnt dcrrgdts, jlcrs lg systí`g prgnk gn dmjrag dmjrag lgs bnhcr`jtbcns bnhcr`jtbcns bntrckubtgs gt lgs gnr gnrgabstrgnt gabstrgnt kjns lj ijsg kg kcnnâgs gt pgr`gt å l'bntgrnjutg k'jddâkgr å l‒jpplbdjtbcn. Gt

Tb l'bnsdrbptbcn n'gst pjs vjlbkg, l'ut l'utblbsjtgur blbsjtgur kcbt scbt râbnsdrbt scbt q qubttgr ubttgr

l‒jpplbdjtbcn. BBB.4.9. BBB.4 .9.4. 4. Kbj Kbjarj arj``g ``g kg sâq sâqugn ugndg dg « ju jutmg tmgntb ntbhbd hbdjt jtbcn bcn Dlb Dlbgnt gnt ¶ ?

Hba. :1 ? Kbja Kbjarj` rj``g `g kg sâq sâqugn ugndg dg « Jut Jutmgn mgntbh tbhbdj bdjtbc tbcn n¶

Lg kbjarj`` kbjarj``gg kg lj hb hbaurg aurg :1 kâdr kâdrbt bt lgs ssdânjr dânjrbcs bcs pc pcssbil ssbilgs gs lcr lcrss kg l'bkgntbhbdjtbcn k'utblbsjtgur (gnsgbanjnt cu jk`bnbstrjtgur), gn ghhgt, L‒utblbsjtgur kg`jnkg l'jddís l'jddís ju sbtg gt kcnng lg lcabn gt lg ` `ct ct kg pjssg. Wn tgst kcbt ït ïtrg rg râjlbsâ râjl bsâ (gxbs (gxbstgnd tgndgg gt dc`pjtb dc`pjtbiblbt iblbtââ ku lcabn/`c lcabn/`ctt kg pjss pjssg), g), sb lgs kcnnâg kcnnâgss scnt dcrrgdtgs jlcrs pgr`gttg å l'bntgrnjutg k'jddâkgr å lj tctjlbtâ ku sbtg sbncn l'utblbsjtgur kcbt kcbt scbt rrâgssjygr âgssjygr sscbt cbt qubttgr l‒jpplbdjtbcn.

41 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg BBB. BB B.4. 4.9. 9.4. 4. Kb Kbja jarj rj`` ``gg kg sâ sâq qug ugnd ndgg sd sdân ânjr jrbc bc « Dc Dc`` ``jn jnkg kgrr ¶ ?

Hba. a. := ? Kb Kbar arj` j``g `g kg sâ sâqu qugn gndg dg ku sd sdân ânjr jrbc bc « dc dc`` ``jn jnkg kgrr ¶ Hb

Lg kbjarj``g rgprâsgntâ rgprâsgntâ kjns kjns lj hbaurg := kâdrbt lgs sdâ sdânjrbcs njrbcs pcssbilgs lcrs kg l‒gnvcb k‒ung k‒ung dc``jnk dc``jnkgg k'utblbsjtgur ju `jajs `jajsbnbgr. bnbgr. Lg dlbgnt rg`plbt lgs dmj`ps ku hcr`uljbrg gt gnvcbg lgs kcnnâgs pcur qug Lg systí`g jvgd lj ijsg kg kcnnâgs pubssgnt vârbhbgr lj vjlbkbtâ kgs dmj`ps, Wng sârbg kg tgsts kcbt ïtrg râjlbs râjlbsâg âg (lcabn gxbstg, tgstgr `ct kg pjssg, pjssg, prckubt gxbstg, qujntbtâs qujntbtâs suhhbsjntg). Tb tcus lgs dmj`ps scnt dcrrgdts, jlcrs lg systí`g prgnk gn dmjrag lgs bnhcr`jtbcns bntrckubtgs bntrckubtgs gt vjlbkg lj dc``jnkg k ku u dlbgnt. Gt Tb lgs kc kcnn nnâg âgss bn bntr trck ckub ubtg tgss ng scnt scnt pj pjss vjlbk vjlbkgs gs,, lg dl dlbg bgnt nt kc kcbt bt scbt scbt rg rg`p `plb lbrr kg ncuvgju lg hcr`uljbrg. 4= | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg BBB.4 BB B.4.9. .9.;. ;. Kbj Kbjarj arj``g ``g kg kg sâqugn sâqugndg dg ku sdânj sdânjrb rbc c « Yâ Yâpcn pcnkr krgg jux jppgl jppglss k‒chhr k‒chhrgs gs ¶ ?

Hba. :2 ? Kbjarj` Kbjarj``g `g kg kg sâqugnd sâqugndgg ku sdânj sdânjrbc rbc « Yâpcn Yâpcnkrg krg jux jppg jppgls ls k‒chh k‒chhrgs rgs ¶ Lg kbjarj``g rgprâsgntâ rgprâsgntâ kjns kjns lj hbaurg :2 kâdrbt lgs sdâ sdânjrbcs njrbcs pcssbilgs lcrs kg lj p pui uilb lbdj djtb tbcn cn k k‒u ‒un n jp jppg pgll k‒ k‒ch chhr hrgg ku ` `ja jajs jsbn bnbg bgrr vgrs vgrs lg hhcu curn rnbs bssg sgur ur gt vvbs bsgg vg vgrs rs dj. dj. Lg `j `jaj ajsb sbnb nbgr gr lj ljnd ndgg un jp jppg pgll k‒c k‒chh hhrg rg k kjn jnss un hc hcru ru` ` sp spâd âdbh bhbq bqug ug pc pcur ur q qug ug L Lgg hcurnbssgu hcurn bssgurr pubs pubssg sg râp râpcnkrg cnkrg ss‒bl ‒bl gst bntâr bntârgssâ gssâ.. BB BBB.4 B.4.9. .9.7. 7. Kbj Kbjarj arj`` ``gg kg sâqug sâqugndg ndg kg kg sdânjr sdânjrbc bc « Dc` Dc``u `unbd nbdjt jtbcn bcn ¶ ?

Hba. Hb a. 95 ? Kbja Kbjarj rj`` ``gg kg sâ sâqu qugn gndg dg kg kg sdâ sdânj njrb rbc c « Dc Dc`` ``un unbd bdjt jtbc bcn n¶ 42 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg Lg

kbj bjar arj j`` ``gg

dbb-k kgs gsssus

prâs âsgn gnttg

lgss lg

kb kbhhhâr ârgn gnttgs

âtj âtjpgs

pc pcur ur

lj

dc``unbdj dc`` unbdjtbcn tbcn ggntrg ntrg llgs gs `g` `g`irgs irgs k kgg l‒jp l‒jpplbdj plbdjtbcn tbcn ggtt lg `j `jajsbn ajsbnbgr. bgr. Gn ghh ghhgt, gt, lgs dlbgnt dlb gntss cu lgs hcu hcurnb rnbss ssgur gurss pgu pguvg vgnt nt âdr âdrbr brgg k kgs gs dc` dc``g `gntj ntjbr brgs gs kj kjns ns un gsp gspjd jdgg kg dcnvgrsj dcnv grsjtbcns tbcns gt lg `jaj `jajsbnbg sbnbgrr râp râpcnk cnk sb nâdg nâdgssjbr ssjbrg. g.

BBB.4.;. BBB.4. ;. Kb Kbjarj jarj`` ``gg kg kg dlj dljssgs ssgs ?

Hba. 9: ? Kbjarj Kbjarj`` ``gg kg dljs dljssg sg Lg kbjarj``g kg dljssgs gst lg pcbnt dgntrjl kjns un kâvglcppg`gnt crbgntâ ciogt. Gn jnjlysg, bl j pcur ciogdtbh kg kâdrbrg lj strudturg kgs gntbtâs `jnbpulâgs pjr lgs utblbsjtgurs. Gn Gn dcndgptbcn, lg kbjarj` kbjarj``g `g kg dljssgs rgpr rgprâsgntg âsgntg lj strudturg k'un dckg crbgntâ. ;5 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg 

Wng dljs dljssg sg ? Ygpr Ygprâsgnt âsgntgg lj kgsdr kgsdrbptb bptbcn cn j jistr istrjbtg jbtg k'un gnsg gnsg`ilg `ilg k'cio k'ciogts gts pcssâkjnts `ï`gs djr djrjdtârbstbqugs. jdtârbstbqugs. Cn pgut pjrlgr âajlg`g âajlg`gnt nt kg typg.

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Wn ciogt? Gst ung gntbtâ jux hrcntbírgs ib ibgn gn kâhbnbgs, pcs pcssâkjnt sâkjnt ung bk bkgntbtâ gntbtâ gt gndjpsuljnt un âtjt gt un dc`pcrtg`gnt. Wn ciogt gst ung bnstjndg (cu cddurrgndg) k'ung dljssg.

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Wn jttrbiut jttrbiut ? Ygpr Ygprâsgn âsgntg tg un typg k'bnhcr k'bnhcr`jtb `jtbcn cn dcntg dcntgnu nu kjns ung dljs dljssg. sg. Wng jsscdbjtbcn? Ygprâsgntg ung rgljtbcn sâ`jntbqug kurjilg gntrg kgux dljssgs.

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Wng supgrdljssg supgrdljssg ? Gst ung dljssg plus aâ aânârjlg nârjlg rglbâg å ung cu plusb plusbgurs gurs jutrgs dljssgs plus spâdbjlbsâgs spâdbjlbsâgs (scus-dljss (scus-dljssgs) gs) pjr ung rgljtbcn kg aânârjlbsjtbcn. Lgs scus-dlj scus -dljssgs ssgs«« Mârbtg Mârbtgnt nt ¶ kgs

prcpr prcprbâtâ bâtâss kg lgur supg supgrdlj rdljssg ssg gt pguvg pguvgnt nt

dc`pcrtgr kgs prcprbâtâs spâdbhbqugs supplâ`gntjbrgs. Lg kbjarj``g kbjarj``g kg lj hbaurg 9: prâsgntg prâsgntg lgs dljssgs kg nctrg nctrg jpplbdjtbcn ? 

Dc``jnkg gst lj dljssg prbndbpjlg kg l'jpplbdjtbcn. Gllg hjdblbtg lgs bntgrjdtbcns gntrg lgs lgs jutrg jutrgss dljssg dljssgs. s. Gllg pgr`gt kg râj râjlbsgr lbsgr kgs dc`` dc``jnkgs jnkgs p pjr jr dccpârj dccpârjtbcn tbcn jvgd lgs dljssgs dlbgnt gt jrtbdlg.

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Jppgl chhrg D'gst lj dljssg qub ghhgdtug lgs cpârjtbcns k'jppgls k'chhrgs rgljtbvgs jux igs igscbn cbnss ku `ja `jajsb jsbn, n, Gl Gllg lg bnt bntíar íargg lj dlj dljss ssgg Urc Urckub kubtt jpp jppgl gl chh chhrg rg pcur kâd kâdrbr rbrgg lg prckubt gn qugstbcn gt lj dljssg dljssg hcurnbssgu hcurnbssgurr pcur prâdbsgr lg hcurnbss hcurnbssgur gur qub j sgrvb lg `jajsbn.

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dljss jrtbdlg jrtbdlg rrgprâsgntg gprâsgntg l'gnrgabstrg`gnt kjns ljqugllg ljqugllg cn stcd stcdf f lgs kcnnâgs rgljtbvgs jux jrtbdlgs ku `jajsbn.

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dljss hcru` d'gst lj dljssg qub kâdlgndmg ung scrtg kg dc``unbdjtbcn gntrg lgs utblbsjtgurs utblbsjt gurs gt lg `jaj `jajsbnbg sbnbgrr pcur âd âdmjnag mjnagrr kgs bnh bnhcr`j cr`jtbcns tbcns c cu u gxprb` gxprb`gr gr kgs jvbs.

BBB BBB.4.4. .4.4. Kbjarj Kbjarj``g ``g k‒âtj k‒âtjtt trjn trjnsbtbc sbtbcn n? Gtjtt ? Dc``jnk Gtj Dc``jnkgr gr ?

;: | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg Tcus âtjt ? Xârbhbdjt Xârbhbdjtbcn bcn ?

Gtjt ? Yâpcnkrg jux dc``jnkgs

;9 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg

Gtjt ? jutmgntb jutmgntbhbdj hbdjtbcn tbcn

Hba. 99 ? kbjarj kbjarj``gs ``gs k‒âtj k‒âtjtt trjns trjnsbtbcn btbcnss Dg kbjarj``g sgrt å rgprâsgntgr kgs jutc`jtgs k'âtjts hbnbs, scus hcr`g kg arjpmg k'âtjts, rglbâs pjr kgs jrds crbgntâs qub kâdrbvgnt lgs trjnsbtbcns. Lgs kbjarj``gs k'âtjts-trjnsbt k'âtjts-trjnsbtbcns bcns pgr`gttgnt kg kâdrbrg lgs dmjnag dmjnag`gnts `gnts k'âtjts k'un ciogt

cu

k'un

dc`pcsjnt,

gn

râpcnsg

jux

bntgrjdtbcns

jvgd

k'jutrgs

ciogts/dc`pcsjnts ciogts/dc`pcsj nts cu jvgd kgs jdtgurs. Wn âtjt sg djrjdtârbsg pjr sj kurâg gt sj stjiblbtâ, bl rgprâsgntg ung dcnocndtbcn bnstjntjnâg kgs vjlgurs kgs jttrbiuts k'un ciogt. Wng trjnsbtbcn rgprâsgntg lg pjssjag bnstjntjnâ k'un âtjt vgrs un jutrg. Wng trjnsbtbcn gst kâdlgndmâg pjr un âvâng`gnt. Gn k'jutrgs tgr`gs ? d'gst l'jrrbvâg k'un âvâng`gnt qub dcnkbtbcnng lj trjnsbtbcn. Lgs trjnsbtbcns pguvgnt jussb ïtrg jutc`jtbqugs, lcrsqu'cn ng spâdbhbg pjs l'âvâng`gnt qub lj kâdlgndmg. Gn plus kg spâdbhbgr un âvâng`gnt prâdbs, bl gst jussb pcssbilg kg dcnkbtbcnngr ung trjnsbtbcn, å l'jbkg kg "ajrkgs" ? bl s'jabt k'gxprgssbcns icclâgnngs, gxprb`âgs gn ljnajag njturgl (gt gndjkrâgs kg drcdmgts).

;4 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg

BBB.;. Urâs Urâsgntj gntjtbcn tbcn kgs `jqug `jqugttg ttgss prâlb`b prâlb`bnjbr njbrgs gs ? L‒bkgntbhbjnt unbqug kg lj pgrscnng qub scumjbtg s‒bnsdrbrg j nctrg jpplbdjtbcn, bl ng kcbt pjs dcntgnbr ung lgttrg cu un sy`iclgg gt kcbt jvcbr sy`icl jvcbr ung lcnaugur lcnaugur kg = djrjdtírgs. Tbncn un `gssjag k‒grrgur s‒jhhbdmg.

Cn j 4 typgs kg kg pgrscnngs pgrscnngs qub pguvgnt pguvgnt jddâkgr j nctrg nctrg jpplbdjtbc jpplbdjtbcn n qub scnt ? lgs gnsgbanjnt, lgs dmgrdmgurs, lgs grscnngls kg l‒jk`bnbstrjtbcn. Ucur dcntjdtgr lgs dlbgnts gn djs kgs

Wn nu`ârc kg tâlâpmcng kcbt ïtrg dc`pcsâ qug kgs dmbhhrg pjs kgs lgttrgs nb kgs sy`iclgs

igscbns. Lg nu`ârc kg tâlâpmcng gt l‒g`jbl scnt cilbajtcbrg

Wn g`jbl g`jbl kcbt ïtrg ïtrg scus lj hcr`g ? DmjbngEdmjbng.dmjbng

Dmjqug utblbsjtgur pcssíkg un lcab lcabn n gt `ct kg pjs pjssg sg pcur jddâkgr j l‒jpplbdjtbcn

Wn `gssjag k‒grrgur jppjrjbt lcrsqug lgs dcntrjbntgs kg sjbsbg ng sgrcnt pjs rgspgdtgr

Gnvcygr lj dc``jnkg.

Ghhjdgr gt rg`plbr lg hcr`uljbrg kg ncuvgju gn djs k‒grrgur.

Hba.. 94 ? Bntgrhj Hba Bntgrhjdg dg Bnsdrb Bnsdrbptb ptbcn cn

;; | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg

Ucur lj dcnngxbcn jutc`jtbqug

Dmjqug utblbsjtgur pcssíkg un lcabn qub lub pgr`gt k‒jddâkgr å l‒jpplbdjtbcn.

Tg kbrbagr vgrs lg hcru` kg l‒bnsdrbptbcn gn djs k‒un utblbsjtgur ncn bnsdrbt. Gnvcygr lj dc``jnkg

Hba.. 9; ? Bntgrhjdg Hba Bntgrhjdg jutmgnt jutmgntbhb bhbdjt djtbcn bcn

Gnvcygr un g`jbl pcur rjppglgr lg dlbgnt

Ghhjdgr gt rg`plbr lg hcr`u hcr`uljb ljbrg rg kg ncuvgju gn djs k‒grrgur.

L‒bkgntbhbjnt L‒bkgntbhbj nt kg l‒utblbsjtgur l‒utblbsjtgur,, bl gst cilbajtcbrg.

Dmjqug p Dmjqug prcku rckubt bt j un dckg (BK) (BK) spâd spâdbhbqu bhbqugg gt unbqug.

Dmjqug utblbsjtgur kcbt kcnngr lj kjtg kg igscbn ku prckubt pcur sg prâdbpbtgr gn djs kg rupturg kg stcdf.

4 typg typg k kgg prck prckub ubtt ? tbtrg:, tbtrg9 gt Ujdf

Wn `gssjag k‒grrgur jppjrjbt gn djs k‒grrgur

Hba. 97 ? Bntgrhjdg Bntgrhjdg ku hcr`uljb hcr`uljbrg rg k‒ung k‒ung dc``jnkg dc``jnkg

;7 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BBB? Gtukg dcndgptug dcndgptugllg llg

BBB.7. BBB. 7. Dcn Dcndlu dlusb sbcn cn ? Lj pmjsg dcndgptugllg gst ung âtjpg hcnkj`gntjl hcnkj`gntjlgg pcur lj râjlbsjtbcn kg n‒b`pcrtg qugl prcogt .Gllg pgr`gt kg hjdblbtgr lg systí`g k‒bnhcr`jtbcn gt râjlbsgr l‒b`plâ`gntjtbcn kg kg lj ijsg k kgg kcnnâg gt lg trjbtg`gnt .Ujr lj subtg, cn kcbt dmgrdmgr lgs `cyg `cygns ns gt lgs cutbls pcssbilgs pcur kâvglcpp kâvglcppgr gr dgt jpplbdjtbcn, dg qu‒cn vj prâsgntgr kjns lg dmjpbtrg subvjnt.

;8 | U j a g

 

Dmjp jpbt btrrg BX BX ? [gd [gdmn mnbq bqug ug Dm kg kâvglcppg`gnt

 

Dmjpbtrg BX ? [ [gdmnbqugs gdmnbqugs kg k kâvglcppg`gnt âvglcppg`gnt

BX.:. BX. :. Bntrck Bntrckudt udtbcn bcn ?

J

prís jvcbr jdmgvâ l'âtjpg kg dcndgptbcn kg l'jpplbdjtbcn, cn vj gntj`gr kjns dg dmjpbtrg lj pjrtbg râjlbsjtbcn qub dcnstbtug lg kgrnbgr vclgt kg dg rjppcrt gt qub j pcur ciogdtbh k'gxpcsgr lg trjvjbl râjlbsâ. Ucur dg hjbrg, cn

vj dc``gndgr dc``gndgr tcut k'jicr k'jicrk k pjr prâdbsgr l'gnvbr l'gnvbrcnng`gnt cnng`gnt `jt `jtârbgl ârbgl gt lcabdb lcabdbgl gl kg dg trjvjbl.

BX.9. Kgs Kgsdrbpt drbptbcn bcn kg l‒gnvbr l‒gnvbrcnn cnng`g g`gnt nt kg kâvglcp kâvglcppg`g pg`gnt nt bnt bntâarâ âarâ ? Kjns dg pjrjarjpmg, ncus prâsgntcns nctrg gnvbrcnng`gnt `jtârbgl gt ncs dmcbx kg lcabdbgls.

BX.9. BX.9.:. :. Gnvbrcn Gnvbrcnng`gnt ng`gnt `jtârb `jtârbgl gl ? Ucur lj râjlbsjt râjlbsjtbcn bcn kg dg prco prcogt gt cn j kbspc kbspcsâ sâ kg ? 

Wn crkbn crkbnjtgu jtgurr kg typg KGLL âqubp âqubpââ k‒un `bdrc `bdrcprcd prcdgssu gssuss Bntg Bntgl(Y) l(Y)

Dcrg([@) Dcrg([ @) 9 Kuc DUW [88 [8855 55 E9. E9.95 95 AMz AMz,, p pcss cssâkj âkjnt nt 4,; 4,;2 2 A Ac c k kgg YJ YJ@, @, sys systí` tí`gg k‒ k‒gx gxpl plcb cbtj tjtb tbcn cn Qb Qbnk nkcw cwss ]U sgrv sgrvbd bdgg pj pjdf df 4. 

Wn crkb crkbnj njtg tgur ur kg typg typg JD JDGY GY âqub âqubpg pg k‒un k‒un `b `bdr drcp cprc rcdg dgss ssus us Bn Bntg tgl( l(Y) Y)

Dcrg([ Dcr g([@) @) 9 K Kuc uc DUW [87 [8715 15 E9. E9.:5 :5 AMz AMz,, pcs pcssâk sâkjn jntt 4 4,55 ,55 Ac kg YJ YJ@, @, Tys Tystí tí`g `g k‒gxplcbtjtbcn Qbnkcws 1. 

Wn sdjnngr.

;= | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BX ? [ [gdmnbqugs gdmnbqugs kg k kâvglcppg`gnt âvglcppg`gnt

BX.9.9. BX.9. 9. Gnvbrcn Gnvbrcnng`gnt ng`gnt Lcabd Lcabdbgl bgl ? BX.9. BX .9.9.: 9.:.. Qj` Qj`pTg pTgrv rvgr gr ? Qj`pTgrvgr (jndbgnng`gnt QJ@U7) gst ung pljtghcr`g kg kâvglcppg`gnt Qgi kg typg QJ@U, pgr`gttjnt kg hjbrg hcndtbcnngr lcdjlg`g lcdjlg`gnt nt (sjns sg dcnngdtgr å un sgrvgur gxtgrng) kgs sdrbpts UMU. Qj`pTgrvgr n'gst pjs gn sscb cb un lcabdbgl, `jb `jbss un gnvbrcnng`gnt gnvbrcnng`gnt dc`prgnjnt kgux sgrvgurs (Jpjdmg gt @yTZL), un bntgrprâtgur kg sdrbpt (UMU), jbnsb qu'ung jk`bnbstrjtbcn pcur lgs kgux ijsgs TZL Ump@yJk`bn gt TZLbtg@jnjagr. Bl kbspcsg k'ung bntgrhjdg k'jk`bnbstrjtbcn pgr`gttjnt kg aârgr gt k'jk`bnbstrgr sgs sgrvgurs ju trjvgrs k'un trjy-bdcn (bdûng prís kg l'mcrlcag kg Qbnkcws). Lj arjnkg ncuvgjutâ kg Qj`pTgrvgr 9 râsbkg kjns lj pcssbiblbtâ k'y bnstjllgr gt k'utblbsgr n'b`pcrtg qugllg vgrsbcn kg UMU, Jpjdmg cu @yTZL gn un dlbd. Jbnsb, dmjqug kâvglcppgur pgut rgprckubrg hbkílg`gnt scn sgrvgur kg prckudtbcn sur sj `jdmbng lcdjlg.

BX.9. 9.9.. UMU UMU ? BX.9.9.9 UMU gst un ljnajag kg sdrbpts lbirg prbndbpjlg`gnt utblbsâ pcur prckubrg kgs pjags Qgi kynj`bqugs vbj un sgrvgur M[[U, `jbs pcuvjnt âajlg`gnt hcndtbcnngr dc``gg n'b`pcr dc`` n'b`pcrtg tg qugl lj ljnajag najag bn bntgrpr tgrprâtâ âtâ kg hj hjácn ácn lcdj lcdjlg, lg, gn gx gxâdut âdutjnt jnt lgs prcarj``gs gn lbang kg dc``jnkg. UMU gst un lljnajag jnajag b`pârjtbh kbspcsjnt kgpubs lj vgrsbcn 7 kg hcndtbcnnjlbtâs kg `ckílg ciogt dc`plítgs. Gn rjbscn kg lj rbdmgssg kg sj ibilbctmíqug, cn kâsbang pjrhcbs UMU dc``g ung pljtg-hcr`g plus qu'un sb`plg ljnajag.

;2 | U j a g

 

kâvglcppg`gntt Dmjp Dm jpbt btrg rg  BBX X?[ [gd gdmn mnbq bqug ug kg kâvglcppg`gn BX.9 .9.4 .4.. DT DTT T? BX.9.9 Djsdjkbna  Ttylg Tm gt ? Lg prbnd prbndbpg bpg kg ijs ijsgg gst lg sub subvjn vjnt? t? bl hjut sâpjrgr lg dcntgnu dcnt gnu kg lj pjag, kg scn jppjrgndg. Lj pjag mt`l dcntbgnt l'bnhc `jtbcn, gt ncn lj hjácn hjác n kcnt l'bnhc l'bnhcr`j r`jtbcn tbcn gst jhhbdmâg. Ucur un unbqug dcntgnu ? pl sbgurs jhhbdmjags scnt pcssbilgs. Cn pgut pgnsg nsgrr å kgs jh jhhbd hbdmja mjags gs `cn `cncdm cdmrc` rc`gs, gs, ssu u kg pgtbts âdrjns, crjll  (l crj (lgg dc dcntg ntgnu nu kg kg lj pja wgi gst lu), ung b`prgssbcn pjpbgr, b prgssbcn sur kgs trjnspjr trjnsp jrgnt gnts, s, bb`pr `prgss gssbcn bcn gn irjbllg…

BX.9.9.;.  Ojvj Tdrbpt ?  OjvjTdrbpt  gst un ljnaj ljnajag ag kg prcar prcarj`` j``jtbcn jtbcn kg sdrb sdrbpt pts prbndbpjlg`gnt utblbsâ  kjns lgs pjags wgi bnt ntggrjdtbvgs. D'gst un ljn ljnaj ajaag crbgntâ ciogts å prctctypg, d'gst-å-kbrg  qug lgs ijsgs u ljnajag gt sgs prbndbpjlgs bntgrhjdgs scnt hcurnbgs pjr kgs  ciogts qub ng scnt pjs kgs bnstjndgs bnstjndgs kg dlj dljssgs ssgs,, `jbs qub sc scn nt dmjdun âqubpâs kg  ddc cnstrudtgurs p pgr gr` `gtt gttjnt kg aânârgr lgurs prcprbâtâs, gt nctj``gnt ung prcp prcprb rbât âtââ k kgg p prc rctc tcty typj pjag ag q b pgr` pgr`gt gt k k'gn 'gn aaânâ ânârgr rgr kgs cio ciogts gts mâr mârbtb btbgg s pgrscnnjlbsâs. Dg  Ljnajag kg pr arj``jtbcn gst kâvglcppâ pjr Tun, bnspbrâ kg D++. Hcnd Hc ndtb tbcn cnnj njnt nt  su surr llgg p prb rbnd ndbbpg `jdmbng vbrtugllg, bl pgut s'jkjptgr å n'b`pcrtg qugl crkbnjtgur.  Lgs prcarj` gs Ojvj Ojvj pg pguvgnt uvgnt ïtrg j jppglâ ppglâss kgp kgpub ub

kgs kcdu`gnts

M[@L  cu kg `jnbírg jutcnc nc`g `g.. L Lcr crsq squ' u'bl blss s'gx s'gxâd âdut utgn gntt å pj pjrt rtbr br k' ng pjag Qgi, cn lgs  j jp ppgllg k kggs j jp pplgts O vj vj.. Lc Lcrrsqu' squ'bl blss s'gx s'gxâd âdut utgn gntt su surr un sgr gur Qgi, cn lgs kânc``g Tgrvgt.

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Dmjp Dm jpbt btrg rg  BBX X?[ [gd gdmn mnbq bqug ug kg kâvglcppg`gnt BX.9.9.7 Umctcsmcp mcp ? BX.9.9.7.. Umctcs Umctcsmcp  gst un lcabdbgl kg rgtcudmg, kg trjbtg`gnt gt kg gssbn jssbstâ pjr crkbn crkbnjt jtgu gurr  ââkb kbtâ tâ p pjr jr Jk Jkci cig. Bl gst prb prbndb ndbpjl pjlg`g g`gnt nt utb utblbs lbsââ p pcur cur l s trjbtg`gnts kg pmctcarjpmbgs nu`ârbqugs. Umctcsmcp trjvjbllg sur lgs b`jags `jtrbdbgllgs (âajlg`gnt jppglâgs "ibt`jp", å ng pjs dcnhcnkrg jvgd lg hcr` hcr`jt jt k' k'gn gnrg rgab abst strg rg`g `gnt nt Qb Qbnk nkcw cwss ibt` ibt` p) djr lgs b`jags scnt scnt  ddcn cnst stbt btuâ uâgs gs k k'u 'ung ng aarb rblllg kg pcbnts jppglâs pbxgls. L'bntârït kg dgs b`jags gst kg rgprckubrg kgs arjkujtbcn . Umctcsmcp  pcssíkg sc scn n prcp prcprg rg hcr` hcr`jt jt kg prco prcogt gt (U (UTK TK), ), q b gst plus qu'un sb sb`p `plg lg hcr` hcr`jt jt  kg hbdm hbdmbg bgr. r. Lg prca prcarj rj`` ``gg j jdd ddgp gptg tg âajl âajlg` g`gn gntt k'b` k'b`pc pcrtgr gt k'gxpcrtgr kgs  hbdmbgrs k'b`jag kjns lgs hcr`jts lgs plus dcurjnts (ABH, OUGA UGA,, [BH [BHH, H, UNA UNA,, BLI@, gtd.).

Bl chhrg ? 

Wn systí`g kg trb gt

'crajnb sjtbcn kgs hbdmbgrs pgr`gttjnt l'jpplbdjtbcn k'ung

cpârjtbcn sur plusbgurs hbdmbgrs sb`ultjnâ`gnt 6 

Kgs cutbls kg kgssbn gn `ckg ibt`jp ? pbndgju, drjycn, hcr`gs aâc`âtrbqugs 6



Kgs cutbls kg sâlgdtbcn kg zcngs kg trjvjbl (cu zcngs k'bntârït) ? ljssc, rgdtjnalg kg sâ sâlg lgdt dtbc bcn, n, sâlg sâlgdt dtbc bcn n pjr pljag kg dculgur6



Kgs cutbls kg dcpbg, dclljag gt kuplbdjtbcn kg zcngs kg trjvjbl6



Kgs  cutbls kg `jnbpuljtbcn kg djlq djlqugs ugs ? pjr l'g`p l'g`pblg`g blg`gnt nt kg cngs arjpmbqugs gt  l'utblbsjtbcn kg trjnspjrgndg gt jutrgs ghhgts, cn pgut dcnstrubrg l'âqubvjlgnt



kg pm pmct ctc` c`cn cntj tjag agss dc` dc` lgxgs6 Kgs  cutbls kg `jnbpuljtbcn kg lj pjlgttg kg dculgurs ? dmjnag`gnt kg pjlgttg, râal râalja jags gs ddcl clcr crb` b`ât âtrb rbqu qugg , kg lu`bncsbtâ, kg dcntrj dcntrjstg, stg, kg sjt sjturj urjtbcn6



Kgs  hhbbltrgs p pc cur j jp pplbq gr kbvgrs ghhgts å kgs zcngs k'bntârït ? t xturgnt, c`irgs, rgnhcrdg`gnt kgs dcntcurs, gstj`pjag, hlcu, gtd.

7: | U j a g

 

Dmjp Dm jpbt btrg rg  BBX X?[ [gd gdmn mnbq bqug ug kg kâvglcppg`gnt

BX.4. Lgs pmjsgs kg k âvgl cppg` g`gnt gnt ? âvglcpp Jhbn  k'ïtr k'jvvcb Jhbn k'ïtrgg gn gn `gsu `gsurrg k'j cbrr ung `ât âtmc mck kcl clc cab abgg dc` dc`` `ung g trg lg dlbgnt gt lj scdbâtâ scdb âtâ  kg sgrvb sgrvbdg dg râjlbsjn râjlbsjnt lg lg kâv kâvgl glcp cppg pg`g `gnt nt,, kgs kgs `c `ckí kílg lgss kg kg dy dy lg kg vbg cnt âtâ `bss  ju `b ju pcb pcbnt nt kâh kâhbn bnbs bssj sjnt nt lgs âtjpgs ku kâvglcppg`gnt jbnsb qug lgs kcdu`gnts å prckubr brgg pgr`gttjnt kg vjlbkgr dmjdung dmjdung kgs kgs âtjpgs âtjpgs jvjnt kg kg pjssg pjssg å lj subvjntg. Ucur  nctrg prcogt cn j jkc jkcptâ ptâ lg `ck `ckílg ílg kg kg dydlg dydlg kg vbg vbg gn gn jsdjkg, prâsgntâ kjns kj ns  lj hba baur urgg 98 dbb-k kgs gssscus us,, qub j ât âtââ `bs `bs ju pcb pcbnt nt kís :2 :288 88,, pubs hcr`jlbsâ jux jlgntcurs  kg :215. Bl k hb hbnb nbtt kgs kgs pm pmjs jsgs gs sâ sâqu qugn gntb tbgl gllg lgss å l' l'bs bssug kg dmjdung kgsqugllgs  kgs kcdu`gnts scnt prckubts pcur gn vârbhbgr lj dcnhcr`btâ jvjnt kg pjssgr å lj subvjntg.

Hba. 98 ? Lg `ckílg kg dydlg kg vbg gn djsdjkg

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Dmjpbtrg BX ? [ [gdmnbqugs gdmnbqugs kg k kâvglcppg`gnt âvglcppg`gnt

BX.; BX .;.. Lgs sd sdân ânjr jrbc bcss kg kâvg kâvglc lcpp ppg` g`gn gntt ? Lj hcr`uljtbcn kgs sdânjr sdânjrbcs bcs kg kâv kâvglcppg`gnt glcppg`gnt pj pjrr l‒gxplcrjtbcn kgs vvbsbcns bsbcns huturgs gst ung jpprcdmg qub gst trís ibgn jkjptâg ju dcntgxtg gt å lj prcilâ`jtbqug kg l‒âtukg. D‒gst un prcdgssus drâjtbh qub pgr`gt k‒bkgntbhbgr k‒ung hjácn pjrtbdbpjtbvg gt bntâarâg lgs tgnkjndgs kgs systí`gs kg prckudtbcn.



Lg sdânjrbc sdânjrbc: : ? « @bsg å ocur kg lj ijsg ? sjbsb sjbsbg, g, `ck `ckbhbdj bhbdjtbcn tbcn gt sup supprgs prgssbcn¶ sbcn¶ Dgttg âtjpg gst prâlb`bnjbrg prâlb`bnjbrg gt cilbajtcbrg pcur pcur lg kâ`jrrjag kg l‒jpplbd l‒jpplbdjtbcn. jtbcn. Lg `jaj `jajsbnb sbnbgr gr rg`pl rg`plbt bt lgs kbh kbhhârg hârgnts nts tji tjilgju lgjux x kg lj ijsg pcur un lj ljndg` ndg`gnt gnt

prb`jbrg kg lj agstbcn kg stcdf, utblbsjt utblbsjtgurs, gurs, gt krcbts k‒j k‒jddís ddís Cn pgut `ckbhbgr `ckbhbgr nctrg stcdf lcrs k‒ung gntrâg k‒un ncuvgju prck prckubt ubt gn l‒jocutjnt å lj ijs ijsg. g. Lcr Lcrsqu squ‒un ‒un prc prckubt kubt gst bnu bnutb tblg lg c cn n lg sup supprb prb`g. `g. Jussb lcrs kg l‒bnsdrbptbcn k‒un ncuvgju dlbgnt cn vârbhbg dgs dccrkcnnâgs gt cn pgut lg supprb`gr kg nctrg nctrg ijsg kg kcnnâgs s‒bl n‒jppjrtbgnt pjs å l‒jss l‒jsscdbjtbcn. cdbjtbcn.



Lg sd sdânj ânjrb rbc9 c9 ? « Bnsd Bnsdrb rbpt ptbc bcn n¶ L‒bnsdrbptbcn gst bnkâpgnkjntg bnkâpgnkjntg gt trís b`pcrtjntg pcur « lj agstbcn kgs krcbts

k‒jddís k‒jdd ís ¶. Bl hjut jtt jttrbiu rbiugr gr å dmjqu dmjqugg utblbs utblbsjtg jtgur ur un `ct kg pjs pjssg sg gt un psg psgukc ukc qub sgrj stcdfâ kjns lj ijsg kg kcnnâgs pcur ibgn aârgr lgs jddís.



Lg sdân sdânjr jrbc bc4 4 ? « Ju Jutm tmgn gntb tbhb hbdj djtb tbcn cn ¶ L‒jutmgntbhbdjtbcn gst lj ddlâ lâ pcur jddâk jddâkgr gr jux kbhh kbhhârgntgs ârgntgs hcndt hcndtbcnnjlbtâs bcnnjlbtâs k kgg

l‒jpplbdjtbcn.



Lg sdânj sdânjrbc rbc;? ;? « Dcn Dcnsul sultjt tjtbcn bcn ¶ Ulusbgurs utblbsjtgurs pguvgnt dcnsultgr nctrg jpplbdjtbcn, `jbs ncn pjs jvgd

lg `ï`g `ï`g kgar kgarââ k‒bntgrvg k‒bntgrvgntbcn ntbcn (supgr utb utblbsjtgur, lbsjtgur, utblbsjtgur ncr`jlg) .gn rrâjlbtâ, âjlbtâ, un Wtblbsjtg Wtblb sjtgur ur ncr`j ncr`jlg lg dglu dglubb qub pgut ddcnsu cnsultgr ltgr sc scn n prchbl p pgrsc grscnngl, nngl, gt lgs prc prckubt kubtss kbspcnbilgs, bl pgut jussb dc``unbqugr jvgd lgs `g`irgs bnsdrbt gt jvgd lg `jajsbnbgr. Dg kgrnbgr kgrnbgr pgut kg`jnkgr lj `j `jbntgnjndg bntgnjndg gn djs kg prcil prcilí`g í`g kjns lgs `jtâr `j târbgl bgls. s. Jbn Jbnsb sb qu qugg llgg Tup Tupgr gr utb utblbs lbsjt jtgur gur (`j (`jajs ajsbnb bnbgr, gr, kbr kbrgdt gdtgur gur aân aânârj ârjlg) lg) ? pgu pgutt dcnsultgr tcus lgs prchbls kg tcus lgs utblbsjtgurs, pcssíkg l‒jddís å lj ijsg, gt dcntrûlgs tcus lgs jutrgs utblbsjtgurs (supprb`gr, ilcqugr, sgrvbr..), râpcnkrg jux qugstbcns kgs `g`irgs, aârgr lgs dc``jnkgs, gnhbn, bl pgut lgs b`prb`gr.

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Dmjpbtrg BX ? [ [gdmnbqugs gdmnbqugs kg k kâvglcppg`gnt âvglcppg`gnt Lg sdânjrbc sdânjrbc 7 ? «Dc`` «Dc``jnkgr jnkgr¶¶



D‒gst Lj plus b`pcrtjntg jdtbcn kjns nctrg jpplbdjtbcn, lg dlbgnt rg`plb lj dc``jnkg gt l‒gnvcb ju `jajsbnbgr qub lj aírg. Lg sdânjrbc 8 ? « Yâp Yâpcnkrg cnkrg jux j jppgls ppgls k‒chhr k‒chhrg¶ g¶



Dg sdânjrbc prâsgntg prâsgntg lj `j `jnbírg nbírg kg dc``unbdj dc``unbdjtbcn tbcn gntrg lgs hhcurnbssgurs curnbssgurs gt lg `jajs `jajsbnbgr bnbgr pcur rrâjlbsgr âjlbsgr lj tjd tjdmg mg k‒jppgl k‒chhrg q qub ub gst ung hcndt hcndtbcnnjlbtâ bcnnjlbtâ prb`crkbjlg pcur sgrvbr lg dlbgnt pcsbtbvg`gnt jprís ung dc``j dc``jnkg nkg gt jussb pc pcur ur prâvgnbr lj rupturg kg stcdf. Dgttg dc``unbdjtbcn dc``unbdjtbcn sg `j `jnbhgstg nbhgstg arédg jux `j `jbls bls âlgdtrcnbqug âlgdtrcnbqugs. s. Lg sdâ sdânj njrb rbc c 1 ? « Hc Hcru ru` `¶

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Dg hcru` pgr`gt jux ut utblbsjtgurs blbsjtgurs kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn kg dc` dc``unbqugr `unbqugr jvgd lg `jajsbnbgr, å pjrtbr pjrtbr kgs dc``gntjbr dc``gntjbrgs gs gt kgs qugstbcns qug p pgut gut pcstgr lgs dlbg dlbgnts. nts.

BX BX.; .;.: .:.. Âv Âvjl jluj ujtb tbcn cn kgs sd sdânj ânjrb rbcs cs ?

1 8 Tânjrbc:

7

Târnjrbc9 ;

Tânjrbc4 Tânjrbc;

4

Tânjrbc7 Tânjrbc8

9

Tânjrbc1 : 5 Hjbsjiblbtâ

spâdbhbdbtâ

Ghhbdjdbtâ

Ygnkg`gnt

Gvclutbvbtâ

Hba. 91 ? Tdmâ`j Tdmâ`j k‒â k‒âvj vjluj lujtbc tbcn n kgs sd sdgnj gnjrbc rbcss

Dbtcns lgs drbtírgs k‒ k‒âvjlujtbcn âvjlujtbcn k kgg dgs ssdânjrbcs dânjrbcs ? 

Hjbsjibl Hjbsj iblbtâ btâ ? L'jnjlysg kg hjbsjiblbtâ gst un cutbl pgr`gttjnt ju prcprbâtjbrg k'ung gntrgprbsg k'âvjlugr un dmjnag`gnt prcpcsâ. Bl pgut s'jabr k'âljicrgr 7; | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BX ? [ [gdmnbqugs gdmnbqugs kg k kâvglcppg`gnt âvglcppg`gnt un ncuvgju prckubt, k'j`âlbcrgr un prckubt gxbstjnt, kg `ckbhbgr ung strjtâabg kg dc``grdbjlbsj dc``grdbjlbsjtbcn. tbcn. 

Tpâdbhbdbtâ ? Lg sdânjrbc kcbt rrâpcnkrg âpcnkrg jux igscbns sp spâdbhbqugs âdbhbqugs kg tcus lgs prcprbâtjbrgs qub dmgrdmgnt lj sâdurbtâ.

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Ghhbdj Ghh bdjdbt dbtââ ? d‒g d‒gst st lj djp djpjd jdbtâ btâ k'j k'jrrb rrbvgr vgr ju jux x i iuts uts,, prc prckub kubrg rg lgs râs râsult ultjt jtss gsdc`ptâs gt râjlbsgr lgs ciogdtbhs hbxâs. Kjns l‒gnogu kg s‒jssurgr qug lj sclutbcn rgtgnug dcrrgspcnk jux ciogdtbhs kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn.

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Ygnkg`gnt Ygnk g`gnt ? Lg sd sdânjr ânjrbc bc kcbt râjl râjlbsgr bsgr l‒cio l‒ciogdtbh gdtbh kg l‒j l‒jpplbd pplbdjtbc jtbcn n jvg jvgdd lg `bnb`u` kg `cygns gnajaâs pcssbilgs.

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Gvclutbvb Gvclu tbvbtâ tâ ? Dmcbs Dmcbsbr br ung scl sclutbcn utbcn cu cuvgrt vgrtgg qub pgut ït ïtrg rg `ckb `ckbhbâ. hbâ. Lg arjpmbqug arjpmbqug k kgg lj hbaur hbaurgg 91 pgr` pgr`gt gt kg vbs vbsujlbs ujlbsgr gr lg sdâ sdânjrbc njrbc qu qubb pcss pcssíkgs íkgs llgg

prchbll lg plus ddcmârj prchb cmârjnt. nt. Lg prg` prg`bgr bgr sdâ sdânjrbc njrbc ggst st dgl dglub ub lg plus b` b`pcr pcrtjnt tjnt pj pjrdg rdg qu‒ qu‒bl bl vârbhbg tcutgs lgs drbtírgs k‒âvjlujtbcn.

BX.7. Lg Lgss pmjsgs pmjsgs kg kâvglcpp kâvglcppg`gn g`gntt ? Gn sg ijsjnt sur lj dcndgptbcn âljicrâg kjns lg dmjpbtrg prâdâkgnt, cn j kâvglcppâ ung jpplbdjtbcn pgr`gttjnt kg aârgr lgs stcdfs ku `jajsbn kg H@@ k‒ung hjácn sb`plg, ghhbdjdg, rjpbkg gt sâdurbsâg. Lj agstbcn kg stcdfs dg suikbvbsg gn kbhhârgnts ruirbqugs tgl qug lgs dc``jnkgs, lgs jppgls k‒chhrgs, l‒jlgrtg, lj `bsg å ocur, lgs `cuvg`gnts k‒gntrâg scrtbg gt k‒jutrg k‒jutrg hcndtbcnnjlbtâs qub kâhbnbssg kâhbnbssgnt nt nctrg jpplbdjt jpplbdjtbcn. bcn. Lj ijsg kg kcnnâgs ncus j jbkâg å râjlbsgr lgs kbvgrs hcndtbcnnjlbtâs qub cnt râpcnkus j nctrg djmbgr kg dmjrag gt gndcrg plus. Jbnsb, kjns dg dmjpbtr dmjpbtrg, g, ncus jl jllcns lcns `ctbcnngr

kgs icut kg dckg lgs plus

b`pcrtjnt qub scnt dcnsbkârgr prâlb`bnjbrg prâlb`bnjbrg pcur lg hcndtbcnng`gnt kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn. Gnhbn, ncus jllcns `cntrgr å l‒jbkg kgs b`prb`gs b`prb`gs âdrjn lgs râs râsultjts ultjts citgnus. BX.7.:.Yâjlbsjtbcn kg lj ruirbqug BX.7.:.Yâjlbsjtbcn ruirbqug kg Dc``jnkg ? Ucur pjssgr ung dc``j dc``jnkg nkg cn prcdí prcdíkg kg dc``g subt ? 





Cn râdupírg lgs kcnnâgs sjbsbgs pjr l‒utblbsjtgur lgs kcnnâgs sgrcnt stcdfâgs kjns lj ijsg kg kcnnâgs. Cn râpítg dgs kgux âtjpgs dmjqug hcbs qu‒cn j igscbn k‒jrtbdlgs. 77 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BX ? [ [gdmnbqugs gdmnbqugs kg k kâvglcppg`gnt âvglcppg`gnt 

Cn pgut dcnsultgr nctrg dc``jnkg, ggn n sjbsbssjnt lj kjtg kjns lj qugllg cn j dc``jnkâ.

$qtgSkbspc) {gdmc ‒jlgrt("qtg bnkbspcnbilg")‒6} glsg{

@bsg j ocur kg lj ijsg

$qtg0$qtgSkbspc-$qtg:6 $sql: 0 "WUKJ[G jrtbdlgs TG[ ZtgSJ0‒".$qtg."‒ QMGYG KgsSJ0 ‒".$SAG[V"jrtbdlg"P."‒"6 $rgq 0 `ysqlSqugry($sql:) `ysqlSqugry($sql:)cr cr kbg (‒Grrgur ? ‒.`ysqlSgrrcr() )6 $sql0"TGLGD[ nc`,prgnc` HYC@ dlbgnt QMGYG ndbn 0 ‒".$SAG[V‒ndbn‒P."‒ "6 $rgsult 0 `ysqlSqugry($sql,$ijsg) `ysqlSqugry($sql,$ijsg) cr kbg (‒Grrgur ? ‒.`ysqlSgrrcr() )6 $tctjl 0 `ysqlSnu`Srcws($rgsult)6 `ysqlSnu`Srcws($rgsult)6

Bnsgrtbcn kjns lj ijsg

$rcw 0 `ysqlShgtdmSjrrjy `ysqlShgtdmSjrrjy($rgsult)6 ($rgsult)6 $sql0‒BNTGY[ BN[C dc``jnkg XJLWGT("","‒.$SAG[V‒ndbn‒P.‒","‒ XJLWGT("","‒.$SAG[V‒ndbn‒P.‒","‒.$rcwV"nc`"P.‒","‒.$rcwV"prgnc`"P.‒ .$rcwV"nc`"P.‒","‒.$rcwV"prgnc`"P.‒", ", "‒.$SAG[V‒jrtbdlg‒P.‒","‒.$SAG[V‒qtg "‒.$SAG[V‒jrtbdlg‒ P.‒","‒.$SAG[V‒qtg:‒P.‒" :‒P.‒","‒.$SAG[V‒TglgdtgkKjtg‒ ,"‒.$SAG[V‒TglgdtgkKjtg‒P.‒",ncw())‒6 P.‒",ncw())‒6 $sql 0 `ysqlSqugry($sql)6 gdmc gdmc‒‒

jlgrt grt ("vctrg ("vctrg dc``jnkg j âtâ âtâ tr trjbtâ jbtâ jvgd suddís suddís")".$rcwV‒nc`‒P." V‒nc`‒P." ".$rcw ".$rcwV"prgnc`"P." V"prgnc`"P."  J Dc``jnkgr lg ? V‒kjtgdc``‒P." ".$rcw dclcr0\"#5521D7\">".$rcwV‒kjtgdc``‒P." lj dc``jnkg subvjntg ?"6 bh($tctjl) { 3> 3> lgs râpgnsgs jppgls k‒chhrgs ? ‒ .$rcwV"nc`"P.‒‒6 V"nc`"P.‒‒6

Drâjtbcn k‒un ncuvgl jppgl k‒chhrg

Jhhbdmjag kgs râ cnsgs

7= | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BX ? [ [gdmnbqugs gdmnbqugs kg k kâvglcppg`gnt âvglcppg`gnt

gdmc ‒ pgut ncus sgrvbr jvgd ‒.$rcwV"qtg"P.‒ .$rcwV"qtg"P.‒ ‒6 gdmc ‒ pbâdgs kcnt lg prbx sgrj gajl j .$rcwV"prbx"P.‒‒6 V"prbx"P.‒‒6 ‒.$rcw gdmc ‒ j un kgljbs qub ng kgppjssgrj pjs ‒.$rcw dclcr0"#5521D7">‒.$rcwV"kjtg"P.‒‒6 V"kjtg"P.‒‒6 }}glsg gdmc "jlgrt(‒Ujs k\‒gnrgabstrg`gnts kjns dgttg tjilg...‒)6"6 3>

`ysqlShrggSrgsult `ysqlShrggSrgsult($rgsult)6 ($rgsult)6

lgs ncuvgjux jppgls k‒chhrgs ?

kgs Jhhbdmjags kgs ncuvgjux jppgls k‒chhrgs

‒ .$rcwV"nj`g"P.‒‒6 V"nj`g"P.‒‒6 gdmc ‒ Urckubt ?‒.$rcw dclcr0"#5521D7">‒. .$rcwV"prbx"P.‒ ‒6 gdmc ‒ Urbx ? ‒.$rcwV"prbx"P.‒ gdmc ‒ qujlbtâ? ‒.$rcw dclcr0"#5521D7">‒ .$rcwV"qujlbtg"P.‒‒6}}} V"qujlbtg"P.‒‒6}}} 3>

72 | U j a g

 

Dmjpbtrg BX ? [ [gdmnbqugs gdmnbqugs kg k kâvglcppg`gnt âvglcppg`gnt BX.7.4.Yâjlbsjtbcn BX.7.4.Yâjlbsj tbcn kg kg lj ruirbqug k‒âkbtbcn k‒âkbtbcn ? L‒âkbtbcn gst un trjvjbl jk`bnbstrjtbh kcnt l‒jk`bnbstrjtgur kg l‒jpplbdjtbcn âkbtg (lgs hcurnbssgurs, hcurnbssgurs, llgs gs prckubts gt lgs dlbgnts), bl lgs aârgr (` (`ckbhbgr, ckbhbgr, jocutgr cu supprb`gr suppr b`gr). ). Wng ` `bsg bsg å ocur jut jutc`jt c`jtbqug bqug k kgg lj ijs ijsgg jprís ddmjqu mjqugg `ckbh `ckbhbdjt bdjtbcn. bcn. Lg dck dckgg dbdb-kgs kgsscu scuss rrâjl âjlbsg bsg l‒â l‒âkbt kbtbcn bcn k‒u k‒un np prck rckubt ubt ? Jnkrcbk TKF j jnk nk JXK @jnjagr"



Ncus sâlgdtbcnncns "Xbrtujl Kgvbdg" kjns lg pjnngju å ajudmg



Ncus dlbqucns sur "Ngw". Lj icbtg kg kbjlcaug "Drgjtg Ngw JXK" jppjrjîtrj





Ncus tjpcns lg nc` kg nctrg JXK, "g`ulSAs@ja" pjr gxg`plg Ncus dmcbsbsscns lj dbilg (tmg tjragt). Lj dbilg gst lj vgrsbcn kg lj pljtghcr`g Jnkrcbk TKF qug ncus jvcns tâlâdmjraâ (9.4.4).



Ncus bancrcns lgs jutrgs dmj`ps pcur lg `c`gnt gt ncus dlbqucns sur "Drgjtg JXK"

Drâgr un ncuvgju ncuv gju kbv kbvbdg bdg vbrtugl

Hba ba.. ;8 ? Lbstg kgs JXK drâgs

:;

D‒gst un jppjrgbl `ciblg vbrtugl qub hcndtbcnng sur l‒crkbnjtgur. L‒â`uljtgur pgr`gt jux kâvglcppgurs kg kâvglcppgr, tgstgr gt âvjlugr kgs jpplbdjtbcns Jnkrcbk sjns l'jbkg k'un jppjrgbl pmysbqug

1= | U j a g

 

Gxtgnsbcn Jnkrcbk XB.4. Drâjtb Drâjtbcn cn k‒un prcogt prcogt Jnkrcbk Jnkrcbk ? Jprís jvcbr drââ un â`uljtgur Jnkrcbk, ncus pjsscns å lj drâjtbcn ku prcogt scuss Gdl scu Gdlbps bpsg. g. •

Dlbqugr sur

, cu jllgr å Hblg, Ngw pubs Jnkrcbk Urcogdt

•

Tp Tpâd âdbh bhbg bgrr lg nc nc` `k ku up prc rcog ogtt ? As As`j `ja, a, gt dlbq dlbqug ugrr ssur ur Ng Ngxt xt

•

Dmc Dmcbsb bsbrr lj plj pljtgh tghcr` cr`gg Jn Jnkr krcbk cbk å ut utblb blbsgr sgr (kj (kjns ns n nctr ctrgg dj djss 9. 9.4.4 4.4), ), ddlbq lbqugr ugr sur Ngx Ngxtt

•

Kj Kjns ns lj hgnï hgnïtr trgg ssub ubvj vjnt ntg, g, nc ncus us kg kgvc vcns ns sp spâd âdbh bhbg bgrr u un n p pjd jdfj fjag ag å u utb tblb lbsg sgr, r, qu qubb

kcbt ïtrg unbqug. Dg pj pjdfjag dfjag kcbt dcntgn dcntgnbr br ju `cbns kgux nbvgjux. Kjns nct nctrg rg djs, cn pgut tjpg tjpgrr dc`.j dc`.jnkrcb nkrcbk.Ask.As-@ja @ja gt dlb dlbqugr qugr sur H Hbnbsm. bnbsm. Wn nc ncuvgj uvgju u prcog prcogtt jppjrjît.

XB.;. @ckbhbdjtbcn kg l‒bntgrhjdg arjpmbqug? L‒bntgrhjdg arjpmbqug arjpmbqug gst aârâg aré arédg dg jux hbdmbgrs ]@L qub sg trcuvgnt trcuvgnt kjns lg râpgrtcbrg ljycut. JK[ chhrg ung bntgrhjdg dcnvbvbjlg pcur aârgr dgs hbdmbgrs, gt pcur `jnbpulgr arjpmbqug`gnt lgs âlâ`g âlâ`gnts nts kg l‒bnt l‒bntgrhjdg. grhjdg.

Hb Hba. a. ;1 ? Bn Bntg tgrh rhjd jdgg arjp arjpmbq mbqug ug

12 | U j a g

 

Gxtgnsbcn Jnkrcbk XBB. XB B. Lg Lgss bnt bntgr grhj hjdg dgss ?

Hba.. ;= ? Bntgrh Hba Bntgrhjdg jdg T`j T`jrtp rtpmcng mcng

Hba. Hb a. ;2 ? Bntgrh Bntgrhjd jdgg k'jdd k'jddís ís å l‒ l‒jp jppl plbdj bdjtb tbcn cn

=5 | U j a g

 

Gxtgnsbcn Jnkrcbk

Hba. Hb a. 75 ? Uja Ujagg k‒j k‒jddu ddugb gbll vbj T` T`jr jrtp tpmc mcng ng

Hba.. 7: ? Hcr` Hba Hcr`ulj uljbrg brg k‒bnsd k‒bnsdrbp rbptbc tbcn n vbj T`jrtp T`jrtpmcng mcng

=: | U j a g

 

Gxtgnsbcn Jnkrcbk

Hba.. 79 ? Bnt Hba Bntgrhj grhjdg dg k‒jutmgnt k‒jutmgntbhb bhbdjt djtbcn bcn

XBBB. Dcndlusbcn ?

Dg prcogt prcogt ncus j j`g j`gnâs nâs å kâd kâdcuvrb cuvrbrr lg `cnk `cnkgg kg agstb agstbcn cn kg stcd stcdf f ku `jajsbn gt å kâvglcppgr p pcur cur lj prg`bírg hcbs sur lj pljtghcr` pljtghcr`gg Jnkrcbk. Ncus jvcns `bs gn Ŕuvrg ncs dcnnjbssjndgs gn ljnajag Ojvj jvgd kgs cutbls ncuvgjux tgls qu‒Gdlbpsg, qu‒Gdlbpsg, gt utblbsâ dg q qug ug Accalg `gt å kbspcsbtbcn kg sgs sgs kâvglcppgurs ? un Accalg Acc alg dc dckg. kg. Nc Ncus us jvc jvcns ns pu râjlb râjlbsgr sgr nct nctrg rg prc prcogt ogt pcu pcurr vjlc vjlcrbs rbsgr gr nct nctrg rg jpp jpplbd lbdjt jtbcn bcn..