Apostila Sistema de Aviação Civil
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SISTEMA DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL INTERNACIONAL E NACIONAL
Prof Mauricio Gusman Revisada em Julho de 2007 Revisada em Fevereiro de 2009 pelo professor Hugo Novaes com a autorização do autor. Revisada em março de 2010 pelo professor Hugo Material de uso didático – proibido reprodução sem autorização do autor
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
O SISTEMA INTERNACIONAL
DE
AVIAÇÃO
CIVIL
I - INTROD UÇ UÇÃ ÃO
Grandes seriam as dificuldades para uma aeronave comercial realizar uma linha aérea internacional, com sobrevôo e escalas em diversos países; com diferentes idiomas e onde as tripulações tripulações tivessem que efetuar as comunicações comunicações em línguas línguas diferentes; com a utilização dos mais diversificados auxílios à navegação e das mais variadas cartas aeronáuticas; além de atender às formalidades alfandegárias, imigratórias e de saúde, padronizadas de acordo com a decisão de cada país, das maneiras mais diferentes. Certamente, tudo isso tornaria o transporte aéreo internacional impraticável, ou, no mínimo, inviável sob o aspecto econômico e de segurança. A evolução e os grandes projetos que têm feito do avião o meio de transporte que mais evoluiu nos últimos últimos tempos, apresentaram problemas internacionais internacionais que os governos governos não podiam resolver individualmente, dando origem à criação de regras e à unificação de procedimentos, questões de primordial importância para a segurança aérea. Com a finalidade de unificar as regras de transporte aéreo internacional, teve início a organização do espaço aéreo. II - O INÍCIO DA OR GA NIZA ÇÃ O DO ESP A ÇO A ÉREO
Objetivando equacionar esses problemas de fundamental importância, diversos países passaram a reunir-se, após a Primeira Grande Guerra Mundial, devido ao crescente aumento do interesse pelo avião como meio de transporte de passageiros e cargas. Com o início do transporte aéreo regular em 1919, aconteceu a primeira conferência sobre navegação aérea internacional, realizada em Versalhes – França, também chamada de ―Conferência da Paz‖, tendo como objetivos:
traçar a paz entre os países envolvidos na Guerra (1914/1918); estabelecer normas técnicas para a aviação civil internacional, criando a Comissão Internacional de Navegação Aérea (CINA); e criar a Liga das Nações Unidas (que mais tarde daria lugar à ONU-Organização das Nações Unidas em 26 de julho de 1945). Nasce, nessa época, o Direito Aeronáutico e surge, exuberante, o desenvolvimento da Aviação Civil. Estava iniciado o processo de internacionalização, cujo objetivo primordial era alcançar uma solução para o problema da caracterização da natureza jurídica do espaço aéreo. Na época, surgiram duas correntes - a inglesa e a francesa - cada uma defendendo filosofias antagônicas. A inglesa defendia o princípio da soberania do Estado sobre o espaço aéreo sobrejacente a seu território. A francesa defendia a livre circulação de aeronaves no
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman III - CONVEN ÇÕES INTERNA CIONA IS DE AV IAÇÃ IAÇÃ O
Transcorridos apenas alguns anos desde o primeiro vôo de uma aeronave mais pesada do que o ar, 19 países europeus tentaram, pela primeira vez, embora sem êxito, chegar a um acordo internacional. Todavia, a chamada Convenção de Paris, realizada em 1919, foi a que marcou o início da unificação das regras relativas à navegação aérea internacional. 1ª - CONVENÇÃO DE PARIS
Foi celebrada em Versalhes, em 1919 — ano que marcou o início das atividades aéreas no setor comercial entre Londres e Paris. Os primeiros vôos internacionais de longa distância já fizeram sentir a necessidade de regulamentação uniforme das regras de vôo. Nessa conferência foi firmado o Convênio Internacional de Navegação Aérea que tratava especialmente dos aspectos técnicos dos vôos internacionais e criava, ao mesmo tempo, um organismo, a Comissão Internacional de Navegação Aérea (CINA), encarregada de cuidar do seu desenvolvimento. Tinha um alcance limitado lim itado e não muita aplicação, porque, durante a maior parte da década seguinte, o avião de transporte era de caráter mais regional do que mundial. Trinta e três nações aderiram à Convenção de Paris, notando-se as ausências dos Estados Unidos, China, Rússia e Alemanha, que eram, na época, nações influentes no domínio da aviação. O Brasil estava presente. Com o advento da Segunda Guerra Mundial, esta Comissão teve a sua ação paralisada. 2ª- CONVENÇÃO DE HAVANA, DE 1928
A inauguração de linhas aéreas na América Central, região das Caraíbas, exigiu um acordo entre países, o que se realizou na Convenção de Havana, de 1928, por meio dos dispositivos do Convênio Pan-americano de Navegação Aérea, ratificado pelos Estados Unidos e mais dez países. Um dos princípios fundamentais desta Convenção era o da liberdade de passagem pelo espaço aéreo de outras nações. Ao contrário da Convenção de Paris, ela não visou a estabelecer normas técnicas uniformes e nem previa reuniões periódicas para tratar de problemas de interesse comum por intermédio de uma organização permanente. Esta foi uma Conferência típica para o trato de assuntos de interesse regional. 3ª - CONVENÇÃO DE VARSÓVIA, DE 1929
Esta Convenção teve origem pelo reconhecimento que tiveram vários países, da utilidade de regular, de maneira uniforme, as condições do transporte aéreo internacional, no que concerne aos documentos utilizados nesse transporte, tais como: bilhete de passagem, conhecimento aéreo e nota de bagagem, bem como tratar da responsabilidade do transportador e de disposições relativas aos transportes aéreos combinados. A Convenção de Varsóvia foi promulgada pelo Governo Brasileiro por meio de decreto, em novembro de 1931, sendo ratificada por 13 países e aderida por mais outros 61
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman 1ª) Países reuniram-se em convenção por terem reconhecido a necessidade de adotar certas regras uniformes em matéria de seqüestro preventivo de aeronaves. Compareceram, para esse fim, cerca de 30 ministros de diversos países, inclusive do Brasil, os quais, devidamente autorizados, concluíram e assinaram a Convenção que consta de 15 artigos e foi promulgada pelo nosso governo pelo decreto de 11 de abril de 1939; e 2ª) Nessa mesma ocasião, vários países presentes reuniram-se em Convenção para a unificação de certas regras relativas aos danos causados pelas aeronaves a terceiros, na superfície. Esta Convenção consta de 28 artigos e foi promulgada pelo Governo Brasileiro por decreto de 25 de fevereiro de 1950, sendo que esta matéria já havia sido aprovada anteriormente, pelo decreto-lei de 13 de julho de 1938. 5ª - CONVENÇÃO DE BRUXELAS, DE 1938
Esta foi a Conferência Internacional do Direito Privado Aéreo na qual os países representados assinaram um Protocolo Adicional à Convenção de Roma para unificação de certas regras relativas aos danos causados pelas aeronaves a terceiros, porém sob o aspecto dos efeitos que esses danos produzirão com respeito aos terceiros lesados. Este protocolo foi aprovado pelo Brasil, pelo decreto-lei de novembro de 1939, e promulgado pelo decreto de fevereiro de 1950. Este documento constava de seis artigos e fixava condições de aplicação do artigo 12 da referida Convenção. Compareceram os representantes de 34 nações. 6ª - CONVENÇÃO DE CHICAGO, DE 1944
Esta Convenção foi a mais importante de quantas se realizaram com o objetivo de estabelecer certos princípios, a fim de que a aviação internacional se desenvolvesse de maneira segura e sistemática. Com a presença de 52 países, inclusive o Brasil, tratou de estabelecer o novo ordenamento jurídico para a aviação civil inter nacional. A Segunda Guerra Mundial influiu poderosamente no progresso técnico do avião. Ao irromper a guerra em 1939, o transporte aéreo de passageiros e mercadorias não era ainda o meio de transporte corrente, exceto em algumas partes do mundo onde as condições topográficas não permitiam outra forma de transporte. A carga transportada por avião era muito pequena e muitas regiões do globo careciam da devida organização de infra-estrutura que requeria a segurança de vôo. Porém, a guerra reduziu a seis anos os adiantamentos que normalmente, em tempo de paz, teriam requerido um quarto de século. Os países beligerantes estabeleceram uma vasta rede de transporte de passageiros e mercadorias. A logística dos tempos de guerra, que exige a rapidez do transporte antes de tudo, concedeu somente um papel secundário ao aspecto econômico da exploração. 0 espírito de cooperação, próprio de guerra, resolveu muitos problemas políticos, mas ficaram muitos outros, tanto políticos como técnicos, que deveriam ser solucionados se queriam que a experiência da guerra beneficiasse o mundo em tempo de paz. Existiam problemas dos direitos comerciais, quer dizer, os acordos para chegar ao território de outro ou sobrevoá-lo. Havia também os problemas das medidas que deviam ser adotadas para reduzir ao mínimo os conflitos jurídicos e econômicos, que poderiam surgir ao voar em tempos de paz sobre fronteiras, e o que se poderia fazer para manter as instalações
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman compareceram 52. Durante cinco semanas os delegados dos países participantes estudaram os problemas da aviação internacional. Com o desenvolvimento da aviação, principalmente a atividade de transporte aéreo, começaram a surgir vários problemas, nos aspectos políticos e de direitos comerciais. A fim de dar soluções a esses e outros assuntos que envolviam diretamente a navegação aérea e o transporte aéreo internacional, o governo dos Estados Unidos promoveu a Convenção de Navegação Aérea Internacional, em Chicago, em novembro de 1944. Em resumo, as finalidades desta Convenção eram: preservação da amizade e compreensão entre as nações e os povos do mundo para garantia de desenvolvimento da aviação civil internacional; promover a cooperação entre as nações e os povos para preservação da paz mundial; promover acordos internacionais para o estabelecimento de princípios e meios pelos quais a aviação civil internacional se desenvolvesse com segurança e de forma ordenada, e que o serviço de transporte aéreo internacional se estabelecesse qualitativa e economicamente; e estabelecer a Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional (OACI). A Convenção de Chicago promoveu os privilégios e restrições de todos os Estados contratantes e estabeleceu a adoção dos padrões internacionais e métodos recomendados, os quais objetivam: regulamentar a navegação aérea internacional; recomendar a instalação de auxílios à navegação aérea; sugerir a facilitação do transporte aéreo; e estabelecer a redação de formalidades alfandegárias e de imigração. A Convenção reconheceu o princípio de soberania de um Estado no espaço aéreo sobre o seu território e que nele nenhuma empresa estrangeira de serviço aéreo poderia operar sem prévio consentimento. A OACI só começou a funcionar após a ratificação da Convenção por 26 Estados. Até que isso se desse, foi criada a OPACI — Organização Provisória de Aviação Civil Internacional —, que funcionou durante 20 meses. Nesta Convenção, procurou-se obter acordos recíprocos em escala mundial, mas só se conseguiu obter sucesso no que diz respeito à garantia em escala mundial das duas primeiras liberdades do ar, ou seja, de sobrevôo e de escala técnica. Nesta Conferência ficou estabelecido que se dissolveria a Comissão Internacional de Navegação Aérea, criada pela Convenção de Paris de 1919, e que, até então, era o órgão aeronáutico internacional mais importante, responsável pela elaboração das normas jurídicas. Com a extinção da CINA, institui-se, então, pela Convenção de Chicago, uma nova comissão, com os mesmos poderes da organização extinta, conhecida como Comissão de Navegação Aérea.
DESTAQUE SOBRE A CONVENÇÃO DE CHIGAGO
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman O Brasil assinou o Acordo de Trânsito, mas não o de Transporte. CONCEITUAÇÃO DAS LIBERDADES DO AR O exercício dessas liberdades é formalmente acordado (assinado) entre dois países. Elas são partes do Direito Aeronáutico Internacional e são assim conceituadas: Primeira liberdade – o privilégio de uma aeronave, pertencente a outro Estado, sobrevoar o território de um determinado País, sem nele efetuar pouso.
SOBREVÔO DO ESPAÇO AÉREO BRASILEIRO SEM POUSO
Segunda liberdade – o privilégio de uma aeronave, pertencente a outro Estado, pousar em determinado País, sem fins comerciais (parada técnica, como, por exemplo, reabastecimento). POUSO TÉCNICO EM TERRITÓRIO BRASILEIRO SEM DESEMBARCAR OU EMBARCAR PASSAGEIRO OU CARGA (abastecer a aeronave de combustível)
Terceira liberdade – o privilégio de uma aeronave, pertencente a outro Estado, desembarcar passageiros, cargas e mala postal embarcados no território da nacionalidade de aeronave. DESEMBARCAR PASSAGEIROS, CARGAS E MALA POSTAL EMBARCADAS NO TERRITÓRIO DE NACIONALIDADE DA AERONAVE
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
Quarta liberdade – o privilégio de uma aeronave, pertencente a outro Estado, embarcar passageiros, cargas e mala postal com destino ao território de sua nacionalidade;
EMBARCAR PASSAGEIROS, CARGAS E MALA POSTAL COM DESTINO AO TERRITÓRIO DE NACIONALIDADE NACIONALIDADE DA AERONAVE
Quinta liberdade – o privilégio de uma aeronave, pertencente a outro Estado, embarcar ou desembarcar passageiros, carga e mala postal cuja origem ou destino não se encontram no País de bandeira da aeronave. EMBARCAR OU DESEMBARCAR PASSAGEIROS, CARGAS E MALA POSTAL CUJA ORIGEM OU DESTINO NÃO SE ENCONTRAM NO PAÍS DE BANDEIRA DA AERONAVE
Sexta Liberdade - direito de embarcar ou desembarcar passageiros, carga e mala
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman O exercício das duas primeiras liberdades (sobrevôo ou pouso técnico) é realizado sem a exploração de direitos comerciais; a terceira e quarta liberdade são as chamadas fundamentais e se constituem no objetivo principal do relacionamento aeronáutico entre dois países. Finalmente, a quinta liberdade l iberdade é acessória e, por definição, complementa a atividade fundamental. IV - ORGANIZAÇÃ ORGANIZAÇÃ O DE AVIAÇÃ AVIAÇÃ O CIVIL CIVIL INTERNACIONAL INTERNACIONAL — OACI
São objetivos da OACI: a) Buscar a segurança, segurança, economia economia e eficiência eficiência do transporte aéreo; b) prevenir contra desperdícios causados pela pela competição desorganizada; c) assegurar que os direitos dos Estados contratantes contratantes sejam totalmente totalmente respeitados, toda vez que um outro deseje operar uma linha aérea internacional; d) evitar a discriminação entre os Estados contratantes; contratantes; e) promover a segurança segurança de vôo na navegação navegação aérea internacional; e f) procurar o desenvolvimento de todos os aspectos da aeronáutica civil internacional. g) garantir que a segurança e a regularidade da aviação civil internacional sejam observadas em todo o mundo; h) encorajar a construção construção e operação de de aeronaves aeronaves para fins pacíficos; i) estimular o desenvolvimento desenvolvimento de aerovias, aeroportos aeroportos e auxílios à navegação aérea para a aviação civil internacional; e j) aliar-se aos povos do mundo na busca da segurança, economia e eficiência do transporte aéreo. ESTRUTURA DA OACI
ASSEMBLÉIA ASSEMBLÉIA
CONSELHO SECRETARIADO
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman máximo da organização, que analisa o trabalho realizado no período anterior e planeja as atividades para os três anos seguintes. Conselho: é um dos órgãos permanentes da OACI, composto de 36 membros ou Estados, representados por seus delegados, que dirigem a organização em nível político. São eleitos a cada triênio, durante a realização da Assembléia Geral, obedecendo a critérios como o da importância da Aviação Civil mundial e representatividade regional. Atualmente, os grupos estão assim constituídos: 1º Grupo (11 países) – Alemanha, Austrália, Brasil, Canadá, China, EUA, Federação Russa, França, Itália, Japão e Reino Unido. 2º Grupo (12 países) – África do Sul, Argentina, Arábia Saudita, Áustria, Colômbia, Egito, Espanha, Finlândia, Índia, México, México, Nigéria e Cingapura. Cingapura. 3º Grupo (13 países) – Camarões, Coréia do Sul, Chile, Etiópia, Gana, Honduras, Hungria, Líbano, Moçambique, Paquistão, Peru, Santa Lúcia, Tunísia.
Órgãos técnicos: são órgãos internos que trabalham em seis setores determinados, a saber: 1 – Comissão de Navegação Aérea: é encarregada dos estudos para o estabelecimento de serviços e padrões, procedimentos e práticas recomendadas internacionais, requeridas às operações aéreas, tais como: aeródromo; telecomunicações; auxílios à navegação; meteorologia; tráfego aéreo; busca e salvamento; e cartas aeronáuticas. 2 – Comitê de Transporte Aéreo: trata de questões que têm reflexos nos interesses comerciais das empresas aéreas. 3 – Comitê de Ajuda Coletiva para os Serviços de Navegação Aérea: visa a apoiar os Estados mais carentes na melhoria de seus serviços de apoio à Aviação Civil.
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman O Conselho da OACI é o responsável pela adoção final dos padrões, práticas e procedimentos recomendados, estudados e propostos pelas Comissões que, uma vez aprovados, são submetidos aos Estados contratantes para se manifestar sobre a adoção ou não dos padrões e práticas recomendadas. Os Estados que não aceitarem, são obrigados, pelos termos da Convenção, a apresentar as suas razões e a publicar o que serão por eles adotados, em forma de ―DIFERENÇAS‖. Caso a maioria dos Estados contratantes desaprovem a adoção dos padrões, práticas ou procedimentos recomendados, pelos estudos efetuados pela Comissão específica, estes não serão, então, oficializados pelo Conselho. A OACI, por meio de acordo firmado em outubro de 1947, passou a ser uma das agências especializadas nas Nações Unidas – ONU. A OACI mantém m antém estreitas relações com outras organizações internacionais, tais como: UIT (União Internacional de Telecomunicações); OMM (Organização Meteorológica Mundial); OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde); e OIT (Organização Internacional de Trabalho). Mantém relacionamento indireto com a IATA (Associação de Transporte Aéreo Internacional), que tem sua sede em Montreal; IFALPA (Associação IFALPA (Associação Internacional das Federações dos Pilotos de Linhas Aéreas) e outras. O escritório central da OACI é em Montreal, Canadá. Em nível de secretaria, sete escritórios regionais são mantidos em: BANCKOK, CAIRO, LIMA, CIDADE DO MÉXICO, PARIS, DAKAR e NAIRÓBI. As Normas Internacionais Internacionais e Práticas Recomendadas Recomendadas são os Anexos à Convenção. Convenção. Para se conseguir a segurança e regularidade da navegação aérea internacional, os Estados contratantes devem aplicar uniformemente as especificações das Normas Internacionais, bem como se torna conveniente que se ajustem às práticas recomendadas. Caso contrário, devem publicar as partes adotadas que difiram do previsto nos anexos (DIFERENÇAS). VI – OS ANEXOS E OUTRAS PUBLICAÇÕES Os anexos tratam de assuntos diversos e especificados especificados e são: Anexo 1 – Licenças de pessoal: trata das licenças de tripulantes de vôos, encarregados do controle de tráfego aéreo, pessoal encarregado de operações e manutenção de aviação. Anexo 2 - Regras do ar : trata das regras aplicadas aos vôos visuais e por instrumentos.
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman Anexo 8 Aeronavegabilidade: trata da provisão de certificado de aeronavegabilidade para aeronaves e os procedimentos uniformes aplicados às inspeções das aeronaves. Anexo 9 – Facilitação: trata da simplificação das formalidades imigratórias e alfandegárias. Anexo 10 –Telecomunicações aeronáuticas (normas e procedimentos de comunicações): trata da padronização dos equipamentos e sistemas de comunicações e dos procedimentos de comunicações. Anexo 11 – Serviços de tráfego aéreo: trata do estabelecimento e operação dos serviços de controle de tráfego aéreo, informação de vôo e alerta. Anexo 12 – Busca e salvamento: trata de organização e operação das facilidades e serviços necessários para a busca e salvamento. Anexo 13 – Investigação de acidentes de aeronaves : trata da uniformidade na notificação, investigação e transcrição dos acidentes de aeronaves. Anexo 14 – Aeródromos : trata das características e equipamentos para os aeródromos utilizados à navegação aérea internacional. Anexo 15 – Serviço de informação aeronáutica: trata dos métodos para a coleta e divulgação das informações aeronáuticas necessárias à segurança, regularidade e eficiência da navegação aérea internacional. Anexo 16 – Ruído de aeronaves (proteção ambiental): trata da homologação de aeronaves quanto ao nível de ruído, medição do nível de ruído de aeronaves para fins de vigilância e procedimentos para atenuar o nível de ruído de aeronaves. Anexo 17 – Segurança: trata dos procedimentos e operações a serem desenvolvidas visando à proteção da aviação civil internacional contra os atos de interferência ilícita. Anexo 18 – Transporte sem riscos de mercadorias perigosas por via aérea : trata da padronização e cuidados relativos ao transporte de mercadorias perigosas por via aérea. A OACI também produz outras publicações que tratam de assuntos de importância destacada para a navegação aérea internacional, como por exemplo: Procedimentos para o Serviço de Navegação Aérea (Pans). Cabe ressaltar que esses documentos não têm a mesma rigidez de adoção dos ANEXOS, são considerados apenas como RECOMENDAÇÕES para os Estados contratantes. Além do PANS, para atendimento a algumas peculiaridades de procedimentos adotados em algumas partes do mundo, a OACI produz os Procedimentos Suplementares
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman c) REGIÃO DO ORIENTE MÉDIO — (MID); d) REGIÃO DO CARIBE — (CAR); e) REGIÃO DA ÁSIA-ORIENTAL — (SEA); f) REGIÃO DO PACÍFICO — (PAC); g) REGIÃO SULAMÉRICA SULAMÉRICA / ATLÂNTICO ATLÂNTICO MERIDIONAL MERIDIONAL — (SAM) – BRASIL; h) REGIÃO ÁFRICA —OCEANO ÍNDICO — (AFI); i) REGIÃO NORTE-AMÉRICA / ATLÂNTICO NORTE — (NAM). As regras de vôo no espaço aéreo brasileiro obedecem ao disposto no Anexo 2 da Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional, da qual o Brasil é signatário e compõe a Região ―SAM‖, uma das nove nove regiões integrantes desta organização mundial. Cada região agrupa
diversos países. As séries SDAA até SDZZ, SNAA até SNZZ, SSAA até SSZZ e SWAA SW AA até SWZZ são reservadas para indicar localidades brasileiras não servidas por estação de comunicações e escuta de Serviço Fixo Aeronáutico. A série SBAA até SBZZ são reservadas para indicar localidades brasileiras servidas por estação de comunicações e escuta de Serviço Fixo Aeronáutico. Os indicadores de localidades das regiões brasileiras são apresentados no Manual de Rotas Aéreas — Rotaer. Exemplo de indicador de localidade: SBBR (Brasília), SBSP (São Paulo), SBRJ (Rio de Janeiro) e outros. VII - CLA C
COMISSÃO LATINO-AMERICANA DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL
É o organismo da Aviação Civil para a América do Sul e Caribe, o qual, para a OACI,
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman Foi fundada em abril de 1945, em Cuba, na cidade de Havana, pelas empresas de transporte aéreo de inúmeros países, visando à resolução dos problemas resultantes do rápido desenvolvimento da Aviação Civil. A IATA IATA é uma associação de empresas de transporte aéreo, um clube de onde as companhias de transporte aéreo são sócias, criada com o intuito de atender aos interesses comuns das mesmas, sem, contudo, criar monopólios dos serviços oferecidos por seus membros ou dividir continentes em áreas de influência, mas sim ser um instrumento de cooperação, visando à organização do tráfego aéreo internacional. Tem sua sede localizada em Montreal (Canadá). Objetivos principais: 1 – assegurar transportes aéreos rápidos, cômodos, seguros, eficientes e econômicos, tanto para empresas como para o público; 2 – criar meios necessários para a colaboração entre as empresas de transporte aéreo, encontrando soluções para os problemas que ultrapassam as possibilidades de qualquer empresa, agindo isoladamente; 3 – atuar, perante os governos, como agente na negociação de acordos internacionais sobre tarifas, rotas e métodos comerciais; e 4 – cooperar com a OACI e com outras organizações. A estrutura da IATA, IATA, no mais alto nível de decisão, é representada pela Assembléia Geral e pelo Comitê Executivo, que é eleito para um mandato de três anos. É integrado por 21 presidentes de empresas aéreas, atendendo a uma representação regional e proporcional. Há também os denominados comitês permanentes, que são: Jurídico; Financeiro; Comercial ou de Tráfego e Operativo ou Técnico. A IATA IATA qualifica-se como uma entidade privada internacional neutra, não tem fins
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
X - CERNAI
COMISSÃO DE ESTUDOS RELATIVOS À NAVEGAÇÃO AÉREA INTERNACIONAL Surgiu em conseqüência da adesão do Brasil à Convenção de Chicago, na qual foi representado por uma comissão do Ministério da Aeronáutica, hoje Comando da Aeronáutica, com a atribuição de tratar de assuntos jurídicos, econômicos, técnicos e políticos. Esta comissão, composta por um Oficial-General, dois engenheiros do então Ministério da Aeronáutica e um representante do Itamaraty, foi o embrião da CERNAI. Mais tarde, em 20 de outubro de 1949, por meio do Decreto nº 27.353, foi formalmente criada. MISSÃO E COMPETÊNCIA A CERNAI é um órgão de assessoramento assessoramento do Comando da Aeronáutica, que tem por finalidade o estudo, o planejamento, a orientação e a coordenação dos assuntos relativos à aviação civil internacional. O Comando da Aeronáutica, por intermédio da CERNAI, tem orientado as suas relações aeronáuticas internacionais, visando aos interesses aerocomerciais brasileiros e também ao bom relacionamento com as nações amigas. A ela compete, ainda, dar apoio contínuo contínuo à delegação brasileira brasileira na OACI. ESTRUTURA BÁSICA É composta de três setores principais: Presidência – exercida por Oficial-General do quadro de aviadores, designado pelo Presidente da República, por indicação do Comando da Aeronáutica. Assistente – exercido por um Coronel da ativa da Aeronáutica, que organiza e distribui para as assessorias todas as solicitações dirigidas à CERNAI. Tem sob sua subordinação a Divisão de Apoio, que fornece todo o suporte para o funcionamento da comissão.
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman RELACIONAMENTO AERONÁUTICO INTERNACIONAL A CERNAI é responsável por tratar deste assunto. O relacionamento aeronáutico entre dois países pode ser conceituado como FORMAL, mediante a assinatura de um Memorando de Entendimento ou de um Acordo Aéreo entre as partes, ou como INFORMAL, mediante autorização unilateral de uma das partes, sem qualquer compromisso. PRINCIPAIS PROBLEMAS RELATIVOS AOS ACORDOS AÉREOS INTERNACIONAIS A maioria das dificuldades encontradas nas negociações é causada pelas diferenças de interesse ou filosofia das nações envolvidas. Dentre os pontos onde há dificuldades na obtenção de consenso, podemos citar os seguintes: interesses econômico-geográficos – são comuns em países com mercado interno pequeno e grande capacidade de serviços oferecidos por empresas de transporte aéreo; derengulation – forma de competição na indústria do transporte, idealizada pelo governo americano. Significa o fato de o mercado regular a Aviação Comercial em alguns países, o que tem influenciado bastante o governo brasileiro na tentativa de liberar essa atividade no país, tornando o nosso mercado mais flexível, mas não deixando de lado a preocupação de evitar a competição ruinosa como conseqüência de tal medida; ações unilaterais – exigências fiscais, cobrança de tarifas; ações não-ortodoxas por parte de empresas aéreas – com o objetivo de obter maior participação no mercado; altos interesses financeiros; evolução tecnológica – preocupação com o ruído provocado pelos motores das aeronaves;
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
O SISTEMA DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL NACIONAL I - PODER NACIONAL O Poder Nacional é a expressão integrada dos meios de toda ordem de que a Nação efetivamente dispõe, em um considerado momento, para promover, no campo internacional e no âmbito interno, a obtenção dos objetivos nacionais. É a capacidade que tem a Nação de perseguir seus objetivos permanentes, que se desenvolvem em cinco dimensões distintas: 1 – Poder Militar 2 – Poder Econômico 3 – Poder Político 4 – Poder Psicossocial 5 – Poder Aeroespacial O Sistema de Aviação Civil constitui uma extensa e complexa gama de atividades e serviços que compreendem e interligam as organizações de controle governamental, a indústria, as empresas aéreas, o aerodesporto, toda uma infra-estrutura de apoio compartilhada pelas aviações militar e civil e na formação de recursos humanos altamente especializados. Com o domínio dos ares pelo homem, a expressão militar do Poder Nacional se expandiu em nova direção, trazendo trazendo no seu bojo a concepção do Poder Poder Aéreo que, com o desenvolvimento tecnológico, sem precedentes das últimas décadas, permitiu ao homem acessar o espaço externo, introduzindo o conceito atual do Poder Aeroespacial .
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
os elos que compõem o Sistema e seu funcionamento integrado; a coordenação e as atribuições do órgão central do Sistema; a supervisão dos órgãos regionais do Sistema; e as atividades relativas ao planejamento do transporte, da infra-estrutura aeroportuária e à instrução profissional a cargo do Instituto de Aviação Civil (IAC).
II - ELOS EXECUTIVOS DO SISTEMA DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL Identificam-se como órgãos intervenientes e elos executivos do Sistema de Aviação Civil: a aviação geral, com suas aeronaves de pequeno porte, em permanente cobertura do imenso território nacional. As entidades aerodesportivas, com os aeroclubes e escolas, voltados para a formação profissional e o aerodesporto. A indústria aeronáutica, tendo como expoente a EMBRAER — empresa construtora de aviões que tem se firmado no restrito mercado internacional, mercê do alto padrão de tecnologia empregada na concepção e na fabricação de suas aeronaves.
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman coordenação, controle e fiscalização do movimento de aeronaves civis públicas e privadas , inclusive quanto a passageiros e cargas; e incentivo, apoio, orientação e controle da Aviação Aérea Desportiva e Especializada. Os órgãos ou elementos executivos do Sistema terão constituição estabelecida nos regulamentos, e/ou regimentos internos das organizações a que pertencem e serão estruturados de acordo com o vulto dos encargos que lhes serão afetos. Os órgãos ou elementos executivos ficam sujeitos à orientação normativa, à supervisão técnica e à fiscalização especifica do órgão central do Sistema, respeitada a subordinação ao órgão em cuja estrutura administrativa estiverem integrados. Aos órgãos ou elementos executivos do sistema, responsáveis pelo desempenho material direto da atividade de aviação civil, compete: executar a atividade de Aviação Civil segundo as normas elaboradas pelo órgão central do Sistema; elaborar e submeter ao órgão central do Sistema os relatórios por este requeridos, a respeito do desempenho da atividade, dos resultados obtidos do material empregado e de outros assuntos pertinentes;
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
DTCEA – Destacamento de Proteção ao Vôo: órgão local de proteção ao vôo situado nos aeródromos controlados pelo Comando da Aeronáutica, onde encontraremos o pessoal técnico voltado para a prestação de tráfego aéreo, com apoio dos SRPV e CINDACTA a que estiverem subordinados. ICEA (antigo IPV) – Instituto de Controle do Espaço Aéreo, localizado em São José dos Campos (SP), nas dependências do CTA, é destinado à formação e aperfeiçoamento de pessoal técnico técnico (recursos (recursos humanos) humanos) voltado para a área de proteção ao vôo. SICONFAC – Sistema Integrado de Controle e Fiscalização da Aviação Civil: sistema controlado pelo IAC, que tem como objetivo gerar informações necessárias ao processamento e à arrecadação de tarifas aeroportuárias e de uso das comunicações e dos auxílios à navegação em rota, cadastrando de forma computadorizada: número de tripulantes; horas voadas pelos tripulantes; horas voadas pelas aeronaves; quantidade de aeronaves; tipos de aeronaves; e escalas de vôo. Podemos dizer que a função do SICONFAC seria a de manter um arquivo computadorizado de dados que permitiriam uma fiscalização efetiva de empresas, aeronaves e dos aeronautas. SUCOTAP — Sistema Unificado de Arrecadação e Cobrança de Tarifas Aeroportuárias e de uso das Comunicações e dos Auxílios à Navegação Aérea em Rota: tem por objetivo o processamento, a arrecadação e a cobrança das tarifas dos serviços
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
EMBRAER – Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica: projeta e constrói aeronaves civis e militares, sendo considerada internacionalmente como uma das maiores no seu gênero. INFRAERO – Empresa Brasileira de Infra-Estrutura Aeroportuária: empresa pública destinada a implementar, operar, administrar – comercial e industrialmente –, a infraestrutura aeroportuária. Tem sua sede localizada em Brasília. É vinculada ao Ministério da Defesa. IV – A GÊNCIA GÊNCIA NACIONAL DE AVIAÇÃ AVIAÇÃ O CIVIL CIVIL
Nos termos da Lei 11.182, de 27 de setembro de 2005 (DOU 28.09.2005), foi criada a Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil - ANAC. A nova Agência, entidade integrante da Administração Pública Federal indireta, está submetida a regime autárquico especial, especial, vinculada ao Ministério da Defesa, Defesa, com prazo de duração indeterminado. indeterminado. A ANAC terá sede e foro no Distrito Federal, podendo podendo instalar unidades administrativas administrativas regionais. Compete à União, por intermédio da da ANAC e nos termos das políticas estabelecidas pelos Poderes Executivo e Legislativo, regular e fiscalizar as atividades de aviação civil e de infraestrutura aeronáutica e aeroportuária. A ANAC poderá credenciar, nos termos estabelecidos em norma específica, pessoas físicas ou jurídicas, públicas ou privadas, de notória especialização, de acordo com padrões internacionalmente aceitos para a aviação civil, para expedição de laudos, pareceres ou relatórios que demonstrem o cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à emissão de
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman A natureza de autarquia especial conferida à ANAC é caracterizada por independência administrativa, autonomia financeira, ausência de subordinação hierárquica e mandato fixo de seus dirigentes. Outras características da ANAC: patrimônio próprio; integra a administração indireta ; sofre controle finalístico do Executivo Federal e MP ; prazo de duração indeterminado ; só pode ser extinta por intermédio de lei específica ; é vinculada ao Ministério da Defesa.
ORGANOGRAMA DA ANAC
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
por 3 anos anos ; 2 Diretores por por 4 anos anos – 2 Diretores Primeiros Mandatos : 1 Diretor por por 5 anos.
Vacância : mandato será completado por sucessor. Reuniões : se realizará com a maioria de seus membros Diretor-Presidente - nas reuniões deliberativas, além do voto ordinário, cabe o voto de qualidade (no desempate). As Decisões da Diretoria serão fundamentadas.
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
ÓRGÃOS ESPECÍFICOS SUPERINTENDÊNCIAS
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman I - propor, atualizar e acompanhar o orçamento anual e plurianual da ANAC, articulando- se com o Ministério da Defesa e outros órgãos públicos relacionados; II - elaborar e executar a programação financeira da Agência; III - contabilizar a movimentação financeira da ANAC e preparar as demonstrações contábeis, financeiras e relatórios de gestão financeira; e IV - elaborar e administrar contratos e convênios de cooperação financeira.
SRE – Superintendência de Regulação Econômica e Acompanhamento Acompanhamento de Mercados A SRE é responsável pelo planejamento, controle e pela coordenação coordenação dos serviços
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman para prevenção, por seus tripulantes ou pessoal técnico de manutenção e operação que tenha acesso às aeronaves, quanto ao uso de substâncias entorpecentes ou psicotrópicas, que possam produzir dependência física ou psíquica, permanente ou transitória; o
o
padrões mínimos de segurança, desempenho e eficiência do transporte aéreo, a serem cumpridos pelas prestadoras de serviços aéreos, em articulação com as demais Superintendências; Normas e procedimentos de controle do espaço aéreo propostos pelo Comando da Aeronáutica, que tenham repercussão na segurança
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman c) certificação de empresa de manutenção, incluindo as atividades de manutenção das empresas de transporte aéreo; d) certificação de modificação de projeto, incluindo validação modificação de produto aeronáutico importado; e) certificação de aeronavegabilidade, incluindo aprovação de aeronavegabilidade para exportação; f) aprovação e/ou aceitação de instruções de aeronavegabilidade continuada.
SCD – Superintendência de Capacitação e Desenvolvimento de Pessoas
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
IV - postos de serviço.
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman
ANEXO I
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman III – elaborar relatórios e emitir pareceres sobre acordos, tratados, convenções e outros atos relativos ao transporte aéreo internacional, celebrados ou a ser celebrados com outros países ou organizações
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Apostila Sistema de Aviação Aviação Civil – Prof Mauricio Gusman XXIV – conceder ou autorizar a exploração da infra-estrutura aeroportuária, no todo ou em parte;
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