Apostila Panificação 2022 - Anhembi Morumbi
August 29, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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YH ^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
4>44/;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
HLEAIGPKTGK ^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
ÏE@GHI
ÏE@GHI MITKC ............................................................................................................... 4 L ^ÈL ........................................................................................................................ 9 DTIQI BGXPØTGK @L ^ÈL .................................................................................................. 9 PTGML I AKTGEBK @I PTGML .............................................................................................. = ^TGEHG^KGX GEMTI@GIEPIX @K ^KEGAGHKÍÈL ........................................................................... 7 ACYRLMTKOK @L ^TLHIXXL @I ^TI^KTKÍÈL @LX ^ÈIX ............................................ .......................... ................................. ............... ;7 DKCKEHIKOIEPL @I TIHIGPKX ......................................................................................... 41 @IAIGPLX @L ^ÈL I XYKX HKYXKX ................................... .................. ................................... .................................... ................................. ............... 8>
^rëtghks `i pkegaghkíèl ................... ....................................... ........................................ ......................................... ......................................... ................................. ............. 84 ^ÈL @I ALTOK DTKEHL ................................... .................. ................................... .................................... .................................... ........................... ......... 84 ^ÈL ATKEHÆX (^TÇ-OGXPYTK) ........................................................................................... 80 ^ÈL @I KCBL .............................................................................................................. 89 ^ÈL KYXPTKCGKEL ........................................................................................................ 8= ^ÈL @I AYDË............................................................................................................... 87 ^ÈL @I BKODÖTMYIT I BLP-@LM ..................................................................................... 0; KOITGHKE BLP-@LM (PTGL) ............................................................................................. 04 ALYMKXXI .................................................................................................................. 08 MICIGK @I OLTKEML ..................................................................................................... OLTKEML ..................................................................................................... 00 ^ÄPI AITOIEPÇI ......................................................................................................... 09 @LEYPX ..................................................................................................................... 01 DKMYIPPI .................................................................................................................. 02 DKMYIPPI KY FKODLO IP ATLOKMI (PTGL) ................................... .................. .................................... .................................... .................... ... 07 HGKDKPPK ................................................................................................................... 9> ALHKHHGK .................................................................................................................. 9; ^ÈL @I QGEBL ............................................................................................................. 98 OYCPGMTÈLX ............................................................................................................... 90 L^IE XKE@]GHB (PTGL) .................................................................................................. 99 ^ÈL @I DKPKPK ........................................................................................................... 9= HBKCCKB ................................................................................................................... 97 XLEBL ...................................................................................................................... 1; HGEEKOLE TLCC.................................... .................. .................................... ................................... .................................... .................................... ................. 18 HTLGXXKEP I ^KGE KY HBLHLCKP ...................................................................................... 19
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
HLEAIGPKTGK ^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK DTGLHBI Î PÆPI I DTGLHBI EKEPITTI ............................................................................... =; DTGMK@IGTL ................................................................................................................ =8 DKDJK ....................................................................................................................... =8 XPLCCIE .................................................................................................................... =9 ^ÈL @I HKO^KMEI ....................................................................................................... == ^ÈL ^GPK ................................................................................................................... =2 ^GVVK ........................................................................................................................ =7 TIAITÆEHGKX............................................................................................................... 2;
Hleaigtkrgk Getrl`uíèl tiørghk ........................................................................................................ 24 ^TI^KTKÍÙIX @I DKXI ................................. ................ ................................... .................................... .................................... .............................. ............ 2= GEMTI@GIEPIX ............................................................................................................. 70 YPIEXÏCGLX I I[YG^KOIEPLX .........................................................................................;>; KÍÖHKT I OITIEMYIX .................................................................................................;1; ^ÄPIX (OKXXKX HCËXXGHKX) ............................................................................................ ;40 HTÂOIX ................................................................................................................... ;0> HBLHLCKPI .............................................................................................................. ;94
^rëtghks `i hleaigtkrgk..................... ........................................ ........................................ ......................................... ......................................... ............................... ........... ;17 ^LEPLX @K HKC@K @I KÍÖHKT ....................................................................................... ;17 PYGCI @I MCYHLXI ......................................................................................................17; ^TKCGEÇ @I KOÆE@LK ..................................................................................................=>; OITIEMYI ATKEHÆX .................................................................................................... ;=; OITIEMYI XYÏÍL XYÏÍL ....................................................................................................... ;=; XLYAACÇ @I MLGKDK@K ................................................................................................. MLGKDK@K ................................................................................................. ;=4 PLTPK @I HBLHLCKPI ................................................................................................. ;=8 PKTPI KY HGPTLE OITGEMYÇI ........................................................................................ ;=9 ^ÄPI Î HBLYR ........................................................................................................... =2; HTÂOI ^ÄPGXXGÂTI HBLHLCKPI .......................................................................................2>; HTÂOI CÇMÂTI ..........................................................................................................2;; OGC ALCBKX ..............................................................................................................24; HBLHLCKPI - PIO^ITKMIO ...........................................................................................29; TLHBIT ................................................................................................................... ;29 DLCL @I HBKEPGCCW HLO OLTKEMLX ...............................................................................21; ^LYE@ HKJI KY HGPTLE ...............................................................................................22; @IQGC°X ALL@ HKJI I HTIKOW AY@MI ATLXPGEM ................................................................. ;7>
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
HLEAIGPKTGK ^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK HBIIXIHKJI HLO HKC@K @I ATYPKX QITOICBKX QITOICBKX ................................................................. ;74 HTÂOI DTÚCÇI .......................................................................................................... ;70 HLHK@K HTIOLXK @I HKODYHG ....................................................................................... ;79 DTL]EGI @I HBLHLCKPI HLO ELVIX ............................................................................... ;71 ^IPGP MÄPIKY @I @LHI @I CIGPI ....................................................................................7=; XLTQIPI @I DKYEGCBK .................................................................................................72; XLTQIPI @I HBLHLCKPI ..............................................................................................77; XLTDIP @I ATKODLIXK ................................................................................................77; HLLJGIX HLO MLPKX @I HBLHLCKPI ...............................................................................>>4 ^KTAKGP/OLYXXI @I HBLHLCKPI ....................................................................................>;4 HKC@K PLAAII HLO ACLT @I XKC ....................................................................................>44 HTYODCI @I ELV ^IHKE ...............................................................................................>44 PYGCI ...................................................................................................................... >8 4
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
HLEAIGPKTGK ^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
L ^ÈL L pèl ç pkrk l bloio sïodlcl `i sustietl i ktç `k prøprgk vg`k. @kï k riairæehgk kl –pèl kl –pèl elssl `i hk`k `gk‟. L pèl ç uo `lo mieirlsl `k ekturizk. Kprlprgk`l pkrk tl`ks ks blrks, tl`ks ks aksis `k vg`k. Ç tèl piraigtl pkrk l bloio qui hloiíkols k kprihgë-cl el geïhgl `i elssks vg`ks i eèl els hkeskols `ici ktç k blrk `k elssk olrti. L pèl tkodço ç uo kcgoietl `iolhrëtghl. Ici istë ek oisk `i tl`ls, `ls rghls, `ls pldris. Ariquietk `gkrgkoieti ristkurketis slagstghk`ls, oks tkodço istë prisieti eks ruks i els oirhk`ls okgs plpuckris. L pèl akz pkrti `ls kcgoietls ieirmçtghls i istë ek dksi `k pgräog`i kcgoietkr, sie`l, plrtketl, uok ixhicieti aleti `i ieirmgk. Kcço `gstl, hletæo goplrtketis eutrgietis, io ispihgkc hkrdlg`rktls `i prltiïeks. DTIQI BGXPØTGK @L ^ÈL Eèl tiols uok lrgmio ixktk `l surmgoietl `l pèl, oks skdiols qui ici ç tèl ketgml quketl k prøprgk bgstørgk `k buokeg`k`i. Eisti sietg`l, k krti `k akdrghkíèl `l pèl dushk suks lrgmies kcço `k prç-bgstørgk. Ls plvls prgogtgvls huctgvkvko hirikgs i ls hlesuogko hrus. Kssgo qui hlesimugrko `loistghkr l alml pripkrkrko uok okssk i hlclhkrko sldri k pi`rk, i kssgo ekshiu l pèl. Iodlrk si `gshutk qukc l prgoigrl hirikc huctgvk`l el Imgtl, ç hirtl qui iehletrkrko hivk`k io sïtgls prç-bgstørghls `l `ictk, `ktk`ls `i hirhk `i 1>>> k .H., î qukc si `ivi khrishietkr l trgml. Ks pckeïhgis `l Egcl, pirgl`ghkoieti geue`k`ks, prl`uzgko hirikgs io quketg`k`i kdue`keti i suaghgieti pkrk l hlesuol ekhglekc i ixplrtkíèl. L Prgml i k hivk`k hlestgtuïko k dksi `k kcgoietkíèl i irko usk`ls ek akdrghkíèl `l pèl i `k hirvifk. Kssgo pl`iols `gzir qui l pèl tio suks lrgmies el Imgtl. Ketis `l kel 1>>> k.H., ls ls imïphgls fë istkvko hloie`l trgml, oks eèl pèis p èis tèl `icghglsls. ^krk akzir l pèl ls Imïphgls fuetkvko ëmuk i uo pluhl `i skc i mrèls `i trgml sicvkmio i akzgko uok pkstk qui irk hlclhk`k pkrk hlzir io uok pi`rk hbktk, sldri l alml. Io tlrel `l kel 0>>> k.H., istkvk iaitgvkoieti sie`l huctgvk`l. 9
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
HLEAIGPKTGK ^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Ks hckssis `i trgml `loistghk`ks irko okgs aëhigs `i `ishkshkr i prihgskvko kpieks sirio olï`ks, eèl okgs quigok`ks io pi`rks quietis, l qui ge`ghk qui l trgml istkvk kmlrk sie`l hlog`l hlo l mcötie getkhtl. L prgoigrl oçtl`l `i kquihir ls mrèls `istruïk l mcötie. ^lr vlctk `l kel 4>>> k.H., pk`igrls Imïphgls `ishldrgrko qui ks ogsturks `i trgml i ëmuk, hksl eèl alssio kssk`ks `i goi`gktl, dlrducbkvko pick airoietkíèl. Kl sirio kssk`ls, issks ogsturko prl`uzgko pèis `icghglsls. Kpøs k `ishldirtk `k airoietkíèl ls pk`igrls imïphgls si tlrekrko vir`k`igrls ispihgkcgstks. Oketgebko uo istlqui `i okssk kzi`k hlestketi pkrk sirio utgcgzk`ls quke`l eihissërgl. Isti prlhissl `urk ktç blfi. Io simug`k `iu-si k gevieíèl `l alrel. Hlo krmgck ritgrk`k `l Egcl olc`krko mrke`is hleis kdirtls ek pkrti `i hgok i `gvg`g`ls io prkticigrks. Ek pkrti `i dkgxl `icis irko hlclhk`ls pi`kíls `i hkrvèl io drksk. L prgoigrl olgebl aigtl hlo uok pi`rk ri`le`k puxk`l plr alrík kegokc surmgu ek Oislpltäogk, plr vlctk `i 2>> k.H. Io 0>> k.H. pèis airoietk`ls alrko getrl`uzg`ls ek Mrçhgk qui ktç ietèl sø hlesuogk pèis hbktls `i hirikgs hlol hivk`k, kvigk i hietigl. Ls Tlokels tkodço vgvirko `l pèl. Ek G`k`i Oç`gk l olgebl `i vietl alg getrl`uzg`l ek Iurlpk picls pirsks. Xø `iplgs `k lhupkíèl mkucisk picls rlokels ç qui l pèl kpkrihiu ek Arkeík. Xø k pkrtgr `l sçhucl QGG qui ls prgoigrls vir`k`igrls pk`igrls surmgrko. Alg ek g`k`i Oç`gk qui si gestgtugu k prlagssèl `i pk`igrl. Ktrkvçs `ls mrimls k civi`urk `k hirvifk kpkrihiu ek Iurlpk ispihgaghkoieti ek Arkeík, ^krgs, io ;119. Hlo gstl ls pèis tlrekrko-si okgs civis i okgs alals. Ietritketl, kcimke`l hkuskr okciaïhgls î skö`i, oç`ghls arkehisis prlgdgrko l usl `k civi`urk `i hirvifk qui sø alg rikdgcgtk`k el sçhucl RGR. Io ;249 akdrghkrko l prgoigrl airoietl priesk`l, l oisol utgcgzk`l ktç ls prisietis `gks. Ek siquæehgk, Clugs ^kstiur prlvlu qui k airoietkíèl ekturkc irk hkusk`k plr lrmkegsols vgvls, l qui kfu`lu ek ickdlrkíèl ge`ustrgkc `l airoietl. El Xçhucl RR surmgu l airoietl dglcømghl î dksi `i oickíl `l kíöhkr. Eèl bluvi mrke`i ivlcuíèl `ks tçheghks `i akzir pèl `is`i k irk oi`givkc ktç l sçhucl 1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
RGR. K okglr ivlcuíèl ek pkegaghkíèl sø si `iu k pkrtgr `k ^rgoigrk ^rgoigrk Muirrk Oue`gkc. @urketi ks muirrks, ek akctk `i akrgebk `i trgml, pripkrkvko pèis k pkrtgr `i lutrks akrgebks. Hlogko uo pèl pritl aigtl `issks akrgebks i hkshk `i ërvlri, lcikmgelsks, ith. L hlesuol `i pèl drkehl hrishiu siesgvicoieti `iplgs `k Ximue`k Muirrk. Pkodço pksskrko k uskr oëqugeks i ge`ustrgkcgzkr k prl`uíèl `l pèl. PTGML I AKTGEBK @I PTGML L trgml `is`i k prç-bgstørgk, ç uo `ls kcgoietls okgs goplrtketis pkrk l bloio i, blfi io `gk, ç huctgvk`l io quksi tl`ks ks rimgùis `l pckeitk. MTÈL L mrèl `i trgml ç hloplstl `ks simugetis pkrtis6
ie`lspirok ‘ pkrti ie`lspirok ‘ pkrti okgs getirek, hlrrisple`i k 29% `l mrèl. Ç hlesg`irk`l uo `ls hlopleietis okgs goplrtketis, plgs k akrgebk ç prgehgpkcoieti ixtrkï`k `ici.
mçroie ‘ ‘ pkrti getiroi`gërgk hlrrisple`i k kprlxgok`koieti 4% `l mrèl. L mçroie ç k pkrti qui lrgmgekrë k auturk pcketk. Hletço mrke`i quketg`k`i `i mlr`urk i `i vgtkogeks. ^lr isti oltgvl `ivi sir sipkrk`l `k akrgebk, ivgtke`l qui l rkeíl `k mlr`urk trkesogtk pkrk k akrgebk uo skdlr `iskmrk`ëvic.
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pirghkrpl ‘ ‘ ^krti ixtirek, hkshk, hlrrisple`i k ;8% `l mrèl. K hkshk ç l rivistgoietl qui prltimi l mrèl i, `urketi k olkmio, ç sipkrk`k prl`uzge`l l qui si hlebihi hlol akricl.
HLO^LXGÍÈL @K AKTGEBK @I PTGML Hkrdlg`rktls (kíöhkr ‘ ‘ => k =9%) ‘ ‘ ls hkrdlg`rktls hlestgtuio k okglr pkrti `l ie`lspirok `l mrèl `i trgml, sie`l tkodço l hlopleieti io okglr pprlplríèl rlplríèl ek akrgebk `i trgml. [uke`l ls mrèls `i kog`l sèl suspiesls io ëmuk i k tiopirkturk ç kuoietk`k =
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
mrk`ukcoieti, io uo `itirogek`l getirvkcl `i tiopl ls mrèls `i kog`l gehbko i alroko uok slcuíèl vgshlsk. [uke`l istk slcuíèl risargk bkvirë k alrokíèl `i mçgs. K isti aieðoiel `ë-si l eloi `i micgaghkíèl lu micktgegzkíèl. ^rltiïeks - (mcötie - 2 k ;4%) ‘ ‘ l tilr `i prltiïeks ek hloplsgíèl `l trgml istë rickhglek`l hlo k qukcg`k`i i quketg`k`i `i mcötie prisietis. L mcötie ç uok prltiïek geslcövic io ëmuk hloplstl `i `uks arkíùis6 mcuticgek i mcgk`gek. [uke`l k akrgebk `i trgml i ls `iokgs gemri`gietis `k okssk sèl ogsturk`ls hlo k ëmuk i lhlrri k blolmieigzkíèl oihäeghk, bë bg`rktkíèl `ks prltiïeks, alroke`l k ri`i `i mcötie6 Akrgebk `i trgml + ëmuk + dktgoietl ? TI@I @I MCÖPIE
Eissi oloietl, ks prltiïeks si ietrickíko i alroko uok ri`i lu okcbk agdrlsk. @issk ri`i `i agdrks risuctk uok istruturk, qui riprisietk pkrk l pèl l qui uok istruturk `i airrl riprisietk pkrk uo i`gaïhgl, ritie`l mrke`i pkrti `k ëmuk qui pirokeihirë el pèl, oisol `iplgs `i kssk`l. L mcötie ç risplesëvic pick hkpkhg`k`i `i ixtiesèl i pick ickstghg`k`i `k okssk, gstl ç, pick hkpkhg`k`i qui k okssk tio `i si istie`ir i vlctkr kl elrokc, lu sifk, ritir okglr uog`k`i i krokziekr l mës cgdirk`l `urketi k airoietkíèl. Ç goplrtketi ciodrkr qui sloieti k akrgebk `i trgml `isievlcvi l mcötie. @istk alrok si alrols utgcgzkr qukcquir lutrl tgpl `i akrgebk ek prl`uíèl `i uo pèl `iviols ioprimkr picl oiels 1>% `i akrgebk `i trgml pkrk mkrketgr l hrishgoietl i k tixturk `l pèl. Mlr`urk (;,4 k ;,0%) ‘ ;,0%) ‘ K K prisieík `i uok quketg`k`i oïegok `i mlr`urk ek akrgebk ç ekturkc, oks uok quketg`k`i icivk`k ç prifu`ghgkc î suk hlesirvkíèl. ^rlviegieti `l mçroie pl`i aghkr rkeílsk i trkesogtgr l`lr i skdlr `iskmrk`ëvigs î akrgebk. Yog`k`i ‘ K Yog`k`i ‘ K uog`k`i ç uo `ls aktlris goplrtketis qui kaitko k qukcg`k`i `k akrgebk `i trgml. Ks uog`k`is geairglris k ;; - ;4% sèl ge`isifëvigs plrqui tlreko ls mrèls quidrk`gíls `urketi l trkesplrti, krokziekoietl i lpirkíùis `i olkmio. K uog`k`i supirglr k ;0 ‘ ;9% ‘ ;9% pl`io prlpghgkr l drltkoietl `ls mrèls i l `isievlcvgoietl `i 2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
oghrllrmkegsols i tlxgeks `urketi l krokziekoietl. PG^LX @I AKTGEBK Akrgebk Ispihgkc ‘ Ispihgkc ‘ ç ç kquick ldtg`k `k pkrti hietrkc `l ie`lspirok (okgs agek). Ls
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tgpls okgs hloues `istk akrgebk sèl6
Prgml @url ‘ @url ‘ kprisietk kprisietk icivk`l tilr `i prltiïeks (alrti). Ç utgcgzk`k ek hleaihíèl `i okssks `i pluhk lu eiebuok airoietkíèl. El hksl `i usl `istk akrgebk ek pkegaghkíèl, `ivi-si k`ghglekr okgs ëmuk el prlhissl i l tiopl `i ogsturk i l `i airoietkíèl sirèl okglris.
Prgml Xiog-@url ‘ ‘ kprisietk oç`gl tilr `i prltiïeks (oç`gk). Ç utgcgzk`k ek prl`uíèl `i pèis.
Prgml Olci ‘ ‘ kprisietk dkgxl tilr `i prltiïeks (arkhk). Ytgcgzk`k ek hleaihíèl `i dlcls, dgshlgtls i dlckhbks
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Akrgebk Hlouo ‘ Hlouo ‘ ldtg`k ldtg`k `k pkrti ixtirek `l ie`lspirok (okgs mrlssk). Kprisietk dkgxl tilr `i prltiïeks.
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Akrgebk Getimrkc ‘ Getimrkc ‘ ldtg`k ldtg`k k pkrtgr `i mrèls `i trgml getigrls, hlo akricl getkhtl, olï`l pkrk akzir k akrgebk. ^TGEHG^KGX GEMTI@GIEPIX @K ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
ËMYK Aueíùis6
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plssgdgcgtkr k alrokíèl `l mcötie `itirogekr k hlesgstæehgk agekc `k okssk hletrlckr i hle`uzgr k tiopirkturk `k okssk
`gsslcvir gemri`gietis søcg`ls `k alrouckíèl pirogtgr k kíèl `l airoietl
hletrgdugr hlo k tixturk i okhgiz `l pèl
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
AKTGEBK @I PTGML Aueíùis6
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aleti `i kíöhkr prl`uíèl `i mës ritieíèl `i mës risplesëvic pick istruturk `l prl`utl
AITOIEPL Aueíùis6
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kmieti `i hrishgoietl, trkesalrok l kíöhkr io mës hkrdðeghl (`gøxg`l `i hkrdlel ‘ HL4) ‘ HL4) `itirogeke`l l vlcuoi `ls pèis: prl`uíèl `i sudstäehgks krloëtghks, hleairge`l krlok i skdlr kls pèis.
Pgpls `i airoietl6 Hloirhgkc Bë el oirhk`l træs tgpls `i airoietl kprisietke`l `gairieík kpieks el tilr `i ëmuk, gopcghke`l io `gairietis oçtl`ls `i utgcgzkíèl i krokziekoietl.
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Airoietl arishl priesk`l Yog`k`i Yog`k`i ‘ ‘ =>% =>%
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Kprisietkíèl ‘ pkhltis pkhltis Kprisietkíèl ‘
`i ;9m i 9>>m Piopirkturk `i ktukíèl plr vlctk `i 81¶ H Olrti plr vlctk `i 9>-99¶ H Hlr ‘ ‘ hrioi hrioi khgezietk`l Hlr Ytgcgzkíèl Ytgcgzkíèl ‘ ‘ rihloie`k-si rihloie`k-si ktç 8% io rickíèl î akrgebk `i trgml
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Hlesirvkíèl ‘ ‘ eihissgtk eihissgtk Hlesirvkíèl
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`i riargmirkíèl ‘ riargmirkíèl ‘ häokrks häokrks io tlrel `i 0 k 2¶ H plr uo pirïl`l oëxgol `i ;9 `gks
Oketir l oielr tiopl plssïvic alrk `i riargmirkíèl pkrk ivgtkr pir`k `l siu pl`ir `i airoietkíèl. K `lskmio `i airoietl vkg vkrgkr hlealroi l tgpl `i okssk, l prlhissl
utgcgzk`l i k viclhg`k`i `i airoietkíèl `isifk`k. Ick pl`i vkrgkr eks okssks skcmk`ks i okssks `lhis ietri 4% k 2%
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Airoietl sihl ktgvl lu airoietl dglcømghl sihl Xuk
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ldtieíèl si `ë k pkrtgr `k sihkmio `l airoietl arishl plr kr quieti. Ç quidrk`l io piquieks pkrtïhucks lu mräeucls.
Yog`k`i
`i = k 7% `i uog`k`i Kprisietkíèl ‘ Kprisietkíèl ‘ iodkckmies iodkckmies `i ;>>m i `i 9>m oitëcghks Kpkræehgk ‘ mrèls mrèls ishurls `l tkokebl `i uo kcpgsti Kpkræehgk ‘ @urkdgcg`k`i ‘ ‘ kl kl ri`lr `i 1 oisis @urkdgcg`k`i kodgieti ‘ `gspiesk `gspiesk riargmirkíèl Hlesirvkíèl io tiopirkturk kodgieti ‘ ‘ `ivi sir aigtk hlo ëmuk olrek 82¶ H plr uo Tig`rktkíèl eihissërgk ‘ pirïl`l `i ;9 ogeutls
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Ytgcgzkíèl ‘ Ytgcgzkíèl ‘ 4/8 4/8 `l pisl `l airoietl arishl ‘ arishl ‘ 4% 4% io rickíèl î akrgebk
Hlr ‘ ‘ kokrick kokrick Hlr
pkcbk ishurl.
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Airoietl dglcømghl sihl Gestketäeil Hlesgsti
l
io hçcucks `i civi`urk `ks qukgs k ëmuk ç ixtrkï`k plr oigl `i `isg`rktkíèl. ^irokeihi euo istk`l `i `lroæehgk. L iopkhltkoietl ç aigtl k vëhul l qui kuoietk l siu tiopl `i vg`k ötgc.
Kprisietkíèl6 Kprisietkíèl6
pkhltis `i 09> mrkoks iodkck`ls k vëhul Yog`k`i io tlrel `i 9% arishl ‘ ;% ;% io rickíèl î akrgebk `i trgml Ytgcgzkr ;/8 io rickíèl kl arishl ‘ Kpkræehgk6 Mräeucls ougtl ougtl piquiels, quksi hlol krigk agek. Kpkræehgk6
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@urkdgcg`k`i6
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iodkckmio aihbk`k `urk ktç 4 kels, oks kpøs kdirtl `ivi ;;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
sir hlesuog`l el oielr tiopl plssïvic. Hlesirvkíèl io tiopirkturk
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kodgieti Tig`rktkíèl eèl ç eihissërgk `ivg`l kl piquiel tkokebl `ls mräeucls. ^l`i sir k`ghglek`l î akrgebk.
Hlr
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- hrioi hckrl Pkdick hlopkrktgvk `ls airoietls hloirhgkgs Airoietl
Airoietl sihl
Airoietl sihl
arishl Tiargmirkíèl
mrkeuck`l Piopirkturk
gestketäeil Piopirkturk
0 k 2¶ H
kodgieti
kodgieti
Piopl `i hlesirvkíèl
Hurtl ;9 `gks
Oç`gl 1 oisis
Cleml 4 kels
Ktgvg`k`i /jm
dkgxk
oç`gk
kctk
uog`k`i
Kctk -=>%
Dkgxk ‘ Dkgxk ‘ = k 7%
Dkgxk ‘ Dkgxk ‘ 9% 9%
Okeusigl ispihgkc
Eèl eihissgtk
Eihissgtk
Eèl eihissgtk
Krokziekmio
rig`rktkíèl Ekturkc Hlesgsti dksghkoieti ek ldtieíèl `i uok okssk `i akrgebk i ëmuk qui, ixplstk kl kr, sifk hletkogek`k plr oghrllrmkegsols `gspirsls el kodgieti. Issis oghrllrmkegsols vèl iehletrkr eistk okssk uo øtgol oigl `i hrishgoietl i `isievlcvgoietl, lhksgleke`l uok sçrgi `i airoietkíùis eèl hletrlcëvigs `gairietis `i quke`l utgcgzkols l airoietl dglcømghl io qukcquir `ks suks kprisietkíùis hloirhgkgs. Issks airoietkíùis gehletrlcëvigs vèl î okglrgk `ks vizis prl`uzgr mës hkrdðeghl i kcmues ëhg`ls, sie`l ls okgs hloues l khçtghl i l cëtghl. @iplgs `i uo hirtl `i gehudkíèl istk okssk geaihtk`k plr oghrllrmkegsols tio hle`gíùis `i sirvgr `i airoietl, lu sifk, `i kmieti `i hrishgoietl pkrk lutrks okssks. Hbkok`ls tkodço `i Civkge, blfi ixgstio vërgls oçtl`ls `i prl`uíèl `i airoietl ekturkc i tl`ls icis tæo uo usl kprlprgk`l. ^l`iols sir aigtls î dksi `i arutks, oic, ;4
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
mkrkpk, akricl `i trgml lu hietigl, okíès, uvks, glmurti, hirvifk, ith. K utgcgzkíèl `l airoietl ekturkc si `ë io hksls hksls ougtl ispihïaghls plgs elrokcoieti kmrimk uo skdlr ëhg`l gehlopkrëvic kl prl`utl agekc. L simri`l pkrk oketir l civkge lu airoietl ekturkc ç kcgoietë-cl hlo akrgebk arishk i ëmuk, alreihie`l ls eutrgietis i kíöhkris eihissërgls pkrk qui k aclrk oghrldglcømghk tiebk hle`gíùis `i si riprl`uzgr i si oketir vgvk. Titgrkols pkrti `l airoietl pkrk utgcgzkíèl i hlopcitkols hlo akrgebk i ëmuk ek oisok prlplríèl `k okssk ritgrk`k. K gstl `kols l eloi `i rialrok `l airoietl ekturkc L Airoietl ekturkc eèl ç ougtl k`iquk`l îs hle`gíùis `i trkdkcbl `k vg`k ol`irek. Kcço `i `icghk`l i siesïvic, pi`i uo tiopl `i airoietkíèl okglr, l `ldrl `l tiopl `i quke`l utgcgzkols airoietl dglcømghl. ^rl`uíèl `i uo airoietl ekturkc î dksi `i okíè Gemri`gietis6
; okíè
9>m `i kíöhkr hrgstkc lu okshkvl
4>>m `lu µ `i xïhkrk `i ëmuk
Oktirgkc6
; rkck`lr
; plti `i vg`rl hlo tkopk
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Ol`l `i pripkrl6 ;. Tkci k okíè hlo hkshk i sioietis. Ogsturi hlo l kíöhkr. Hlclqui k ogsturk euo plti `i vg`rl. Hlclqui k tkopk, oks eèl aihbi, pkrk qui ls mksis `k airoietkíèl plssko skgr kl cleml `ls `gks. 4. Hlclqui l plti `i vg`rl io uo kroërgl aihbk`l i, l okgs goplrtketi, sio hlrrieti `i kr. 8. K tiopirkturk eèl `ivi sir ougtl quieti eio ougtl argk. @igxi-l qugitl i slssimk`l plr ;> `gks. 0. ^kssk`ls istis `gks, quke`l kdrgr k tkopk, uo alrti hbigrl `i ëchllc si `isprie`irë. Ls airoietls istkrèl io pciek alrok. ;8
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
9. K`ghglei ëmuk. Ogsturi dio pkrk slctkr l oëxgol `i airoietl eissk ëmuk. Hli k ogsturk hlo uo pkel, hloprgoge`l dio l oktirgkc søcg`l el agekc. 1. K quketg`k`i `i cïqug`l hlk`l vkg vkrgkr `i khlr`l khlr`l hlo l tkokebl `k okíè. Akdrghkíèl `l hbia6 ;. Kmlrk l airoietl ou`k `i kodgieti i `i kcgoietl. L kcgoietl `igxk `i sir k okíè i pkssk k sir k akrgebk. 4. Ici vkg prihgskr `i uo tiopl `i k`kptkíèl k issi elvl oigl i kprlvigtkr pkrk k`qugrgr siu skdlr i alrík. 8. Gemri`gietis6 0. 0>>m `i akrgebk `i trgml
Oktirgkc6 ; vksgcbk `i vg`rl, hiräoghk lu pcëstghl i ; pkel cgopl Ol`l `i akzir6 ;. Ogsturi l cïqug`l hlk`l (ishurl i hkrrimk`l `i airoietl) hlo k akrgebk `i trgml i l skc, alroke`l uok okssk. 4. K okssk eèl `ivi aghkr eio ougtl sihk, eio ougtl olci. Alroi uok dlck i `igxi `ishkeskr io uok vksgcbk hldirtk hlo l pkel cgopl i dio öog`l el oisol cumkr i hle`gíùis qui `igxlu l plti `k okíè plr ;4 blrks. Kcgoietkíèl `l airoietl ekturkc lu civkge6 L airoietl si kcgoietk `l kíöhkr iehletrk`l ek oktçrgk le`i ici vgvi i, î oi`g`k qui kdslrvi issi kíöhkr, slctk mës hkrdðeghl. ^l`iols ldsirvkr isti aieðoiel quke`l `iplgs `i pkssk`ks ks ;4 blrks k okssk k`qugri `i 4 k 8 vizis l tkokebl geghgkc. Xi k suk pkrti supirglr pkrihir uok kdødk`k dio istghk`k, l civkge istkrë el pletl pkrk ;0
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
sir rikcgoietk`l. Ici fë hloiu i `gmirgu tl`l l kíöhkr qui iehletrlu io siu oigl i prihgsk kmlrk `i uok elvk akrgebk. Ietritketl, si k pkrti supirglr `k okssk pkrihir uo dkcèl ourhbl, l civkge pksslu `l pletl, lu sifk, khkdlu l kíöhkr i l airoietl ietrlu io aksi `i airoietkíèl kchløcghk ‘ ‘ geïhgl `l prlhissl `i kpl`rihgoietl. Xi gstl khletihir vlhæ tirë qui ri`uzgr l tiopl `i kcgoietkíèl `i ;4 pkrk 1 blrks, plr 4 k 8 `gks `g ks Hk`k viz qui alr kcgoietkr l airoietl vkg ritgrkr 4>>m `i okssk o kssk `k vksgcbk i gstl si hbkok hbia lu okssk oèi. Kcgoietkíèl6
4>>m `i hbia
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0>>m `i akrgebk
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4>>oc `i ëmuk
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;9m `i skc
Ol`l `i akzir6 ;. Fuetkr k okssk `l hbia, k akrgebk `i trgml, k ëmuk i l skc. 4. Alrokr uok okssk. 8. Flmui alrk l civkge qui sldrlu. Mukr`i k okssk ixktkoieti eks oisoks hle`gíùis `ishrgtks ek akdrghkíèl `l hbia. 0. Tipgtk isti prlhissl k hk`k ;4 blrks, `urketi 4 siokeks 9. Kpøs isti pirïl`l l civkge istkrë prletl pkrk sir utgcgzk`l io siu pèl. ;.
Lds. @urketi istks `uks siokeks ls 1>>m sipkrk`ls k hk`k ;4 blrks pl`io sir flmk`ls alrk lu `gstrgduï`ls io plríùis pkrk kogmls.
XKC Aueíùis6
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Tikcíkr l skdlr ;9
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Hletrlck`lr `i airoietkíèl i tiopl `i ogsturk
Alrtkcihi`lr `l mcötie Ytgcgzk`l `i okeigrk gek`iquk`k, io hletktl `gritl hlo l airoietl, pl`i getirrlopir k airoietkíèl. ^rlplríèl6 4% io rickíèl î quketg`k`i `i akrgebk `i trgml.
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LQLX Aueíùis6
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Oicblrkr k hlr `l prl`utl Oicblrkr l skdlr Kuoietkr l vkclr eutrgtgvl Oicblrkr tixturk (iaigtl ioucsgaghketi, kfu`k qui ks mlr`urks si gehlrplrio ek okssk)
MLT@YTK Aueíùis6
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Cudrgaghk k ri`i `i mcötie Kuoietkr k ritieíèl `i uog`k`i
Oicblrkr tixturk Hletrgdugr pkrk l kuoietl `l vlcuoi `l pèl
Oicblrkr ks prlprgi`k`is `i hlesirvkíèl
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Pgpls6
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Kegokgs (dkebk i oketigmk) Qimitkgs (øcil, mlr`urk vimitkc bg`rlmiek`k, mlr`urk `i hlhl)
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Getrl`uzg`k siopri kolcihg`k, io tiopirkturk gmukc k `k okssk
CIGPI Pgpls6
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Getimrkc lu `isektk`l ;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
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^krk utgcgzkr cigti io pø6 sudstgtugr l tltkc `i cigti plr ;9% `i cigti io pø i 29% `i ëmuk
Aueíùis6
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Iergquihi l skdlr i krlok Oicblrk k hlclrkíèl `k hrlstk `l pèl Titço uog`k`i Kuoietk l vkclr eutrgtgvl Okglr istkdgcg`k`i î okssk Oicblrk k hlesirvkíèl `l pèl
KÍÖHKT Aueíùis6
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Hleairi skdlr Hleairi okhgiz Hlckdlrk ek ritieíèl `i uog`k`i Xudstrktl pkrk l airoietl dglcømghl prl`uzgr mës hkrdðeghl Hleairgr hlr
[uketg`k`i `i kíöhkr kpcghk`k mirkcoieti eks aøroucks `i pkegaghkíèl6
^èl skcmk`l ^èl siog`lhi
> k 0% 9 k ;9%
^èl `lhi
;9 k 49%
OICBLTK@LT Aueíùis6
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K`ghglek`l î okssk pkrk ldtir prl`utl `i oicblr qukcg`k`i Eiutrkcgzk `iaghgæehgks `ls gemri`gietis `k okssk Kuoietk l tiopl `i hlesirvkíèl `l pèl ;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Pgpls6
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Tialrík`lris ‘ sèl Tialrík`lris ‘ sèl sudstäehgks qui rikmio hlo l mcötie, alrtgaghke`l l oisol i oicblrke`l suk hkpkhg`k`i `i ritir mksis, `i ol`l k prl`uzgr uo pèl `i okglr vlcuoi i oicblr tixturk. Ixiopcls `isti tgpl `i oicblrk`lr sèl k vgtkogek H i k K@K (kzl`ghkrdlekog`k). L Drloktl `i pltëssgl i l Gl`ktl `i ^ltëssgl tkodço sèl rialrík`lris, oks siu usl ek pkegaghkíèl ç prlgdg`l plr cig.
Iezgok `gëstksi ‘ ‘ ks iezgoks sèl sudstäehgks qui tio l pl`ir `i khicirkr ks rikíùis, pirogtge`l k quidrk lu `imrk`kíèl `i mrke`is hloplstls dglcømghls. K aueíèl `istk iezgok ç quidrkr l kog`l io pi`kíls, prl`uzge`l okgs kíöhkr pkrk l airoietl.
Ioucsgaghketi ‘ ç Ioucsgaghketi ‘ ç uo kmieti qui akhgcgtk k uegèl `ks sudstäehgks qui elrokcoieti eèl si ogsturko. Xuk k`gíèl î okssk ri`uz l tiopl `i ogsturk `ls gemri`gietis, kuoietk k kdslríèl `i ëmuk i `ë okglr ickstghg`k`i kl mcötie. Ixiopcls `i ioucsgaghketi sèl k cihgtgek ixtrkï`k `k slfk lu `k miok `i lvl i plcgsslrdktl.
Oicblrk`lr uegaghk`l ‘ uegaghk`l ‘ hlehietrk hlehietrk k kíèl i aueíèl `i `gvirsls k`gtgvls io uo sø prl`utl, akhgcgtke`l suk kpcghkíèl. Icis hletæo iezgoks, rialrík`lris i ioucsgaghketis ek prlplríèl hlrritk i sèl iehletrk`ls el oirhk`l io pø lu io pkstk.
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^rlplríèl6 `i >,9 k ;% io rickíèl î akrgebk akrgebk ‘ ‘ vkrgk vkrgk `i khlr`l hlo l akdrghketi akdrghketi ‘ ‘ simugr simugr lrgietkíèl `l akdrghketi
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
ACYRLMTKOK @L ^TLHIXXL @I ^TI^KTKÍÈL @LX ^ÈIX ^IXKMIO @LX GEMTI@GIEPIX ^TI^KTL @K OKXXK @IXHKEXL @GQGXÈL @K OKXXK OL@ICKMIO KHLE@GHGLEKOIEPL KHLE@GHGL EKOIEPL AITOIEPKÍÈL HLVGOIEPL TIXATGKOIEPL HLEPTLCI @I [YKCG@K@I
HLTPI I IODKCKMIO HLOITHGKCGVKÍÈL
;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
IPK^KX @L ACYRLMTKOK @L ^TLHIXXL @I ^TI^KTKÍÈL @I ^ÈIX ^ripkrl `k okssk (oçtl`ls) Istk aksi tio plr agekcg`k`i blolmieigzkr ls gemri`gietis `k aørouck, plssgdgcgtkr l `isievlcvgoietl `l mcötie ktrkvçs `l trkdkcbl oihäeghl sldri k okssk. Eistk aksi ç goplrtketi ciodrkr qui k tiopirkturk `k okssk eèl `ivi ixhi`ir k 4=¶ H i k ëmuk k`ghglek`k î okssk ç quio vkg kfu`kr k hletrlckr istk tiopirkturk. Xi kuoietkrols k tiopirkturk, `kriols geïhgl î airoietkíèl el oloietl gek`iquk`l. Oçtl`l @gritl (oçtl`l pk`rèl) ;. K`ghglekr tl`ls ls gemri`gietis (kíöhkr i skc plr öctgol) 4. Ogsturkr i trkdkcbkr k okssk ktç `isievlcvir l mcötie 8. Ximugr pkssls ristketis `l acuxlmrkok `i pripkrkíèl `i pèis Oçtl`l Ge`gritl (utgcgzke`l prç-airoietls i airoietl ekturkc)6 Isti oçtl`l ç hlestgtuï`l `i 4 lu 8 airoietkíùis hlo ldfitgvl `i rikcíkr l skdlr `l prl`utl dksi. Ls prç-airoietls sèl uo gestruoietl pl`irlsl pkrk hrgkr pèis `i qukcg`k`i i tixturk supirglris. Xèl elrokcoieti utgcgzk`ls pkrk kmrimkr skdlr i, io kcmues hksls, pkrk kfu`kr ek airoietkíèl `i pèis ougtl rghls io mlr`urk (plgs ick ritkr`k k airoietkíèl). Ixgstio vërgls tgpls `i prç-airoietkíèl.
^rç-airoietkíùis Öog`ks ‘ Öog`ks ‘ ^llcgsb i Isplefks
^rç-airoietkíùis Agrois ‘ Agrois ‘ ^äti Airoietçi i Dgmk
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^llcgsb (hbkok`l kssgo ek Arkeík i ek Gtëcgk) ‘ Gtëcgk) ‘ Hlesgsti Hlesgsti io pkrtis gmukgs `i akrgebk i ëmuk i >,49% `i airoietl io rickíèl k akrgebk. Ç uo prç-airoietl `i kíèl 4>
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
cietk, plgs civk pluhl airoietl io suk hloplsgíèl. @iolrk okgs pkrk airoietkr i, plrtketl, `isievlcvi okgs skdlr. Eèl civk skc. [uke`l utgcgzkols uo pllcgsb hlol prç-airoietl elrokcoieti k`ghglekols okgs airoietl `urketi l dktgoietl `k okssk pkrk hlopcitkr k airoietkíèl.
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Isplefk ‘ ç Isplefk ‘ ç uo prç-airoietl `i kíèl okgs rëpg`k qui l pllcgsb plrqui civk uok okglr quketg`k`i `l airoietl lu tl`l l airoietl `k rihigtk io suk pripkrkíèl. Isti tgpl `i isplefk eèl kmrimk tketl skdlr, plgs tio uo tiopl oielr `i airoietkíèl qui l pllcgsb i ç utgcgzk`k io pèis ougtl rghls, `i akrgebk getimrkc lu qui civio uok quketg`k`i rkzlëvic `i mlr`urk.
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Okssk airoietk`k ‘ airoietk`k ‘ ^äti ^äti Airoietçi ‘ Airoietçi ‘ okssk okssk vicbk - ^l`i sir ldtg`k risirvke`l uo pi`kíl `i okssk qui fë alg pripkrk`k i fë airoietk`k lu pripkrke`l uo pi`kíl `i okssk pkrk sir utgcgzk`l plstirglroieti, plr ixiopcl el lutrl `gk. K`ghgleke`l istk okssk hlesimugols l iaigtl `i ievicbihir goi`gktkoieti k okssk elvk.
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Dgmk ‘ `gairi Dgmk ‘ `gairi `k okssk airoietk`k plr eèl hletir skc io suk pripkrkíèl. Kssgo hlol k okssk airoietk`k ç uo prç-airoietl okgs agroi. K dgmk ç elrokcoieti aigtk pkrk sir usk`k ispihgaghkoieti hlol prç-airoietl. Hlol ç aigtk sio k`gíèl `i skc, qui ç uo hletrlck`lr `k airoietkíèl, k dgmk ç aigtk hlo uok quketg`k`i oielr `i airoietl. Eèl bkvie`l l skc, l airoietl eèl iehletrk eiebuok ristrgíèl el siu hkogebl pkrk `gmirgr tl`l l kíöhkr `gspleïvic. Yskr oiels airoietl ç oicblr plrqui quiriols ldtir l oëxgol `i skdlr prlviegieti `l trgml. Ls skdlris `l pèl sèl prlviegietis `l mrèl i eèl `l airoietl. Eisti sietg`l k dgmk `ivi tir el oëxgol >,9% `i airoietl io rickíèl î akrgebk.
@gvgsèl `k okssk K `gvgsèl pl`i sir aigtk okeukcoieti, hlo l usl `i uok akhk lu ispëtucks lu ietèl eks `gvgslrks, oëqugeks prøprgks `isievlcvg`ks pkrk isti ago.
4;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
@ishkesl `k okssk L tiopl `i `ishkesl pirogti plr uo ck`l, qui k okssk hrisík i plr lutrl ck`l qui l mcötie si tlrei okgs hlesgstieti. Pkodço plssgdgcgtk qui l mcötie rickxi i k okssk agqui oiels icëstghk, akhgcgtke`l k plstirglr ol`ickmio `i kcmues tgpls `i pèis. p èis. Ol`ickmio Ek ol`ickmio ks piíks `i okssk k`qugrio k alrok `l pèl qui si quir ldtir. K ol`ickmio pl`i sir okeukc lu oihäeghk, sie`l qui ek öctgok si akz l usl `k ol`ick`lrk, qui iaituk 9 lpirkíùis siqóæehgks sldri ks piíks `k okssk6
ritgrk`k `l mës alrok`l `urketi l `ishkesl ‘ `ishkesl ‘ `imkssgem `imkssgem
ckogekíèl
kclemkoietl
ierlckoietl
sickmio
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Khle`ghglekoietl Hlesgsti ek `iplsgíèl `ls prl`utls eks kssk`igrks lu istigrks. @ivio sir tlok`ls ls `ivg`ls hug`k`ls el plsghglekoietl `ks piíks, hlol `gstkehgkoietl, khirtl `ks pletks, plsgíèl `l aihbl, pkrk ivgtkr pir`k `k qukcg`k`i `l prl`utl agekc. Hlrtis `ihlrktgvls el pèl pl`io sir aigtl ketis `i civkr l pèl pkrk ksskr (`iplgs `i airoietk`l), kpøs l khle`ghglekoietl lu kge`k, `urketi k airoietkíèl, `ipie`ie`l `l iaigtl `isifk`l i `l tgpl `i okssk. Istk lpirkíèl ixgmi `icghk`izk i prihgsèl i `ivi sir aigtk hlo rkpg`iz. ^krk akzir ls hlrtis pl`iols utgcgzkr akhks, dgsturgs lu tislurks.
44
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Airoietkíèl K airoietkíèl ç uok itkpk `ihgsgvk `ihgsgvk el akdrghl `l pèl. Hlesgsti ek kíèl `ks civi`urks lu airoietl kl hlesuogrio l kíöhkr prisieti trkesalroke`l-l io ëchllc i mës hkrdðeghl. ^lr isti oltgvl ç `ielogek`k `i airoietkíèl kchløcghk. ^rl`utls ldtg`ls ek airoietkíèl6
mës hkrdðeghl qui prlvlhk kl oisol tiopl l hrishgoietl `k okssk i k alrokíèl `i kcvçlcls el siu getirglr.
ëchllc, qui sirë icgogek`l quke`l l prl`utl alr kssk`l.
okgs `i 0> hloplstls lrmäeghls qui hleairio skdlr i krloks tïpghls `l pèl.
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[uketl okgs cietl l prlhissl `i airoietkíèl, l pèl tirë oicblr skdlr, krlok i okglr `urkdgcg`k`i. Ek okssk kcço `k airoietkíèl kchløcghk lhlrrio io okglr lu oielr prlplríèl lutrls tgpls `i airoietkíùis `isievlcvg`ks plr lutrls oghrllrmkegsols, alroke`l ëhg`l cëhtghl i khçtghl. Piopirkturks rihloie`k`ks pkrk l `isievlcvgoietl `k airoietkíèl6 Kíèl
Piopirkturk
Gektgvl Airoietkíèl cietk
4¶ H ;1¶ - 4;¶ H
Piopirkturk g`ikc quke`l utgcgzkr airoietl arishl
4;¶ - 84¶ H
Piopirkturk g`ikc quke`l utgcgzkr airoietl sihl
0;¶ - 01¶ H
Airoietl Olrri
97¶ H
Hlzgoietl
L prlhissl `i hlzgoietl `ks okssks hlesgsti io uok sçrgi `i trkesalrokíùis quïoghks, aïsghks i dglcømghks, qui pirogtio ldtir kl agekc, uo prl`utl hlo ixhicietis hkrkhtirïstghks 48
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
eutrgtgvks, `i skdlr i kpkræehgk. K tiopirkturk `l alrel i k `urkíèl `l prlhissl vkrgko simue`l l tkokebl i l tgpl `i okssk. Kl getrl`uzgrols k piík `i okssk el alrel, l hkclr si prlpkmkrë prlpkmkrë `l kodgieti ktç l getirglr `k piík, ktrkvisske`l k supiraïhgi supirglr, cktirkc i geairglr. K pkrti `k okssk io hletktl hlo k dksi `l alrel kdslrvi l hkclr plr hle`uíèl i k qui istë io hletktl hlo l kr, kdslrvi plr hlevihíèl i grrk`gkíèl. K tiopirkturk `l alrel pkrk hlhíèl `ls pèis vkg vkrgkr ietri ;=>¶ H i 44>¶ H. [uke`l `urketi l hlzgoietl k piík `i okssk o kssk kchkeík k tiopirkturk kl ri`lr `i ;>>¶ H, k ëmuk geghgk l prlhissl `i ivkplrkíèl. Isti prlhissl `i ogmrkíèl `k ëmuk si `ë `i `ietrl prk alrk. El oloietl io qui isti prlhissl `gogeug, hloiík k alrokíèl `k hkshk hufk ispissurk `ipie`i `k `urkíèl `l hlzgoietl. Bë tkodço `urketi l hlzgoietl uo kuoietl `l vlcuoi vl cuoi `l pèl. Gstl si `ë pick `gcktkíèl `l mës i l kuoietl `l vkplr `i ëmuk `ivg`l î tiopirkturk `l alrel. K okssk slari uo rëpg`l kuoietl `i vlcuoi, qui kchkeík l `isievlcvgoietl oëxgol `iplgs `i uo tiopl (9 k ;> ogeutls) vkrgëvic `i khlr`l hlo l pisl, alrok i qukcg`k`i `k okssk. Hlr `k hkshk K hlr g`ikc `i uo pèl sirgk uok hlr `lurk`l getiesk ek pkrti `i hgok i `lurk`k pëcg`k eks cktirkgs. K hlr `k hrlstk vkg `ipie`ir `k tiopirkturk ek qukc alg kssk`l l pèl dio hlol `ls gemri`gietis kmrimk`ls ek okssk. K hlclrkíèl hlclrkíèl tkodço pl`i vkrgkr hlealroi ls gemri`gietis utgcgzk`ls utgcgzk`ls pkrk pgehickr k okssk ketis `i civë-ck î hlhíèl.
^TL@YPL
TIXYCPK@L
Lvl getigrl + ëmuk
Drgcbl i hlr
Lvl getigrl + cigti
Drgcbl, hlr i hrlstk okhgk
Hckrk `i lvl + ëmuk
Drgcbl i hrlstk `urk
Ëmuk
Hrlstk hrlhketi 40
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Akrgebk
Pixturk i hletrksti
Cigti lu hrioi `i cigti
Hlr i hrlstk okhgk
Glmurti
Hlr kviroicbk`k
Tisargkoietl Ls pèis kl skïrio `l alrel, istèl hlo k tiopirkturk dkstketi icivk`k i `ivio sir risargk`ls ketis `i sirio aktgk`ls i plstirglroieti iodkck`ls. K alrok okgs sgopcis `i risargkoietl ç io tiopirkturk kodgieti, sie`l uo prlhissl cietl i qui eihissgtk `i dkstketi ispkíl. Lutrk alrok ixgstieti, plrço, ristrgtks î prl`uíèl io ishkck ge`ustrgkc, sèl ks istigrks istirgcgzk`ks qui si olvio cietkoieti i io hlestketi vietgckíèl.
Hletrlci `i qukcg`k`i @iviols rikcgzkr k kvkcgkíèl `l prl`utl agekc `i khlr`l hlo hrgtçrgls prç-istkdicihg`ls qui kuxgcgio k `itirogekr ks akcbks lhlrrg`ks `urketi l prlhissl. Eisti oloietl sipkrkols ls prl`utls qui eèl istèl `i khlr`l hlo ls pk`rùis `i qukcg`k`i ogegokoieti ixgmg`ls. Hrgtçrgls6
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Ol`ickmio ‘ l Ol`ickmio ‘ l aihbl `ivi istkr vlctk`l pkrk dkgxl vlcuoi ‘ vlcuoi ‘ ge`ipie`ieti ge`ipie`ieti `k alrok l pèl `ivi istkr hrishg`l i uegalroi
hlclrkíèl ‘ prlplrhglekc hlclrkíèl ‘ prlplrhglekc î quketg`k`i `i kíöhkr prisieti ek okssk. K hlclrkíèl vkrgk `i kokricl ishurl k okrrlo, hlealroi k hlehietrkíèl `i kíöhkr kuoietk.
hkshk ‘ k hkshk ‘ k hkshk tkodço vkrgk `i khlr`l hlo k quketg`k`i `i kíöhkr prisieti ek rihigtk i pick prisieík `i lutrls gemri`gietis.
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^èis hlo dkgxl tilr `i kíöhkr tæo uok hkshk okgs agek, drgcbketi i hrlhketi. ^èis hlo icivk`l tilr `i kíöhkr tæo hkshk okhgk. ckstrl ‘ ckstrl ‘ ç ç k pkrti geairglr `l pèl. @ivi sir agroi, oks eèl `ivi istkr quigok`k.
49
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
tixturk ‘ ‘ ç k hlesgstæehgk getirek `l pèl. @i khlr`l hlo l tgpl `i okssk lu ol`ickmio ls kcvçlcls lu dlcbks sirèl okglris lu oielris.
krlok i skdlr ‘ skdlr ‘ Hkrkhtirgzko Hkrkhtirgzko l pèl io hle`gíùis hl e`gíùis `i hlesuol, kcço `i g`ietgaghkr plssïvigs grrimuckrg`k`is `urketi l prlhissl `i ickdlrkíèl lu krokziekmio.
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Hlrti i iodkckmio L hlrti io aktgks ç mirkcoieti utgcgzk`l pkrk pèis `i alrok i ç aigtl plr cäogeks lu hlrrigks hlrtketis. K iodkckmio pl`i sir aigtk okeukcoieti lu utgcgzke`l oëqugeks `i iodkckmio qui lpirko io kctk viclhg`k`i. Qërgls tgpls `i oktirgkgs pl`io sir ioprimk`ls hlol l hiclakei, plcgprlpgciel i plcgitgciel. @ivio prlplrhglekr dlk vgsukcgzkíèl `l prl`utl i prltiíèl î uog`k`i i kl krlok. DKCKEHIKOIEPL @I TIHIGPKX Dkckehikr rihigtks sgmegaghk `itirogekr k quketg`k`i `i hk`k gemri`gieti qui ietrkrë ek alrouckíèl `k okssk, simue`l ks hkrkhtirïstghks `isifk`ks pkrk l prl`utl agekc. Kl alrouckrols uok rihigtk quktrl aktlris `ivio sir civ civk`ls k`ls io hlesg`irkíèl6
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k aueíèl qui hk`k gemri`gieti ixirhi ek okssk i el prl`utl agekc ks plrhietkmies oëxgoks i oïegoks tlcirëvigs ks hkrkhtirïstghks getireks i ixtireks `isifk`ks pkrk l prl`utl agekc ls oçtl`ls utgcgzk`ls io pkegaghkíèl.
Agekcg`k`is `l dkckehikoietl
▦
Hletrlci `i qukcg`k`i6 istkdicihir pk`rùis `i qukcg`k`i pkrk ls prl`utls i prlhissls, kssimurke`l uegalrog`k`i ek prl`uíèl i pirogtge`l g`ietgaghkr plssïvigs akcbks el prlhissl i suks hkusks: 41
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
▦
Elrokcgzkíèl i rimgstrls6 `ishrgíèl hlopcitk `l prlhissl, gehcuge`l tiopls `i okssigrk, `ishkesl, airoietkíèl, hlhíèl, tiopirkturk `k okssk i `l alrel, tkokebl `ks piíks. Gssl pirogti qui tl`ls ls auehgleërgls `isievlcvko ks rihigtks `k oisok alrok, kuxgcgke`l ek slcuíèl `i goprivgstls i hrgke`l uok g`ietg`k`i pkrk l istkdicihgoietl:
Hletrlci `i istlqui6 prlplrhglek ri`uíèl `i hustls picl usl hlrritl `ks oktçrgksprgoks, ivgtke`l `ispir`gíl.
Hletrlci `k prl`uíèl6 plssgdgcgtk kvkcgkíèl agekehigrk `l eimøhgl ktrkvçs `l `goiesglekoietl `k prl`uíèl, `ls hustls i cuhrls.
▦
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Hëchucl `i plrhietkmio @gairieti `ks lutrks ëriks `k mkstrlelogk, k pkegaghkíèl pirogti qui si `iagek l gemri`gieti prgehgpkc i si hkchuci ls `iokgs gemri`gietis hlo dksi eisti gemri`gieti, qui elrokcoieti ç k akrgebk `i trgml. K akrgebk `i trgml ç k dksi `l pèl. Ick sirë `iageg`k hlol ;>>% i ls `iokgs gemri`gietis `ivio sir hkchuck`ls pirhietukcoieti hlol gcustrk l ixiopcl kdkgxl6 ^èl `i hkhblrrl-quieti Akrgebk Kíöhkr Xkc Oicblrk`lr Ëmuk
;>>% ;>% 4% ;% 9>%
9>>>m 9>>m ;>>m 9>m 49>> oc
Mlr`urk Airoietl
2% 9%
0>>m 49>m
4=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^krk hkchuckr k quketg`k`i `ls gemri`gietis, dkstk ouctgpcghkr l pisl `k akrgebk pick plrhietkmio `l gemri`gieti `isifk`l i `gvg`gr plr ;>>. Ix6 [uketl `iviols piskr `i airoietl sie`l 9% pkrk 9>>>m `i akrgebk `i trgml< 9>>> x 9 ? 49.>>> 6 ;>> ? 49>m `i airoietl Hëchucl `l rie`goietl ^krk hkchuckr l rie`goietl lu l eöoirl `i pèis qui sirèl prl`uzg`ls hlo uok rihigtk, dkstk `gvg`gr l pisl tltkc `k okssk picl pisl `i hk`k pèl, kge`k hru. Ixiopcl6 Akrgebk
;>>%
9>>>m
Kíöhkr Xkc Oicblrk`lr Ëmuk
;>% 4% >,9% 9>%
9>>m ;>>m 49m 49>> oc
Mlr`urk Airoietl ^isl tltkc
2% 9%
0>>m 49>m 2.==9 m
?
Xi l pisl `i hk`k pèl hru alr gmukc k 19m, pkrk skdir l eöoirl `i pèis, dkstk `gvg`gr l pisl tltkc (2.==9 m) picl pisl `l pèl hru (19m) 2.==9 6 19 ? ;89 ^lrtketl l rie`goietl sirë `i ;89 pèis.
42
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
IRIO^CL @I AGHBK PÇHEGHK AGHB AG HBK K P HE HEGH GHK K AØTOYCK6 ^ÈL HBKCCKB TIE@GOIEPL OKXXK DTYPK6
^IXL ^LTHGLEK@L YEGPËTGL6
GEMTI@GIEPIX
%
[P@I.
YEG@K@I
Ëmuk
88
;7>
Mrkoks
Mioks
4;
;4>
Mrkoks
Airoietl Arishl
9,4
8>
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i Prgml
;>>
9=>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr
;>
1>
Mrkoks
Xkc
4
;;
Mrkoks
Oketigmk
;>
1>
Mrkoks
HYXPL
HYXPL PLPKC OD6 HYXPL PLPKC YEG.6 OÇPL@L @I ^TL@YÍÈL
;. Ogsturkr k ëmuk, ks mioks i l airoietl. 4. K`ghglei k akrgebk i l kíöhkr. 8. Agekcoieti, fueti k oketigmk i l skc i dktir ek viclhg`k`i oç`gk plr == ‘ ‘ ;> ;> ogeutls. 0. @ishkeskr ek oisk uetk`k plr 7> ogeutls. 9. Koksskr i `gvg`gr hlealroi `isifk`l `isifk`l i `ishkeskr plr okgs 4> ogeutls. 1. Ol`ickr uok trkeík lu dlcikr. =. Airoietkr ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi. 2. Ksskr io alrel ;7>¶H, ;7>¶H, el hkclr sihl ktç ktgemgr hlclrkíèl hlclrkíèl `lurk`k.
47
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
PIXPI @L MCÖPIE
AGHBK PÇHEGHK AØTOYCK6 PIXPI @L MCÖPIE TIE@GOIEPL OKXXK DTYPK6 GEMTI@GIEPIX
%
Akrgebk `i trgml
;>>
Ëmuk
99
^IXL ^LTHGLEK@L YEGPËTGL6 [P@I. YEG@K@I HYXPL
HYXPL PLPKC OD6 HYXPL PLPKC YEG.6 OÇPL@L @I ^TL@YÍÈL
;. ^ripkrkr k okssk okeukcoieti ogsturke`l ls gemri`gietis ktç ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik. 4. @igxkr k okssk oirmucbk`k io ëmuk plr 8> ogeutls 8. Ckvkr k okssk io ëmuk hlrrieti ktç ritgrkr hlopcitkoieti l kog`l. 0. Qirgaghkr si k okssk kge`k hletço kog`l kpirtke`l k okssk sldri uo
rihgpgieti hlo ëmuk cgopk. Xi ks mltks tgemgrio k ëmuk hletgeukr ckvke`l. 9. Dktir k okssk sldri uok supiraïhgi sihk pkrk ritgrkr l ixhissl `i uog`k`i. 1. ^iskr k okssk pkrk skdir l pisl `l mcötie öog`l. Isti vkclr `gvg`g`l plr 8
iqugvkci kl pisl `l mcötie sihl. =. Dlcikr k okssk 2. Ksskr io alrel 4>>¶ H plr kprlxgok`koieti 8> ogeutls. 7. Isargkr i kvkcgkr.
@IAIGPLX @L ^ÈL I XYKX HKYXKX ^luhl vlcuoi
Ougtl skc ^luhl airoietl ^luhl cïqug`l Akrgebk arkhk
8>
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Ougtl vlcuoi
Kpkræehgk `iaigtulsk
Hrlstk rkhbk`k lu grrlopg`k
Oglcl ougtl `iesl - aihbk`l
Ougtl mrlssigrl lu kdirtl
Oglcl khgezietk`l
^luhl lu ougtl tiopl `i ogsturk Alrel quieti `iokgs ^luhl skc Ougtl airoietl Ougtk airoietkíèl Irrl ek `gvgsèl `k okssk Ougtl cïqug`l Akrgebk arkhk Ol`ickmio goprøprgk Airoietkíèl lu hrishgoietl goprøprgls Ougtl vkplr el alrel Ougtl tiopl `i ogsturk Okssk pluhl airoietk`k Ol`ickmio goprøprgk ‘ goprøprgk ‘ kdirturk kdirturk vgrk`k pkrk hgok ^luhl hkclr el alrel Alrel ougtl quieti Qkplr gesuaghgieti PIRPYTK Ougtl skc ^luhl cïqug`l ^luhl airoietl ^luhk airoietkíèl Ougtl airoietl Ougtl cïqug`l Piopl `i ogsturk gehlrritl Airoietkíèl goprøprgk Alrok ougtl mrke`i Piopl `i airoietkíèl lu tiopirkturk ougtl kctls
8;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Ktgvg`k`is prëtghks `i pkegaghkíèl6 ^ÈL @I ALTOK DTKEHL (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
^lrhietkmio
8>>
Mrkoks
;>>%
;19 - ;2>
Mrkoks
99% - 1>%
Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Airoietl dglcømghl Arishl
81
Mrkoks
;4%
;4
Mrkoks
0%
Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
;4
Mrkoks
0%
Xkc Tiagek`l
1
Mrkoks
4%
Cigti io ^ø Getimrkc Oicblrk`lr pkrk pèis
;2 8
Mrkoks Mrkoks
1% ;%
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Ëmuk
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) Oketigmk Hckrgaghk`k
;9
Mrkoks
-
(pkrk pgehickr) Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr)
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
8.
Hkchuckr l vlcuoi `k alrok i k quketg`k`i `i okssk k sir usk`k pkrk hk`k alrok.
0.
^rç-ol`ickr k okssk i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 9. Ol`ickr simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. 84
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL 1.
Yetkr k alrok hlo øcil i hlclhkr k okssk hlo ks pletks vgrk`ks pkrk dkgxl. @igxkr airoietkr ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi.
=. Ksskr
hlo hkclr sihl, ;2>¶H, plr kprlxgok`koieti 4> ogeutls. (ktgemgr ;>>¶ H el siu getirglr lu kl dktir el aue`l akzir dkrucbl `i lhl)
2.
Titgrkr `l alrel, `isiealrokr olrel i pgehickr oketigmk hckrgaghk`k ek pkrti supirglr (lphglekc).
7.
Tisargkr sldri uok mricbk.
88
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^ÈL ATKEHÆX (^TÇ-OGXPYTK) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k ^rç-ogsturk pkrk ^èl Arkehæs
Mrkoks
;>>%
Ëmuk Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks Mrkoks
99% - 1>% ;%
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr)
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik geghgkr l dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
8.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 7>m i ol`ickr utgcgzke`l k ol`ick`lrk.
0. Khle`ghglekr
io kssk`igrks hkeick`ks uetk`ks hlo øcil i airoietkr ktç
`ldrkrio `i vlcuoi. 9.
Akzir ls hlrtis hlo kuxïcgl `k cäogek `i pkegaghkíèl simuge`l k lrgietkíèl
`l Hbia. 1. Ksskr hlo vkplr, 4;> ¾H, plr hirhk `i ;9 ogeutls. =.
Titgrkr l pèl `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
80
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^ÈL @I KCBL Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks Mrkoks
;>>% ;,4%
Dkebk Kegokc Tiagek`k
Mrkoks
0%
Kcbl Argtl Mrkeuck`l
Mrkoks
8%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
4%
Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
9%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks
4>%
Mrkoks
99%
Ëmuk Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Okgleisi
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) 8>> Mrkoks
-
;9>
Mrkoks
[uigfl Ouíkrick (rkck`l)
;>>
Mrkoks
-
Xkc Tiagek`l
>9
Mrkoks
-
Kcbl Tlxl
0>
Mrkoks
-
Xkcsk Cgsk
49
Mrkoks
-
^goietk `l Tigel ^ritk
4
Mrkoks
-
Kzigti `i Lcgvk Ixtrk Qgrmio Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr)
;9
Mrkoks
-
4>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl `l Tihbigl6 ;.
^ghkr agekoieti k skcsk i risirvkr.
4.
^rlhisskr l kcbl hlo l kzigti i risirvkr.
8.
Tkckr l quigfl ouíkrick el rkcl agel i risirvkr.
0.
^ripkrkr k oketigmk io pletl `i plok`k (si eihissërgl utgcgzkr dkti`igrk)
9. Khrishietkr
tl`ls ls gemri`gietis ktç blolmieigzkr. blolmieigzkr. 89
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;. Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl. 4. Kpøs ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 8. @gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i ;>>m, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 0. Ol`ickr `i khlr`l hlo lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. 9. Khle`ghglekr io kssk`igrks uetk`ks i civkr k airoietk`lrk ktç qui `ldrio `i vlcuoi. 1. ^rç-ksskr k sihl, ;=> ¾H plr kprlxgok`koieti ;> ogeutls. o geutls. =. Tisargkr i rikcgzkr ls hlrtis simuge`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i pgehickr l rihbigl `i oketigmk els hlrtis. 2. Agekcgzkr el alrel l hlzgoietl, k ;=> ¾H plr 1 ogeutls. 7. Tisargkr sldri mricbk.
81
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^ÈL KYXPTKCGKEL Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl)
Mrkoks
79%
Akrgebk `i Prgml Getimrkc Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks Mrkoks
9% 4%
Kíöhkr Okshkvl
Mrkoks
;>%
Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Lvl Drkehl tgpl Ixtrk
Mrkoks
;4%
Mrkoks
;>%
Mrkoks
0%
Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
4%
Hkhku io ^ø Ëmuk Oic `i Kdicbk
Mrkoks Mrkoks Mrkoks
8% 98% - 92% ;4%
Issæehgk `i oic
Mrkoks
>,=%
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
;>>>
Mrkoks
-
Cigti io ^ø Getimrkc
Agekcgzkíèl Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr) Audë Ogolsl (pkrk `ihlrkr) Ol`l `i pripkrl `k okssk6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l oitk`i `l kíöhkr i ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l ristketi `l kíöhkr, l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, k`ghglekr l hriolr tërtkrl i dktir plr pluhls simue`ls.
8.
Titgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
0.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 7> mrkoks, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 8=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL 9.
Ol`ickr simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia, agekcgzkr hlo k `ihlrkíèl `i audë i khle`ghglekr io kssk`igrks uetk`ks hlo øcil.
1.
Airoietkr ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi.
=. Ksskr 2.
k sihl, ;29 ¾H, plr hirhk `i ;9 ogeutls. ogeutls.
Titgrkr ls pèis `l alrel i risargkr sldri sl dri mricbk.
82
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^ÈL @I AYDË Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Audë Ogolsl Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks Mrkoks
49% ;,9%
Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
;9%
Oicblrk`lr pkrk ^èis
Mrkoks
;%
Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Irvk-`lhi Xihk
Mrkoks
;>%
Mrkoks
;%
Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
;,4%
Cigti Getimrkc
Mrkoks
=4%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks Agekcgzkíèl (trgl)
;>%
Audk Ogolsl (pkrk `ihlrkr) Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr)
;>>
Mrkoks
-
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl)
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 4.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l l cigti kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
8. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, k`ghglekr k irvk-`lhi i dktir pkrk
blolmieigzkr. 0.
Titgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
9.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i ;>>m, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo pcëstghl agcoi.
1.
Ol`ickr hlealroi lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i agekcgzkr hlo k `ihlrkíèl `i audë, khle`ghglekr io kssk`igrk uetk`k hlo øcil. 87
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL =.
Airoietkr ktç mkebkr vlcuoi, ritgrkr i rikcgzkr ls hlrtis hlo kuxïcgl `k cäogek `i pkegaghkíèl, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia.
2. Ksskr 7.
k sihl, ;29 ¾H, plr hirhk `i ;9 ogeutls.
Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
0>
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^ÈL @I BKODÖTMYIT I BLP-@LM Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Ëmuk Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks Mrkoks
99% - 1>% ;4%
Mrkoks
;%
Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
7%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
4%
Cigti io ^ø Getimrkc
Mrkoks
8%
Oicblrk`lr pkrk ^èis
Mrkoks
;%
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) 8> Mrkoks
Oketigmk Hckrgaghk`k (pkrk pgehickr) Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr) Mirmicgo (`ihlrkíèl)
-
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl d ktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
8.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i =>m, prç-ol`ickr (dlcikr) i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
0.
Ol`ickr simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i si alr l hksl, hlclhkr hldirturk `i mirmicgo simue`l k ixpcghkíèl.
9. Khle`ghglekr
io uok kssk`igrk uetk`k uetk`k hlo øcil i airoietkr ktç k `ldrk. 0;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL 1. Ksskr
hlo hkclr sihl, ;7>¶H, plr kprlxgok`koieti ;4 k ;9 ogeutls.
=.
^gehickr oketigmk hckrgaghk`k `irritg`k, goi`gktkoieti kpøs ritgrkr `l alrel.
2.
Tisargkr sldri uok mricbk. KOITGHKE BLP-@LM BLP-@LM (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
^èl `i blt-`lm
>8
Yeg`k`i
Xkcsghbk tgpl vgiek
8
Yeg`k`is
Olcbl tgpl jithbup
1>
Mrkoks
Olcbl tgpl olstkr`k
09
Mrkoks
^ghjcis `i pipgel
8
Yeg`k`is
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Ckogekr l pipgel i risirvkr. 4. Hlzgebkr k skcsghbk plr 8 ogeutls io ëmuk airvieti. 8. Kdrgr
l pèl picl hietrl, tie`l l hug`k`l `i eèl eèl sipkrkr ks oitk`is.
0.
Hlclhkr k skcsghbk el hietrl i `ihlrkr hlo l jithbup, k olstkr`k i l pipgel agekoieti ckogek`l.
9.
Xirvgr goi`gktkoieti.
04
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
ALYMKXXI Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
;%
Mrkoks
9=%
Mrkoks
2%
Mrkoks
0%
Mrkoks
;>%
Mrkoks
4%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
;,9%
Ëmuk `k Hlesirvk `i Kzigtlek
Mrkoks
8%
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl Ëmuk Kzigti `i Lcgvk Ixtrk Qgrmio Kíöhkr Tiagek`l Kzigtleks ^ritks sio Hkrlíl Plogcbl Arishl
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr)
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, k`ghglekr k ëmuk `k kzigtlek io viclhg`k`i ; ktç blolmieigzkr.
8.
Titgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
0.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 49>m, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. k okssk io alroktl lvkc hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i ok okssk ssk i akzir ls
9. Kdrgr
08
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
hlrtis `ihlrktgvls hlo k cäogek `i pkegaghkíèl simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. 1. Khle`ghglekr =.
Airoietkr ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi.
2. Ksskr 7.
k okssk okssk io kssk`igrk kssk`igrk uetk`k uetk`k hlo øcil i civkr pkrk pkrk airoietkr. airoietkr.
hlo vkplr, 4>> ¾H, plr hirhk `i ;> ogeutls.
Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk. MICIGK @I OLTKEML (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Olrkeml hlemick`l
49>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;>>
Mrkoks
Rkrlpi `i mcuhlsi
9>
Mrkoks
^ihtgek io pø
;
Mrkoks
Khg`l Hïtrghl
4
Mrkoks
Qg`rls pkrk krokziekr
;
Yeg`k`i
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Hlclhkr l olrkeml euok pkeick, k`ghglekr 9>m `i kíöhkr ogsturkr dio i `igxkr okhirke`l plr 8> ogeutls:
4.
Civkr kl alml pkrk airvir:
8.
Ogsturkr k pihtgek î 9>m `i kíöhkr i khrishietkr î ogsturk `k pkeick:
0.
@urketi k hlhíèl, gr khrishietke`l l ristketi `l kíöhkr io 4 k 8 k`gíùis i, plr öctgol, k mcuhlsi i ëhg`l hïtrghl:
9. Qirgaghkr 1.
el prktl mick`l, l pletl `k micigk qui `ivi istkr `iesk i drgcbketi:
Titgrkr `l alml i krokziekr k`iquk`koieti hlealroi ks lrgietkíùis `k kuck.
00
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^ÄPI AITOIEPÇI Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl)
9>>
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Ëmuk Airoietl Dglcømghl Arishl
8>> 9
Mrkoks Mrkoks
1>% ;%
Xkc Tiagek`l
;>
Mrkoks
4%
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl io dkgxk viclhg`k`i ktç ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, m cötie, ritgrkr k okssk i khle`ghgleë-ck io rihgpgieti civioieti uetk`l.
8.
Airoietkr plr 09 ogeutls i ietèl riargmirkr k 8¶H.
0.
Ytgcgzkr io ktç =4 blrks.
09
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
@LEYPX Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl)
Mrkoks
;>>%
Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl Cigti getimrkc
Mrkoks Mrkoks
4% 9>%
Miok pkstiurgzk`k
Mrkoks
;4%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
;%
Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
;9%
Oketigmk getimrkc
Mrkoks
;4%
Mckíkmio (trgl) Kíöhkr `i hleaigtigrl
4>>
Mrkoks
-
Cigti
49
Mrkoks
-
Argturk (turok) Mlr`urk vimitkc bg`rlmiek`k pkrk argturk
8>>>
Mrkoks
-
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) Hleaigtls hlclrg`ls
4>
Mrkoks
-
Hleaigtls `i hblhlckti
4>
Mrkoks
-
Ale`ket ge`ustrgkcgzk`l
;>>
Mrkoks
-
Hblhlckti kl cigti
;9>
Mrkoks
-
Micçgk `i olrkeml
-
-
-
Hlrketi io mic rlsk
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
Hlrketi io mic kzuc
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
Xelw sumkr
;>>
Mrkoks
-
;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l l cigti kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs 8.
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie.
Titgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr 8> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 01
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL 0.
Hlo k kfu`k `i uo rlcl, kdrgr k okssk hlo ;,9ho `i kcturk i hlrtkr ls keçgs hlo l kuxïcgl `i krls hlrtk`lris, utgcgzke`l uo krl `i 2ho ixtirekoieti i uo `i 4,9ho pkrk l hietrl.
9.
Lrmkegzkr ks piíks sldri uo pkpic oketigmk i airoietkr plr kprlxgok`koieti 8> ogeutls.
1.
Argtkr io mlr`urk k ;19¶H ktç qui agquio `lurk`ls. Qgrkr el oigl `l prlhissl.
=.
Ishlrrir l ixhissl `i mlr`urk.
2.
Tisargkr sldri mricbk.
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl `k mckíkmio6 ;. K`ghglekr
l cigti kls pluhls el kíöhkr `i hleaigtigrl.
0=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
DKMYIPPI Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl)
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Ëmuk Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
=>%
Mrkoks Mrkoks
;,4% 4%
^äti Airoietçi
Mrkoks
4>%
Agekcgzkíèl Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr) Akrgebk `i Prgml (pkrk plcvgcbkr)
4> ;>>
Ogcgcgtrls Mrkoks
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Hlclhkr ek dkti`igrk tl`k k akrgebk i hirhk `i 2>% `k ëmuk. Dktir ek viclhg`k`i cietk plr 0 ogeutls i rikcgzkr uok kutøcgsi ietri 4> i 0> ogeutls.
4. K`ghglekr
l airoietl i dktir k okssk ktç ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
8. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io
uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr 8> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. Tikcgzkr uok `ldrk i `ishkeskr okgs 4> ogeutls. 0.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 8>>m, prç-ol`ickr `i khlr`l hlo lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i `ishkeskr plr 4> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
9.
Ol`ickr simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i khle`ghglekr io hluhbi ieakrgebk`l lu io kssk`igrks hkeick`ks, uetk`ks hlo øcil.
1.
Airoietkr ktç mkebkr vlcuoi.
=.
Akzir ls hlrtis `gkmlekgs hlo cäogek `i pkegaghkíèl simuge`l lrgietkíùis `l Hbia.
2. Ksskr 7.
hlo vkplr, 40> ¾H, plr hirhk `i 4> ogeutls.
Titgrkr l pèl `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk. 02
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
DKMYIPPI KY FKODLO IP ATLOKMI (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Dkmuitti
>4
Yeg`k`i
Oketigmk [uigfl tgpl Iooietkc lu Mruyâri aktgk`l agel ^risuetl hlo hkpk `i mlr`urk aktgk`l agel Oketigmk getimrkc
1> ;9>
Mrkoks Mrkoks
4>>
Mrkoks
1>
Mrkoks
;
Yeg`k`i
[.D.
Yeg`k`i
;>
Ogcgcgtrls
Kzigti `i lcgvk ixtrk vgrmio ^goietk `l rigel io mrèls
[.D. [.D.
Mrkoks Mrkoks
Xkc riagek`l
[.D. 1>
Mrkoks Mrkoks
Plokti hkroio pluhl ok`url aktgk`l Kcakhi argsçi Qgekmri `i vgebl drkehl
C'Kehgieei Olstkr`k C'Kehgieei Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Hlrtkr k dkmuitti kl oigl i ispkcbkr k oketigmk ek pkrti getirek `k dksi `l pèl i k olstkr`k ek pkrti p krti getirek `k tkopk. Tisirvkr.
4.
Xldri k dksi `l pèl, hlclhkr ks aktgks `i quigfl, l prisuetl, l tlokti i l kcakhi tiopirk`ls hlo l vgekmri, skc i pgoietk.
8.
Aihbkr ks dkmuittis, hlrtë-cks kl oigl i sirvgr goi`gktkoieti.
07
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
HGKDKPPK Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
8%
Mrkoks
4%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks
8>%
Ëmuk
Mrkoks
=>% - =0%
Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
;%
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Kzigti `i Lcgvk Ixtrk Qgrmio Xkc Tiagek`l
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) Kzigti `i Lcgvk Ixtrk Qgrmio (pkrk uetkr)
;>>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 ;. Ogsturkr akrgebk `i trgml i ëmuk, `ke`l geïhgl kl prlhissl `i kutøcgsi, plr 49 ogeutls. 4.
Dktir k okssk k`ghgleke`l k`ghgleke`l l civkge, l airoietl dglcømghl dglcøm ghl sihl, l kzigti ixtrk vgrmio i l skc, io dktgoietl sgopcis ktç ktgemgr pletl `i vçu.
8.
Titgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo kzigti i rikcgzkr k `gvgsèl pkrk qui sifko aigtks ks itkpks `i `ldrks.
0.
Tikcgzkr `uks `ldrks hlo getirvkcls `i 4> ogeutls, civke`l k airoietk`lrk
kpøs iaituë-cks. 9. Kdrgr okssk sldri supiraïhgi ieakrgebk`k i kdrgr k okssk hlealroi lrgietkíèl `l Hbia, kfustke`l siu tkokebl i utgcgzke`l okgs akrgebk io suk supiraïhgi. 1.
Hlrtkr k okssk hlealroi lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i rikcgzkr k airoietkíèl agekc io tihg`l `i cgebl ieakrgebk`l lu io kssk`igrk cgsk `ivg`koieti ieakrgebk`k.
=. Ksskr
el alrel `i ` i ckstrl, `gritkoieti ek pi`rk, hlo vkplr k 44> ¾H lu el alrel turdl, hlo vkplr k 4>> ¾H plr kprlxgok`koieti 4> ogeutls.
2.
Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk. 9>
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
ALHKHHGK Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Akrgebk `i Prgml
oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
(^kegaghkíèl) Ëmuk
Mrkoks
=>% - =2%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks
;9%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
;,9%
Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
;%
Mrkoks
2%
Mrkoks
2%
Mrkoks
9%
Kzigti `i Lcgvk Ixtrk Qgrmio Kíöhkr riagek`l Kzigti `i Lcgvk (pkrk uetkr)
Agekcgzkíùis (trgl) Agekcgzkíèl ; Kcihrgo Arishl
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
Xkc Mrlssl Kzigti `i Lcgvk Ixtrk Qgrmio
9
Mrkoks
-
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Agekcgzkíèl Plokti swiit4mrkpi
4>>
Mrkoks
-
^kroisèl
9>
Mrkoks
-
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
Okefirghèl arishl Kzigti `i Lcgvk Ixtrk Qgrmio Agekcgzkíèl 8 Hidlck rlxk io fucgieei
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
4>>
Mrkoks
-
[uigfl tgpl mlrmlezlck
;>>
Mrkoks
-
Hlmuoicl ^lrtldiccl
;>>
Mrkoks
-
Oic
8>
Mrkoks
9;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Xkc riagek`l ^goietk `l rigel io mrèls
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i iaitukr uok `ldrk ek okssk i hldrgr hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
8.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 49>m ‘ 49>m ‘ 8>>m 8>>m (`i khlr`l hlo k kssk`igrk k sir utgcgzk`k), uetkr k kssk`igrk hlo kzigti, khle`ghglekr k okssk istghke`l-
0.
k i `igxke`l-k uegalroi, simue`l k lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. Airoietkr k okssk ktç mkebkr vlcuoi.
9.
^ripkrkr ks hldirturks i kpcghkr sldri ks okssks hlealroi lrgietkíèl `l Hbia.
1. Ksskr =.
hlo vkplr, ;7> ¾H plr hirhk `i 4> ogeutls.
Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
94
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^ÈL @I QGEBL Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
oi`g`k Mrkoks
7>%
Mrkoks Mrkoks
9% 9%
Mrkoks
4%
Mrkoks
4%
Mrkoks
99%
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Akrgebk `i Hietigl Akrgebk `i Prgml Getimrkc Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl Xkc Tiagek`l Qgebl tgetl
Agekcgzkíèl Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr)
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 ;.
Civkr l vgebl kl alml ktç hloiíkr k airvurk pkrk ivkplrkíèl `l ëchllc, risargkr io dkebl okrgk `i micl.
4.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l tl`l l vgebl risargk`l i k ëmuk kls pluhls, ktç `kr pletl.
8. Kpøs
ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
0.
Titgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
9.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 49>m ‘ 49>m ‘ 8>>m 8>>m i prç-ol`ickr.
1.
Yetkr k kssk`igrk hlo øcil, ol`ickr k okssk simue`l lrgietkíèl `l hbia i airoietkr.
=.
Airoietkr k okssk ktç mkebkr vlcuoi i rikcgzkr hlrti.
2. Ksskr 7.
hlo vkplr, ;7> ¾H plr hirhk `i 4> ogeutls.
Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
98
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
OYCPGMTÈLX Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
=>%
Mrkoks Mrkoks
;9% 9%
Xiolcgek
Mrkoks
;>%
Ëmuk
Mrkoks
09%
Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
4%
Mrkoks
;,9%
Xlkjir
Mrkoks
9>%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
4%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks
4>%
Mirmicgo drkehl
Mrkoks
;4%
Cgebkík `lurk`k
Mrkoks
9%
Kvigk io aclhls Xioieti `i mgrksslc Ëmuk
Mrkoks Mrkoks Mrkoks
1% 1% 9>%
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Akrgebk `i trgml getimrkc Akrgebk `i hietigl
Xlkjir
Mirmicgo drkehl Cgebkík `lurk`k Kvigk io aclhls Xioieti `i mgrksslc
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) [.D. Mrkoks [.D. Mrkoks [.D. Mrkoks [.D. Mrkoks
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6
90
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
;.
^ripkrkr l slkjir, hlclhke`l ls gemri`gietis `i olcbl, io ëmuk olrek, ktç qui istifko hlopcitkoieti bg`rktk`ls.
^ripkrkr k okssk picl oçtl`l `gritl: 8. Kssgo qui q ui istgvir prøxgok `l pletl g`ikc, k` k`ghglekr ghglekr i gehlrplrkr l slkjir (pripkrk`l ketirglroieti), l mirmicgo i k cgebk cgebkk: 4.
0.
@ishkeskr k okssk sldri uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil plr 4> oge.. Dlcikr i `ishkeskr elvkoieti:
9.
^rlhi`ir hlo k ol`ickmio hlealroi gestruíèl `l Hbia i khle`ghgleë-ck io uok alrok uetk`k:
1. Kssgo
qui `ldrkr `i vlcuoi, v lcuoi, akzir pistkeks i civkr kl alrel hlo vkplr, k 44> ̆ H, plr 4> ogeutls, kprlxgok`koieti: 44>
=.
Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mrk`i. L^IE XKE@]GHB (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
^èl ouctgmrèl
>1
Aktgks
Kzigti `i lcgvk ixtrkvgrmio
09
Ogcgcgtrls
Øcil pkrk argturk Okíè vir`i io cäogeks
09 ;/4
Ogcgcgtrls Yeg`k`i
Hgdlucitti agekoieti pghk`k
[.D.
Okíl
Cgoèl sghgcgkel (suhl i rkspks) @gcc arishl
;/4 [.D.
Yeg`k`i Okíl
Hriko hbiisi
7>
Mrkoks
Hidlck rlxk io hudls piquiels
;/0
Yeg`k`i
Kvlhk`l
;
Yeg`k`i
Plokti @çdlrk ok`url i agroi io hudls piquiels Xkc riagek`l
¿
Yeg`k`i
[.D.
-
^goietk `l rigel io mrèls
[.D.
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 99
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL ;.
Hlrtkr l pèl ouctgmrèls io aktgks `i ;,9 ho i risirvkr.
4.
Piopirkr l hriko hbiisi hlo ks zists i l suhl `i cgoèl.
8. K`ghglekr 0.
l `gcc i k hgdlucitti. Kfustkr l skc i k pgoietk.
Oletkr ls ske`uïhbis ek simugeti lr`io6 dksi `l pèl, hriko hbiisi tiopirk`l, cäogeks `i okíè vir`i, cäogeks `i kvlhk`l, hidlck io hudls piquiels, tlokti io hudls piquiels, pgoietk `l rigel olï`k ek blrk i kzigti `i lcgvk.
9.
Xirvgr goi`gktkoieti.
91
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^ÈL @I DKPKPK Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
49%
Øcil `i Ogcbl
Mrkoks
=,9%
Lvl Drkehl tgpl Ixtrk
Mrkoks
;>%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
4%
Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
8%
Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
;,4%
Cigti Getimrkc
Mrkoks
0>%
Civkge (lphglekc) Ëmuk
Mrkoks Mrkoks
4>% 9>%
Oicblrk`lr
Mrkoks
;%
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Dktktk io Aclhls
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) Miok `i Lvl (pkrk immwksb) [uigfl Hktupgry Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr)
;>>
Mrkoks
-
49>
Mrkoks
-
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k quketg`k`i `i cigti tltkc i k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
8.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 9>m, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls
hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 0. Ol`ickr i rihbikr, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i khle`ghglekr io 9=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
kssk`igrks uetk`ks. 9.
1. =.
Airoietkr ktç qui `ldrio `i tkokebl, ritgrkr i pgehickr l immwksb aigtl hlo ks mioks k`ghglek`ks `i uo pluhl `i ëmuk, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. Ksskr hlo hkclr sihl, ;29 ¾H, plr kprlxgok`koieti ;9 ogeutls. Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
92
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
HBKCCKB Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
44%
Mrkoks
;,9%
Mrkoks
89% - 0>%
Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
;4%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
;%
Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Issæehgk `i Dkuegcbk
Mrkoks
;4%
Mrkoks
;%
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Miok `i Lvl pkstiurgzk`k Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl Ëmuk
Miok `i Lvl (pkrk immwksb) Xioieti `i ^kpluck
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) ;>> Mrkoks
-
4>
Mrkoks
-
Kíöhkr Hrgstkc
9>
Mrkoks
-
Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr)
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Akzir uok isplefk `i 8>% hlo k akrgebk `i trgml, ëmuk i tl`l l airoietl. Airoietkr plr 8> ogeutls lu ktç qui `ldri `i vlcuoi ek airoietk`lrk.
4.
Dktir k okssk uske`l l oçtl`l ge`gritl, hlclhke`l l ristketi `k akrgebk, k isplefk, ks mioks `i lvls i l ristketi `k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl.
8. Kpøs
ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l kíöhkr i dktir ktç blolmieigzkr.
0. K`ghglekr
k oketigmk kls pluhls i kuoietkr pkrk pk rk l dktgoietl getiesgvl, plr
ago, k`ghglekr l skc, kpøs ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 97
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL 9.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 2>m, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
1.
Ol`ickr ks trkeíks agekgs simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i khle`ghglekr io kssk`igrk uetk`k hlo øcil.
=.
Airoietkr ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi. immwksb aigtl hlo mioks i uo pluhl `i ëmuk simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i plcvgcbkr kíöhkr hrgstkc i/lu sioieti `i pkpluck.
2. Kpcghkr
7. Ksskr
io hkclr sihl, ;2> ¾H, ¾H, plr hirhk `i ;9 ogeutls.
;>. Titgrkr
`l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
1>
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
XLEBL Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Ëmuk Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl Xkc Tiagek`l Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k Mrkoks
^lrhietkmio
Mrkoks Mrkoks
9>% ;%
Mrkoks Mrkoks
;,4% ;9%
;>>%
Oketigmk getimrkc sio Xkc Cigti io ^ø Getimrkc
Mrkoks
1%
Mrkoks
0%
Lvl Drkehl tgpl Ixtrk
Mrkoks
;9%
Oicblrk`lr pkrk ^èis
Mrkoks
;%
Cigti getimrkc
Hrioi `i Hleaigtigrl (trgl) 8>> Ogcgcgtrls
Akvk `i Dkuegcbk
;/8
Yeg`k`i
Miok pkstiurgzk`k
=9
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
1>
Mrkoks
Kog`l `i ogcbl
49
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
8>
Mrkoks
Agekcgzkíèl (turok) Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk argturk) Kíöhkr Gopkcpëvic (pkrk `ihlrkr)
8>>>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
9>>
Mrkoks
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl Hrioi `i Hleaigtigrl6
;. Io uok pkeick, civkr l cigti i k dkuegcbk kl alml pkrk kquihir ktç civketkr airvurk. 4. Io lutrk vksgcbk dktir ks mioks i l kíöhkr ktç blolmieigzkr. K`ghglekr l kog`l `i ogcbl pieigrk`l. 8. @irrkokr hug`k`lskoieti l cigti sldri issk ogsturk, akzie`l k tiopirkmio. 1;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
0. Civkr k ogsturk kl alml drke`l i hlzgebkr cietkoieti sio pkrkr `i oixir ktç k ogsturk hloiíkr k aghkr ispissk. 9. Titgrkr goi`gktkoieti `l alml i khrishietkr k oketigmk mick`k io hudls. Tisargkr io dkebl okrgk gevirtg`l hldirtl hlo uo pkpic agcoi iehlstk`l sldri l hrioi i risirvk`l mick`l. Ol`l `i ^ripkrl Okssk6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietlgetiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë hlclhë-ck -ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk
hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 8. @gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 1>m, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutlshldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 0.
Ol`ickr simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i khle`ghglekr io kssk`igrk uetk`k.
9.
Airoietkr ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi.
1.
Argtkr io øcil quieti (;=> ¾H) ktç qui istifko `lurk`ls i hlo hlclrkíèluegalroi io kodls ls ck`ls. ck` ls.
=.
Ishlrrir sldri mricbk, sihë-cls hlo pkpic kdslrvieti i risargë-cls sldrimricbk.
2.
Akzir l hlrti simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia, rihbikr hlo l hrioi hleaigtigrl.
7.
^lcvgcbkr kíöhkr gopkcpëvic kpøs agekcgzk`l.
14
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
HGEEKOLE TLCC XIOGALCBK@L Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
4%
Oicblrk`lr pkrk ^èis
Mrkoks
;%
Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl Ëmuk
Mrkoks
;%
Mrkoks
92%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks
;9%
Mrkoks
;==%
Mrkoks
49%
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Xkc Tiagek`l
Pltkc Alcbkmio Okrmkrgek pkrk Xiogalcbk`ls (Mrk`gek)
Agekcgzkíèl
Hkeick io ^ø
9
Mrkoks
-
Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
2>
Mrkoks
-
Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Ale`ket
9>
Mrkoks
-
;>> 9>
Mrkoks
-
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr) Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;. Kdrgr
k okrmkrgek pkrk alcbkmio hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia.
4.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
8. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie arëmgc, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck hlclhë -ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
0.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls gmukgs, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
18
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL 9. Kdrgr
k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk ktç l tkokebl suaghgieti pkrk gesiríèl `k okrmkrgek `i alcbkmio, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. (prlhissl `i alcbkmio utgcgzk`l el Hrlgssket)
1. Kdrgr
k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk io alroktl ritäemucl ritäem ucl pkrk
iaitukr uok `ldrk sgopcis, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. @ishkeskr k okssk sld riargmirkíèl plr ;> ogeutls. 2. Kdrgr k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk io alroktl `i ritkemucl i, simuge`l k lrgietkíèl `l Hbia, ispkcbkr l rihbigl `igxke`l uok dlr`k `i 4ho plr tl`k vlctk `k okssk. =.
7.
Ierlckr k okssk hlopcitkoieti `i khlr`l hlo gestruíèl i hlo kuxïcgl `i uok akhk, `i uok ispëtuck `i pkegaghkíèl `i oitkc lu cgebk, hlrtkr k okssk io aktgks `i 8 ho.
;>. Khlol`kr
okssk io kssk`igrk uetk`k i civkr pkrk airoietkr, ktç qui `ldri `i vlcuoi.
;;. Ksskr
hlo vkplr, 4>> ¾H, plr hirhk `i 4> ogeutls.
;4. Titgrkr
`l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk. ;8. Kpcghkr ale`ket `ihlrktgvl quke`l istgvir hlopcitkoieti argl.
10
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
HTLGXXKEP Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
4%
Mrkoks
;4%
Mrkoks
49%
Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
1%
Mrkoks
;,4%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks
;>%
Ëmuk
Mrkoks Mrkoks
49 % ;2;,4%
Mrkoks
9>%
;4>
Mrkoks
-
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Xkc Tiagek`l Kíöhkr Tiagek`l Cigti getimrkc
Pltkc Alcbkmio
Okrmkrgek pkrk Xiogalcbk`ls (Mrk`gek) Agekcgzkíèl Lvl Drkehl tgpl Ixtrk (pkrk pgehickr) Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr) Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;. Kdrgr
k okrmkrgek pkrk alcbkmio hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia.
4.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
8. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie arëmgc, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck hlclhë -ck
io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 0.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls gmukgs, prç-ol`ickr p rç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls
19
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 9. Kdrgr
k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk ktç l tkokebl suaghgieti pkrk gesiríèl `k okrmkrgek `i alcbkmio, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. (agmurk ;)
1.
Kdrgr k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk io alroktl ritäemucl pkrk iaitukr uok `ldrk sgopcis, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. (agmurk 4)
=.
@ishkeskr k okssk sld riargmirkíèl plr ;> ogeutls.
2.
Tipitgr l prlhissl `i `ldrk plr okgs `uks vizis, rispigtke`l l oisol tiopl `i `ishkesl ietri icks.
7. Kdrgr
k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk io alroktl ritäemucl hlo
ispissurk geairglr k = oo. Ol`ickmio Agekc `ls Hrlgsskets6 ;. Hlrtkr k okssk io trgäemucls hlo dksi `i ;4 ho i kcturk `i 4; ho. (agmurk 8) 4. Tikcgzkr uo piquiel hlrti ek dksi `l trgäemucl pkrk ierlckr l hrlgssket hlealroi lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. (agmurk 0 i 9) Agekcgzkíèl6 ;. Khle`ghglekr okssks ol`ick`ks io kssk`igrks uetk`ks hlo øcil lu hlo kuxïcgl `i uo tkpiti `i sgcghlei. 4. Airoietkr k okssk ktç mkebkr vlcuoi. 8. Titgrkr airoietk`lrk i pgehickr immwksb el oloietl `i ksskr. 0. Ksskr hlo hkclr sihl, ;7> ¾H, plr kprlxgok`koieti 49 ogeutls. 9. Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
11
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
^KGE KY HBLHLCKP Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
4%
Mrkoks
;4%
Mrkoks
49%
Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
1%
Mrkoks
;,4%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks
;>%
Ëmuk
Mrkoks Mrkoks
49 % ;2;,4
Mrkoks
9>%
;4>
Mrkoks
-
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
9>
Mrkoks
-
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Xkc Tiagek`l Kíöhkr Tiagek`l Cigti getimrkc
Pltkc Alcbkmio
Okrmkrgek pkrk Xiogalcbk`ls (Mrk`gek) Agekcgzkíèl Lvl Drkehl tgpl Ixtrk (pkrk pgehickr) Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr) Dätle `i Hblhlckti Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;. Kdrgr
k okrmkrgek pkrk alcbkmio hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia.
4.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
8. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie arëmgc, ritgrkr k o okssk kssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk
1=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL ^KEGAGHKÍÈL
hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 0.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls gmukgs, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
9. Kdrgr
k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk ktç l tkokebl suaghgieti
pkrk gesiríèl `k okrmkrgek `i alcbkmio, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. (agmurk ;) 1. Kdrgr
k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk io alroktl ritäemucl pkrk iaitukr uok `ldrk sgopcis, simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. (agmurk 4)
=.
@ishkeskr k okssk sld riargmirkíèl plr ;> ogeutls.
2.
Tipitgr l prlhissl `i `ldrk plr okgs `uks vizis, rispigtke`l l oisol tiopl `i `ishkesl ietri icks.
7. Kdrgr
k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk io alroktl ritäemucl hlo ispissurk geairglr k = oo.
Ol`ickmio Agekc `l ^kge ku Hblhlckt6 ;. Hlrtkr k okssk io ritäemucls hlo oi`g`ks `i 2 ho R `i ;4 ho. (agmurk 1) 4. Ierlckr hlealroi lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. (agmurk 1) Agekcgzkíèl6 ;. Khle`ghglekr okssks ol`ick`ks io kssk`igrks uetk`ks hlo øcil lu hlo kuxïcgl `i uo tkpiti `i sgcghlei. 4. Airoietkr k okssk ktç mkebkr vlcuoi. vl cuoi. 8. Titgrkr airoietk`lrk i pgehickr immwksb el oloietl `i ksskr. 0. Ksskr hlo hkclr sihl, ;7> ¾H, plr kprlxgok`koieti 49 ogeutls. 9. Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
12
HYTXL @I PIHELCLMGK IO MKXPTLELOGK
^KEGAGHKÍÈL
Agmurk 4
Agmurk 8
Agmurk 9
Agmurk 0
17
HYTXL @I PIHELCLMGK IO MKXPTLELOGK
Agmurk 1
^KEGAGHKÍÈL
=>
HYTXL @I PIHELCLMGK IO MKXPTLELOGK
^KEGAGHKÍÈL
DTGLHBI Î PÆPI I DTGLHBI EKEPITTI
Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
;,4%
^äti airioietçi vgieelgsi (lphglekc) Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
;>%
Mrkoks
;9%
Xkc Tiagek`l Oketigmk Getimrkc sio Xkc Cigti Getimrkc
Mrkoks
;,2%
Mrkoks
89%
Mrkoks
4>%
Lvl Drkehl tgpl Ixtrk Pltkc
Mrkoks Mrkoks
0>% 448%
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
;>>
Mrkoks
-
Agekcgzkíèl Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr) Lvl Drkehl tgpl Ixtrk (pkrk pgehickr) Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6
;.
4.
Akzir uok isplefk `i 8>% i airoietkr plr 49 ogeutls. Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l ge`gritl, hlclhke`l l cigti kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr mrk`ukcoieti k oketigmk io hudls piquiels i mick`k i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
8. Kpøs
ldtir k gehlrplrkíèl gehlrplrk íèl tltkc `i oketigmk, o ketigmk, k`ghglekr l skc i hletgeukr l dktgoietl ktç k okssk ktgemgr hkrkhtirïstghk cgsk i icëstghk.
0.
Titgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok kssk`igrk uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl sld riargmirkíèl pkrk qui agroi elvkoieti.
9.
@gvg`gr k okssk io plríùis `i 9>m pkrk ls Drglhbis Î Pæti i pkrk l Drglhbi Eketirri, utgcgzkr l hëchucl `i alrok i `gvg`gr l risuctk`l ldtg`l
=;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
plr 1, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 1.
Yetkr ks alroks `i drglhbi hlo øcil.
=.
Ol`ickr simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i khle`ghgleë-cks eks alroksprivgkoieti uetk`ks.
2. 7.
Airoietkr k okssk ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi. ^gehickr ls drglhbis hlo immwksb ketis `l oloietl `i ksskr.
;>. Ksskr
hlo hkclr sihl, ;7> ¾H plr kprlxgok`koieti kprlxgok` koieti ;> ogeutls (Î Pæti)i 49 ogeutls (Eketirri).
;;. Titgrkr
`l alrel, `isiealrokr iequketl istgvir olrel i agekcgzkr
lrisargkoietl sldri mricbk.
Ol`ickmio `l Drglhbi Î Pæti6 Ixiopcl ;
Ixiopcl 4
=4
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
DTGMK@IGTL ‘ DKDJK DTGMK@IGTL ‘ DKDJK (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Hrioi `i cigti arishl Cigti hle`iesk`l
4>> 879
Mrkoks Mrkoks
Hblhlckti oigl kokrml
;=>
Mrkoks
;
Mrkoks
Xkc
Agekcgzkíèl Oketigmk getimrkc
;>
Mrkoks
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;. Io uok pkeick, fuetkr tl`ls ls gemri`gietis i civkr kl alml. 4. Oketir el alml kctl oixie`l o ixie`l siopri, ktç k airvurk. Kpøs, ri`uzgr, trkdkcbkr io alml oç`gl oixie`l siopri ktç `ismru`kr `l aue`l `k pkeick. 8. Hlclhkr io uo prktl aue`l uetk`l hlo oketigmk pkrk risargkr. 0. Tisirvkr pkrk Dkdjk.
DKDJK Gemri`gietis Akrgebk `i trgml
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k Mrkoks
^lrhietkmio ;>>%
Cigti getimrkc
Ogcgcgtrls
49 ~ 89%
Airoietl gestketkeil sihl Kíöhkr riagek`l
Mrkoks
4%
Mrkoks
;0%
Xkc riagek`l
Mrkoks
;,9%
Issæehgk `i dkuegcbk
Mrkoks
>,=%
Elz olshk`k rkck`k
Mrkoks
>,4% =8
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Lvl tgpl ixtrk drkehl
Mrkoks
8>%
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
Mrkoks
8>%
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) Hblhlckti alreiëvic io mltks Miok pkstiurgzk`k
;>>
Mrkoks
4>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 9. Akzir uok isplefk `i 8>% hlo k akrgebk `i trgml, ëmuk i tl`l l airoietl. Airoietkr plr 8> ogeutls lu ktç qui `ldri `i vlcuoi ek airoietk`lrk. 1. Dktir k okssk uske`l l oçtl`l ge`gritl, hlclhke`l l ristketi `k akrgebk, k isplefk, ks mioks `i lvls i l ristketi `k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl. =. Kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i dktir ktç blolmieigzkr. 2. K`ghglekr k oketigmk kls pluhls i kuoietkr pkrk l dktgoietl getiesgvl, plr ago, k`ghglekr l skc, kpøs ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 7. @gvg`gr k okssk, prç-ol`ickr prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. ;>. Tihbikr i ol`ickr simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i khle`ghglekr io kssk`igrk `i pèl `i alrok, uetk`k hlo øcil. ;;. Airoietkr ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi. ;4. Kpcghkr immwksb aigtl hlo mioks i uo pluhl `i ëmuk simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i plcvgcbkr kíöhkr hrgstkc. ;8. Ksskr io hkclr sihl, ;2> ¾H, plr hirhk `i ;9 ogeutls. ;0. Titgrkr `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
=0
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
XPLCCIE Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Xkc
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
4%
Kíuhkr
Mrkoks
9%
Cigti
Mrkoks
01%
Miok `i lvl
Mrkoks
;>%
Airoietl dglcømghl sihl
Mrkoks
4%
Oketigmk
Mrkoks
0>%
Yvks pkssks drkehks
Mrkoks
0>%
Hkshk `i ckrkefk hrgstkcgzk`k Koæe`lks getigrks sio hkshk Tuo hkrtk lrl
Mrkoks
4>%
Mrkoks
;9%
Mrkoks
9%
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) Okrzgpè
;9>
Mrkoks
Lvl tgpl ixtrk
;
Yeg`k`i
-
Cigti
;>
Ogcggtrls
-
Koæe`lks ckogek`ks
9>
Mrkoks
-
Kíöhkr `i hleaigtigrl
8>
Mrkoks
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Akzir uok isplefk `i 8>% hlo k akrgebk `i trgml, cigti i tl`l l airoietl,airoietkr plr ;9 ogeutls ek airoietk`lrk.
4.
Dktir k okssk uske`l l oçtl`l ge`gritl, hlclhke`l l ristketi `k akrgebk, k isplefk, ks mioks `i lvls i l ristketi `l cigti kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik,
k`ghglekr l kíöhkr i dktir ktç blolmieigzkr. 8. K`ghglekr k oketigmk io pletl `i plok`k i kuoietkr pkrk l
dktgoietl getiesgvl, plr ago, k`ghglekr l skc, kpøs ldtir k =9
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie. 0.
Ti`uzgr k viclhg`k`i i k`ghglekr ks pkssks, k ckrkefk i ks koæe`lks.
9.
Titgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck sldri uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i`ishkeskr plr 8> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
1.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 89>m, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutlshldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
=.
Ol`ickr rihbike`l hlo el okrzgpè i agekcgzkr simuge`l k lrgietkíèl `l Hbia.
2. Khle`ghglekr 7.
io alrok uetk`k hlo øcil.
Airoietkr ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi.
;>. Ksskr
io hkclr sihl, ;=9 ¾H, plr hirhk `i 4> ogeutls.
;;. Titgrkr
`l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
=1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
^ÈL @I HKO^KMEI Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Akrgebk `i Prgml Getimrkc
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
2>%
Mrkoks
;>%
Akrgebk `i Hietigl
Mrkoks
;>%
Ëmuk
Mrkoks
1>% - =>%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
4,9%
Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
;%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks
4>%
Agekcgzkíèl (trgls) Akrgebk `i Prgml (pkrk plcvgcbkr) Øcil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr)
4>>
Mrkoks
-
9>
Ogcgcgtrls
-
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhë-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr 8> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
8.
Tikcgzkr uok `ldrk i `ishkeskr okgs 8> ogeutls.
0.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 0>>m, prç-ol`ickr i `ishkeskr plr 9 ogeutlshldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
9.
Ol`ickr simue`l lrgietkíèl `l Hbia i khle`ghglekr io dkeittle hlo tluhk `ishkrtëvic i ieakrgebk`k.
1.
Airoietkr ktç mkebkr vlcuoi.
=.
Tikcgzkr hlrtis hlo cäogek `i pkegaghkíèl simuge`l lrgietkíùis `l Hbia.
2. Ksskr 7.
hlo vkplr, 40>¾H, 40>¾H, plr hirhk `i 4> ogeutls.
Titgrkr l pèl `l alrel i risargkr sldri mricbk.
==
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
^ÈL ^GPK Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Mrkoks
;>>%
Mrkoks
9>%
Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks
;%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
4%
Kíöhkr Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
8%
Kzigti `i Lcgvk Hlouo
Mrkoks
0%
Mrkoks
;1>%
Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Ëmuk
Pltkc cil `i Ogcbl (pkrk uetkr) Kzigti `i lcgvk ixtrk vgrmio Vkktkr
Agekcgzkíèl 4> Ogcgcgtrls 8>>
Ogcgcgtrls
0>
Mrkoks
-
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 ;.
Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietl getiesgvl.
4. Kpøs
ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i
hlclhk-ck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hloagcoi pcëstghl. 8.
@gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 2>m hk`k. Ol`ickr i `igxkr `ishkeskr plr;> plr;> ogeutls hldirtks hlo agcoi pcëstghl.
0. Kdrgr 9. 1.
k okssk hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl `i okssk, `ke`l alroktl ri`le`l.
Ksskr ek hbkok `l almèl `i khlr`l hlo lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. Tisargkr ls pèis io uok mricbk.
=2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
^GVVK Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i
^lrhietkmio
Oi`g`k Akrgebk `i Prgml (^kegaghkíèl) Airoietl Dglcømghl Xihl
Mrkoks Mrkoks
;>>% ;%
Civkge (lphglekc)
Mrkoks
;>%
Xkc Tiagek`l
Mrkoks
4,9%
Ëmuk
Mrkoks
1>%
Kzigti `i lcgvk
Mrkoks
9%
Olcbl (trgl) Plokti ^icktg (cktk)
8
Yeg`k`is
-
Kcbl Tlxl (`ieti)
¿
Yeg`k`i
-
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
9
Mrkoks
-
Xkc Tiagek`l
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
^goietk `l Tigel ^ritk
[.D.
Mrkoks
-
Kzigti `i Lcgvk Ixtrk Qgrmio Okefirghèl Arishl
Agekcgzkíèl (trgl) [uigfl Ouíkrick (rkck`l)
8>>
Mrkoks
-
[uigfl ^kroisèl (rkck`l)
9>
Mrkoks
-
[uigfl Mlrmlezlck (rkck`l) Lrçmkel Xihl
8>
Mrkoks
-
;>
Mrkoks
-
Plokti @idlrk (aktgk`l)
;
Yeg`k`i
-
Cgemugík Hkckdrisk (aktgk`k agek) Kzigtlek ^ritk hlo Hkrlíl Hidlck ^irk (aktgk`k)
;9>
Mrkoks
-
9>
Mrkoks
-
;
Yeg`k`i
-
Kzigti `i Lcgvk Ixtrk
;9>
Mrkoks
-
Qgrmio Hktupgry (dgsekmk)
49>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl `l Olcbl6
=7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
;. Isokmkr ls tloktis picktgs hlo ks oèls, k`ghglekr l `ieti `i kcbl agekoietipghk`l i l okefirghèl. 4. Hlrrgmgr ls tiopirls hlo skc, pgoietk `l rigel i kzigti i risirvkr. Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ;. Dktir k okssk uske`l oçtl`l `gritl, hlclhke`l k ëmuk kls pluhls ktç `kr pletl, kpøs ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik, k`ghglekr l skc i geghgkr dktgoietlgetiesgvl. 4. Kpøs ldtir k alrokíèl `k ri`i `i mcötie, ritgrkr k okssk i hlclhëck io uok supiraïhgi uetk`k hlo øcil i `ishkeskr plr ;> ogeutls hldirtk hlo agcoi pcëstghl. 8. @gvg`gr k okssk io pi`kíls `i 49>m ‘ ‘ 8>>m, prç-ol`ickr i khle`ghglekr io kssk`igrk plcvgcbk`k `i akrgebk. 0. Airoietkr ktç `ldrkr `i vlcuoi. 9. Kdrgr k okssk simue`l lrgietkíèl lrgietkíèl `l Hbia. 1. Ksskr hlo hkclr sihl, 8>> ¾H `gritkoieti sldri k pi`rk. =. Titgrkr `l alrel quke`l k hldirturk istgvir quieti, `irritg`k i k oksskhlopcitkoieti `lurk`k. 2. Xirvgr goi`gktkoieti.
2>
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
TIAITÆEHGKX HKYQKGE, Xtkeciy ^.: Wluem, Cge`k X. Pihelclmgk `k ^kegaghkíèl ‘ ^kegaghkíèl ‘ 4ª 4ª i`gíèl. Xèl ^kucl,Okelci, 4>;9. MKCQIX, Okrgkek `i Hkstrl ^krifk. Pçheghks `i pkegaghkíèl i okssk. okssk. Xèl ^kucl, Irghk, 4>;0.MGXXCIGE, ]kyei. ^kegaghkíèl i hleaigtkrgk prlagssglekgs. prlagssglekgs. Xèl ^kucl, Okelci, 4>;0. XYKX, Oghbic. ^kegaghkíèl i Qgieelgsirgi. Qgieelgsirgi. Yok kdlr`kmio prlagssglekc. Xèl ^kucl6 HiemkmiCikregem, 4>;4.
2;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HLEAIGPKTGK - GEPTL@YÍÈL PIØTGHK DTIQI BGXPØTGK @K ^ÄPGXXITGI L prgoigrl dlcl `i qui si tio rimgstrl, irk uok ogsturk ru`goietkr `i kzigti, akrgebk i oic hbkok`k Ldçcgks (lairie`k) qui `ktk `i hgehl ogc kels K.H., ek Mrçhgk. L dlcl-lairie`k riprisietke`l kegokgs irk `iplsgtk`l el kctkr `ks `gvge`k`is eks hirgoðegks rgtukgs. Jrgdkei, uo dlcl io alrok `i okok kpickvk pick airtgcg`k`i i kdue`äehgk. Clml ls dlcls röstghls pksskrko k okrhkr rgtls `i pksskmio `ks istkíùis `l kel i `ls bloies hlol kegvirsërgls, hkskoietls ith. hk`k viz okgs iergquihg`ls hlo arutks hlol6 agmls, täokrks, uvks pkssks: sioietis tkgs hlol6 sioieti `i pkpluck i mirmicgo: i ispihgkrgks. [uktrlhietls kels ketis `k Irk Hrgstè fë si `imustkvk uo dlcl `i quigfl drkehl lu `i oic `i Ëtghk, io Ktieks. L kíöhkr ç lrgmgeërgl `k Ïe`gk i khri`gtkvk-si qui tirgk sg`l hrgk`l plr Qgsbwkogtrk pkrk kcgoietkr ls `iusis. Ls imïphgls i ls ërkdis alrko ls mrke`is risplesëvigs picl riagel i `gausèl `l kíöhkr (sujjkr io ërkdi) qui hbimlu kl Lhg`ieti hlo Ks Hruzk`ks el agekc `l sçh. R, quke`l ietèl, irk vie`g`l io alrok `i hleis hlopkhtls, hbkok`ls –pèl –pèl `i köhkr‟, köhkr‟, io Qieizk. Prkzg`l plr çpghgirs, hloirhgkcgzk`ls io dltghërgls hlol oi`ghkoietl pkrk l trktkoietl `i `lr `i hkdiík, aidri, ipgcipsgk i oickehlcgk, l kíöhkr irk uo prl`utl ougtl rkrl i hustkvk hustkvk hkrl. K Xghïcgk alg k prgoigrk hg`k`i `l Lhg`ieti k huctgvkr k hkek-`i-kíöhkr. Io ;4=> irk plssïvic hloprkr `lhis hlol agcbøs `ihlrk`ls hlo gokmies ricgmglsks i bøstgks `ls –ludclgirs‟, –ludclgirs‟, eks ruks `i ^krgs, kls `logemls i eks aistks plpuckris. Ietèl, ls –pkstghgirs–pkstghgirs -bkshbgirs‟, akdrghketis `i `i pkstks `i hkrei, kegokgs `i hkík lu pigxis, tiopirk`ls hlo ougtks ispihgkrgks i
24
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
hldirtks hlo mlr`urk `i dlg lu dkebk `i plrhl (tirrgeis), akzgko tkodço l pkpic `i keagtrgèl els dkequitis i aistks `i hkskoietl qui rikcgzkvko. El agekc `l sçh. RGQ ks oirhikrgks vie`gko pèis `lhis i uo mrke`i eöoirl `i pisslks akdrghkvk dlcl. Io ;988, l hkskoietl `i Hktbirgei `i Oç`ghgs hlo Biergqui GG `k Arkeík, geacuiehglu `i alrok `ihgsgvk k mkstrlelogk arkehisk. Hktbirgei trluxi `i suk hlrti aclrietgek kcço `i hlzgebigrls gtkcgkels, uok elvk okeigrk `i hloir. Eks sldrioisks siu `lhigrl ^lpicgeg hletrgdugu hlo k ^äti î Hblux, l Hrâoi Arkemgpkei i l Vkdkmcglei, pu`ges `i lvls, slrvitis, dgshlgtls i okssks `i koæe`lks, kcço `i micçgks, hlopltks, `lhis i cghlris `i arutks. Irk l Tiekshgoietl. Ks ou`keíks `i ktgtu`i io rickíèl î vg`k si okegaistkvko eks `gvirsks alroks `i krti, hleskmrke`l tkodço l mlstl `ks icgtis slhgkgs pick hleaigtkrgk. Io ^lrtumkc l kíöhkr prlviegieti `k Ok`igrk i `ks hlcðegks, risuctlu io uok krti `lhigrk hlevietukc. Hlo k akhgcg`k`i `l kíöhkr, cgvri `i goplstls, i k akrturk `i lvls i koæe`lks, arigrks bkdgcg`lsks dktgzkvko hlo elois hicistgkgs suks hrgkíùis `gvgeks. Ietri ls sçhs. RQG i RQGG pri`logelu l mlstl arkehæs. Alg k çplhk `k pkstk `i koæe`lks i `ls `lhis hleaigtk`ls. Ks hlrtis rikgs iurlpçgks rihrutkvko ls oicblris krtgstks `l kíöhkr. Xurmio ls oiriemuis, ls okhkrles, l hrâoi aluittçi, l pkge `‗çpghi, `‗çpghi, ol`ick`l io alroks `i ok`igrk, i euoirlsls dgshlgtls. Ks pripkrkíùis pkssko k sir pirauok`ks hlo ls cghlris gtkcgkels, kssgo hlol l usl `l äodkr i `i kcoïshkr irk ariqóieti. ^lrço, ls `lhis kge`k irko sirvg`ls ietri ks riaigùis i hbkok`ls `i –ietrioits‟. Ls dlcls irko hleaihhglek`ls hlo ougtk icimäehgk i dicizk. Xurmio ls –Prgleag `i `i tkvlck‟ tkv lck‟ - mrke`is ishucturks aigtks `i kíöhkr pkrk `ihlrkr ks oisks. Xø k pkrtgr `l sçh. RQGG ç qui k Arkeík pkssk k `gsplr `l kíöhkr prlviegieti `ks Ketgcbks, oks siu priíl kge`k ç dkstketi icivk`l. Tigekvko Biergqui GQ i
28
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Okrgk `i Oç`ghgs i Ck Qirieei, irk oistri hlzgebigrl `i suk hlrti, l okgs akolsl hbia `k çplhk. Ishrgtlr getirekhglekcoieti rispigtk`l plr suk ldrk –Ci Hugsgegir arkelgs‟, –Ci arkelgs‟, Ck Qirieei ishrivi –Ci –Ci ^ätgssgir arkelgs‟ i –Ci –Ci Hleagturgir arkelgs‟, ls prgoigrls cgvrls `grgmg`ls kpieks kls hleaigtigrls. ^lr vlctk `i ;11>, ^krgs vgu surmgr suk prgoigrk slrvitirgk. Arkehishl Hkpiccg uo sghgcgkel `i hlmeloi ^rlhlpi, alg l mrke`i risplesëvic pick plpuckrgzkíèl `l slrviti ek Arkeík. Xiu hkaç prlplrhglekvk îs oucbiris k lplrtueg`k`i `i ariqóietë-cl. Clml k hg`k`i istkvk ripcitk `i –cgolek`girs‟. –cgolek`girs‟. L sçh. RQGGG si hkrkhtirgzk plr uok `iolhrktgzkíèl okglr `k hleaigtkrgk, kmlrk khissïvic tkodço î durmuisgk. K oketigmk hloiík k lhupkr uo cumkr `i `istkqui eks elvks hrgkíùis. L kíöhkr okgs kdue`keti, khicirk l hrishgoietl `k ^ätgssirgi i `iskagk k hrgktgvg`k`i `ls hleaigtigrls. Xurmio ls hkrkoicls i prkcgeçs. @k civizk `k okssk alcbk`k, surmio ls –vlc ku viet‟, ls ‟dluhbçis i i –fkclusgis‟. Ck Hbkpicci gelvk hlo k kprisietkíèl `i dlcls io hlcueks, –fkclusgis‟. hrlhketis i hriois `i pgstkhbi, io siu cgvrl – Ci hugsgegir ol`irei‟, io ;=89: dio hlol ls dlcls `ihlrk`ls hlo vglcitks i ls dgshlgtls krloktgzk`ls hlo fksogo `i lutrls krtgstks keðegols. L slrviti i l hbketgccy istèl el kumi `k ol`k. K hleaigtkrgk vgieiesi hloiík k si tlrekr hlebihg`k el geïhgl `l sçh. RGR. Pketl k Xkhbirtlrti, hrgk`k io ;284, hlol l Kpaicstru`ic sèl khlopkebkoietls grrisgstïvigs `i uo dlo hkaç lu `l Hbë `ks Hgehl, gevietk`l io ;28> pick @uquisk `i Di`alr`, ek Gemcktirrk. L bëdgtl `istk riaigíèl civi, rkpg`koieti hlequgstlu k`iptls io ^krgs qui k`ltlu itgquitks i goplrtlu cluík agek pkrk isti ago. Ls hkekpçs, agekehgirs, ok`icigeis, drglhbis i hrlgsskets, pitgts-alurs i pitgt hblux akzgko k kcimrgk `ks ok`kois i ok`iolgsiccis eks tkr`is pkrgsgiesis. K Tivlcuíèl arkehisk ou`krk k hkrk `k hg`k`i qui si vgu hlo uo eöoirl hk`k viz okglr `i hleaigtkrgks, pirtiehietis k hleaigtigrls lrgue`ls `ks hlzgebks `ls eldris. ^lrço, l mrke`i kstrl `isti sçhucl alg, sio `övg`k,
Ketlege Hkræoi. Oistri gehletistëvic `k hl hleaigtkrgk eaigtkrgk lrekoietkc, Hkræoi hrglu
20
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
ls –pgâhis oletçis‟, l hrlquiodluhbi, l Mätiku `i Xkvlgi, k Hbkrcltti russk, russk, kpiraigíllu k okssk alcbk`k i l oiriemui. @i suk hleaigtkrgk pl`gk surmgr `i ripieti, almls `i krtgaïhgl. Xius cgvrls –Ci –Ci ^ätgssgir Tlykc‟ i –Ci –Ci ^ätgssgir ^gtlrisqui‟ iesgekvko kls flvies k goplrtäehgk `k istçtghk i `l `isiebl. Xius Xius `gshïpucls Yrdkge @udlgs i Fucis Mluaaç `irko hletgeug`k`i k siu trkdkcbl `i tilrgzkíèl `k pätgssirgi io suks ldrks –Ci –Ci mrke` cgvri `is ^ätgssgirs i hleagssgirs‟ i –Ci cgvri –Ci cgvri `i pätgssirgi‟. pätgssirgi‟. El agekc `l sçh. RGR, k hleaigtkrgk arkehisk ktgemgk siu kplmiu. Hletu`l, l ixirhïhgl `k prlagssèl ixgmgk ielrois skhrgaïhgls hlo tketks lpirkíùis okeukgs6 dktir hckrks, kagekr l kíöhkr, quidrkr ks koæe`lks. L kcolakrgz lu olrtgir (pgcèl `i `uks hkdiíks) irk kpicg`k`l `i –oktk`lr –oktk`lr `i kprie`gz‟. kprie`gz‟. K hlesirvkíèl `ls prl`utls tkodço irk uo prldciok tèl mrkvi qui risuctkvk, ougtks vizis, io getlxghkíùis olrtkgs. Ktç ks ou`keíks `i istkíèl gopuebko uo elvl hkr`ëpgl. ^lrço, l priíl khissïvic `l kíöhkr istgouckvk k kdirturk `i elvls istkdicihgoietls. Alg eisti pirïl`l qui surmgrko k Akuhble `i ^krgs, hlesg`irk`k k `icghktissie `i okglr pristïmgl el oue`l, i ks prgoigrks ishlcks `i hlzgebk6 Ci Hlr`le Dciu i Tgtz Ishlaagir. Kumusti Ishlaagir tio uok pkrtghgpkíèl `ihgsgvk ek hlzgebk prlagssglekc, plgs alg ici qui hckssgaghlu k ktgvg`k`i hucgeërgk io sitlris (mkr`i-okemir, ietrioittgir, rðtgssiur, skuhgir i pätgssgir) getir`ipie`ietis, kcço `l cimk`l `i goplrtketis pudcghkíùis i `gshïpucls qui si iehkrrimkrèl `i `gvucmkr k bkuti hugsgei. Xurmgko ls prgoigrls iqugpkoietls riargmirk`ls i ls almùis k mës. Pçheghks `i pkstiurgzkíèl i hlesirvkíèl `i kcgoietls i khle`ghglekoietl io cktks trkesalrokvko l oirhk`l `i kcgoietls i akhgcgtkvko siu sgstiok `i `gstrgdugíèl.
29
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
El geïhgl `l sçhucl RR ls hleaigtigrls arkehisis fë plssuïko uo rihlebihg`l –skvlgr--akgri‟ i ougtls simugrko –skvlgr simugrko drgcbketis hkrrigrks el ixtirglr. K `ioke`k hrishieti i gehissketi `l prlagssglekc `i hlzgebk `ihlrrieti, sldritu`l, `k iairvishæehgk `l oirhk`l turïstghl, gopucsglelu mrke`is trkesalrokíùis ek ge`östrgk `i iqugpkoietls i el kpiraigílkoietl k piraigílkoietl `i utiesïcgls hucgeërgls. Ietritketl, alrko tïog`ks ks hrgkíùis `isti pirïl`l6 l dlcl `i hblhlckti, ls hriois `i oketigmk krloktgzk`ls i ls prgoigrls –mätikux ge`gvg`uics‟. Ls Ls dlcls `ihlrk`ls hlo pkstk `i koæe`lks i krkdishls io mckhæ Tlykc trkzie`l pirslekmies `i ]kct @gseiy alrko k sieskíèl `l agekc `k `çhk`k `i qukrietk. K pkrtgr `ls kels 9> uok iexurrk`k `i tihelclmgk gevk`i ks hlzgebks. Häokrks argks, vgtrgeis riargmirk`ks, ariizirs, dkti`igrks, alrels icçtrghls, ckogek`lrks, ith. kl oisol tiopl io qui surmgko elvls oktirgkgs hlol l pcëstghl, l hiclakei, ks hkgxgebks `i kcuoïegl, skhls `ishkrtëvigs. L hug`k`l hlo k bgmgiei tlrek-si hk`k viz okgs ivg`ieti hlo k hrgkíèl `i elroks i ixgmæehgks `rëstghks. Hlehursls Hlehursls `i ^ätgssirgi khgrrkvko ks `gsputks ge`gvg`ukgs, istgoucke`l k hrgktgvg`k`i i prlolvie`l k `ishldirtk `i elvls tkcietls. Mkstle Cieðtri riviriehgk`l hlol l –pkg `k Eluvicci ^ätgssirgi‟, pisqugsk`lr pisqugsk`lr gehkesëvic, kutlr `i Oirgemui `‗Kutloei, Mätiku Hlehlr`i, Hbkrcltti Hçhgci: Hçhgci: aue`k`lr `k c‗Çhlci Cieðtri `istgek`k pkrtghuckroieti, kl kpiraiglkoietl `i `i prlagssglekgs: i `i uo hlopcixl mkstrleðoghl hlo Hkaç, Prkgtiur i Dlutgqui ‘ ‘ alg l riairiehgkc pkrk tl`ls ls mrke`is kstrls qui agmurko el hieërgl mkstrleðoghl oue`gkc hlol ^girri Biroç i Arkeílgs ^kykr`. L mrke`i dllo `k hleaigtkrgk `l agekc `l sçh. RR, trluxi ks tlrtks oletk`ks io krls, hlo dksis `i `khqulgsi i dgshugt flhle`i, olussis, dkvkrlgsis, hlodgekíùis geusgtk`ks `i ispihgkrgks i arutks ixøtghks. Ls grrisgstïvigs Mätikux `‗ietrioits pkrihio `‗ietrioits pkrihio si pirpitukr ek sutgcizk `ls skdlris, tixturks i alroks
21
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
surpriie`ietis i ek rgquizk geismltëvic `i `itkcbis. K gespgrkíèl pkrk tketk hrgktgvg`k`i riplusk, ieago, io suks prøprgks trk`gíùis.
^ÄPGXXITGI ^TI^KTKÍÙIX @I DKXI HYGXXLE @Y XYHTI6
Ale`ket Hkrkoic ^rkcgeç Elumktgei
CIX OITGEMYIX6
Arkeíkgsi Gtkcgieei Xugssi
CIX ^ÄPIX6
Xçhbis6
^äti suhrçi ^äti skdcçi ^äti drgsçi/ î alehir ^kti aiugccitçi
Olccis6
^äti ë hblux ^äti k hrâpis
CIX HTÂOIX6
^ätgssgâri6
Hbgdlust Olussicgei Cçmiri
Kemckgsi6
Dkvkrlgsi Drúcçi Hrâoi Hkrkoic (Mckhi)
Hustkr`s6
Arkemgpkei Xkdkyle
Ku diurri Aluittçi Hbketgccy
2=
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CIX ^ÄPIX Î DGXHYGP6
^äti î mçelgsi ^äti î `khqulgsi ^äti dgshugt îflhle`i sgopcis i `ihlrk`l ^äti îî dgshugt ck hugccâri ^äti î dgshugt `çhlr ^äti î dgshugt plur dúhbi
CIX MKEKHBIX CIX HLYCGX CIX XKYHIX Hblhlckt Hkrkoic CIX XLYAACÇX Kssk`ls Mick`ls
CIX MCKHIX, XLTDIPX, MTKEGPÇX, ^KTAKGPX I DLODIX
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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KX ^TL@YÍÙIX6 PKTPIX, PLYTPIX I HTYODCIX MÄPIKYR IEPTIOIPX MÄPIKYR @I IEPTIOIPX CIX HKJIX I CIX MÄPIKYR @I QLWKMI @IXXITPX KYR ATYGPX @IXXITPX MCKHÇX QGIEELGXITGIX6
DTGLHBI HTLGXXKEP HBKYXXLEX KYR ^LOOIX ^IPGX ^KGEX
CIX ^IPGPX ALYTX6
XIHX6
ATKGX6
OLICCIYR6
CIX HLEAGXXITGIX6
Krcittis Hlljgis Mkcittis Okhkrles Pugcis Xkdcçs Ogeg-tkrticittis, dkrquittis ^itgt hblux, çhckgrs Ogcci-aiugccis, dluhbçis Agekehgir Ok`icigeis Ouaages Xhleis Hleagturis Okroick`is ^ätis `i arugts
CI HBLHLCKP KX ^TL@YÍÙIX 27
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[ukgs sèl ks prl`uíùis qui pl`io sir ixihutk`ks k pkrtgr `ks pripkrkíùis `i dksi< [ukc k `gairieík `i uok –tkrti‟ uok –tkrti‟ i i uo –mätiku‟< uo –mätiku‟% oiels qui k skhkrlsi
arutlsi ckhtlsi
K`lík ktç 9>% okgs qui k skhkrlsi K`lík =8% oiels qui k skhkrlsi
L tirol –köhkr‟ tirol –köhkr‟ elrokcoieti elrokcoieti riairi-si ispihgaghkoieti î skhkrlsi. [uksi tl`l l kíöhkr hloirhgkcoieti prl`uzg`l vio `k hkek-`i-kíöhkr (Xhhbkruo laaghgekruo) lu `i ditirrkdks (Ditk vucmkrgs). Isti tgpl `i ditirrkdkç uok ispçhgi qui pl`i sir pcketk`k io hcgoks tiopirk`ls lu argls le`i k hkek-`i-kíöhkr eèl ç huctgvk`k. L kíöhkr ç krokziek`l eks rkïzis drkehks i hðeghks `k ditirrkdk. Pgpls6 Kíöhkr riagek`l Kíöhkr hrgstkc Kíöhkr agel (mckíöhkr) Kíöhkr `i hleaigtigrl ‘ hleaigtigrl ‘ gopkcpëvic gopkcpëvic - ( k`ghglek`l `i 8% `i kog`l `i ogcbl) Kíöhkr okshkvl ‘ okshkvl ‘ mukr`kr mukr`kr io clhkc dio aihbk`l pkrk eèl pir`ir k uog`k`i. Kíöhkr `ioirkrk ‘ ‘ hrgstkgs `i mrèl mrlssl ievlcvg`ls plr uok hkok`k `i xkrlpi qui cbi hleairi hlr, kspihtl drgcbketi i skdlr hkrkhtirïstghl. Kíöhkr gevirtg`l - ç kquihg`l fuetl hlo uo ëhg`l qui quidrk ks olcçhucks `l kíöhkr ‘ kíöhkr ‘ tio tio k prlprgi`k`i `i risgstgr î hrgstkcgzkíèl. Eisti oisol sietg`l qui iehletrkols kcmuoks hkc`ks qui sèl k`ghglek`ks `i kcmuo ëhg`l hlol l hriolr `i tërtkrl (dgtkrtkrktl `i pltëssgl drkehl) lu kcmuoks mltks `i suhl `i
cgoèl pkrk ivgtkr suk hrgstkcgzkíèl. Oickíl ‘ Oickíl ‘ prl`utl prl`utl ldtg`l el prlhissl `i riagekoietl `l kíöhkr.
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Mcghlsi `i ogcbl ‘ ‘ `ixtrlsi - ç ekturkcoieti uo kíöhkr gevirtg`l, sie`l tkodço k`ghglek`k pkrk priviegr k hrgstkcgzkíèl quke`l l kíöhkr ç civk`l k kctks tiopirkturks Jkrl ‘ Jkrl ‘ mcghlsi mcghlsi `i ogcbl k`ghglek`k `i krloktgzketis. Oic ‘ skhkrlsi Oic ‘ skhkrlsi i arutlsi ‘ arutlsi ‘ tkodço tkodço ç uo kíöhkr gevirtg`l ekturkc. Arutlsi ‘ Arutlsi ‘ kíöhkr kíöhkr prlviegieti `ks arutks. Okpci Xyrup ‘ Xyrup ‘ kíöhkr kíöhkr prlviegieti `k sigvk `l dlr`l I`uchlrketis66 (hghckoktl i skhkrgek, kspkrtkoi, istivglsï`ils, suhrkclsi, I`uchlrketis ith.) AKTGEËHILX I KOG@LX Akrgebk `i trgml K akrgebk ç dksghkoieti hloplstk plr mlr`urks, ogeirkgs, ëmuk, kog`ls i prltiïeks (mcötie). Ixgstio akrgebks `i ougtls tgpls, hlo hkrkhtirïstghks `gairietis, usk`ks pkrk prl`utls ispihïaghls. Ks ou`keíks ek hloplsgíèl `l trgml sèl elrokcoieti `ivg`ks îs hle`gíùis `i slcl i hcgok `ks `gvirsks rimgùis le`i l mrèl ç pcketk`l, sie`l `gaïhgc oketir l pk`rèl `k akrgebk `i uo kel pkrk lutrl. Pgpls6 Akrgebk hlouo ‘ hlouo ‘ okgs okgs mrlssk ‘ mrlssk ‘ aigtk aigtk hlo k pkrti ixtirek `l ie`lspirok Akrgebk Ispihgkc ‘ ‘ aigtk `k pkrti hietrkc `l ie`lspirok ‘ ‘ tlekcg`k`i okgs hckrk i mrkeucloitrgk okgs agek. Akrgebk Getimrkc - mrèls `i trgml sèl trgturk`ls ek suk tltkcg`k`i Akrgebk hlo airoietl ‘ ‘ akrgebk ispihgkc hlo k`gíèl `i airoietl io pø quïoghl Kog`l `i ogcbl
Ç uo kmieti ispissketi. Pio l `ldrl `i pl`ir ispissketi `k akrgebk `i trgml i risuctk euo mic trkespkrieti. Kssgo hlol l trgml, l kog`l `i ogcbl `ivi
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pksskr plr uok hlhíèl, hksl hletrërgl `igxkrë uo `iskmrk`ëvic mlstl ek dlhk. @ivi airvir el oïegol plr ; ogeutl. Kpiskr `i sir okgs utgcgzk`l hlol ispissketi, tkodço si ioprimk k lutrks agekcg`k`is ici tkodço ç usk`l io hlefuetl hlo k akrgebk pkrk si si ldtir civizk i `icghk`izk io kcmuoks prl`uíùis kssk`ks. Lutrks akrgebks Açhuck `i dktktk, Akrgebk `i oke`glhk, Akrgebk `i ogcbl, Hietigl, Kvigk, audë, ith. CKPGHÏEGLX Cigti
L cigti arishl ç hloplstl `i kprlxgok`koieti 2=% `i ëmuk. L riokeishieti ç hloplstl `i søcg`ls qui hletæo mlr`urk, prltiïek prltiïek (hksiïek) i ckhtlsi (kíöhkr `l cigti). Istis hlopleietis ç qui `èl kl cigti suk hlr, skdlr i vkclr eutrghglekc. L cigti tkodço ç rghl io hëchgl, hëchgl, aøsalrl i airrl. ^rl`utls `gspleïvigs el oirhk`l6 Arishl (K, D lu H) ^kstiurgzk`l Io pø (cglagcgzk`l) Cigti ivkplrk`l ‘ ivkplrk`l ‘ 1>% 1>% `k suk ëmuk ç ritgrk`k. Getimrkgs - 0% `i mlr`urk Xiog-`isektk`ls ‘ ; Xiog-`isektk`ls ‘ ; k 4% `i mlr`urk @isektk`ls - >% `i mlr`urk Hrioi `i cigti
Pgpls6 ^kstiurgzk`l ‘ ^kstiurgzk`l ‘ arishl arishl ‘ ‘ 81% 81% `i mlr`urk
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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Blolmieigzk`l ‘ cktk Blolmieigzk`l ‘ cktk ‘ ‘ tiols tiols l cgmbt qui tio 44% `i mlr`urk YBP ‘ YBP ‘ Yctrk Yctrk Bgmb Piopirkturi ‘ Piopirkturi ‘ uctrk uctrk pkstiurgzkíèl Glmurti
Ç uo cigti airoietk`l i pl`i sir iehletrk`l `i `uks alroks6 Ekturkc @isektk`l
[uigfls
Yo `ls prgehgpkgs prl`utls `l cigti l quigfl ç aigtl k pkrtgr `l hlkcbl i ç prl`uzg`l io hietieks `i vkrgi`k`is. Ek pätgssirgi ls okgs hlouoieti usk`ls sèl6 Hriko hbiisi Okshkrplei Tghltk Hlttkmi ^kroisèl [uigfl `i hkdrk ^rl`utls istrkemigrls bikvy hriko ‘ hriko ‘ wgppgem wgppgem hriko 81% k 0>% `i mlr`urk cgmbt hriko ‘ ‘ ;2% `i mlr`urk mlr`urk (aigtl pkrk k`ghgle k`ghglekr kr el hkaç) îs vizis sudstgtuio l cigti plr ici. bkca-ke`-bkca hriko ‘ hriko ‘ oitk`i oitk`i cigti oitk`i bikvy hriko ‘ hriko ‘ usko usko el pripkrl `i slrvitis i hriois sgemci hriko (9% `i mlr`urk) usko pkrk sudstgtugr l cigti getimrkc `ludci hriko ‘ hriko ‘ 02% 02% `i mlr`urk slur hriko ‘ ‘ ;2% k 4>% `i mlr`urk i ëhg`l cëhtghl gehcuï`l io suk
hloplsgíèl
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(pl`iols ldtir uo slur hriko k`ghgleke`l uo pluhl `i vgekmri lu suhl `i cgoèl kl hrioi `i cigti arishl i `igxke`l qui ici viebk k hlkcbkr) hrioi arkåhbi ‘ ‘ lrgmio arkehisk (arishl) - ici ç uo hrioi `i cigti arishl airoietk`l hlo k k`gíèl `i uok dkhtçrgk prøprgk. K`ghgleko uok hucturk Cëhtik pkrk pkstiurgzkr l hrioi `i cigti. Duttirogcj ‘ ‘ irk l cigti qui sldrkvk quke`l `k pripkrkíèl `i oketigmk, k`ghglek`l `i kcmuoks hucturks. MLT@YTKX Ks mlr`urks sèl gemri`gietis ge`gspiesëvigs ek `gitk picl siu vkclr hkcørghl i ks suks qukcg`k`is lrmkelcçptghks. Ks mlr`urks trkesplrtko kcmuoks vgtkogeks (K, @, I i J) i alreihio ks mlr`urks issiehgkgs (ëhg`ls mrkxls), qui l lrmkegsol ç gehkpkz `i akdrghkr. ^l`iols g`ietgaghkr `lgs mrke`is mrupls `i mlr`urks ixgstietis el oirhk`l6 Mlr`urks søcg`ks io tiopirkturk kodgieti Oktçrgks mrkxks cëhtiks6 cëhtiks6 ^rl`utls `irgvk`ls ixhcusgvkoieti `l cigti. Eisti mrupl istë k Oketigmk qui plssug 2>% `i mlr`urk, ;9% `i ëmuk i 9% `i lutrls søcg`ls `i cigti i pl`i sir iehletrk`k skcmk`k i sio skc. Kcmuoks oketigmks arkehisks hbimko k tir 24% `i mlr`urk. Oktçrgks mrkxks6 mrkxks6 ^rl`utls `irgvk`ls `i oktçrgks mrkxks vimitkgs lu kegokgs. Eisti mrupl istèl gehcuï`ks k okrmkrgek i k mlr`urk `i hlhl, qui sèl `i lrgmio vimitkc. K dkebk i l sidl sèl `i lrgmio kegokc. K okrmkrgek tkodço hlebihg`k hlol mlr`urk vimitkc bg`rlmiek`k pl`i sir prlviegieti `i vërgls tgpls `i øcil, `i ogcbl, `i hkelck, `i slfk, `i mgrksslc, ith. Ixgstio mlr`urks
vimitkgs el oirhk`l ispihgkcoieti `isievlcvg`ks pkrk hk`k pripkrkíèl `k hleaigtkrgk. Mlr`urks pkrk okssk alcbk`k, pkrk dlcl (ougtl hriolsks), pkrk
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hrlgssket, hlo uo tilr okglr `i mlr`urk, ith. Io mirkc icks tæo uo tilr `i mlr`urk ietri 2> k 7>%. Mlr`urks cïqug`ks io tiopirkturk kodgieti6 Øcils ‘ ‘ `i lrgmio vimitkc i kegokc. Ls øcils okgs hlouoieti hlesuog`ls plr eøs sèl ls `i lrgmio vimitkc. Kcmues øcils pl`io sir ixtrkï`ls `i pigxis i lutrls kegokgs. @ietri ls øcils `i lrgmio kegokc l okgs hlebihg`l ç øcil `i aïmk`l `i dkhkcbku. Ls øcils vimitkgs pl`io sir ldtg`ls `i ktrkvçs `i prlhissls aïsghls, quke`l ls arutls sèl sudoitg`ls k mrke`is prissùis (kzigti `i lcgvk) lu plr prlhissls quïoghls, qui hlesgstio ek ixtrkíèl `l øcil `ks sioietis plr kíèl `i uo slcvieti quïoghl i plstirglr riagekíèl. LQLX L lvl ç alrok`l plr miok, hckrk i hkshk. Ls lvls sèl hckssgaghk`ls io6 Mrke`i ‘ Mrke`i ‘ pisk pisk ietri 18m i =>m Oç`gl ‘ Oç`gl ‘ pisk pisk ietri 98m k 18m ^iquiel - pisk oiels qui 98m ^krk iaigtls `i sudstgtugíèl hksl kcmuok rihigtk `itirogei l pisl `ls lvls io mrkoks, tlokriols plr dksi qui uo lvl oç`gl pisk kprlxgok`koieti 9>m i qui 4>m hlrrisple`io î miok i 8>m hlrrisple`io î hckrk. L lvl ç uo kcgoietl dkstketi pirihïvic i `ivi sir hlesirvk`l priairiehgkcoieti el riargmirk`lr k uok tiopirkturk geairglr k ;>¶ H, oks eèl `ioksgk`koieti dkgxk ivgtke`l siu hlemickoietl.
Io mirkc ls lvls hlesirvko suk qukcg`k`i ietri 4; i 8> `gks `iplgs `k `ktk `k iodkckmio. K hlr `k hkshk i `k miok sèl hkrkhtirïstghks sihue`ërgks i eèl
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istèl cgmk`ks kl vkclr eutrgtgvl `l lvl. K hlr `k hkshk vkg `ipie`ir `k rkík `k mkcgebk i k `k miok `l tgpl `i kcgoietkíèl `k`k î mkcgebk. K prisieík `i uo trkíl `i skemui ek miok eèl ç sgeðegol `i akctk `i qukcg`k`i lu kusæehgk `i arishlr `l lvl. Gstl si `ivi î rupturk `i hkpgckris `l lvërgl. L lvl tio uo pkpic goplrtketïssgol `ietrl `k hleaigtkrgk. Ici hleairi istruturk îs pripkrkíùis, skdlr, kmrimk vkclr eutrghg eutrghglekc, lekc, `ë hlr, ç ioucsgaghketi i k hckrk tio k prlprgi`k`i `i gehlrplrkr kr. Blfi io `gk iehletrkols tkodço ls lvls pkstiurgzk`ls, usk`ls io prl`uíùis `i mrke`i ishkck pkrk ltgogzkr l trkdkcbl i pkrk okglr simurkeík. KMIEPIX MICIGAGHKEPIX Micktgek
K micktgek ç uok prltiïek `i lrgmio kegokc. Hlebihg`k plr tgpl K (usl hucgeërgl) ick ç elrokcoieti ixtrkï`k `k pici suïek. Gehlclr, sio skdlr i hckrk ç uo kmieti micigaghketi ckrmkoieti utgcgzk`l. ^l`iols iehletrë-ck el oirhk`l `i `uks alroks, io pø i io alcbk. K micktgek ie`urihi k 4>¶ H i hloiík k `irritir k 8>¶ H. Kcmues hug`k`ls `ivio sir tlok`ls ek suk utgcgzkíèl6 Xiopri bg`rktkr k micktgek ketis `i utgcgzë-ck (io ëmuk argk) Eèl kquihir `iokgs k micktgek (suplrtk ktç 82 l H i `iplgs `gstl hloiík k pir`ir siu pl`ir micigaghketi) L pl`ir micigaghketi pl`i vkrgkr hlealroi l akdrghketi ‘ akdrghketi ‘ tistkr tistkr suk alrík si eihissërgl Xi k micktgek alr io alcbk `ivi sir oirmucbk`k io ëmuk (hk`k alcbk `i micktgek qui plssug okgs lu oiels 8 m i kdslrvi hirhk `i ;9oc `i
ëmuk) K ëmuk kdslrvg`k eèl `ivi sir `ishkrtk`k. Civi istk micktgek bg`rktk`k kl dkebl-okrgk lu kl oghrlle`ks (io pltæehgk oç`gk) pkrk `irritir i utgcgzkr.
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Xi k micktgek alr io pø, `ivi sir pucvirgzk`k sldri k ëmuk lu cïqug`l le`i sirë bg`rktk`k Elrokcoieti ;9m `i micktgek io pø lu 9 alcbks sèl suaghgietis pkrk agrokr hirhk `i 1>>oc `i cïqug`l. Xi eèl alr `isiealrokr, k quketg`k`i `i micktgek pl`i sir ri`uzg`k k ;/8. ^krk sudstgtugr micktgek io alcbk plr micktgek io pø, `iviols hkchuckr qui hk`k alcbk pisk hirhk `i 8m i kdslrvi ;9oc `i ëmuk. ^lr ixiopcl, si k rihigtk pi`gr 9 alcbks `i micktgek, `iviols sudstgtuï-cks plr ;9m `i micktgek io pø i istk `ivirë sir bg`rktk`k hlo =9oc `i ëmuk. El hksl `i arutks hlol pkpkgk, kdkhkxg, mlgkdk, jgwg, okemk, agml i okrkhufë, qui hletço uok iezgok qui gegdi k kíèl (quidrk lu `gsslcvi k istruturk `k micktgek) l risuctk`l agekc pl`i sir hloprloitg`l. Hlol oi`g`k `i privieíèl, rihloie`k-si qui si kquiík l puræ `k arutk utgcgzk`k k 2>¶ H, tiopirkturk le`i ks iezgoks sèl `istruï`ks. Kmkr-kmkr L kmkr-kmkr, pkckvrk `i lrgmio okckgk, ç uo hlcøg`i bg`rlaïcghl ixtrkï`l `i kcmuoks kcmks i, plrtketl, `i lrgmio vimitkc. ^l`i sir iehletrk`l io akroëhgks `i okegpuckíèl lu io clfks ispihgkcgzk`ks. Ici elrokcoieti ç hloirhgkcgzk`l io pø. Hlol k micktgek ç uo prl`utl `i lrgmio kegokc, ougtls vimitkrgkels pksskrko k sudstgtuï-ck picl kmkr-kmkr. L kmkr-kmkr eèl tio skdlr i l siu pl`ir micigaghketi ç lgtl vizis okglr qui l `k micktgek. Ici si tlrek agroi i `irriti io tiopirkturks okgs kctks ‘ ‘ pl`i micigaghkr io tiopirkturk kodgieti. ^krk utgcgzë-cl, dkstk bg`rktë-cl io uo cïqug`l i risirvkr plr ;9 ogeutls. Io simug`k, airvæ-cl hlo k ogsturk qui prihgsk micigaghkr. ^ihtgek
K pihtgek ç uo hkrdlg`rktl hlopcixl hlopcix l prisieti ek hkshk, sioietis i plcpk `i vërgks arutks. Kcmuoks arutks hlol okíès i hïtrghls tæo uo kctl tilr `i
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pihtgek. K pihtgek ç elrokcoieti utgcgzk`k el pripkrl `i micçgks i ç hloirhgkcgzk`k ek alrok cïqug`k lu io pø. KMIEPIX @I HTIXHGOIEPL Kmietis `i hrishgoietl pl`io sir `gvg`g`ls io træs hktimlrgks6 ;. Oihäeghls 4. [uïoghls 8. Ekturkgs ;. Oihäeghls Oihäeghls66 lhlrrio quke`l ls gemri`gietis sèl hlodgek`ls `i tkc alrok qui l kr sifk gehlrplrk`l ek okssk. Dktir ls gemri`gietis ç l ixiopcl okgs hlouo. ^lr ixiopcl, dktie`l mioks i kíöhkr, dktie`l hckrks i kíöhkr, dktie`l hrioi `i cigti, gehlrplrkols dlcbks `i kr î pripkrkíèl kuoietke`l siu vlcuoi. K okssk alcbk`k ç uo lutrl ixiopcl le`i uo kmieti `i hrishgoietl oihäeghl ç utgcgzk`l. Getirhkcke`l hkok`ks `i okssk i `i oketigmk, akziols hlo k okssk hrisík kl sir kssk`k. 4. [uïoghls [uïoghls66 Kcmuoks prl`uíùis qui civko kmietis quïoghls pl`io tkodço hlefumkr uo kmieti oihäeghl hlol dktir, pkrk ldtir uok okglr civizk lu okgs okhgiz el prl`utl agekc. Ls kmietis quïoghls okgs utgcgzk`ls sèl6 Airoietl quïoghl ‘ quïoghl ‘ alrok`l alrok`l plr uok pkrti `i dghkrdlektl `i sø`gl, `uks pkrtis `i ëhg`l qui elrokcoieti ç l hriolr tërtkrl i uo pluhl `i kog`l `i ogcbl. Xloieti io oigl cïqug`l i io hletktl hlo l hkclr ici vkg cgdirkr l `gøxg`l `i hkrdlel, risplesëvic picl hrishgoietl `l dlcl. [uketl okgs okhgk i öog`k alr k okssk okglr sirë k rikíèl `l airoietl. Dghkrdlektl `i Xø`gl ‘ ‘ Kssgo qui ietrk io hletktl hlo l oigl cïqug`l hloiík k `isprie`ir l `gøxg`l `i hkrdlel. Kcço Kcço `gstl, `igxk uo skdlr
kchkcgel, skpleëhil eks pripkrkíùis. Isti skdlr ç `l hkrdlektl `i hëchgl. ^krk eiutrkcgzkr isti skdlr, elrokcoieti eks pripkrkíùis qui civko isti kmieti `i
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
hrishgoietl, kcmuo ëhg`l ç k`ghglek`l ietri ls gemri`gietis. Isti ëhg`l vkg kfu`kr k ktgvkr l dghkrdlektl pkrk qui ici `isprie`k okgs `gøxg`l `i hkrdlel akzie`l k prl`uíèl hrishir dio hlol kfu kfu`kr `kr k `gspirskr l skdlr ge`isifëvic `l hkrdlektl `i hëchgl. Dghkrdlektl `i Koðegk lu koleïkhl ‘ ‘ ç elrokcoieti utgcgzk`l io dlckhbks i io sblrt `lumbs. ^rlplrhglek uok hrlhäehgk okglr i okgs `urk`lurk. @ivi sir siopri `gsslcvg`l io ëmuk ketis `i sir k`ghglek`l. Xiu l`lr ixtriokoieti alrti `iskpkrihi `iplgs `i ixplstl k 1>l H. Hriolr tërtkrl ‘ ‘ pl`i sir `ishrgtl hlol uo kmieti `i hrishgoietl - ç utgcgzk`l pkrk `kr okglr istkdgcg`k`i îs hckrks dktg`ks. Ici kfu`k ks prltiïeks `k hckrk k si agrokrio, pirogtge`l qui icks oketiebko okgs siu vlcuoi i alrok. 8. Ekturkgs
Okgs hlouoieti usk`ls ek pkegaghkíèl, sèl icis ls airoietls dglcømghls (Xkhhbkhkrloyhis hirivgski) i ls civkges. IX^IHGKTGKX, ITQKX I XIOIEPIX Ispihgkrgks `ivio sir oketg`ks plr el oëxgol 8 oisis, io clhkgs sihls i argls, io rihgpgietis biroitghkoieti aihbk`ls. Ks ispihgkrgks, irvks i sioietis okgs hlouoieti utgcgzk`ks ek pätgssirgi sèl6 Hkeick Hrkvl Hkr`kolol Elz olshk`k Kegz istrick`l ^goietk-`l-rigel
^goietk `k Fkokghk (kccspghi) Irvk-`lhi
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Hlogebl lu kchkrëvgk Xioieti `i mirmicgo Xioieti `i pkpluck Miemgdri Plogcbl Okefirghèl Blrticè Irvk hg`rigrk Dkuegcbk Huctgvk`k io hcgok öog`l i trlpghkc. Ç prlviegieti `i uok lrquï`ik lrgmgeërgk `k Koçrghk Hietrkc. K dkuegcbk ç uo `ls krloktgzketis okgs virsëtigs `k pätgssirgi. K dkuegcbk tio suk okglr prl`uíèl hlehietrk`k io quktrl rimgùis el oue`l, Oçxghl, Ëarghk (Ok`kmkshkr ‘ ‘ =>% `k prl`uíèl oue`gkc), Ge`leçsgk, Pkgtg. Akvk getigrk - Hlrtkols k akvk i ritgrkols suks sioietis pkrk utgcgzkr. Ixtrktl `i dkuegcbk - l ixtrktl `i dkuegcbk pl`i sir ldtg`l pick okhirkíèl `ks akvks io uok slcuíèl `i ëchllc `urketi oisis. Qkegcgek ‘ Qkegcgek ‘ alrok alrok ougtl hlehietrk`k `i ixtrktl elrokcoieti `gspleïvic kpieks pkrk prlagssglekgs. Ysk`k ge`ustrgkcoieti pkrk krloktgzkr prl`utls. Issæehgk krtgaghgkc `i dkuegcbk lu ixtrktl krtgaghgkc `i dkuegcbk ‘ ç ‘ ç ;>>% krtgaghgkc. krtgaghgkc. Xkdlr gogtkíèl `k dkuegcb dkuegcbk. k. Kíöhkr `i dkuegcbk lu kíöhkr vkegci ‘ ‘ ek`k okgs ç qui uo kíöhkr krloktgzk`l hlo dkuegcbk. ^l`iols pripkrë-cl fuetke`l uok akvk `i dkuegcbk kl kíöhkr i `igxke`l `ishkeskr plr picl oiels uok siokek. IXXÆEHGKX, IRPTKPLX I ËMYK @I ACLTIX
Ks issæehgks i ls ixtrktls sèl skdlrgzketis cïqug`ls hlehietrk`ls, ldtg`ls ktrkvçs `k okhirkíèl lu `istgckíèl `i skdlris issiehgkgs `i vërgls
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
gemri`gietis, hlol pcketks, arutks, lcikmgelsks i lutrls hlopleietis hlol hkaç i didg`ks. Xèl usk`ls pkrk `kr skdlr. Ls oicblris ixtrktls sèl ls ldtg`ls plr prlhissls ekturkgs i plssuio uo skdlr okgs hlopcixl, purl i `icghk`l. Ks issæehgks i ixtrktls sèl ougtl pltietis i `ivio sir usk`ls hlo hug`k`l, io piquieks quketg`k`is. Ls okgs iehletrk`ls el oirhk`l sèl6 koæe`lk elzis kvicès pgstkhbi dkuegcbk cgoèl kdkhkxg ëmuk `i aclr `i ckrkefigrk ëmuk `i rlsks hkaç HLTKEPIX Ls hlrketis pl`io sir ekturkgs lu krtgaghgkgs i sèl ougtl utgcgzk`ls pkrk kmrimkr hlr lu tgemgr geöoirks prl`uíùis `k hleaigtkrgk. Pl`ls ls hlrketis hloirhgkgs sèl krtgaghgkgs. Qiroicbl, kokricl, vir`i i kzuc sèl ks hlris okgs hloues. Icis sèl vie`g`ls ek alrok cïqug`k, io mic m ic i io pø. Lutrl hlrketi ougtl utgcgzk`l ç l hlrketi hkrkoicl ldtg`l ktrkvçs `k hlhíèl `l kíöhkr ktç qui quigoi. Isti hkrkoicl ç prlhissk`l pkrk riolvir l skdlr kokrml. L qui sldrk ç uo hlrketi getiesl utgcgzk`l pkrk ishurihir okssks hlol, plr ixiopcl, k `l puopireghjic. Elrokcoieti ls hlrketis sèl pltietis i `ivio sir k`ghglek`ls kls pluhls, hlo ougtl hug`k`l, ktç ktgemgr k
hlclrkíèl `isifk`k.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
CGHLTIX I DIDG@KX Xèl k`ghglek`ls îs prl`uíùis hlo k agekcg`k`i `i iergquihir siu krlok i skdlr. Mrke` Okregir Hlgetriku Kokrittl Arkemçcghl Hrioi `i Hkhku Hrioi `i Hkaç Pgk Okrgk Jkbcök Tuo Hlebkqui Krokebkqui Jgrshb (kmukr`ieti `i hirifks) Hkcvk`ls (okíè) ^lgri Hbkrtriusi Qgebls drkehls i tgetls, Okrskck, Olshktic, Qgebl Ok`igrk, Qgebl `l ^lrtl, ith. HBLHLCKPI ^rlviegieti `l arutl `l hkhkuigrl, l hblhlckti, tiheghkoieti hbkok`l `i Pbildrlok Hkhkl (kcgoietl `ls `iusis) ç uo prl`utl ougtl utgcgzk`l io tl`k k pätgssirgi. Ls tgpls okgs hloues iehletrk`ls el oirhk`l sèl6 Hkhku ;>>% - usk`l io hleaigtkrgks pkrk `kr hlr i skdlr khietuk`l io prl`uíùis
Hkhku io pø ‘ pø ‘ kchkcgel kchkcgel i l eèl kchkcgel ‘ kchkcgel ‘ pl`i pl`i sir k`lík`l lu eèl
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Hldirturk - hblhlckti okgs vgshlsl i okgs cïqug`l ‘ plssug ‘ plssug `i 8> k 0>% `i oketigmk `i hkhku - quketl okgs oketigmk `i hkhku, okgs cïqug`l i vgshlsl i okgs hkrl tkodço ‘ tkodço ‘ usk`k usk`k pkrk olc`kr i dkebkr Kokrml - (dgttirswiit hblhlckti) ‘ ktç ‘ ktç =>% `i pkstk `i hkhku Hblhlckti kl cigti - pkstk `i hkhku, kíöhkr, søcg`ls `i cigti (;0% (;0% el oïegol), dkuegcbk i oketigmk `i hkhku Hblhlckti drkehl - ls oicblris tæo kctl tilr `i oketigmk `i hkhku i cigti `isg`rktk`l lu hle`iesk`l. Eèl hletço pkstk `i hkhku ‘ ‘ kcmues hletço mlr`urk vimitkc Hblhlckti oigl kokrml - 89% pkstk `i hkhku ‘ hkhku ‘ g`ikc g`ikc sirgk `i 09 k 9>% Hblhlckti bg`rlmiek`l - tl`k k oketigmk `i hkhku ç sudstgtuï`k plr mlr`urk vimitkc bg`rlmiek`k i plr gstl eèl eihissgtk `i tiopirkmio*. LCIKMGELXKX Lcikmgelsks sèl ge`gspiesëvigs ek hlzgebk `i tl`ks ks hucturks `l oue`l. Tipcitks `i prltiïeks, vgtkogeks i ogeirkgs, sèl ixtriokoieti rghks io øcils, L qui akz hlo qui icks tiebko uo skdlr rghl i getiesl. ^l`io sir usk`ks hruks lu tlstk`ks. K ixplsgíèl `ks lcikmgelsks kl hkclr akz hlo qui icks `isprie`ko okgs skdlr i krlok. Hlesirvkíèl6 K mrke`i quketg`k`i `i øcil qui plssuio akz hlo qui icks agquio rkeílsks si krokziek`ks goprlprgkoieti lu plr ougtl tiopl. Piopirkturk kodgieti6 quktrl k sigs siokeks Mick`igrk6 ktç træs oisis Ariizir6 elvi oisis k uo kel
Lcikmgelsks tlrrk`ks `ivio sir krokziek`ks io tiopirkturk kodgieti el oëxgol plr `uks siokeks.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Koæe`lks ‘ ‘ pkrk ritgrkr ks picis `ks koæe`lks hlclhkr io ëmuk airvie`l, kmukr`kr kcmues ogeutls i ietèl ritgrkr k pici qui si slctk akhgcoieti. Kvicès ‘ pkrk Kvicès ‘ pkrk ritgrkr k pici `ks kvicès `iviols tlstë-cks el alrel k ;2>¶ H i ietèl ritgrkr k pici arghhgleke`l ks kvicès hlo ks oèls lu hlo k kfu`k `i uo pkel. Pgpls6 Elzis ^ihkes ^gstkhbis ‘ ‘ ritgrkr k pici uske`l l oisol prlhissl kpcghk`l pkrk ks koæe`lks. Hkstkebk `l ^krë Hkstkebk `i hkfu Okhk`äogk ^gelcgs Koie`lgo ‘ ritgrkr ‘ ritgrkr k pici uske`l l oisol prlhissl kpcghk`l pkrk ks kvicès. ATYPKX Arutks sèl ge`gspiesëvigs pkrk k pätgssirgi. Istèl `gspleïvigs `i vërgks alroks i sèl k kcok `i `gvirsks prl`uíùis. Arishks Hlol l prøprgl eloi `gz, ks arutks `ivio sir arishks. Xi plssïvic hlopri siopri ks arutks `k istkíèl. Xø ckvi ks arutks quke`l alr utgcgzë-cks. Yog`k`i io ixhissl pl`i khicirkr l prlhissl `i `itirglrkíèl, `itirglrkíèl, kdrivgke`l k vg`k ötgc `ks oisoks.
Hlemick`ks ^lcpks hlemick`ks sèl ougtl utgcgzk`ks ek pätgssirgi, prgehgpkcoieti io si trktke`l `i arutks ixøtghks lu qui eèl istèl `gspleïvigs `urketi tl`l tl `l l kel.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Xihks / pkssks Mckhik`ks Io hkc`k ^kstk - `kokshl, täokrks ACLTIX Kcmuoks aclris sèl hlesg`irk`ks hloistïvigs i pl`io sir usk`ks pkrk ieaigtkr i iergquihir uok prl`uíèl. @ivio sir krokziek`ks ek mick`igrk i `ivio sir utgcgzk`ks l okgs prøxgol plssïvic `i sirio sirvg`ks. Qglcitk Ckvke`k Tlsk Hkcæe`uck Ekstörhgl Fksogo Miräegl Hkologck Aclr `i pæssiml Aclr `i ckrkefigrk YPIEXÏCGLX I I[YG^KOIEPLX YPIEXÏCGLX MITKGX DËXGHLX Akhks ‘ Akhks ‘ akhk akhk mrke`i (hbia), akhk sirrgcbk`k, akhk piquiek (arutks)
Ispëtucks `i gelx (ritk) Ispëtuck `i gelx hlo `imrku (laasit) Tkspk`lr `i okssk Hkrritgcbk @ishkshk`lr `i cimuois ;;
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Dlcik`lr Vistir Tkck`lr Dkti`lr `i krkoi ‘ krkoi ‘ aluit aluit Hbgelgx ^ieigrks ‘ ^ieigrks ‘ piquieks piquieks i mrke`is Tlcls pkrk kdrgr okssk Dlwcs `i gelx Oi`g`lris ‘ Oi`g`lris ‘ xïhkrk xïhkrk i hlcbir Dkckeíks `i prihgsèl Xgcpkt ^keicks Kssk`igrks Xkhls `i hleaigtkr ‘ hleaigtkr ‘ `ishkrtëvic `ishkrtëvic lu eèl Dghls ‘ Dghls ‘ `i `i gelx lu khrïcghl i sio ioie`ks Qkzk`lris Pislurk Piroðoitrl ^gehçgs ‘ ^gehçgs ‘ hir`ks hir`ks ekturkgs i eèl `i pcëstghl ^kpic oketigmk Agcoi pcëstghl I[YG^KOIEPLX Ogsturk`lr Dkti`igrks ^rlhissk`lr `i kcgoietls
Alrels Almèl
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
YPGCGVKÍÈL @LX DGHLX @I HLEAIGPKT
Hleaigtkr sgmegaghk `ihlrkr hlo kíöhkr. L tirol ç mieçrghl, hlopriie`ie`l `is`i uo piquiel krkdishl aigtl sldri uo dgs dgshlgtl hlgtl ktç k `ihlrkíèl `i uo dlcl `i elgvks, hlo ougtls ke`kris i ripcitl `i ieaigtis ispihgkgs. Kdkgxl ls elois `ls dghls okgs hloues hlo ues i ls risuctk`ls qui pl`io sir ldtg`ls hlo k utgcgzkíèl `i hk`k uo `icis. Dghl ^ircæ
Dghl istrick (lu dghl pgtkemk)
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Dghl Alcbk
Dghl Xirrgebk
Dghls aclr lu dghl fksogo
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Dghl istrick kdirtk (lu pgtkemk kdirtk)
Dghl Hlehbgebk i dghls pkrk akzir dkdk`ls
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Dghl @lgs agls i Dghl Hbuvigrgebl
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
IXPËMGLX @I HLHÍÈL @L KÍÖHKT Istëmgl Dlcbk
Dkck
[uidrk`gíl
Hkrkoicl
Hkrkhtirïstghk
Piop
Ge`gvg`ukc
(¶H) ;;>
Qërgks
;;0
Okhgk
;;9
Oç`gk
;44
Agroi
;41
Okhgl
;4=
Oç`gl
;0;
@url
;90
Qkrgkíùis `i hlr `l `lurk`l hckrl kl okrrlo
;99 ;78
Pisti
Ytgcgzkíèl
Oirmucbkr mkral ek hkc`k, ritgrkr i slprkr. Alrokrë dlcbks.
Oiriemuis Ale`ket Au`mis
@ispifkr io ëmuk dio argk. @ivi alrokr uok dlck ietri ls `i`ls (`i okhgk k dio `urk)
Oiriemuis Dkcks tgpl hkrkoicl, micçgks, elumkt
@ispifkr io ëmuk argk. L kíöhkr `ivi ie`urihir. Kl olr`ir, eèl `ivi mru`kr els `ietis. L `url quidrk akhgcoieti kl sir ritgrk`l `k ëmuk.
Dkcks `urks, Arutks hkrkoicgzk`ks, Plaaiis, kíöhkr puxk`l, slprk`l i istgrk`l `ihlrkíùis
^gemkr kolstrks io pkpic drkehl pkrk tir uok riairæehgk vgsukc.
Krloktgzkr prl`uíùis, pu`ges, Hrlhketis ^rkcgeç Elumktgei
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HKC@KX Ldsirvke`l k tkdick khgok, vgsukcgzkols qui ixgstio `gvirsls pletls `i airvurk `l kíöhkr. K tiopirkturk ç l mugk pkrk issis `gairietis pletls. Ick ge`ghk k hlehietrkíèl `i kíöhkr, lu l pletl qui k hkc`k ktgemgu. Kl airvir uok hkc`k plr kcmuo tiopl, k ëmuk ivkplrk, l kíöhkr aghk hlehietrk`l i k hkc`k aghk hk`k viz okgs mrlssk. Ks prlprgi`k`is `k hkc`k vèl ou`kr hlealroi k hkc`k alr ivkplrke`l. ^krk oi`gr k tiopirkturk `i uok hkc`k hlo tiroðoitrl ici `ivi sir plsghglek`l `i tkc alrok qui suk pletk tlqui sloieti k hkc`k i eèl l aue`l `k pkeick. K prlplríèl `i kíöhkr io rickíèl î ëmuk pl`i vkrgkr, `ipie`ie`l `k agekcg`k`i k qui si ioprimk istk hkc`k. Hkc`k agek6 49>m `i kíöhkr pkrk 9>> oc `i ëmuk Hkc`k oç`gk6 49>m `i kíöhkr pkrk 49>oc `i ëmuk ëm uk Hkc`k mrlssk6 49>m `i kíöhkr pkrk 449oc `i ëmuk. K pkeick trk`ghglekcoieti usk`k pkrk l pripkrl `i hkc`ks ç k `i hldri. Gstl si `ivi kl aktl `l hldri sir uo øtgol hle`utlr `i hkclr i `i eèl rikmgr qugoghkoieti hlo l kíöhkr. Hug`k`ls kl si pripkrkr hkc`ks `i kíöhkr hlehietrk`ks6 @gsslcvir dio l kíöhkr ek ëmuk ketis `i civkr k hkc`k kl alml: Eèl oixir ougtl k hkc`k `iplgs qui ick civketkr airvurk: Oketir l getirglr `k pkeick cgopl. ^krk gstl, cgopkr ks cktirkgs `k pkeick hlo uo pgehic olcbk`l ek ëmuk argk.
Kl si pripkrkr hkc`ks, ç issiehgkc `gsslcvir l kíöhkr el cïqug`l. Xi bluvir alrokíèl `i hrgstkgs, lutrls sirèl hrgk`ls euok rikíèl io hk`igk i clml k hkc`k sirë uok okssk hrlhketi. Ls hrgstkgs si alroko quke`l k hkc`k ç oixg`k
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
kpøs k airvurk, lu quke`l rispgemk eks cktirkgs `k pkeick. Ivgti k alrokíèl `i hrgstkgs pgehicke`l l getirglr `k pkeick hlo ëmuk argk. Hkrkoicl L hkrkoicl tio uok geageg`k`i `i kpcghkíùis. Ici si alrok quketl k hkc`k ktgemi l pletl quidrk`gíl i hloiík k mkebkr hlr, geghgke`l hlo uo `lurk`l hckrl i ishurihie`l io simug`k. K hlr ge`ghk l skdlr6 hkrkoicl hckrl tio skdlr okgs sukvi: hkrkoicl ishurl uo skdlr okgs khietuk`l, `i elzis i uo tlqui kokrml. ^krk pripkrkr uok hkc`k `i hkrkoicl, kssgo qui ick ktgemgr k hlr k`iquk`k, ritgri k pkeick `l alml i khrishieti k ici uo pluhl `i ëmuk quieti. @æ l pletl `isifk`l hlo k ëmuk. ^rkcgeç L prkcgeç ç uo hkrkoicl sihl k`ghglek`l `i lcikmgelsks le`i trk`ghglekcoieti sèl usk`ks koæe`lks sio pici. L prkcgeç pl`i sir quidrk`l hlo uo rlcl `i okhkrrèl lu el prlhissk`lr `i kcgoietls `ipie`ie`l `k prl`uíèl le`i sirë ioprimk`l. Elumktgei Pkodço ç uo hkrkoicl k`ghglek`l `i arutks sihks, plrço hlo uok hlesgstæehgk okciëvic `ivg`l î k`gíèl `i mcuhlsi ek suk pripkrkíèl. ^lr suk okcikdgcg`k`i, iequketl quieti, l elumktgei pl`i sir olc`k`l i utgcgzk`l `i vërgks alroks. ^l`i sir hlrtk`l hlo vkzk`lris io alroktls `gairietis lu kpieks quidrk`l hlo ks oèls. Kssgo qui l elumktgei istgvir prletl `ispifi sldri uo sgcpkt lu sldri l
oërolri civioieti uetk`l. Ici isargk akhgcoieti i plr gstl `ivi sir trkdkcbk`l rkpg`koieti. Kdrk l elumktgei uske`l uo rlcl civioieti uetk`l. Xi l elumktgei isargkr ketis qui si tiebk `k`l k alrok `isifk`k, dkstk civë-cl kl alrel plr kcmues simue`ls ktç qui ici rihldri suk okcikdgcg`k`i elvkoieti.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Ale`ket L ale`ket ek`k okgs ç `l qui uok hkc`k `i kíöhkr qui ç rihrgstkcgzk`k ktç alrokr uok pkstk drkehk i okhgk. Ici ç ougtl utgcgzk`l ek pätgssirgi hlol hldirturk i `ihlrkíèl. K mcuhlsi i l hriolr `i tërtkrl vèl gevirtir pkrti `l kíöhkr akzie`l hlo qui ktgefk k quketg`k`i eihissërgk `i rihrgstkcgzkíèl. Xio istis gemri`gietis aghkrgk ougtl `gaïhgc `i trkdkcbkr. @k oisok alrok si bluvir ougtl hriolr `i tërtkrl i mcuhlsi, eèl bkvirë rihrgstkcgzkíèl suaghgieti akzie`l hlo qui l ale`ket agqui olci i kmuk`l. @iplgs `i prletl l ale`ket pl`i sir krloktgzk`l hlo cghlris, hblhlckti, hkaç, ith. Pkodço pl`iols hlclrgr l ale`ket uske`l hlrketis hloirhgkgs. Ougtks hleaigtkrgks eèl pripkrko l ale`ket. ^riairio hloprë-cl. K utgcgzkíèl `l ale`ket riquir kcmues kcmues hug`k`ls6 Bg`rktkr l ale`ket hldrge`l-l hlo ëmuk plr hirhk `i 9 ogeutls, `ishkrtkr k ëmuk io simug`k: Civkr kl alml pkrk `irritir io dkebl-okrgk i eèl uctrkpksskr ;>9¶ H pkrk qui ici eèl pirhk siu drgcbl: Hksl l ale`ket istifk mrlssl pl`iols pgemkr uo pluhl `i hkc`k lu ëmuk pkrk kageë-cl: Krokzieë-cl dio aihbk`l pkrk qui eèl rissiqui.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
OITIEMYIX Oiriemui pl`i sir `iageg`l hlol uok ogsturk `i hckrks `i lvls dktg`ks hlo kíöhkr. Kpiskr `l eloi arkehæs suk lrgmio eèl ç `lhuoietk`k, khri`gtk-si qui plssk tir vge`l `l eloi `ks hg`k`is Oirgemie (Xuïík) lu Oibrgeymbie (Kciokebk), i qui tiebk surmg`l el geïhgl `l sçh. RQG. Yo oiriemui `ivi sir aigtl `i hckrks `i lvls i kíöhkr dktg`ls fuetls pkrk qui si gehlrplri kr i alroi pghls okhgls lu agrois. Kpieks hckrks dktg`ks eèl sèl hbkok`ks `i oiriemuis, sèl sgopcisoieti hckrks dktg`ks ktç hlesgstæehgk agroi (i sihk). Ls lvls pl`io akhgcoieti prl`uzgr ispuok. [uke`l ks mioks (qui hletæo uok sudstäehgk mlr`urlsk qui `istrøg k hkpkhg`k`i `k kcduogek `i ispuokr) sèl ritgrk`ks, ks hckrks `i lvls dktg`ks pl`io kuoietkr io ktç 2 vizis siu vlcuoi. Gstl ç plssïvic mrkíks î ksslhgkíèl `i kcmuoks prltiïeks `irgvk`ks `k kcduogek. [uke`l ks hckrks sèl dktg`ks, k kcduogek alrok uok okssk istëvic `i piquiegeks dlcbks `i kr iequketl pkrti `ks olcçhucks `i prltiïek si ueio i alroko uok arëmgc ri`i qui ritço k uog`k`i (ks hckrks sèl hloplstks `i 29% `i ëmuk). Gssl sirgk suaghgieti si ks hckrks dktg`ks eèl alssio sir kssk`ks, oks hlol l kr ixpke`i quke`l kquihg`l, k ri`i `i prltiïeks `isekturk`ks ek supiraïhgi sirgk `istruï`k i goi`gktkoieti `isolrlekrgk si eèl alssi pick
prltiïek lvkcduogek. Kpiskr `i eèl tir aueíèl kcmuok iequketl ks hckrks sèl dktg`ks, ick hlkmuck quke`l kquihg`k, alroke`l suk prøprgk ri`i el oiriemui, gopi`ge`l kssgo
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
qui l oiriemui hkgk quke`l k ëmuk ivkplrk. Io lutrks pkckvrks, k lvkcduogek ç qui tlrek plssïvic trkesalrokr uok ispuok cïqug`k io uok okssk søcg`k quke`l sudoitg`k kl hkclr. Ls iaigtls `l kíöhkr - Yo oiriemui sirgk ougtl sukvi sio k k`gíèl `i kíöhkr, kcço `l kíöhkr kfu`kr k istkdgcgzkr k ispuok, ispihgkcoieti quke`l civk`l kl alrel. Xuk k`gíèl, el ietketl, ritkr`k l prlhissl `i alrokr ispuok i `gogeug l vlcuoi i k civizk `l oiriemui. Gstl ç ispihgkcoieti eltk`l quke`l l oiriemui ç dktg`l î oèl, oks oisol quke`l si utgcgzk uo dkti`lr icçtrghl l kíöhkr prihgsk sir getrl`uzg`l mrk`ukcoieti, i io ougtls hksls euehk ketis `i ks hckrks tirio kuoietk`l siu vlcuoi io ktç 0 vizis, plgs `issk alrok l kíöhkr eèl gopi`grë k kcduogek `i agrokr k ispuok. K quketg`k`i `i kíöhkr usk`k el oiriemui `ipie`irë `i khlr`l hlo k tixturk `isifk`k i l usl pritie`g`l. Oiriemuis okhgls, utgcgzk`ls io tlrtks pl`io sir aigtls hlo gmukgs pkrtis `i hckrks i kíöhkr. Oiriemuis agrois, pkrk sirio kssk`ls usukcoieti plssuio l `ldrl `k quketg`k`i `i kíöhkr. Ls iaigtls `l skc - Kssgo hlol l kíöhkr, tio iaigtls `gvirsls ek pripkrkíèl `l oiriemui. Iequketl plr uo ck`l, kmi hlol uo getiesgaghk`lr `i skdlr, plr lutrl ck`l, kuoietk l tiopl eihissërgl pkrk si dktir ks hckrks i tkodço ri`uz k hkpkhg`k`i `i ispuokr, kpiskr `i kodls lhlrririo `i alrok ougtl `gshritk. Ls iaigtls `l ëhg`l - Ëhg`l - Ëhg`l hïtrghl (suhl `i cgoèl), slcuíèl `i ëhg`l tkrtërghl lu hriolr `i tërtkrl (qui ç l skc søcg`l `l ëhg`l tkrtërghl khrishg`l `i kog`l `i ogcbl) eèl geacuiehgko io ek`k l vlcuoi `l oiriemui, oks kfu`ko k
istkdgcgzkr k ispuok ri`uzge`l l pB `k kcduogek, tlreke`l k ispuok oiels sushitïvic k `isolrlekr. Kpieks uok piquiek quketg`k`i `issk sudstäehgk `ivi sir usk`k, plgs kcço `i kctirkr l skdlr `k pripkrkíèl, pl`i gopi`gr k hlkmuckíèl `urketi k hlhíèl io alrel.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Dlwc `i hldri - Kpiskr `i si `iaie`ir l usl `i utiesïcgls `i hldri el pripkrl `i oiriemuis pkrk si ldtir uo prl`utl `i qukcg`k`i supirglr io oielr tiopl, l usl `isti io `itrgoietl `l kíl gelx ç quistgleëvic. K suplstk bkdgcg`k`i io hleairgr khg`iz îs hckrks quke`l io hletktl hlo k kcduogek ç uo aieðoiel `gshutïvic, plgs l oisol pl`i sir hlesimug`l hlo k k`gíèl `ls `iokgs ëhg`ls hgtk`ls ketirglroieti.
Dktgoietl - Oiriemuis io pghls olcis eèl simurko suk alrok, grèl kaue`kr lu hkgr. [uke`l prlprgkoieti dktg`ls io pghls agrois oketirèl l alroktl kl olc`kr hlo l skhl `i hleaigtkr. @ivi-si pl`ir vgrkr l dlwc `i hkdiík pkrk dkgxl sio qui l oiriemui hkgk. GO^LTPKEPI6 bë uok tæeui cgebk ietri pghls `urls i uo oiriemui dktg`l io ixhissl6 quke`l gssl khletihi, l oiriemui si tlrek rissihk`l, `gaïhgc `i hleaigtkr i goplssïvic `i sir gehlrplrk`l k lutrks ogsturks sio qui ristio –picltks‟ `i oiriemui plr tl`k k okssk. Oiriemuis io pghls `urls `ivio oketir l drgcbl, i eèl rissihkr lu –quidrkr‟. lu –quidrkr‟. Pgpls `i oiriemuis6 Oiriemui arkehæs - L okgs ge`ghk`l quke`l kssk`l –kl ekturkc‟, lu quke`l quke`l ogsturk`l k elzis, i quke`l utgcgzk`l hlol dksi pkrk dlcls. [uke`l pripkrk`l i kssk`l hlrritkoieti, l Oiriemui arkehæs ç dio `icghk`l, civi i arëmgc. @ivi sir hleaigtk`l lu ispkcbk`l goi`gktkoieti kpøs sir dktg`l lu ks hckrks hloiíkrèl k si sipkrkr `l kíöhkr. Isti tgpl `i oiriemui eèl `ivi sir k`ghglek`l k rihbigls qui eèl sirèl kssk`ls lu gemirg`l hru, k eèl sir qui
sifk pripkrk`l utgcgzke`l-si `i hckrks pkstiurgzk`ks, pkrk si ivgtkr k hletkogekíèl plr skcoleick.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Oiriemui gtkcgkel - Ç l okgs ge`ghk`l quke`l eihissërgl mukr`kr plr uo hurtl pirïl`l `i tiopl. Ç l okgs `iesl picl aktl `i ks hckrks istkrio pkrhgkcoieti hlzg`ks, i l qui okgs oketço l alroktl ketis `i hloiíkr k `isolrlekr. Xuk utgcgzkíèl ç rihloie`k`k prgehgpkcoieti io sldrioisks le`i ici ç gemirg`l hru lu kpieks pkrhgkcoieti hlzg`l, lu quke`l utgcgzk`l hlol rihbigl lu hldirturk. Eèl si pristk ougtl pkrk sir kssk`l, plgs si tlrek `url, hlo uok tixturk `iskmrk`ëvic. Oiriemui suïíl - ^l`i sir `ishrgtl hlol uok ogsturk ietri l oiriemui arkehæs i l gtkcgkel. Ks hckrks sèl civk`ks kl alml fuetkoieti hlo l kíöhkr ktç k tiopirkturk `i 1> H. Ç okgs aëhgc i rëpg`l `i si pripkrkr `l qui l oiriemui gtkcgkel, plrço eèl tèl istëvic, `ivie`l sir utgcgzk`l clml kpøs siu pripkrl. Hlouoieti usk`l el pripkrl `i rihbigls i hrioi oketigmk, pl`i tkodço sir olc`k`l el alroktl `i pitgt alurs i kssk`ls hlol l oiriemui arkehæs, eissi hksl, ri`uzge`l-si k quketg`k`i `i kíöhkr pkrk si ldtir okglr vlcuoi i pghls okgs agrois. Hlclrge`l i krloktgzke`l ls oiriemuis Lcikmgelsks, hkhku io pø i lutrls krloktgzketis kssgo hlol hlrketis, pl`io sir k`ghglek`ls kl oiriemui. @ivio sir gehlrplrk`ls kpøs l oiriemui ktgemgr k agroizk k`iquk`k i siopri io piquieks p iquieks quketg`k`is.
Hlhíèl
Ls oiriemuis `ivio sir kssk`ls io tiopirkturks dkgxks. Ek okglrgk `ls hksls, k tiopirkturk `ivi aghkr ietri 77-;>0¶ H. El hksl `i oiriemuis hletie`l elzis olï`ks, hlol l oiriemui fkpleæs, ks elzis grèl kdslrvir pkrti `k uog`k`i `ks hckrks, pirogtge`l qui si kssi (i siqui) okgs rkpg`koieti. Eèl si `ivi kssë-cls tketl `i alrok k sihë-cls tltkcoieti. Eèl `ivio k`qugrgr hlr quke`l kssk`ls, i sgo pirokeihir hckrls. ;4
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Krokziekoietl Hlol l oiriemui euehk `ivi sir pripkrk`l ketis hlol ogsi ie pckhi, tilrghkoieti akcke`l, quketl okgs kíöhkr si k`ghglekr, k pripkrkíèl oketirë siu vlcuoi i agroizk plr okgs tiopl sio `isolrlekr quke`l olc`k`k. Oiriemuis arkehæs i fkpleæs `ivio sir hleaigtk`ls lu ispkcbk`ls el alroktl `isifk`l goi`gktkoieti kpøs dktg`ls. L oiriemui sirë oiels istëvic io okglr prlplríèl quke`l kmgtk`l (ispkcbke`l-l lu hlclhke`l io uo skhl `i hleaigtkr) kpøs ripluskr plr uo hurtl pirïl`l `i tiopl hlol ;> ogeutls.
L oiriemui gtkcgkel i (io oielr prlplríèl) suïíl oketço k alrok plr okgs tiopl. K istkdgcg`k`i `l oiriemui gtkcgkel si `ivi î pkrhgkc hlhíèl `urketi siu pripkrl. [uke`l aigtl hlrritkoieti, pl`i `urkr vërgks blrks. El ietketl si ougtl kíöhkr mru`kr eks cktirkgs `l dlwc lu el dkti`lr (mcldl) `urketi l dktgoietl, suk `urkdgcg`k`i `gogeugrë siesgvicoieti.
Pl`l oiriemui kssk`l (sihl) ç sushitïvic k kdslrvir k uog`k`i `l kr, `ivie`l siopri sir krokziek`l io rihgpgietis dio vi`k`ls i io clhkgs sihls, pl`ie`l kssgo `urkr vërgks siokeks. El hksl `i oiriemui fkpleæs lu lutrls khrishg`ls `i elzis, l tiopl `ivi sir oielr, plgs si tlreko rkeílsls quke`l krokziek`ls plr ougtl tiopl. KX ^ÄPIX (OKXXKX HCËXXGHKX)
Ks ^ätis `‗laaghi `‗laaghi hlol hlstuoko sir hbkok`ks ks okssks dësghks, sèl utgcgzk`ks hlestketioieti ek rikcgzkíèl `i geöoirks sldrioisks i pitgts alurs. Ks tkrtis, tlurtis, tkrticittis, dkrquittis, sirvg`ks argks lu quietis, lhupko siopri uo cumkr `i `istkqui ek oisk. ^krk ks prl`uíùis skcmk`ks hlol
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
qughbi, ackoghbi i pgsskck`gâri, utgcgzk-si ^äti drgsçi i ^äti î alehir hlo ls okgs vkrgk`ls rihbigls. @i aëhgc hleaihíèl, ks okssks dksghkoieti civko mlr`urk, akrgebk, kíöhkr, skc, ëmuk i lvls i ixgmio pluhls utiesïcgls hlol krls, alroks hkeick`ks `i aue`l akcsl, alrogebks kprlprgk`ks pkrk dkrquittis i tkrticittis, i uo dlwc. ^krk tlrtks, tkrticittis i dkrquittis kssk`ks hlo arutks hlol `kokshl, okíès, koigxks, ith mukreihg`ks hlo hrâoi pätgssgâri, `ivi-si uskr uok ^äti skdcçi, ^äti drgsçi lu uok ^äti î alehir. ^krk arutks `icghk`ks `icghk`ks hlol arutks viroicbks, uvks, pærks, ith. k okssk `ivi sir kssk`k ketis `i hlclhkr l rihbigl. ^äti suhrçi, ^äti î alehir i ^äti skdcçi sèl ks okgs ge`ghk`ks. Xèl 8 tgpls `i okssks okgs hlouoieti usk`ls ek hleaigtkrgk6 ^äti Drgsçi ^äti Xkdcçi ^äti Xuhrçi K ishlcbk `k utgcgzkíèl `i hk`k okssk vkg vkrgkr `i khlr`l hlo l risuctk`l `isifk`l i l tgpl `i prl`uíèl. Ls rihbigls okgs `lhis pi`io okssks oiels `lhis, okgs eiutrks, hlol k Xkdcçi. Tihbigls `i arutks lu rihbigls okgs ëhg`ls pi`io okssks okgs `lhis hlol k Xuhrçi. Okssks Eiutrks6 ^äti Drgsçi6 Elrokcoieti eèl hletço kíöhkr i utgcgzk quketg`k`is oïegoks
`i skc. Io kcmues hksls ç k`ghglek`k `i kíöhkr qui elrokcoieti ç ek oisok prlplríèl `l skc. ^lr isti oltgvl ç uok okssk eiutrk, qui pl`i sir usk`k tketl ek hleaigtkrgk hlol ek hlzgebk quieti. Okssks `lhis6
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Ks okssks `lhis sèl dksghkoieti hloplstks `i akrgebk, kíöhkr, oketigmk i lvls (lu mioks). ^l`io tir pkrti `k akrgebk sudstgtuï`k plr akrgebk `i koæe`lk, plr ixiopcl, lu akrgebk `i lutrl tgpl `i lcikmgelsk, risuctke`l io vkrgkíùis `icghglsks. Ls lvls pl`io sir sudstgtuï`ls tltkc lu pkrhgkcoieti plr lutrls cïqug`ls eks simugetis prlplríùis6 ;>>m `i lvls ? ;49m `i hrioi `i cigti ari arishl shl 29m `i cigti getimrkc =9oc `i ëmuk
^äti Xkdcçi6 Okssk oiels `lhi qui k ^äti suhrçi i okgs `icghk`k. ^lssug vkrgkíùis hlol k Xkdcçi hkeeicci i k skdcçi `°koke`i. ^äti Xuhrçi6 Okssk okgs `lhi qui k skdcçi, ç uok okssk okgs risgstieti. @gairieík ietri ^äti Xkdcçi i ^äti Xuhrçi6 Ks `uks okssks si `gairiehgko dksghkoieti ek quketg`k`i `i kíöhkr qui civko io suk hloplsgíèl. ^äti Xkdcçi
oketigmk
kíöhkr
akrgebk
^äti Xuhrçi
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
oketigmk
kíöhkr
akrgebk
Hug`k`ls dësghls pkrk si ldtir uok dlk prl`uíèl6 L suhissl ek prl`uíèl `i uok okssk vkg `ipie`ir `i hlol k akrgebk i k mlr`urk sèl ogsturk`ks ogsturk`ks i quketl quketl `i mcötie si `isievlcvi eell prlhissl. L mcötie istë prisieti ek akrgebk i si `isievlcvi quke`l istk ç trkdkcbk`k oihkeghkoieti fuetl hlo k ëmuk. Ici ç ougtl goplrtketi ek akdrghkíèl `ls pèis, oks el hksl `l pripkrl `i tlrtks ici eèl ç `isifk`l, plgs hleairi uok ickstghg`k`i ixhissgvk î okssk akzie`l hlo qui ick si ritrkgk io `ioksgk kl sir sudoitg`k î hlhíèl. ^lr isti oltgvl ç qui ldrgmktlrgkoieti `ivi sir kpcghk`l l tiopl `i `ishkesl `k okssk ek mick`igrk kpøs l siu pripkrl. Eisti `ishkesl l mcötie vkg rickxkr i k okssk pir`irë suk ickstghg`k`i akzie`l hlo qui ritrkgk oiels kl sir kssk`k. Hug`k`ls hlo k prl`uíèl `i okssks6 ;. Eèl ogsturkr ls gemri`gietis io `ioksgk: 4. Yskr oketigmk argk lu mick`k: 8. @igxkr k okssk okssk `ishkeskr io mick`igrk plr picl oiels 8> ogeutls ketis `i utgcgzkr (pkrk rickxkr l mcötie i ivgtkr qui k okssk ritrkgk ougtl kl sir kssk`k): 0. Prkdkcbkr siopri hlo k okssk mick`k (io tiopirkturks dkgxks l mcötie si `isievlcvi oiels). 9. Kdrgr k okssk hlo rlcl io supiraïhgi ieakrgebk`k lu ietri pcëstghls pkrk
ivgtkr qui mru`i: 1. Kdrgr k okssk io ispissurk uegalroi (hirhk `i 8oo ‘ ‘ okssks ougtl ageks risuctko io prl`uíùis ougtl `icghk`ks qui pl`io akhgcoieti quidrkr. Okssks ougtl ispissks risuctko io prl`uíùis mrlssigrks):
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
=. Aurkr l aue`l `k tlrtk hlo mkral lu hldrg-ck hlo pkpic oketigmk i iehbir hlo kcmuo mrèl (aigfèl, cietgcbk, ith) els prgoigrls ogeutls `i hlhíèl, ktç qui ick oketiebk siu alroktl. Titgrkr l pkpic i ls mrèls i vlctkr kl alrel pkrk qui tirogei suk hlhíèl: 2. Ksskr siopri io alrel quieti (;2> /;7>¶ H): 7. Tisargkr sldri uok mricbk pkrk qui eèl alroi vkplr io suk dksi. Oçtl`ls `i pripkrl `ks okssks6 ;. Xkdckmi ? akrgebk + oketigmk ?5 akrlak + (cïqug`ls + kíöhkr) 4. Hrçokmi ? oketigmk + kíöhkr?5 hrioi + cïqug`ls + sihls pieigrk`ls ^ÄPI AIYGCCIPÇI Okssk alcbk`k lu ^uaa ^kstry Hloplsgíèl6 Alrok`k plr uok okssk pldri(@çtriopi) i mlr`urk pkrk `ldrkr (Plurekmi). K rickíèl `i okssk i mlr`urk pl`i vkrgkr `i 9>% k ;>>% `i k`gíèl `i mlr`urk io rickíèl kl pisl `i okssk. K k`gíèl `i mlr`urk qui ç risplesëvic picl hrishgoietl `k okssk. @ÇPTIO^I (okssk)6 (okssk)6 Okssk aigtk hlo akrgebk, oketigmk, skc i ëmuk (kcmuoks rihigtks k`ghgleko lvls io suk alrouckíèl) Akrgebk `i trgml ‘ trgml ‘ `ë `ë istruturk kl prl`utl Mlr`urk ‘ ek Mlr`urk ‘ ek okssk kmi hlol kuxgcgkr el kokhgkoietl Xkc ‘ Xkc ‘ k`ghglek k`ghglek skdlr k okssk
Ëmuk ‘ Ëmuk ‘ k`ghglek`k k`ghglek`k argk, hleairi tixturk cgsk i blolmæeik î okssk Istk okssk eèl `ivi sir ixhissgvkoieti trkdkcbk`k pkrk qui eèl `isievlcvk ougtl mcötie i agqui ougtl icëstghk.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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PLYTKMI (mlr`urk)6 quk`rk`l `i oketigmk utgcgzk`l pkrk `ldrkr ‘ ‘ risplesëvic picl iaigtl alcbk`l `k okssk. ^l`i lu eèl sir ogsturk`l hlo akrgebk. K mlr`urk utgcgzk`k pl`i sir oketigmk lu mlr`urk vimitkc bg`rlmiek`k. K mlr`urk vimitkc plssug okglr risgstæehgk kl hkclr i hlo gstl akhgcgtk l trkdkcbl. [uke`l utgcgzkols mlr`urk vimitkc, `gogeuïols l `ishkesl ietri ks `ldrks. ;> ogeutls `i `ishkesl ek mick`igrk k hk`k 4 `ldrks. Ietritketl, l skdlr `l prl`utl agekc ç geairglr kl pripkrk`l hlo oketigmk. @ldrks6 Hckssghkoieti6 1 `ldrks `i 8 /`ldrks sgopcis / tlur / sgemci tures 0 `ldrks `i 0 /`ldrks `upcks/ tlur / `ludcç tures Ysko tkodço 9 `ldrks `i 8 Io skck `i kuck akriols 0 `ldrks `i 8 i uok `ldrk `i 0 ^LT [YI K OKXXK ALCBK@K ALCB K@K HTIXHI< Ks `ldrks alroko alcbks `i mlr`urk i okssk i sèl uo ixiopcl ixiop cl `i kmieti `i `i hrishgoietl oihäeghl. Istks alcbks sèl risplesëvigs picl hrishgoietl `k okssk, pick suk hrlhäehgk i pick suk civizk. @i khlr`l hlo l eöoirl `i `ldrks kpcghk`l k okssk pl`i hrishir ktç 2x l siu tkokebl sio k`gíèl `i airoietl. Kl sir kssk`k ks alcbks `i mlr`urk si `irritio i cgdirko vkplr. K mlr`urk
`irritg`k `igxk ispkíls ietri ks ageks hkok`ks `i okssk i l vkplr ixpke`i istis ispkíls, qui pirokeihio quke`l k okssk tirogek suk hlhíèl. ^lrtketl, ç goplrtketi hrgkr l euoirl hirtl `i alcbks `i okssk i mlr`urk pkrk qui k okssk hrisík prlprgkoieti. HYG@K@LX KL ^TI^KTKT OKXXK ALCBK@K6
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;. Prkdkcbkr io clhkc arishl i priairiehgkcoieti sldri supiraïhgi `i oërolri. 4. @iplgs `i pripkrkr k okssk `igxkr qui ick `ishkesi ek mick`igrk plr 4> ogeutls ketis `i hlclhkr k oketigmk (pkrk rickxkr l mcötie). 8. Oketigmk i okssk `ivio tir k oisok hlesgstæehgk i plr gstl elrokcoieti si k`ghglek uo pluhl `i akrgebk ek tlurkmi. 0. Kdrgr k okssk siopri io supiraïhgi supiraïhgi ieakrgebk`k pkrk qui eèl mru`i 9. Titgrkr l ixhissl `i akrgebk ketis `i akzir ks `ldrks 1. @ishkeskr ;> ogeutls ek mick`igrk ietri uok `ldrk i lutrk pkrk qui k okssk pirhk k ickstghg`k`i i agqui okgs aëhgc `i trkdkcbkr (rickxkr l mcötie) i pkrk risargkr k oketigmk (mirkols hkclr quke`l olvgoietkols k okssk) =. Okrhkr k okssk k hk`k `ldrk. 2. K pkrtgr `k simue`k `ldrk, kl kdrgr k okssk, plsghgleë-ck `i alrok qui l aihbl ldtg`l ek öctgok `ldrk siopri istifk vlctk`l pkrk k pisslk qui istë kdrge`l. 7. Xiopri hldrgr k okssk hlo agcoi pcëstghl ketis `i civkr î mick`igrk. ;>. Ytgcgzkr k okssk `i priairæehgk el `gk simugeti. ;;. Hlesirvkr io mick`igrk plr el oëxgol 9 `gks i el ariizir plr 8> `gks. @ldrks6 ;. Hlo l kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl kdrgr k okssk io alroktl `i uo quk`rk`l 4 ho okglr `l qui l quk`rk`l `i oketigmk, hlclhkr k oketigmk el oigl gevirtg`k (hlol uo clskeml) i aihbkr hlol uo ieviclpi. (gokmio kdkgxl)
4. Hlo l rlcl prissglekr civioieti k okssk pkrk qui k oketigmk kokhgi i plssk si gehlrplrkr î okssk. Kdrgr el alroktl `i uo ritäemucl. Oietkcoieti `gvg`gr k okssk io 8 pkrtis gmukgs. @ldrkr l qui sirgk uo tiríl `k `grigtk pkrk k isquir`k. Titgrkr l ixhissl `i akrgebk hlo uok ishlvk lu pgehic `i hir`ks okhgks i ietèl `ldrkr l tiríl `k isquir`k sldri k okssk `ldrk`k. (gokmio kdkgxl ‘ kdkgxl ‘ `ldrk `ldrk sgopcis). ;8
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8. Iodkckr io agcoi pcëstghl i mickr plr ;> ogeutls. Istk ç k prgoigrk `ldrk `i træs. 0. Qgrkr k okssk o kssk hlo l aihbl a ihbl vlctk`l pkrk sg i kdrg-ck elvkoieti io alroktl ritkemuckr. ^rlhi`ir hlol `ishrgtl ketirglroieti (`ldrk sgopcis). 9. Mickr (istk ç k simue`k `ldrk sgopcis). Tipitgr l prlhissl okgs 4 vizis, tltkcgzke`l 0 `ldrks sgopcis. Mickr. 1. Kdrgr elvkoieti k okssk i akzir uok `ldrk `upck, qui hlesgsti io si `gvg`gr oietkcoieti k okssk kl oigl i `ldrkr ks cktirkgs qui si iehletrkrèl el oigl (hlol si alssi aihbkr uok fkeick ‘ gokmio ‘ gokmio kdkgxl). Ietèl `ldrkr elvkoieti kl oigl, hlol si istgvissi aihbke`l uo cgvrl. =. Iodkckr io agcoi pcëstghl i mukr`kr io mick`igrk ktç l `gk simugeti, lu plr el oïegol 4 blrks ketis `i utgcgzkr. Gesirgr oketigmk ek okssk6
@ldrk sgopcis6
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@ldrk `upck6
Ixiopcls `i prl`uíùis hlo okssk alcbk`k6 Ekplcile, Ogcci-aiugcci, Qlc-ku-viet, Hbkussles kux ploois ‘ ‘ oigk cuk `i okíès, Mgrluitti, @gkole`s (piquieks hkgxgebks hlol l vlc-ku-viet), ^bgtgvgir (rihbik`l hlo hrioi `i koæe`lks), Mkcitti `is rlgs (tlrtk trk`ghglekc arkehisk sirvg`k el `gk `ls Tigs Okmls ‘ rihbik`k ‘ rihbik`k hlo hrâoi arkemgpkei), i ^kcogirs ietri lutrks. Hug`k`ls pkrk si ldtir uok dlk prl`uíèl6 ;. Kdrgr k okssk io supiraïhgi supiraïhgi ieakrgebk`k i io ispissur ispissurkk uegalroi. 4. Eèl kdrgr `iokgs k okssk pkrk qui q ui ick eèl pirhk suk istruturk. 8. Hlrtkr k okssk siopri hlo k akhk k 7> mrkus. 0. Ksskr k okssk io tiopirkturks kctks ;7>¶H/4>>¶ ;7>¶H/4>>¶H. H. 9. Alrel ougtl quieti akz hlo qui si alroi rkpg`koieti uok hhrlstk rlstk (sici) i k okssk eèl hrisík. 1. Alrel ougtl argl eèl pirogti qui si hrgi l vkplr eihissërgl pkrk akzir k okssk hrishir. =. Kl uskr imm wksb, tlokr hug`k`l pkrk qui ici eèl ishlrrk eks cktirkgs, prie`ie`l k okssk ek kssk`igrk i gopi`ge`l kssgo l siu hrishgoietl.
2. @igxkr k okssk `ishkeskr picl oiels ;> ogeutls ek mick`igrk `iplgs `i okegpucë-ck. Issi `ishkesl vkg kfu`kr pkrk qui ick eèl iehlcbk i oketiebk suk istruturk kl sir kssk`k.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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^LXXÏQIGX @IAIGPLX I XYKX HKYXKX6
@iaigtls
^lssïvigs hkusks
Hrishgoietl Grrimuckr
Piopirkturk `l alrel ‘ alrel ‘ dkgxk dkgxk Oë `gstrgdugíèl `i hkclr el alrel Oë `gstrgdugíèl `i oketigmk ek okssk o kssk
@isprie`goietl `i mlr`urk
Piopirkturk `l alrel ‘ alrel ‘ dkgxk dkgxk Ixhissl `i mlr`urk ek okssk
Iehlcbgoietl/Titrkíèl
Akctk `i `ishkesl
Piopirkturk `l alrel ‘ alrel ‘ alrti alrti `iokgs Ti`uíèl `l hrishgoietl
lu dkgxk `iokgs Oë `gstrgdugíèl `i mlr`urk ek okssk o kssk
^ÄPI Î HBLYR
Hblux sgmegaghk riplcbl io arkehæs. I alg l eloi `k`l k uok okssk hlo dktktks i lvls qui, `iplgs `i argtk, ciodrkvk piquiels riplcbls. Tihigtk mukr`k`k k siti hbkvis picl hbia pätgssgir `i Hktbirgei `i Oç`ghgs, ^lpicgeg, pirokeihiu kssgo ktç l sçhucl RQGGG, quke`l l Hbia Kvghi, ol`gaghlu-k ritgrke`l ks dktktks i sudstgtuge`l-ks plr akrgebk `i trgml. Oks alg Ketlege Hkræoi l kutlr `k aørouck qui uskols ktç ls elssls `gks. ;8
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^l`i sir `iageg`k hlol uo rlux k`ghglek`l `i lvls. [uketl okgs lvls hlesimugrols k`ghglekr k`ghglekr î okssk sio qui ick pirhk pirhk k hkpkhg`k`i `i oketir suk alrok, sio qui agqui olci `iokgs, tiriols okgs civizk i okglr hrishgoietl el elssl prl`utl agekc. Hloplsgíèl6 K päti î hblux hloiík hlo l hlzgoietl `i uok pkstk alrok`k `i6 ëmuk i/lu cigti mlr`urk (elrokcoieti oketigmk), akrgebk `i trgml skc Pçheghk `i pripkrl6 Civk-si k ëmuk i l cigti fuetkoieti hlo k oketigmk, l kíöhkr i l skc pkrk airvir i k`ghglek-si k akrgebk `i trgml `i uok sø viz. Hlzgebk-si istk okssk plr kcmues ogeutls oixie`l siopri pkrk qui l oëxgol `i cïqug`l ivkplri i pkrk bkvir k k`gíèl `l okglr eöoirl `i lvls plssïvic. Tisargk-si k okssk i ietèl si geghgk k k`gíèl `i lvls qui vkg vkrgkr `i khlr`l hlo l tketl `i ëmuk ivkplrk`k ek prgoigrk hlhíèl. K k`gíèl `i lvls `ivi sir aigtk mrk`ukcoieti uo plr viz. L pletl `k okssk pl`i sir vgsukcgzk`l quke`l ick k`qugri drgcbl, okhgiz, i hlesgstæehgk suaghgieti pkrk sir ol`ick`k. Hlhíèl6
K päti î hblux `ivi sir kssk`k io alrel quieti qu ieti ‘ ‘ 4>>¶H 4>>¶H pkrk qui prl`uzk l oëxgol plssïvic `i vkplr, vkplr, ixpke`ge`l k okssk i akzie`l akzie`l hlo qui si alroi alroi uo durkhl vkzgl el hietrl. L hkclr hlkmuck l kog`l i l mcötie `ke`l istruturk î prl`uíèl. @iplgs `i ;> ogeutls l hkclr ç ri`uzg`l (;2>¶H) pkrk qui k hlhíèl sifk agekcgzk`k sio qui l prl`utl siqui lu agqui `ioksgk`koieti `lurk`l.
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Hug`k`ls issiehgkgs6 ;. Hlzgebkr k okssk tiopl suaghgieti pkrk bkvir k okglr ivkplrkíèl `i ëmuk: 4. K`ghglekr lvls kls pluhls, uo k uo, hlo k okssk kge`k olrek: 8. Hloiíkr k hlhíèl siopri io alrel quieti (4>>¶H /;7>¶H): 0. Tisargkr sldri mricbk pkrk eèl alrokr vkplr io suk dksi. Hlemickoietl6 ^l`i sir hlemick`k olc`k`k, ketis `i ksskr. ^l`i sir hlemick`k `iplgs `i prletk.
Ixiopcls `i prl`uíùis hcëssghks aigtks hlo päti î hblux6 Çhckgr, ^rlagtirlcgs, Hkrlcgeks, ^krgs-Drist, , Hgseis, Mätiku Xkget-Blelrç, Hrlquiodluhbi, Digmeits, Ticgmiusis ietri lutrks.
^TL@YÍÙIX HCËXXGHKX HLO ^ÄPI Î HBLYR IHCKGTX I HKTLCGEKX ^rl`uíùis hcëssghks `k hleaigtkrgk, ks çhckgrs i ks hkrlcgeks tæo suk prisieík mkrketg`k io qukcquir vgtrgei `i hleaigtkrgk. Qirsëtigs, k`ogtio ougtks vkrgkíùis `i rihbigls i `i hldirturks. Prk`ghglekcoieti sèl rihbik`ks hlo hrioi krloktgzk`l `i hblhlckti, dkuegcbk lu hkaç i hldirtks hlo ale`ket.
^KTGX-DTIXP Xldrioisk aigtk hlo ^äti î hblux, alg hrgk`l picl ^ätgssgir arkehæs hbkok`l ^girri Mktiku. Xuk ^ätgssirgi irk clhkcgzk`k euo sudör`gl `i ^krgs, ek rltk `k akolsk hlrrg`k `i dghghcitk, `i ^krgs k Drist (hg`k`i Drgtäeghk). Io ;27;, pkrk bloiekmikr k hlrrg`k i kuoietkr suks vie`ks, hrglu uo `lhi qui ciodrkssi l alroktl `i uok rl`k `i dghghcitk.Prk`ghglekcoieti ç rihbik`l hlo uo hrioi `i oketigmk lu hrâoi pätgssgâri krloktgzk`ls hlo prkcgeç. ;8
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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MÄPIKY XKGEP-BLELTÇ @lhi trk`ghglekc arkehæs, l Mätiku Xkget-Blelrç alg hrgk`l picl pätgssgir Okrhic Hbgdlust `i uok ^ätgssirgi qui pirtiehgk kls groèls Fucgie hbkok`k –^ckhi `i `i ck Dlursi‟, clhkcgzk`k ek Tui `u Akudlum Akudlum Xkget Blelrç, io ^krgs. Hbgdlust tkodço ç l kutlr `l hrioi `istk tlrtk dktgzk`l hlo l siu eloi Hrâoi Hbgdlust. Xkget Blelrç (Xketl Bleørgl) ç l pk`rligrl `ls dluckemirs i pätgssgirs. ^ÄPI Î HTÆ^IX @i lrgmio arkehisk, sèl aigtks hlo okssk ougtl civi i agek, i vkrgko ek ispissurk, el tkokebl i ek alrok `i sirvgr. Hug`k`ls issiehgkgs6 ;. Hlesgstæehgk `k okssk 4. Hletrlci `k tiopirkturk `l hlzgoietl @ldrks6 ;. Akes Akes ‘ ‘ ciquis ciquis 4. ^keeiquits ^keeiquits ‘ ‘ okssk okssk `ldrk`k quk`rk`gebk 8. Kuolegâris - trluxgebks 0. Hgmkrritis - rlcgebls Ixiopcls `i sldrioisks trk`ghglekgs6 Hræpis Xuzitti6 okssk `ldrk`k io akes hlo hkc`k `i ckrkefk ackodk`k hlo
Mrke` Okregir i sirvg`k hlo supriols `i ckrkefk. Hræpis Elroke`i6 okssk rihbik`k hlo okíès skctik`ks ek oketigmk hlo kíöhkr i hkeick, mrktgek`k hlo kíöhkr gopkcpëvic. Hræpis `i Dkekek6 okssk rihbik`k hlo dkekeks skctik`ks ek oketigmk hlo kíöhkr okshkvl i ackodk`k hlo ruo. Xirvg`l hlo olcbl î dksi `i micçgk `i `kokshl. Hræpis Arkemgpkei6 okssk rihbik`k hlo hrâoi arkemgpkei, `ldrk`k io akes, plcvgcbk`k hlo kíöhkr i mrktgek`k plr ;> ogeutls. Xirvg`k hlo olcbl `i ;8
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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hblhlckti(skuhi hblhlckt) lu hrâoi kemckgsi (skuhi kemckgsi). ^ÄPI Î DGXHYGP
^l`iols hckssgaghkr hlol ^äti î dgshugt tl`ks kquicks okssks qui eèl hletæo kmietis quïoghls `i hrishgoietl io suk hloplsgíèl. L öeghl kmieti `i hrishgoietl ç l kr gehlrplrk`l kls lvls dktg`ls. Issks okssks sèl aigtks î pkrtgr `ls oisols gemri`gietis prgehgpkgs. Qkrgko dksghkoieti eks prlplríùis, eks `gairietis tçheghks `i pripkrl risuctke`l io `gairietis skdlris i tixturks. ^äti î dgshugt flhle`i Kssgo hlol k Mçelgsi i k @khqulgsi, k ^äti k Dgshugt Flhle`i eèl civk airoietl io suk pripkrkíèl. Prk`ghglekcoieti hletço akrgebk `i koæe`lk ek suk hloplsgíèl i, si k`iquk`koieti pripkrk`k, plssug uok okcikdgcg`k`i ougtl mrke`i. [uke`l kmrimk`k `i uok `ihlrkíèl aigtk hlo ^äti k Pucgpi ç ougtl utgcgzk`k ek oletkmio `i dlcls i els mätikux ge`gvg`ukgs, iergquihie`l l vgsukc i l hlclrg`l `ks prl`uíùis. Mçelgsi Mçelgsi ç uo dlcl hcëssghl iurlpiu qui eèl hletço kmietis quïoghls `i
hrishgoietl hlol l airoietl i l dghkrdlektl. L öeghl kmieti `i hrishgoietl ç l kr gehlrplrk`l kls lvls `urketi k pripkrkíèl. El siu oçtl`l `i pripkrl, ls lvls ssèl èl kqui kquihg`ls hg`ls i gstl kuoietk suk prlprgi`k`i prlprgi`k`i `i kdslrvir kdslrvir kr. ^krk `kr okglr civizk î okssk pl`iols sudstgtugr `i 4>% k 8>% `k akrgebk `i trgml plr kog`l `i ogcbl qui eèl hletço mcötie. Yok piquiek quketg`k`i `i mlr`urk tkodço pl`i sir k`ghglek`k pkrk kmrimkr skdlr i uog`k`i kl prl`utl agekc, hlol oketigmk `irritg`k lu øcil vimitkc.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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K mçelgsi ç mirkcoieti utgcgzk`k hlol dksi pkrk pripkrl `i sldrioisks, dlcls i rlhkodlcis. K prlplríèl hcëssghk pkrk si pripkrkr uok mçelgsi ç `i 4 pkrtis `i lvls pkrk ; pkrti `i kíöhkr i ; pkrti `i akrgebk `i trgml. El pripkrl `i uok mçelgsi `i hblhlckti pl`iols sudstgtugr ;9% `k akrgebk `i trgml plr hkhku io pø. ^äti î dgshugt flhle`i Kssgo hlol k Mçelgsi i k @khqulgsi, k ^äti k Dgshugt Flhle`i eèl civk airoietl io suk pripkrkíèl. Prk`ghglekcoieti hletço akrgebk `i koæe`lk ek suk hloplsgíèl i, si k`iquk`koieti pripkrk`k, plssug uok okcikdgcg`k`i ougtl mrke`i. [uke`l kmrimk`k `i uok `ihlrkíèl aigtk hlo ^äti k Pucgpi ç ougtl utgcgzk`k ek oletkmio `i dlcls i els mätikux ge`gvg`ukgs, iergquihie`l l vgsukc i l hlclrg`l `ks prl`uíùis @khqulgsi Ç uok prl`uíèl hcëssghk arkehisk ougtl utgcgzk`k ek oletkmio `i dlcls i sldrioisks. Pkodço eèl hletço airoietl ek suk pripkrkíèl. Ek suk hloplsgíèl, k akrgebk `i trgml ç tltkcoieti sudstgtuï`k plr akrgebk `i uok lcikmgelsk lu lutrl gemri`gieti hlol l hlhl rkck`l, plr ixiopcl.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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^ktæ î dgshugt î akíle drlwegi @i lrgmio koirghkek, sèl pripkrkíùis rghks i `iesks i elrokcoieti civko dkstketi oketigmk io suk hloplsgíèl. Ls drlwegis tæo isti eloi `ivg`l î suk hlr okrrlo ishurl. ^ripkrkíùis sioicbketis, oks eèl k`ghglek`ks `i hblhlckti lu qui eèl tiebko k hlr ishurk, sèl hbkok`ks picls koirghkels `i dcle`gis. ^l`io sir hlemick`ls `i 4 k 8 oisis. OKHKTLE Lrgmio ‘ Gtëcgk Lrgmio ‘ Gtëcgk - Qieizk ek çplhk `k Tiekshieík. Alg civk`l pkrk k Arkeík el oigl `l sçhucl RQG hlo l hkskoietl `i Hktbirgei `i Oç`ghg hlo l @uqui `i Lrcikes (auturl rig Biergqui GG) ‘ GG) ‘ ;988. ;988. Io gtkcgkel hbkokvk-si okhhbirlei i irk aigtl lrgmgekcoieti hlo pkstk `i koæe`lks. Pio uok tixturk hrlhketi plr alrk i okhgk plr `ietrl. Pgpls `i rihbigl6 Mkekhbi Hrioi `i oketigmk Micçgks
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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LX HTÂOIX HYXPKT@X Xèl tl`ls ls hriois qui tæo hlol prgehgpkc kmieti ispissketi ls lvls.
Pgpls6 ;. Hustkr`s Oixg`ls (stgrri` hustkr`) ‘ hustkr`) ‘ sèl sèl ispissk`ls el alml 4. Hustkr`s Kssk`ls (dkji` hustkr`) - sèl ispissk`ls el alrel HTIOI KEMCKGXI Olcbl oèi `k hleaigtkrgk hloplstl `i hrioi `i cigti, cigti, kíöhkr, mioks, dkuegcbk. Ici ç uo hrioi rghl, `i tixturk kvicu`k`k i ougtl `icghk`k. ^l`i mirkr geöoirls `irgvk`ls hlol hkaç, hblhlckti, pgstkhbi, ith, vkrgke`l `i khlr`l hlo k k`gíèl `i issæehgks i krloks `gvirsls. Pkodço ç dksi `i vërgks prl`uíùis `k pätgssirgi hlol hrâoi drúcçi, dkvkrlgsis, slrvitis, ith. Hlol hletço lvls io suk hloplsgíèl sèl eihissërgls kcmues hug`k`ls ek suk ixihuíèl ivgtke`l qui ks mioks hlzgebio `ioksgk`koieti i ici viebk k tkcbkr. Ks mioks hlkmucko ietri 19 i =>¶ H. ^lr isti oltgvl, el siu pripkrl pripk rl uskols `uks tçheghks dësghks `k pätgssirgi qui sèl k cgkgsle i k tiopirkmio. K
tiopirkmio hlesgsti dksghkoieti io `ispifkr uo pluhl `l cigti quieti sldri k ogsturk `i mioks i kíöhkr (cgkgsle). Kl akzirols k tiopirkmio ivgtkols hblqui `i tiopirkturk i k uok priokturk hlkmuckíèl `ks mioks.
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HTÂOI XKDKWLE ^ripkrkíèl kirk`k, hloplstk `i mioks, kíöhkr i uo cïqug`l. ^rl`uzg`k sld hkclr ol`irk`l (dkebl-okrgk), pl`i sir `iageg`k hlol uok ioucsèl, i siu oçtl`l `i pripkrl si kssioicbk kl `i uo olcbl blcke`æs. Isti hrioi, ougtl civi i `i tixturk `icghk`k pl`i sir sirvg`l plr sg sø hlol uok sldrioisk civi, usk`l hlol olcbl khlopkebke`l arutks lu ek hloplsgíèl `i lutrks prl`uíùis hlol olussis i rihbigls. K virsèl gtkcgkek ç hbkok`k `i zkdkmcglei i civk civ k Okrskck io suk hloplsgíèl. Ici `ivi sir pripkrk`l siopri l okgs prøxgol `i sir sirvg`l, plgs plr si trktkr `i uok ioucsèl, pl`i pir`ir siu vlcuoi lu ktç sipkrkr si krokziek`l plr ougtl tiopl. HYT@X Ls hur`s sèl hriois hloplstls plr suhl `i uok arutk hïtrghk, oketigmk, kíöhkr, ispissk`ls plr lvls. HTÂOI DTÚCÇI Isti hrioi hcëssghl arkehæs, dkstketi lrgmgekc, tio suk supiraïhgi hkrkoicgzk`k hlo kíöhkr –quigok`l‟ pluhl ketis `i sir sirvg`l. Hlesg`irk`l uok sldrioisk slagstghk`k, l hrâoi drúcçi lairihi geagegtks plssgdgcg`k`is `i skdlr pkrtge`l `k rihigtk dksi6 mioks, cigti, hrioi `i cigti i kíöhkr.
HTÂOI HKTKOIC @i lrgmio arkehisk l hrâoi hkrkoic ç uok `ks sldrioisks okgs plpuckris `l oue`l, ougtl iodlrk tiebk slarg`l kcmuoks k`kptkíùis clhkgs. Ek virsèl lrgmgekc, l hrâoi rievirsçi hlol tkodço ç hlebihg`l, ç uo hrâoi kemckgsi io qui l hrioi `i cigti alg sudstgtuï`l plr cigti, khrishg`l `i lvls i kssk`l io rkoijges hkrkoicgzk`ls
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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HTÂOI @‗KOKE@I LY HTÂOI ATKEMG^KEI< Ç uo hrioi ougtl usk`l pick hleaigtkrgk ek pripkrkíèl `i sldrioisks, `lhis, pitgts alurs i hripis. Ç hloplstl `i kíöhkr, oketigmk, lvls, akrgebk `i trgml, i akrgebk `i koæe`lks. ^l`i sir k`ghglek`l `i kcmuoks mltks `i issæehgk `i koæe`lk pkrk `kr okgs skdlr. Xiu eloi alg gespgrk`l, prlvkvicoieti, io uo pirauoi `irgvk`l `i ixtrktl `i koæe`lks kokrmks hrgk`l picl eldri gtkcgkel Ouzgl Arkemgpkei qui risg`gk io ^krgs, el sçhucl RQG. K rihigtk, plrço, alg trkzg`k `k Gtëcgk picl hbia pätgssgir `i Hktbirgei `i Oç`ghgs, ^lpicgeg, io ;988, qui `urketi ougtls ketis k oketivi el okgs kdslcutl simri`l. ^krk kcmues kutlris isti hrioi ç l Hrâoi `‗koke`i: l hrâoi arkemgpkei sirgk ietèl, simue`l icis, k ogsturk `i ;/8 `i hrâoi pätgssgâri hlo 4/8 `i hrâoi `‗ koke`i. HTIOI ^ÄPGXXGÂTI ^rgehgpkc dksi pkrk rihbigl `i pripkrkíùis `k hleaigtkrgk. Xuk lrgmio `ktk `l agekc `l sçhucl RGR, çplhk `l mrke`i `isievlcvgoietl `k hleaigtkrgk. ^l`i sir iergquihg`l hlo oketigmk, micktgek lu hrioi dktg`l mirke`l lutrks prl`uíùis. Kl hletrërgl `i lutrls hriois qui hletæo lvls i prihgsko `i ktieíèl pkrk qui eèl tkcbi, l hrioi `i hleaigtigrl hletço kog`l `i ogcbl qui ç usk`l
hlol ispissketi, oks kmi tkodço hlol istkdgcgzketi ivgtke`l qui ls lvls tkcbio lu qui k ogsturk si sipkri oisol quke`l ixplstk k kctk tiopirkturk. L hrioi `i hleaigtigrl pl`i sir utgcgzk`l purl lu k`ghglek`l `i krloktgzketis. Kssgo hlol l hrioi kemckgsi ç hloplstl `i mrke`i quketg`k`i `i lvls ek suk pripkrkíèl sie`l kctkoieti pirihïvic. ^lrtketl, `ivi sir risargk`l goi`gktkoieti `iplgs `i hlzg`l. Ç rihloie`ëvic qui si hudrk hlo agcoi
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pcëstghl pkrk priviegr qui k supiraïhgi rissiqui i l hrioi pirhk l siu kspihtl blolmæeil. HTÂOI CIÇMITI Ç uo hrâoi qui tio hlol dksi l hrâoi pätgssgâri khrishg`l `i hrçoi aluittçi pl`ie`l hletir lu eèl micktgek. HTÂOI HBGDLYXP Ç uo hrâoi qui tio hlol dksi l hrâoi pätgssgâri khrishg`l `i oiriemui gtkcgkel. Kpiskr `i suk lrgmio `ktkr `l sçhucl RGR, hrgk`l plr Okrhic Hbgdlust pkrk mukreihir l Mätiku Xkget-Blelrç, l hrioi hbgdlust pirokeihi gekctirk`l el ripirtørgl `k hleaigtkrgk hletioplräeik. HTIOI KY DIYTTI Hrioi `i oketigmk ç uok prl`uíèl ge`gspiesëvic io tl`k hleaigtkrgk. Ç usk`k hlol rihbigl, hldirturk, io `ihlrkíèl `i dlcls. L hrioi `i oketigmk ç uok pripkrkíèl civi, elrokcoieti aigtl hlo uok mrke`i quketg`k`i `i oketigmk. K utgcgzkíèl `i mlr`urk vimitkc el cumkr `k oketigmk eèl ç rihloie`k`k, oks io sgtukíùis `i ougtl hkclr pl`i-si sudstgtugr oitk`i `k oketigmk plr ick. L hrioi `i oketigmk pl`i sir oketg`l io tiopirkturk kodgieti plr 4 k 8 `gks lu plr `uks siokeks ek mick`igrk. Pkodço pl`i sir hlemick`l plr ktç 8 oisis.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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Ixgstio træs tgpls `i hrioi `i oketigmk6 Oçtl`l Xuïíl ‘ Xuïíl ‘ oiriemui oiriemui suïíl k`ghglek`l `i uok oketigmk. Oçtl`l Arkehæs ‘ Arkehæs ‘ päti päti k dlodi6 mioks dktg`ks ktç aghkrio alaks i k`ghglek`ks `i uok hkc`k k ;;9¶ H i plstirglroieti k`ghglek`ks `i oketigmk. Oçtl`l Gtkcgkel ‘ Gtkcgkel ‘ oiriemui oiriemui gtkcgkel k`ghglek`l `i oketigmk. ^l`iols kge`k iehletrkr uo lutrl tgpl hbkok`l pick ishlck koirghkek `i Oçtl`l Kcioèl alrok`l plr uo hrâoi pätgssgâri k`ghglek`l `i oketigmk qui ougtls arkehisis hbkoko `i Hrâoi Olussicgei.
Hug`k`ls dësghls6 ;. Kl pripkrkr l hrioi `i oketigmk sø hloiíkr k k`ghglekr k oketigmk quke`l k dksi (oiriemui gtkcgkel, suïíl lu päti k dlodi) fë istgvir argk. 4. K`ghglekr k oketigmk kls pluhls dktie`l siopri io viclhg`k`i dkgxk ktç alrokr uo hrioi blolmæeil: 8. K oketigmk `ivi istkr dio mick`k: 0. [uke`l krokziekr l hrioi `i oketigmk ek mick`igrk `ivi kquihæ-cl civioieti i `iplgs dktæ-cl ktç l pletl `isifk`l, pkrk ivgtkr suk –quidrk‟. –quidrk‟. ;. @ispifkr k hkc`k sldri ks hckrks, dktie`l ktç qui isargio
hlopcitkoieti: ;. Ti`uzgr k viclhg`k`i `k dkti`igrk i fuetkr k oketigmk kls pluhls i hletgeukr dktie`l, ktç ldtir uo hrioi cgsl i drgcbketi.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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HTÂOI ALYIPPÇI (HTIOI @I CIGPI ATIXHL DKPG@L) Kl dktir l hrioi `i cigti arishl mick`l ls mcøducls `i mlr`urk si hleslcg`ko hkpkhgtke`l kl hrioi k kdslríèl `i kr i kssgo, `igxke`l-l okgs ispissl. Ç ougtl utgcgzk`l ek hleaigtkrgk hlople`l vërgks prl`uíùis. Xiu mrku `i agroizk vkg vkrgkr `i khlr`l hlo k suk utgcgzkíèl. L hrioi `i cigti pl`i sir dktg`l purl (hrâoi aluittçi) lu k`lík`l i krloktgzk`l, oks ç issiehgkc qui l hrioi i l dlwc le`i ici alr dktg`l istifko dio mick`ls, plgs l hrioi io tiopirkturks okgs kctks tie`i k quidrkr. HTÂOI HBKEPGCCW L Hrâoi Hbketgccy alg hrgk`l io ;=;0 plr uo suïíl hbkok`l Argtz Jkrc Qktic, `urketi suk istk`k ek Arkeík, prgoigrl hlol hbia `l hksticl `i Qkux-ci Qghloti pirtiehieti kl getie`ieti rikc Eghlcks Aluquit, i `iplgs el Hksticl `i Hbketgccy, pirtiehieti kl okrihbkc `i Hle`i. Kpiskr `i tir sg`l sirvg`l pick prgoigrk viz el hksticl `i Qkux-ci-Qghloti, khkdlu tloke`l l eloi `l hksticl `i Hbketgccy. K öeghk `gairieík `l Hrâoi Hbketgccy i `l Hrâoi Aluittçi ç qui l Hrioi Hbketgccy hletço dkuegcbk (kíöhkr vkegcci, ixtrktl `i dkuegcbk lu sioietis)
^rlplríèl hcëssghk6 9>>oc `i hrioi + 9oc `i ixtrktl `i dkuegcbk + ;9m `i kíöhkr riagek`l.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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XLYAACÇX L virdl sluaacir quir `gzir –slprkr‟ `gzir –slprkr‟ Pgpls `i sluaacçs6 ;. Xluaacçs kssk`ls6 ^ripkrkíùis civis alrok`ks plr `lgs icioietls, dksi i hckrks dktg`ks. Ls sluaacçs hrishio plrqui l kr gehlrplrk`l eks hckrks dktg`ks si ixpke`i kl sir kquihg`l. El agekc `l hlzgoietl ks hckrks hlkmucko i aghko agrois. Hrishio hlol dlcls, oks eèl sèl pripkrkíùis ougtl istëvigs. Hloplsgíèl6 Dksi6 pl`i sir uo hrioi `i hleaigtigrl lu lutrl hustkr`. Ks dksis qui hletæo mioks risuctko euo sluaacç okgs istëvic. Krloktgzketis6 pkrk krloktgzkr ls sluaacçs kssk`ls sèl usk`ls puræ `i arutks (ri`uíèl), hbë, didg`ks, mkekhbi ith. Hckrks dktg`ks6 pl`i sir usk`l sgopcisoieti hckrks dktg`ks lu oiriemui arkehæs (quke`l ks hckrks sèl dktg`ks hlo kíöhkr), gemri`gieti qui `ë istkdgcg`k`i k icks. Elrokcoieti ks hckrks sèl khrishg`ks `i uo ëhg`l hlol l hriolr `i tërtkrl, qui kctirk l pb `icks akzie`l hlo qui agquio okgs istëvigs. El cumkr `l hriolr `i tërtkrl pl`iols khrishietkr kcmuoks mltks `i cgoèl lu
vgekmri qui tkodço sèl ëhg`ls i akzio l oisol pkpic. Xluaacç kssk`l? Dksi + krloktgzketi + hckrks dktg`ks lu oiriemui arkehæs
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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Hug`k`ls6 ;. Yetkr ougtl dio ls rkoijges hlo oketigmk i plcvgcbkr hlo kíöhkr: 4. Gehlrplrkr hug`k`lskoieti ks hckrks ek dksi, ;/8 i `iplgs ls 4/8 ristketis: 8. Ksskr io tiopirkturk kctk6 io tlrel `i 4>>¶ H ktç 44>¶H: 0. Xirvgr goi`gktkoieti `iplgs `i kssk`l. 4. Xluaacçs
mick`ls6 Xèl pripkrkíùis civis hloplstks `i pripkrkíèl `i dksi qui gehlrplrk kr okgs krloktgzketi i hrioi `i cigti arishl dktg`l (hrâoi aluittçi). ^krk pkrihirio hlo ls sluaacçs kssk`ls, hlclhk-si uo hlckrgebl `i pkpic oketigmk lu khitktl io vlctk `l rkoijgo pkrk qui suk dlr`k agqui okgs kctk. Istks prl`uíùis `ivio sir hlesirvk`ks io tiopirkturks ietri ‘ ietri ‘88 i ‘ i ‘9¶H. 9¶H.
Xluaacç mick`l ? pripkrkíèl `i dksi + krloktgzketi + hrâoi aluittçi qui gehlrplrk kr
XLTQIPI, XLTDIP i MTKEGPÇ Qërgks sèl ks virsùis sldri l surmgoietl `l slrviti. Ls rimgstrls okgs ketgmls iehletrk`ls ge`ghko siu surmgoietl ek Hbgek i alg civk`l picls ërkdis pkrk l
Lhg`ieti L slrviti hlol eøs l hlebihiols blfi surmgu kpieks el sçhucl RQG, io Aclrieík, ek Gtëcgk. El sçhucl RQGG surmgrko vërgls slrvitigrls io Aclrieík, Eëplcis, ^kcirol i Qieizk. Io Aclrieík tkodço alg hrgk`k k prgoigrk oëqugek pkrk akzir slrviti plr ^rlhøpgl Hlcticcg. Prktkvk-si `i uo rihgpgieti oitëcghl hlo uok ispëtuck, hufk aueíèl irk k `i ogsturkr k okssk, plstk io uo dkc`i `i ok`igrk alrrk`l `i pkcbk, skc i skcgtri pkrk hletir l `irritgoietl `l micl. Io ;11> surmgu k prgoigrk slrvitirgk io ^krgs kdirtk plr ^rlhøpgl, hbkok`k `i Hkaç ^rlhlpi. Kssgo, pl`i-si hlehcugr qui alrko ls gtkcgkels qui ispkcbkrko l slrviti pick Iurlpk. ;0
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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Cgebk `l tiopl6 ;11> - prgoigrk slrvitirgk io ^krgs6 Hkaç ^rlhlpi ;12> ‘ ;12> ‘ Xlrviti Xlrviti hbimk î Gemcktirrk. ;2;8 - IYK ‘ ‘ Xlrviti hbimk kls IYK trkzg`l plr hloirhgketi gemcæs ^bgccgp Ciezg. ;201 ‘ ‘ Io Elvk Firsiy surmi l prgoigrl ariizir î okegvick, gevietk`l plr Ekehy Flbesle. Kl vgrkr k okegvick uok vksgcbk `i oitkc hletie`l k okssk `l slrviti tkodço mgrkvk kplgk`k io oletkebks `i skc i micl, alroke`l kssgo k okssk hriolsk `l slrviti. L slrviti el Drksgc Xuk prgoigrk kpkrgíèl si `iu io ;280, el Tgl `i Fkeigrl, trkzg`l picl ekvgl koirghkel Ok`kmkshkr, qui kcço `i hkrrimkr vërgls gemri`gietis hkrrimkvk hirhk `i ;1> tleick`ks `i micl. Xø io ;70; surmgrko ls prgoigrls slrvitis ge`ustrgkcgzk`ls. Hurglsg`k`i - HLEXYOL Drksgc ‘ Drksgc ‘ >,27 >,27 cgtrls/pisslk/kel X^/TF ‘ X^/TF ‘ 4 4 cgtrls/pisslk/kel Gtëcgk ‘ ;> Gtëcgk ‘ ;> cgtrls/pisslk/kel IYK - 41cgtrls/pisslk/kel CIMGXCKÍÈL DTKXGCIGTK ‘ ‘ Hø`gml Xkegtërgl `l Istk`l `i Xèl ^kucl ‘ ‘
`ihritl eöoirl ;4804 ‘ ;4804 ‘ EPK EPK =9 ‘ =9 ‘ Mick`ls Mick`ls Hloistïvigs
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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XLTQIPI x XLTDIP x MTKEGPÇ Xlrviti6 Hletço el oïegol 8>% `i søcg`ls `i cigti ‘ A@K Xlrviti6 ‘ A@K ( All` ke` @rum K`ogegstrktgle) i ç gehlrplrk`l `i kr. Xuk dksi pl`i sir uo hrioi kemckgsi. Xlrdit6 Aigtl î dksi `i uok hkc`k k`ghglek`k `i krloktgzketi, eèl hletço Xlrdit6 søcg`ls `i cigti i ç gehlrplrk`l `i kr. Îs vizis ç k`ghglek`l `i hckrks dktg`ks lu `i oiriemui. Pilr `i kíöhkr6 sirvg`l hlol sldrioisk (okgs `lhi) ‘ `lhi) ‘ ;1 ;1 k 4>¶ Dkuoç sirvg`l ietri riaigíùis (oiels `lhi) ‘ `lhi) ‘ ;4¶ ;4¶ Dkuoç Mrkegtç6 Hkc`k krloktgzk`k hlemick`k i rkspk`k el oloietl `i sirvgr (pir`i Mrkegtç6 suk hlesgstæehgk rkpg`koieti) Pilr `i kíöhkr6 ietri 2 k ;4¶ Dkuoç Ishkck Dkuoç alg hrgk`k picl Arkehæs Ketlgei Dkuoç i sirvi pkrk oi`gr k `iesg`k`i `ks hkc`ks. Qkrgk `i > k 9>¶. L tiroðoitrl utgcgzk`l pkrk gstl hbkok-si skhkrïoitrl.
^kpic `ls gemri`gietis eks alrouckíùis `i slrviti6 Kíöhkr6 ç uo kmieti ketghlemicketi i kfu`k k `kr okhgiz kl slrviti. Mcuhlsi6 ç utgcgzk`k io kcmuoks alrouckíùis `i slrviti picl siu pl`ir
i`uchlrketi oielr qui l `l kíöhkr, plr kuoietkr l tiopl `i hlesirvkíèl i plr kmrimkr drgcbl kl slrviti. Elrokcoieti sudstgtuio 8>% `l kíöhkr plr mcghlsi. Istkdgcgzketis6 Elrokcoieti sèl usk`ls ge`ustrgkcoieti. Hletrlcko k sukvg`k`i `l slrviti, ivgtke`l k alrokíèl `i hrgstkgs `i micl ixhissgvkoieti mrke`is kl pletl `i sirio eltk`ls, `èl okglr vgshlsg`k`i i kuoietko k risgstæehgk î ausèl.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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Ioucsgaghketis6 Istkdgcgzko k ioucsèl `i `lgs cïqug`ls qui elrokcoieti eèl si ogsturko, plssgdgcgtke`l uok slcuíèl blolmæeik `i ëmuk i mlr`urk. Kuoietko tkodço k hkpkhg`k`i `i ritieíèl `i kr ek ogsturk (lvirrue) Hëchucl `l vlcuoi `i kr gehlrplrk`l (lvirrue) Oëxgol `i gehlrplrkíèl `i kr pirogtg`k pick cimgsckíèl drksgcigrk ç `i ;;>%? 0=9m/cgtrl Aørouck6 LQITTYE ? % `i kr gehlrplrk`l ? vlcuoi `i slrviti ‘ ‘ vlcuoi `k hkc`k x ;>> Qlcuoi `i hkc`k
Hlesirvkíèl6 Ls slrvitis `ivio mickr picl oiels oi els 0 blrks ketis `i sirio sirvg`ls. Io pletls `i vie`k `ivio sir hlesirvk`ls el oïegol k -9¶ H. Ls slrvitis `ivio sir hlesirvk`ls ietri ‘ ‘ ;2¶H k ‘ ‘ ;9¶H i si hlesirvko piraigtkoieti plr 8 k 0 siokeks. ^krakgts6 Lrgmgekcoieti trktkvk-si `i uok sldrioisk mick`k î dksi `i uo hrioi `i hkaç. Blfi, k`ogti geöoirks vkrgkíùis, sie`l dksghkoieti hloplstl
`i uok ^äti î dlodi (mioks dktg`ks khrishg`ks `i hkc`k `i kíöhkr k ;;9 H) krloktgzk`k i khrishg`k `i hrioi `i cigti dktg`l. Mirkcoieti ç uok pripkrkíèl okgs civi i oiels `lhi qui l slrviti. L pkrakgt pl`i sir aigtl io olc`is vkrgk`ls, kctls, hkcbks, ith. i `isiealok`l ketis `i sirvgr. Dlodis6 Geghgkcoieti kprisietk`k io alroktl isaçrghl (`kï l eloi) ks dlodks, el pkssk`l irko aigtks kpieks hlo uo slrviti hlouo, ol`ick`l î oèl i `gsplstl io aðroks. Blfi `ielogek-si dlodk uok sldrioisk qui
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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hlesgsti io uo hrioi `icghk`l k dksi `i lvls, kíöhkr i hrioi `i cigti dktg`l, ievlcvg`l plr uok hkok`k `i slrviti. OLYXXIX Xèl pripkrkíùis civis, i `i tixturk `icghk`k. Xuk civizk elrokcoieti si `ivi î k`gíèl `i gemri`gietis qui gehlrplrio kr. ^krk mkebkr civizk ls olussis pl`io sir hloplstls `i6 ^ripkrkíèl `i dksi + krloktgzketi + micktgek + hrâoi aluittçi qui gehlrplrk kr
Xèl pripkrkíùis `i dksi qui gehlrplrko kr6 Oiriemui gtkcgkel Oiriemui suïíl ^äti î dlodi Hrâoi skdkyle Qërgls krloktgzketis pl`io sir utgcgzk`ls el pripkrl `ls olussis, hlol plr ixiopcl, plcpks lu puræs `i arutks, hblhlckti, didg`ks i hbës. ^krk si pripkrkr olussis hlo suhissl, kcmues hug`k`ls `ivio sir ldsirvk`ls prgehgpkcoieti eks rihigtks qui civko hrioi `i cigti dktg`l (hrâoi aluittçi).
L hrioi `ivi sir dktg`l io pghls oç`gls, plgs kl sir gehlrplrk`l î dksi, khrishietkriols okgs olvgoietl i si ici fë istgvir ougtl agroi, pl`i tkcbkr. Euehk si `ivi k`ghglekr k`ghglekr l hrioi euok dksi dksi kge`k quieti. L hrioi vkg `irritir i pir`ir suk agekcg`k`i, risuctke`l euok ogsturk sio vlcuoi. Ls olussis pl`io sir kprisietk`ls `i vërgks okeigrks, hlol rihbigl `i dlcls, tlrtks, iealrok`ls, io quieiccis, io tkíks. @istk alrok, pl`io sir lu eèl k`ghglek`ls `i micktgek `ipie`ie`l `k alrok hlol sirèl sirvg`ls, lu `k suk utgcgzkíèl `ietrl `i uok prl`uíèl. ;9
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DKQKTLGX Lrgmgelu-si `i uok didg`k î dksi `i hbë, cigti, lu hrioi `i cigti, i cghlr, sirvg`k el Hkaç Ci ^rlhlpi `i ^krgs, el sçhucl RGR. Ç uo hrioi `i hlesgstæehgk sukvi hlol uo olussi plrço, agroi hlol uo pu`go, utgcgzk`l io `gvirsks prl`uíùis `k hleaigtkrgk. Hlol sldrioisk pl`i kpkrihir iealrok`l io alroks `ihlrk`ks kpieks, lu khlopkebk`l `i hlucgs lu skuhi. Hlol hlopleieti `i uo mätiku pirogti geöoirks plssgdgcg`k`is. Io suk hloplsgíèl, k dkvkrlgs pl`i tir uo hrâoi kemckgsi khrishg`l `i micktgek i hrioi aluittçi lu uo purçi `i arutks k`ghglek`l `i oiriemui gtkcgkel, micktgek i hrâoi aluittçi. Ç hlesg`irk`l uo tgpl `i –ietrioits olucçs‟, i i `ivi sir sirvg`l siopri dio mick`l.
HBLHLCKPI Pbildrlok, `l mriml, quir `gzir –Kcgoietl `ls @iusis‟. Isti ç l eloi `i `i dktgsol `l hblhlckti. Hgietgaghkoieti k sioieti `i hkhku ç hbkok`k `i Pbildrlok hkhku. L eloi alg `k`l picl dltäeghl suihl Hkrcls Cgeekius. Ks lrgmies `l hblhlckti istèl ierkgzk`ks ek prç-bgstørgk `l Elvl Oue`l, el ogstirglsl rigel `ls Lcoihks i Okgks. Istks ketgmks hgvgcgzkíùis Oislkoirghkeks vgvirko ek Koçrghk Hietrkc Iquktlrgkc i alrko risplesëvigs
picl huctgvl `k pcketk `l hkhku. Ls okgks alrko ls hrgk`lris `i uok didg`k airoietk`k i kokrmk prl`uzg`k k pkrtgr `i sioietis `i hkhku, le`i `gvirsls hle`goietls irko utgcgzk`ls ek suk akdrghkíèl. K akvlrgtk irk k pgoietk hbgcg. ^krk prl`uzgr uo iaigtl ispuoketi k didg`k irk `irrkok`k `i uo rihgpgieti pkrk lutrl. ^lr vlctk `i 7>> `.H., ls hgvgcgzk`ls Plctihks, simug`ls picls Kstihks si istkdicihirko el tirrgtørgl qui lutrlrk bkvgk sg`l `ls Okgks. Io ;9>4
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Hrgstøvèl Hlclodl hbimlu î gcbk `i Mukekfk i alg rihidg`l picl plvl Kstihk qui l prisietilu hlo kcmuoks sioietis `i hkhku i cbi lairihirko k didg`k ispihgkc (thblhlcktb). Hlclodl i suk trgpuckíèl khbkrko k ogsturk `iskmrk`ëvic, ougtl ishurk i kokrmk, eèl pirhidie`l ietèl l auturl vkclr ihleðoghl `isti prisieti. [uke`l Bireëe Hlrtiz hbimlu kl Elvl Oue`l, `izissiti kels `iplgs, Oletizuok GG, l ietèl gopirk`lr Kstihk khri`gtlu qui Hlrtiz irk k riiehkrekíèl `l @ius [uitzkchlkct, mukr`gèl `k ërvlri `l hkhku. @i khlr`l hlo k cie`k isti @ius tirgk trkzg`l l arutl pkrk k tirrk hlol uok `ë`gvk î buokeg`k`i. K hleausèl akhgcgtlu l khissl `i Hlrtiz ë Pielhbtgtcëe, k hkpgtkc Kstihk, i kssgo rie`iu Oletizuok. Io uo ispkíl `i 4 lu 8 kels ici lhksglelu k qui`k `l rigel Kstihk. Kl hletrërgl `i Hlclodl, Hlrtiz pirhidiu rkpg`koieti l mrke`i vkclr ihleðoghl `k sioieti `i hkhku, tketl hlol kcgoietl, hlol uok alrok `i oli`k. Io ;942, Hlrtiz lrmkegzlu k prgoigrk ietrimk `i sioietis `i hkhku pkrk k Ispkebk. L hblhlckti clml si tlrelu akolsl ietri k eldrizk ispkeblck. Hlo l ago `k supriokhgk ispkeblck el okr, l hkhku hloiílu k si ispkcbkr plr tl`k k Iurlpk, prgehgpkcoieti ek krgstlhrkhgk, prgoigrl ek Gtëcgk (;970), `iplgs ek Arkeík (;1;9), Gemcktirrk (;19=) i Kciokebk (;192).
Hlo k rivlcuíèl ge`ustrgkc elvkX oëqugeks alrko `isievlcvg`ks pkrk l prlhisskoietl `l hkhku, l qui pirogtgu siu `isievlcvgoietl i siu khissl î plpuckíèl. ^rlhissl `i prl`uíèl `l hblhlckti6 L huctgvl - l hkhkuigrl rimgèl ietri ls pkrkcicls `i 4>¶
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ërvlri ixgmieti, eèl hrishi eio io cumkris ougtl kctls, eio ougtl argls i eio ougtl sihls rimgùis `i hcgok tiopirk`l, io tlrel `i 49¶ H rimgùis 1>>o khgok `l eïvic `l okr `iplgs `i plcgegzk`k k aclr civk ktç sigs oisis pkrk si trkesalrokr euo arutl ok`url aclris sèl `gaïhigs `i sirio plcgegzk`ks - kpieks ;>% `ks aclris prl`uz arutls kl ktgemgr 0 kels `i g`k`i vg`k prl`utgvk `i picl oiels 1> kels arutls ok`urls tæo uok hlclrkíèl `lurk`k hk`k arutl plssug `i 4> k 0> sioietis okrrlo-krrlxik`ks, hirhk`ks `i plcpk drkehk okhgk Pgpls `i sioieti6 Alrkstirl - 2>% `l hkhku `l oue`l. ^rlutlris6 Drksgc i Ëarghk Hrglccl ‘ ‘ ;> k ;9% `l hkhku `l oue`l ‘ ‘ Eghkrëmuk, Muktiokck, Oçxghl, Qieizuick i Hlcðodgk, Fkokghk Bïdrg`ks ‘ Bïdrg`ks ‘ trgegtërgk trgegtërgk (`i Prgeg`k`) ‘ Prgeg`k`) ‘ lrgmgeërgk lrgmgeërgk `i hruzkoietls ;.
Hlcbigtk
Kpøs 0 oisis l arutl kok`urihi i ietèl ietèl ç hlrtk`l `k ërvlri6
kcmues pkïsis l kel tl`l kcmues `i okgl k `iziodrl ek Ëarghk `i sitiodrl k `iziodrl arutls sèl ritgrk`ls hlrtke`l-si ls tkcls kpøs 0 siokeks `i ritgrk`ls istèl ok`urls i prletls pkrk tirio suk plcpk ritgrk`k. 4.
Airoietkíèl ls arutls sèl kdirtls hlo hug`k`l pkrk eèl `kegaghkr ks sioietis. k plcpk i ks sioietis sèl hlclhk`ls pkrk airoietkr sldri alcbks `i dkekeigrk i hldirtl hldirtl hlo icks. ;9
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k civi`urk i ks dkhtçrgks geghgko uok rikíèl quïoghk io qui l kíöhkr `k plcpk si trkesalrok io ëchllc, `gøxg`l `i hkrdlel i ëhg`l khçtghl. prlhissl civk `i 4 k = `gks k hlr `ks sioietis si kctirk `l krrlxik`l pkrk l okrrlo ‘ okrrlo ‘ `isievlcvi `isievlcvi k hlr prlhissl icgogek l kokrmlr ixgstieti el arutl i `isievlcvi l skdlr i krlok l hkhku pir`i siu pl`ir mirogektgvl i ls mrèls si `isprie`io `k plcpk. 8.
Xihkmio sioietis sèl hlclhk`ks pkrk sihkr kl slc sèl eihissërgls `i 2 k ;> `gks pkrk sihkrio kcmuoks sioietis sihko io clhkgs prøprgls aihbk`ls hlo k sihkmio ri`uzio suk uog`k`i `i 9>% pkrk =%
0.
Plrriakíèl `isievlcvi skdlr , krlok i iergquihi k hlr sihk k hkshk akhgcgtke`l suk ritgrk`k kpøs tlrriakíèl sioietis sèl risargk`ks pkrk ivgtkr k tlrriakíèl tl rriakíèl getirek plr vlctk `i ;;4¶ H
9.
Fligrkr
sioietis sèl sipkrk`ks `ks hkshks, ktrkvçs `i fktls `i kr qui si olvgoietko. 1.
Olkmio / ^rieskmio ktrkvçs `k olkmio si ldtço l cïqulr lu okssk `i hkhku. ls mrèls si trkesalroko euok okssk `ivg`l kl hkclr prlviegieti `l ktrgtl mirk`l hlo k kíèl `l olgebl. sioietis hletço hirhk `i 90% `i oketigmk `i hkhku okssk `i hkhku ç priesk`k pkrk ixtrkgr k oketigmk `i hkhku ek prieskmio bë uok mrke`i ixtrkíèl `i oketigmk `i hkhku. K oketigmk ç kquihg`k i k mlr`urk ishlrri hkpgckroieti plr lrgaïhgls. ;9
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ls søcg`ls `i hkhku qui sldrko `iplgs `k ixtrkíèl `k oketigmk ç qui sèl plstirglroieti tlrrk`ls i si trkesalroko el hkhku io pø. =.
Ogsturk l cïqulr ç k`ghglek`l `i lutrls gemri`gietis hlol cigti io pø i kíöhkr sioietis usk`ks pkrk akdrghkr l hblhlckti hloistïvic sèl `gairietis `ks usk`ks pkrk akdrghkr akdrghkr l hkhku io pø. Ks prgoigrks sèl sicihglek`ks.
2.
Tiagekoietl ks viclhg`k`is prlmrissgvks `gsslcvio ks pkrtïhucks `i hkhku i pucvirgzko ls hrgstkgs `i kíöhkr.
7.
Hlehbkmio istëmgl aue`koietkc le`i k okssk trktk`k hlo kquihgoietl. `isievlcvi l skdlr `l hblhlckti i ç k`lík`l i k`ghglek`l `i cihgtgek. ;22> ‘ ;22> ‘ oëqugek oëqugek gevietk`k picl hblhlcktgir suïíl Tl`lcai Cge`t Tihgpgieti mrke`i io alrok `i hlehbk. aueíèl `i kmgtkr l hblhlckti cïqug`l ‘ cïqug`l ‘ pirïl`l pirïl`l `i ktç siti `gks ktgemi tixturk agekc uegalroi i kvicu`k`k skdlris sèl k`ghglek`ls `urketi isti prlhissl dkuegcbk ç elrokcoieti k`ghglek`k
;>. Tisargkoietl
k okssk `l hblhlckti ç risargk`k k uok tiopirkturk `i 09¶ H. ;;. ^rç-hrgstkcgzkíèl
Itkpk aue`koietkc ek akdrghkíèl `l hblhlckti oketigmk `i hkhku ixgstieti ek okssk `l hblhlckti k`qugri suk alrok okgs istëvic, kssimurke`l kssgo ks hkrkhtirïstghks `i drgcbl,hletrkíèl i `urizk.
;4. Olc`kmio
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L hblhlckti cïqug`l hrgstkcgzk`l ç hlclhk`l io olc`is le`i si `iageio ls `gvirsls alroktls ;8. Tisargkoietl
ls olc`is sèl risargk`ls pkrk qui l hblhlckti ie`uriík i hletrkgk._ Krokziekoietl ;0. Krokziekoietl l krokziekoietl `k dkrrks ç aigtl io tiopirkturk i uog`k`i ispihïaghks Hloplsgíèl `l hblhlckti6 Oketigmk `i hkhku Mlr`urk ixtrkï`k `ks koæe`lks `l hkhku. Xuk aueíèl ç prlplrhglekr uok okglr okhgiz i drgcbl kl hblhlckti. K oketigmk `i hkhku XI aue`i goi`gktkoieti kdkgxl `k tiopirkturk `l skemui buokel. Ç istk hkrkhtirïstghk qui iopristk kl hblhlckti k sieskíèl kvicu`k`k qui ici prlplrhglek kl sir hlclhk`l ek dlhk, hlgsk qui eiebuo lutrl gemri`gieti hlesimui sudstgtugr k`iquk`koieti. Okssk `i hkhku Hletço oketigmk `i hkhku i søcg`l `i hkhku, i ç tkodço hbkok`l `i cïqulr.
Kíöhkr L kíöhkr qui si utgcgzk el hblhlckti ç k skhkrlsi, qui sloieti sirë sudstgtuï`l el hksl `k akdrghkíèl `i hblhlcktis `gitçtghls.
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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Dkuegcbk Ispihgkrgk prlviegieti `k Ïe`gk tio hlol aueíèl krloktgzkr l hblhlckti. Cihgtgek Ç uo ioucsgaghketi qui ktuk el hblhlckti hlol kmieti uog`gaghketi, istkdgcgzketi i `gspirsketi, kcço `i kuoietkr k slcudgcg`k`i `l prl`utl io cigti lu ëmuk, el hksl `ls khblhlcktk`ls. K cihgtgek ç uok mlr`urk vimitkcldtg`k k pkrtgr `k slfk, cgebkík, kcml`èl, ogcbl, mgrksslc i hkelck. Oicblrk tkodço k tixturk i prisirvk ks qukcg`k`is `l hblhlckti. PG^LX @I HBLHLCKPI Hkhku ;>>% - usk`l io hleaigtkrgks pkrk `kr hlr i skdlr khietuk`l io prl`uíùis Hkhku io pø ‘ pø ‘ kchkcgel kchkcgel i l eèl kchkcgel ‘ kchkcgel ‘ pl`i pl`i sir k`lík`l lu eèl Hldirturk6 hblhlckti okgs vgshlsl i okgs cïqug`l ‘ ‘ plssug `i 8> k 0>% `i oketigmk `i hkhku- quketl okgs oketigmk `i hkhku, okgs cïqug`l i vgshlsl i okgs hkrl tkodço ‘ tkodço ‘ usk`k usk`k pkrk olc`kr i dkebkr Kokrml6 ( dgttirswiit hblhlckti) ‘ ktç ‘ ktç =>% `i pkstk `i hkhku Hblhlckti kl cigti6 pkstk `i hkhku, kíöhkr, søcg`ls `i cigti (;0% el oïegol), dkuegcbk i oketigmk `i hkhku Hblhlckti drkehl6 ls oicblris tæo kctl tilr `i oketigmk `i hkhku i cigti
`isg`rktk`l lu hle`iesk`l. Eèl hletço pkstk `i hkhku ‘ ‘ kcmues hletço mlr`urk vimitkc Hblhlckti oigl kokrml6 89% pkstk `i hkhku ‘ hkhku ‘ g`ikc g`ikc sirgk `i 09 k 9>% Hblhlckti bg`rlmiek`l6 tl`k k oketigmk `i hkhku ç sudstgtuï`k plr mlr`urk vimitkc bg`rlmiek`k i plr gstl eèl eihissgtk `i tiopirkmio
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Kcmuoks okrhks akolsks6 QKCTBLEK ‘ Arkeík QKCTBLEK ‘ Arkeík ‘ ‘ –mrke` –mrke` hrus‟ DKTTW HKCCIDKYP ‘ HKCCIDKYP ‘ Arkehæs Arkehæs i Dicmk CGE@P ‘ CGE@P ‘ Xuïíl Xuïíl ^ITYMGEK ‘ ^ITYMGEK ‘ Gtkcgkel Gtkcgkel HBLHLCLQI ‘ HBLHLCLQI ‘ Dicmk Dicmk i Arkehæs MYGTKT@ICCG ‘ Koirghkel MYGTKT@ICCG ‘ Koirghkel ‘ ‘ Xèl Xèl Arkehgshl XHBKTAAIE DITMIT ‘ DITMIT ‘ Koirghkel Koirghkel ‘ ‘ Xèl Xèl Arkehgshl Hlesirvkíèl `l hblhlckti6 Iodkck`l io clhkc arishl, sihl i krifk`l. Clemi `i qukcquir kcgoietl qui `isprie`k ougtl hbigrl @i priairæehgk io tiopirkturk hlestketi ‘ hlestketi ‘ ietri ietri ;4¶ H k 4>¶ H @urkdgcg`k`i6 Drkehl ‘ Drkehl ‘ ;4 ;4 oisis Kl cigti ‘ cigti ‘ ;2 ;2 oisis Oigl kokrml i kokrml ‘ kokrml ‘ 40 40 oisis @iaigtls ek prl`uíèl i hlesirvkíèl `l hblhlckti6 Yo `ls `iaigtls okgs hloues io hblhlcktis ç `ielogek`l `i –dcllo‟. Kpiskr Kpiskr `isti `iaigtl eèl getirairgr eks hkrkhtirïstghks lrmkelcçptghks `l prl`utl, ici l `iprihgk `ivg`l kl siu `iskmrk`ëvic kspihtl vgsukc.
Ixgstio `lgs tgpls `i –dcllo‟6 `i –dcllo‟6 Akt dcllo Isti aieðoiel si okegaistk hlol okehbks khgezietk`ks ek hkok`k supiragkc `l prl`utl, hleairge`l uo kspihtl `iskmrk`ëvic kcço `k pir`k sgmegaghktgvk `i drgcbl. Ici ç hkusk`l pick ogmrkíèl `i hrgstkgs `i mlr`urk pkrk k supiraïhgi `l prl`utl. Kcmues aktlris qui pl`io hkuskr siu kpkrihgoietl6
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tiopirkmio gehlrritk `l hblhlckti: oçtl`l gek`iquk`l `i risargkoietl `ls prl`utls khkdk`ls: istlhkmio `l hblhlckti io kodgietis quietis: rihbigl hlo kctl tilr `i mlr`urk: tiopirkturk gek`iquk`k `l rihbigl ‘ rihbigl ‘ ougtl ougtl argl: tiopirkturk `l kodgieti ougtl kctk `urketi l prlhissl `i olc`kmio: Acutukíùis `i tiopirkturk `urketi l prlhissl. Xumkr dcllo Kl hletrërgl `l Akt Dcllo, isti `iaigtl si hkrkhtirgzk pick prisieík `i uok hkok`k rumlsk i grrimuckr ek supiraïhgi `l hblhlckti, kctirke`l, plrtketl, ks hkrkhtirïstghks lrmkelcçptghks `l prl`utl. Isti `iaigtl ç elrokcoieti hkusk`l plr hle`ieskíèl `i uog`k`i, qui `gsslcvi l kíöhkr prisieti el hblhlckti, alroke`l uo xkrlpi. [uke`l k ëmuk ivkplrk plstirglroieti, l kíöhkr pirokeihi ek supiraïhgi io alrok `i hrgstkgs mrlssls i grrimuckris. L prlhissl `istrøg k tixturk `l hblhlckti qui si tlrek hgezietl i krik`l. Kpiskr `i pl`ir sir gemirg`l, `gaghgcoieti sirë kprihgk`l hlol uo dlo hblhlckti. Ls prgehgpkgs aktlris qui pl`io hkuskr siu kpkrihgoietl sèl6 @ipøsgtl `i uog`k`i `ivg`l kl kr öog`l prisieti io mick`igrks hleviehglekgs: Krokziekoietl io hle`gíùis öog`ks lu hletktl hlo pkri`i i/lu hbèl
argls: Ysl `i oktirgkgs lu iodkckmies öog`ks: Ysl `i gemri`gietis bgmrlshøpghls eks alrouckíùis `ls rihbigls: Hblquis `i tiopirkturks - pksskmio drushk `i zleks argks pkrk zleks quietis.
Oketigmk `i hkhku
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MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
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Hloplstk plr vërgls tgpls `i hrgstkgs risplesëvigs pick tixturk kvicu`k`k `l hblhlckti i qui pirogtio uo `irritgoietl mrk`ktgvl ek dlhk. Ls prgehgpkgs hrgstkgs sèl6 l Kcak, Mkok i l Ditk. Kcak6 hrgstkcgzk k ;=¶ H Mkok6 hrgstkcgzk ietri 4;¶ H i 40¶ H Ditk6 hrgstkcgzk ietri 80¶ H i 89¶ H PIO^ITKMIO ‘ ^TÇ-HTGXPKCGVKÍÈL ^TÇ-HTGXPKCGVKÍÈL
Hlesgsti dksghkoieti euo cietl i mrk`ukc risargkoietl `l hblhlckti `i ol`l k alrokr ls hrgstkgs `i oketigmk `i hkhku uegalroioieti ripkrtg`ls el siu tl`l. PIO^ITKMIO ? ri`uíèl `i tiopirkturk i olvgoietl Pio plr agekcg`k`i6 mkrketgr kl hblhlckti uok istruturk agekc hlopkhtk i blolmæeik rëpg`k sihkmio ‘ sihkmio ‘ hletrkíèl hletrkíèl `l hblhlckti drgcbl tixturk okglr tiopl `i hlesirvkíèl
Hug`k`ls k sirio tlok`ls el `irritgoietl `l hblhlckti uskr rihgpgieti `i oitkc lu vg`rl eèl `igxkr qui l dlwc tlqui k ëmuk `l dkebl-okrgk hlrtkr pi`kíls `i hblhlckti uegalrois eèl uctrkpksskr 9>¶ H el hksl `i supirkquihgoietl `l hblhlckti pl`iols k`ghglekr ; hlcbir `i hbë `i øcil vimitkc pkrk hk`k 9>>m ‘ 9>>m ‘ `i `i priairæehgk cihgtgek `i slfk lu uskr isti hblhlckti pkrk lutrks prl`uíùis hlol mkekhbis
;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
L hblhlckti pl`i sir tiopirk`l ge`iageg`koieti Oçtl`ls `i tiopirkmio Pkdckmi ‘ 4/8 Pkdckmi ‘ 4/8 `l hblhlckti sèl hlclhk`ls ek pi`rk i risargk`ls ktç ktgemgrio 4=¶ H. Ogsturkr ls 4/8 hlo l ;/8 ristketi. @ivirë ktgemgr k tiopirkturk k`iquk`k `i trkdkcbl. K`gíèl `i pi`kíls - `irritir l hblhlckti i quke`l ici ktgemgr k tiopirkturk `i 0>¶ H, k`ghglekr `i ;9 k 4>% `i pi`kíls `i hblhlckti pghk`l i oixir dio ktç qui tl`l l hblhlckti khrishietk`l istifk `irritg`l i gehlrplrk`l i k tiopirkturk `i trkdkcbl tiebk sg`l ktgemg`k. Tisargkoietl6 Hlclhkr l dlwc `l hblhlckti `irritg`l sldri uo dkebl-okrgk Tisargkoietl6 `i micl, oixir rkpg`koieti ktç qui ktgefk 4=¶ H. Tikquihir l hblhlckti pkrk ktgemgr k tiopirkturk `i trkdkcbl. K tiopirkturk `i trkdkcbl vkrgk `i khlr`l hlo l tgpl `i hblhlckti6 Hblhlckti Oigl kokrml -5 84¶ H + lu ‘ lu ‘ ;¶ ;¶ H Hblhlckti kl cigti ‘ cigti ‘5 5 8>¶ H + lu ‘ lu ‘ ;¶ ;¶ H Hblhlckti drkehl ‘ drkehl ‘5 5 42¶ H + lu ‘ lu ‘ ;¶ ;¶ H
Pisti `k tiopirkmio ‘ ‘ hlclhkr uo pluhl `i hblhlckti ek pletk `i uok akhk. Ie`urihirë io 8 ogeutls io uok tiopirkturk `i ;2¶ H k 4>¶ H i kprisietkrë drgcbl.
;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Xldrihrgstkcgzkíèl [uke`l l hblhlckti hloiíkr k iemrlsskr, rikquihir hug`k`lskoieti lu khrishietkr hblhlckti `irritg`l. L hblhlckti sldrihrgstkcgzk`l `ë oiels drgcbl kl prl`utl agekc i tio uok alrík `i istkdgcgzkíèl ougtl arkhk. K`gíèl `i hlrketis kl hblhlckti ^l`iols hlclrgr k oketigmk `i hkhku i k`ghgleë-ck kl hblhlckti lu hlclrgr l hblhlckti drkehl. Ls hlrketis `ivio sir prøprgls pkrk hblhlckti. Hlrketis î dksi `i ëchllc lu mic ie`urihirèl l hblhlckti Eèl k`ghglekr didg`ks kchløcghks el hblhlckti `irritg`l. Gstl vkg akzir hlo qui ici ie`uriík.
;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
MTËAGHL @I YPGCGVKÍÈL @L MTËAGHL @I YPGCGVKÍÈL @L HBLHLCKPI @ITTIPIT L HBLHLCKPI EÈL YCPTK^KXXKE@L 9>¶ H
PIO^ITKT L HBLHLCKPI YPGCGVKE@L YO @LX PTÆX
OÇPL@LX PIXPKT L HBLHLCKPI
EÈL
L HBLHLCKPI XIHLY ^TL^TGKOIEPI I IXPË HLO DTGCBL<
XGO
L HBLHLCKPI IXPË OYGPL
MTLXXL ^KTK XIT YPGCGVK@L
TIK[YIHIT HBLHLCKPI
YPGCGVKT HBLHLCKP ;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Piopirkturk g`ikc `l clhkc `i trkdkcbl, olc`is i prl`utls k rivistgr Clhkc `i trkdkcbl ‘ trkdkcbl ‘ 4>¶ 4>¶ H Tihbigls ‘ Tihbigls ‘ hirhk hirhk `i 9¶ H geairglris î tiopirkturk `l hblhlckti Olc`is ‘ Olc`is ‘ kprlxgokr kprlxgokr l oicblr plssïvic `k tiopirkturk kodgieti oks qui eèl uctrkpkssi k `l hblhlckti tiopirk`l Tisargkoietl `l hblhlckti ‘ hblhlckti ‘ olc`kmio olc`kmio - `ivi si `kr io tlrel `i ;> k ;4¶ H Dkebl ‘ Dkebl ‘ `ivi `ivi si `kr ietri ;9 i ;2¶ H Olc`kmio i `isolc`kmio `i dlodles Dlodlo Okhgíl6 ;. ^rç-kquihir l olc`i: 4. Hlo l kuxïcgl `i uok ispëtuck lu hlehbk priiehbir l olc`i hlo hblhlckti tiopirk`l: 8. ^krk icgogekr dlcbks `i kr i pkrk khlol`kr l hblhlckti io tl`ls ls `isiebls `l olc`i, vgdrk-cl sldri uok supiraïhgi rïmg`k i pckek: 0. Titgrkr l ixhissl `i hblhlckti hlo uok ispëtuck ktç qui k supiraïhgi agqui dio cgsk: 9. Civkr l olc`i î mick`igrk plr ;9 ogeutls ktç qui l hblhlckti siqui: 1. Qgrkr olc`i io supiraïhgi rïmg`k, cgsk cgsk i cgopk pkrk `isealrokr.
Dlodlo rihbik`l6 ;. ^rç-kquihir l olc`i: 4. Hlo l kuxïcgl `i uok ispëtuck lu hlehbk priiehbir l olc`i hlo hblhlckti tiopirk`l: 8. ^krk icgogekr dlcbks `i kr i pkrk khlol`kr l hblhlckti io tl`ls ls `isiebls `l olc`i, vgdrk-cl sldri uok supiraïhgi rïmg`k i pckek: 0. Gevirtir l olc`i pkrk ritgrkr l ixhissl `i hblhlckti, ktç qui k ispissurk `isifk`k sifk ldtg`k: 9. Cgopkr l olc`i hlo uok ispëtuck i ietèl gevirti-cl sldri uok alcbk `i pkpic oketigmk lu mrk`i oitëcghk i civkr î mick`igrk pkrk sihkr: ;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
1. Titgrkr l olc`i `k mick`igrk iequketl kge`k l hblhlckti istgvir uo pluhl okciëvic i hlo k ispëtuck cgopk-cl elvkoieti: =. Civkr elvkoieti pkrk mick`igrk pkrk hlopcitkr l risargkoietl: 2. ^riiehbir k hkshk `l dlodlo hlo l rihbigl, utgcgzke`l uo skhl `i hleaigtkr, tloke`l hug`k`l pkrk `igxkr 4oo kdkgxl `k dlr`k. Tihbigls ougtl cïqug`ls `ivio ispirkr k alrokíèl `i uok hrlstk ek suk supiraïhgi ketis `i sirio sick`ls. Tihbigls søcg`ls pl`io sir sick`ls goi`gktkoieti: 7. @ispifkr hblhlckti el olc`i, sicke`l l rihbigl: ;>. Hlo uok ispëtuck ritgrkr l ixhissl `i hblhlckti ktç qui k supiraïhgi agqui cgsk: ;;. Civkr l olc`i pkrk k mick`igrk pkrk sihkr: ;4. Qgrkr l olc`i sldri supiraïhgi rïmg`k, cgsk i cgopk i `isiealrokr.
PTYAKX L eloi `istks prl`uíùis ç prlviegieti `i uok ispçhgi `i hlmuoicl qui ekshi i hrishi iodkgxl `i hkrvkcbls i hkstkebigrks el suc `k Arkeík i ek Gtëcgk. L iaigtl iopligrk`l `i tirrk sldri ls hlmuoicls ç ldtg`l quke`l ks truaks sèl ievlcvg`ks el hkhku io pø. K truak ek`k okgs ç `l qui uok mkekhbi `urk io alroktl al roktl ri`le`l lu lvkc, pkssk`k el hkhku io pø. ^l`i lu eèl sir rihldirtk `i uok hkok`k `i hblhlckti ketis `i sir pkssk`k el hkhku io pø. Lrgmgekcoieti ks truaks kprisietko uok supiraïhgi rumlsk i
`i alroktl grrimuckr. @urkdgcg`k`i6 4 siokeks io tiopirkturk kodgieti 0 siokeks el riargmirk`lr 1 oisis el hlemick`lr ^rlplríèl dësghk pkrk pripkrk truaks6 Pruak `i hblhlckti oigl kokrml; jm `i hblhlckti 9>> oc `i hrioi `i cigti arishl=9m `i ;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
mcuhlsi Pruak `i hblhlckti drkehl ; jm `i hblhlckti drkehl 49>m `i hrioi `i cigti arishl1>m arishl1>m `i mcuhlsi HLEAGPYTIX Ks micçgks sèl dksghkoieti pripkrkíùis î dksi `i arutks k`ghglek`ks `i kíöhkr, ëhg`l i pihtgek. K quketg`k`i `i kíöhkr k`ghglek`l vkg vkrgkr `i khlr`l hlo k arutk ishlcbg`k. K hlhíèl `ks micçgks `ivi sir aigtk io utiesïcgls `i hldri lu `i gelx. Lutrls oktirgkgs pl`io kmrimkr uo mlstl ge`isifëvic îs pripkrkíùis. Ks arutks, prgehgpkcoieti p rgehgpkcoieti ks ëhg`ks fë hletço pihtgek i sèl aigtks kpieks hlo k`gíèl `i kíöhkr. Ietritketl, eks micçgks `i arutks hlo pluhk pihtgek, hlstuok-si k`ghgleë-ck pkrk kfu`kr k ispisskr i `kr hlrpl. ^krk hlesirvkr ks micçgks, utgcgzkr vg`rls `i dlhk ckrmk, hlo tkopks dio kfustk`ks kl dlhkc. Airvir istis vg`rls ketis `i utgcgzë-cls. ^krk mukr`kr plr okgs tiopl, alrri l aue`l `i uok pkeick mrke`i hlo uo pkel lu hlo pkpic i khlol`i ls vg`rls tkopk`ls sldri ici. Gstl kfu`k pkrk qui ls vg`rls eèl dktko ues els lutrls. Hlopciti hlo ëmuk argk, oks sio hldrgr Hlclqui pkrk airvir. Titgri k pkeick `l alml i oketiebk ls vg`rls el siu getirglrksktçtkopks. qui isargio hlopcitkoieti. MKEKHBI
Dksghkoieti uok ioucsèl `i hblhlckti hlo uo gemri`gieti cïqug`l. Hckssghkoieti ç uok ogsturk `i hblhlckti i hrioi `i cigti, qui pl`i civkr tkodço oketigmk, didg`ks kchløcghks i lutrls krloktgzketis. Kcmuoks rihigtks tkodço hletæo mcuhlsi, qui kuoietk siu drgcbl i suk `urkdgcg`k`i. Ç uok ogsturk rghk hlo ls okgs `gvirsls usls ek hleaigtkrgk. ^l`i sir usk`k hlol uo rihbigl, hlol hldirturk, euok hlesgstæehgk okgs agroi pkrk hleaihíèl `i truaks, dlodles, ith. K tixturk vkg vkrgkr `i khlr`l khlr`l hlo k prlplríèl `i cïqug`l k`ghglek`k. ^rlplríèl dësghk ? ; pkrti `i hrioi pkrk ; pkrti `i hblhlckti (plr pisl) ;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
Lds. Ciodrkr qui quke`l l hrâoi ku diurri alr krokziek`l sld riargmirkíèl `ivi sir kquihg`l io dkebl-okrgk ketis `i utgcgzk`l pkrk qui eèl bkfk quidrk `i aksis. Dktir ktç k`qugrgr k hlesgstæehgk `isifk`k.
HLYCGX Ç uo tgpl `i skuhi hloplstl plr arutk lu plcpk `i arutk ge ekturk lu hlemick`k prlhissk`k hlo kíöhkr, qui pl`i hletir tkodço suhl `i cgoèl i ëmuk, ougtl utgcgzk`l ek agekcgzkíèl `i sldrioisks.
;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
KÍÖHKT , ^LEPLX @I HKC@K , H KTKOICL ^LEPLX @K HKC@K @I KÍÖHKT Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Kíöhkr riagek`l
49>
Mrkoks
Ëmuk
;49
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Io uok pkeick, `gsslcvir l kíöhkr ek ëmuk. 4. Cgopkr ks cktirkgs `k pkeick pgehicke`l ëmuk argk pkrk ivgtkr k rihrgstkcgzkíèl `l kíöhkr. 8. Civkr kl alml oç`gl i hlzgebkr k hkc`k ktç ktgemgr ls pletls dlcbk, dkck, quidrk`gíl q uidrk`gíl i hkrkoicl. PYGCI @I MCYHLXI (@IOL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Mcuhlsi
8>
Mrkoks
Hlrketi mic kokricl/viroicbl
[D
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. ^rç^rç-kquihir kquihir l alrel k 4>>˖H. 4. @gsplr 4 hlcbirk`ks `k mcuhlsi io uo tkpiti `i sgcghlei. Io uok `ks tugcis, hlclhkr piquieks mltks `l hlrketi plr hgok `k mcuhlsi.
8. Civkr kl alrel plr, kprlxgok`koieti, = ogeutls.
;1
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
OÇPL@L HKTKOICL XIHL6 ^TKCGEÇ @I KOÆE@LKX (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;>>
Mrkoks
Koæe`lks io ckshks
8>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Euok pkeick civkr l kíöhkr kl alml ktç hkrkoicgzkr. 4. Khrishietkr ietèl ks koæe`lks koæe`lks sio picis tlstk`ks, cgmigrkoieti pghk`ks. 8. Ogsturkr i `irrkokr k ogsturk io uo tkpiti `i sgcghlei. 0. Isargkr i pghkr mrlssigrkoieti.
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
OITIEMYIX OITIEMYI ATKEHÆX (@IOL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hckrks
1>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;;9
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Dktir ks hckrks hlo kuxïcgl `l mcldl ek dkti`igrk, gr hlclhke`l l kíöhkr kls pluhls. 4. Dktir ktç hbimkr kl pletl agroi. 8. Ol`ickr suspgrls i ksskr k ;>>¶H ktç sihkr, pkrk `imustkíèl. OITIEMYI XYÏÍL (@IOL) (@IOL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hckrks
1>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;;9
Mrkoks
Hlrketi viroicbl (si `isifkr)
[D
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Kquihir ks hckrks k`ghglek`ks `l kíöhkr io dkebl-okrgk ktç qui ktgefko uok tiopirkturk oëxgok `i 1>˖H.
4. Civkr k ogsturk î dkti`igrk. Hlo kuxïcgl `l mcldl, dktir ktç pghls agrois. Xi `isifkr, hlclrgr. 8. Ol`ickr suspgrls i ksskr k ;>>¶H ktç sihkr, pkrk `imustkíèl. Lds6 `imustkr l suspgrl hlo oiriemui arkehæs i hlo oiriemui suïíl i eltkr ks `gairieíks. ` gairieíks.
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
XLYAACÇ @I MLGKDK@K (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i
Mlgkdk`k hriolsk Tkcstle
;0>
Mrkoks
Hckrks
1>
Mrkoks
Hriolr `i tërtkrl
;
Mrkoks
Oketigmk pkrk uetkr
49
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l pkrk plcvgcbkr
9>
Mrkoks
;. ^rç-kquihir l alrel k 4;>¶H. 4. Blolmieigzkr k mlgkdk`k hlo uo aluit, kpieks ktç aghkr cgsk. 8. Dktir ks hckrks io eivi khrishietke`l l hriolr `i tërtkrl quke`l ks hckrks hloiíkrio k sudgr. 0. Khrishietkr k mlgkdk`k kls pluhls (io 8 k`gíùis), k`gíùis), ogsturke`l `icghk`koieti . 9. Yetkr ls ogeg rkoijges hlo k oketigmk i l kíöhkr. 1. @ispifkr l hrioi els rkoijges pripkrk`ls i ksskr io alrel prç kquihg`l plr hirhk `i ;> k ;4 ogeutls.
=. Titgrkr `l alrel i sirvgr goi`gktkoieti khlopkebk`l `k hkc`k `i quigfl Hktupgry. HKC@K @I HKPY^GTW (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i
[uigfl Hktupgry
;8>
Mrkoks
Cigti getimrkc
;4>
Ogcgcgtrls
;. Euok pkeick piquiek airvir l cigti i khrishietkr l Hktupgry. 4. Ogsturkr ktç qui l quigfl tiebk `irritg`l i alroi uok hkc`k blolmçeik `i ekppç civi. Tisirvkr
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
O KXXKX ^KTK PLTPKX (KYCK ;) PLTPK @I HBLHLCKPI ^ÄPI XKDCÇI @‗KOKE@I (@IOL I PTGL) PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
8>>
Mrkoks
;>>
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i koæe`lks
8>
Mrkoks
Miok `i lvl
0>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
1>
Mrkoks
Xkc riagek`l
>;
^gtk`k
Ëmuk
9>
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i trgml
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
Ol`l `i pripkrl ‘ pripkrl ‘ oçtl`l oçtl`l hrçokmi6
;. El dlwc `k dkti`igrk, hlo l kuxïcgl `k rkquiti, dktir k oketigmk i l kíöhkr, ktç alrokr uok ogsturk isdrkequgík`k. Ek siquæehgk, khrishietkr k miok.
4. K`ghglekr ls sihls (skc, akrgebk `i trgml i akrgebk `i koæe`lks). Xi eihissërgl, khrishietkr k ëmuk.
8. Eèl ogsturkr io `ioksgk pkrk eèl `isievlcvir mcötie. 0. Kdrgr uo `gshl `i okssk (8oo) hlo l rlcl ietri `lgs pcëstghls, olc`kr io uok alrok hkeick`k `i aue`l riolvïvic `i 40ho, civkr î mick`igrk i `igxkr plr picl oiels 8> ogeutls ketis `i utgcgzkr.
9. Titgrkr k okssk `k mick`igrk, aurkr hlo uo mkral i civkr pkrk ksskr io alrel prçkquihg`l k ;=>¶H ktç k dlr`k hloiíkr k `lurkr.
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
TIHBIGL ‘ MKEKHBI TIHBIGL ‘ MKEKHBI @I HBLHLCKPI (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hblhlckti oigl kokrml
08>
Mrkoks
Hrioi `i cigti arishl
8>>
Mrkoks
Oic
;9
Mrkoks
Hlebkqui
;9
Ogcgcgtrls
Oketigmk
;9
Mrkoks
@IHLTKÍÈL Hlrketi pø `lurk`l
[D
Hblhlckti drkehl
;>>
MTKOKX
Olrkeml arishl
;9>
MTKOKX
Aclr hloistïvic piquiek drkehk
;
HKGRGEBK
Kvicès
9>
MTKOKX
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6 ;. Io uo dlwc, hlclhkr l hblhlckti oigl kokrml pghk`l.
4. Io uok pkeick kquihir l hrioi `i cigti, l oic i l hlebkqui. 8. @ispifkr sldri l hblhlckti, hldrgr plr 4 oge i ioucsglekr hlo l aluit, `l hietrl pkrk alrk, alroke`l k mkekhbi.
0. K`ghglekr k oketigmk mick`k kls pluhls, ioucsgleke`l ioucsgleke`l hlo l aluit. 9. @ispifkr sldri k okssk `k tlrtk. 1. Xi `isifkr, `ihlrkr hlo pø `lurk`l.
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
^ÄPI XYHTÇI (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
1>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
=9
Mrkoks
Miok `i lvl
4>
Mrkoks
Lvl drkehl tgpl ixtrk
49
Mrkoks
Xkc riagek`l
;
Mrkok
Akrgebk `i trgml
;9>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
Ol`l `i pripkrl ‘ pripkrl ‘ oçtl`l oçtl`l skdckmi6 skdckmi6
;. ^ieigrkr k akrgebk `i trgml `ietrl `i uo dlwc. 4. ^ghkr k oketigmk mick`k io piquiels hudls i fuetkr î akrgebk `i trgml hlo k pletk `ls `i`ls (lu rkquiti pucske`l), ktç qui si alroi uok akrlak mrlssk.
8. K`ghglekr ietèl, l kíöhkr i l skc i ogsturkr. 0. K`ghglekr k miok i l lvl i ogsturkr ktç qui si alroi uok okssk blolmæeik. Eèl ogsturkr io `ioksgk pkrk eèl `isievlcvir mcötie.
9. Kdrgr uo `gshl `i okssk (8oo) hlo l rlcl ietri `lgs pcëstghls, olc`kr io uok alrok hkeick`k
`i aue`l riolvïvic `i 40ho, civkr î mick`igrk i `igxkr plr picl oiels 4> ogeutls ketis `i utgcgzkr.
1. Titgrkr k okssk `k mick`igrk, aurkr hlo uo mkral i civkr pkrk ksskr io alrel prçkquihg`l k ;=>¶H ktç k dlr`k hloiíkr k `lurkr.
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
KYCK 0 - O KXXKX ^KTK PLTPKX (KYCK 4) PKTPI HGPTLE OITGEMYÇI HYT@ @I CGOÈL (@IOL i PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Cgoèl sghgcgkel
8
Yeg`k`is
Tkspks `i cgoèl
>4
Mrkoks
Kog`l `i ogcbl
8>
Mrkoks
Lvl drkehl tgpl ixtrk
449
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
449
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
7>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Titgrkr ks rkspks i l suhl `ls cgoùis. 4. @gcugr l kog`l el suhl `i cgoèl. Tisirvkr. uokpkrk pkeick, hlclhkr oixie`l ls lvls dktg`ls pieigrk`ls, l kíöhkr, l suhl `i cgoèl i l kog`l. Civkr 8. Io kl alml iemrlsskr, sioprii hlo k ispëtuck, pkrk eèl iopicltkr.
0. ^ksskr k ogsturk plr uok pieigrk i k`ghglekr k oketigmk mick`k io hudls, kls pluhls, i ks
rkspks `i cgoèl. Tisargkr.
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
OITIEMYI GPKCGKEL (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Ëmuk
09
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;49
Mrkoks
Mcuhlsi
4>
Mrkoks
Hckrk `i lvl
1>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6 ^ripkrl6
;. Akzir uok hkc`k hlo k ëmuk, l kíöhkr i k mcuhlsi io pletl `i dlcbk (;;0¶H): 4. Dktir ks hckrks io eivi ktç qui quk`rupcgquio `i vlcuoi. 8. Khrishietkr k hkc`k io agl hletïeul, hletïeul, dktie`l siopri ktç isargkr hlopcitkoieti. hlopcitkoieti. Oletkmio6 Oletkmio6
;. Ispkcbkr l hrioi `i cgoèl sldri k okssk prç-kssk`k i fë argk. 4. @ihlrkr hlo l oiriemui gtkcgkel utgcgzke`l uo skhl `i hleaigtkr i quigokr hlo okíkrghl.
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
^ÄPI Î HBLYR HTLYXPGCCKEP - HLDITPYTK HTLHKEPI ^KTK HKTLCGEKX (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Kíöhkr `ioirkrk
9>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk io plok`k
9>
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i trgml
9>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Ogsturkr tl`ls ls gemri`gietis ktç ldtir uok okssk blolmæeik. 4. Kdrgr ietri `lgs pcëstghls hlo kuxïcgl `i uo rlcl (kprlx. 4oo). 8. Civkr pkrk l uctrkhlemick`lr ktç aghkr agroi. 0. Hlrtkr hlo l kuxïcgl `i uo hlrtk`lr ri`le`l `l tkokebl `k okssk qui alg pgemk`k pkrk k hkrlcgek.
9. Tisirvkr pkrk hlclhkr plr hgok `ks hkrlcgeks ketis `i ksskr.
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
^ÄPI Î HBLYR (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Ëmuk
49>
Mrkoks
;>>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;8
Mrkoks
Xkc riagek`l
9
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i trgml pkrk pèl
;49
Mrkoks
Lvl drkehl tgpl ixtrk
;9>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Airvir k ëmuk, k oketigmk, l kíöhkr i l skc. 4. Khrishietkr k akrgebk `i trgml `i uok sø viz, oixir dio i hlzgebkr plr kcmues ogeutls ktç qui k ogsturk si `isprie`k i hloihi k hkrkoicgzkr l aue`l `k pkeick.
8. Prkesairgr k okssk pkrk k dkti`igrk i, hlo k rkquiti, dktir ktç risargkr. 0. Khrishietkr ls lvls, uo k uo, ktç ldtir uok okssk okssk cgsk, blolmæeik i drgcbketi.
9. Hlclhkr k okssk io uo skhl `i hleaigtkr hlo l dghl pircæ (cgsl) oç`gl i sldri ks kssk`igrks alrrk`ks hlo uo tkpiti `i sgcghlei, olc`kr ks çhckgrs i ks hkrlcgeks sipkrk`koieti.
1. Hlclhkr uo `gshl `i okssk Hrlustgccket sldri hk`k hkrlcgek. =. Ksskr, io alrel prç-kquihg`l k 4>>¶H plr hirhk `i ;> ogeutls. 2. Ti`uzgr k tiopirkturk pkrk ;2>¶H i hlopcitkr l hlzgoietl/sihkmio, plr vlctk `i 49 ogeutls.
;=
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HTÂOI ^ÄPGXXGÂTI HBLHLCKPI (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Cigti getimrkc
9>>
Ogcgcgtrls
Akvk `i dkuegcbk
¿
Yeg`k`i
Miok pkstiurgzk`k
;4>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;>>
Mrkoks
Kog`l `i ogcbl
0>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
09
Mrkoks
Hblhlckti oigl kokrml
1>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Io uok pkeick, civkr l cigti i k dkuegcbk kl alml pkrk kquihir kq uihir ktç civketkr airvurk. 4. Io lutrk vksgcbk dktir ks mioks i l kíöhkr ktç blolmieigzkr. K`ghglekr l kog`l `i ogcbl pieigrk`l.
8. @irrkokr hug`k`lskoieti l cigti sldri issk ogsturk, akzie`l k tiopirkmio. 0. Civkr k ogsturk kl alml drke`l i hlzgebkr cietkoieti sio pkrkr `i oixir ktç k ogsturk hloiíkr k aghkr ispissk.
9. Titgrkr goi`gktkoieti `l alml i khrishietkr k oketigmk mick`k io hudls. Xipkrkr 8>>m pkrk
akzir l Hrâoi Cçmâri. @igxkr io tiopirkturk kodgieti hldirtl hlo uo pkpic agcoi iehlstk`l sldri l hrioi, plgs fë `kriols hletgeug`k`i kl pripkrl. Xi alr utgcgzkr `iplgs, oketir riargmirk`l.
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HTÂOI CÇMÂTI (@IOL I PTGL) PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hrâoi ^ätgssgâri ^ätgssgâri
8>>
Mrkoks
Hrioi `i cigti arishl
;>>
Mrkoks
0
Mrkoks
Micktgek io pø sio skdlr
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Bg`rktkr k micktgek ek ëmuk argk i `gsslcvæ-ck io dkebl-okrgk. K`ghglekr kls 8>>m `l hrioi ^ätgssgâri `i hblhlckti kge`k olrel.
4. Dktir l hrioi `i cigti io pghls oç`gls (Hrioi Aluittçi) i fuetë-cl hug`k`lskoieti kl Hrioi ^ätgssgâri k 49˖H. 49˖H.
8. Tisargkr okgs uo pluhl ktç qui l hrioi istifk agroi. Agekcgzkíèl6 Agekcgzkíèl6 Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Kíöhkr gopkcpëvic
4>
Mrkoks
Oletkmio6
Tihbikr ks hkrlcgeks hlo l Hrioi Cçmâri `i hblhlckti i plcvgcbkr hlo kíöhkr `i hleaigtigrl. hleaigtigrl.
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
OGC ALCBKX ALCBKX HTÂOI ^ÄPGXXGÂTI (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Cigti getimrkc
49>
Ogcgcgtrls
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
49
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
1>
Mrkoks
Akvk `i dkuegcbk
;/4
Yeg`k`i
Miok pkstiurgzk`k
2>
Mrkoks
Kog`l `i ogcbl
4>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Io uok pkeick, civkr l cigti i k dkuegcbk kl alml pkrk kquihir ktç civketkr airvurk. 4. Io lutrk vksgcbk dktir ks mioks i l kíöhkr ktç blolmieigzkr. K`ghglekr l kog`l `i ogcbl pieigrk`l.
8. @irrkokr hug`k`lskoieti l cigti sldri issk ogsturk, akzie`l k tiopirkmio. 0. Civkr k ogsturk kl alml drke`l i hlzgebkr cietkoieti sio pkrkr `i oixir ktç k ogsturk hloiíkr k aghkr ispissk.
9. Titgrkr goi`gktkoieti `l alml i khrishietkr k oketigmk mick`k. @igxkr io tiopirkturk kodgieti hldirtl hlo uo pkpic agcoi iehlstk`l sldri l hrioi, plgs fë `kriols hletgeug`k`i kl pripkrl. Xi aðr utgcgzkr `iplgs, oketir riargmirk`l.
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HTÂOI CÇMÂTI (PTGL)
Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hrâoi ^ätgssgâri ^ätgssgâri
4>>
Mrkoks
Hrioi `i cigti arishl
4>>
Mrkoks
Micktgek io pø sio skdlr
9
Mrkoks
4>
Mrkoks
Ëmuk Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
0. Bg`rktkr k micktgek ek ëmuk argk i `gsslcvæ-ck io dkebl-okrgk. 9. Fuetkr k micktgek kl Hrioi ^ätgssgâri OLTEL i ogsturkr dio. 1. Dktir l hrioi `i cigti io pghls oç`gls (Hrioi Aluittçi) i fuetë-cl hug`k`lskoieti kl Hrioi ^ätgssgâri k 49˖H. 49˖H.
=. Tisargkr okgs uo pluhl ktç qui l hrioi istifk agroi.
OGC ALCBKX OLEPKMIO (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis Okssk alcbk`k Drkssirgi
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Qghtlrgk Kíöhkr riagek`l pkrk k`líkr k okssk
8>>
Mrkoks Mrkoks
4>
Kíöhkr gevirtg`l pkrk k hkrkoicgzkíèl
9>
Kíöhkr gopkcpëvic pkrk plcvgcbkr ek agekcgzkíèl
4>
Ogcgcgtrls
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. ^rç-kquihir l alrel k 44>¶ H. ;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
4. Hlrtkr uo ritäemucl `k okssk. 8. Hlclhkr k okssk euok kssk`igrk sldri pkpic oketigmk i aurkr hlo uo mkral. 0. ^lcvgcbkr k okssk hlo l kíöhkr riagek`l i civkr kl alrel, kdkgxke`l k tiopirkturk pkrk ;7>¶ H. 9. @iplgs `i 2 ogeutls `i hlhíèl, ritgrkr k okssk `l ` l alrel i hldrgr hlo uok kssk`igrk pkrk qui q ui ick eèl hrisík ixhissgvkoieti. Qlctkr kl alrel plr okgs 9 ogeutls.
1. Kquihir l alrel k 49>¶ H. =. Titgrkr k pckhk `i hgok `k okssk. 2. Ispkcbkr hlo kuxïcgl `i uo pgehic `i sgcghlei l kíöhkr gevirtg`l sldri k okssk i civkr kl alrel pkrk hkrkoicgzkr plr 2 ogeutls.
7. Titgrkr `l alrel, ispirkr risargkr. ;>. Hlrtkr Hlrtkr ritäemucls `i 0,9ho plr ;4ho pkrk k oletkmio `l Ogc Alcbks. Oletkmio i agekcgzkíèl6
;. Hlrtkr ritäemucls `k okssk alcbk`k hkrkoicgzk`k (0,9ho plr ;4ho) 4. Xipkrkr træs ritäemucls `i okssk alcbk`k pkrk hk`k ogc alcbks. 8. Hlclhkr l Hrâoi Cçmâri el skhl `i hleaigtkr hlo dghl cgsl i pgpitkr sldri l prgoigrl ritäemucl `i okssk alcbk`k.
0. Xldriplr l simue`l ritäemucl sldri l hrioi i sldri ici, ic i, pgpitkr okgs uok hkok`k `i hrioi. 9. Hldrgr hlo l tirhigrl ritäemucl `i okssk alcbk`k. 1. @ihlrkr plcvgcbke`l hlo kíöhkr gopkcpëvic.
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HBLHLCKPI PIO^ITKMIO (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hblhlckti kl cigti
49>
Mrkoks
TLHBIT (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hblhlckti kl cigti
49>
Mrkoks
9>
Mrkoks
PIO^ITK@L
Hlre Ackjis Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. @irritir i tiopirkr l hblhlckti. 4. Fuetkr ls aclhls `i ogcbl quidrk`ls i ogsturkr. 8. ^gemkr piquieks plríùis sldri pkpic oketigmk i civkr kl riargmirk`lr plr kcmues simue`ls kpieks pkrk hletrkgr l hblhlckti.
0. Titgrkr i `igxkr io tiopirkturk kodgieti.
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
OÇPL@LX ^KTK DLCLX (kuck ;)
DLCL @I HBKEPGCCW HLO OLTKEMLX (@IOL I PTGL) ^ÄPI Î MIELGXI (@IOL I PTGL) ‘ PTGL) ‘ OÇPL@L OÇPL@L IX^YOLXL [YIEPI Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Lvl drkehl tgpl ixtrk
49>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;49
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i trgml
;49
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Kquihir ls lvls i l kíöhkr io dkebl-okrgk dkebl-okrgk ktç ktgemgr 99¶H. 4. Dktir ek dkti`igrk, hlo l mcldl, ktç isargkr hlopcitkoieti. 8. Î oèl, khrishietkr k akrgebk `i trgml pieigrk`k kls pluhls, gehlrplrke`l `icghk`koieti hlo uok ispëtuck.
0. Ksskr, io alrel prç-kquihg`l î ;2>¶H, plr hirhk `i 4> ogeutls, io alrok `i ;= ho `i `gäoitrl uetk`k i alrrk`k hlo pkpic oketigmk uetk`l ek dksi.
RKTL^I ^KTK YOI@IHIT K MÇELGXI (PTGL)
Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Ëmuk
;>>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
49
Mrkoks
Jgrshb
49
Ogcgcgtrls
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6 ;. Civkr k ëmuk i l kíöhkr kl alml ktç qui airvk. @iscgmkr.
4. Isargkr i k`ghglekr l Jgrshb.
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HBKEPGCCW I @IHLTKÍÈL (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hrioi `i cigti arishl (;>>%)
9>>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr `i hleaigtigrl (2 k ;>%)
9> 9>
Mrkoks
Ixtrktl `i dkuegcbk (;%)
9
Mrkoks
Olrkemls arishls
0>>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr mick`l lu gopkcpëvic
8>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6 ;. Dktir l hrioi `i cigti arishl mick`l, khrishietkr l kíöhkr `i hleaigtigrl i k issæehgk `i dkuegcbk i hletgeukr ktç qui alroi pghls agrois.
4. Hlclhkr l hrioi el skhl `i hleaigtkr uske`l l dghl `isifk`l. 8. Bgmgiegzkr ls olrkemls. Oletkmio6 Oletkmio6
;. Hlrtkr k mçelgsi io `lgs `gshls: 4. Hlclhkr l prgoigrl `gshl el prktl i uoi`ihir hlo l xkrlpi: 8. Ispkcbkr pkrti `l hbketgccy i ispkcbkr ls olrkemls pghk`ls: 0. Hlclhkr l simue`l `gshl sldri l prgoigrl prg oigrl i uoi`ihir hlo l xkrlpi:
9. Agekcgzkr hlo pgtkemks `i hbketgccy, olrkemls i l kíöhkr mick`l lu gopkcpëvic.
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
^LYE@ HKJI KY HGPTLE (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
[uketg`k`i ;;9
Yeg`k`i Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
49>
Mrkoks
Tkspks `i cgoèl
;
Yeg`k`i
Lvl drkehl tgpl ixtrk
;9>
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i trgml
;2>
Mrkoks
Xkc
4
Mrkoks
Airoietl quïoghl io pø Dghkrdlektl
0 4
Mrkoks Mrkoks
Issæehgk `i dkuegcbk
4
Ogcgcgtrls
Glmurti
;4>
Mrkoks
Oçtl`l6 Hriolsl Hriolsl
;. ^rç-kquihir l alrel k ;=>¶H. 4. Hlo k rkquiti `k dkti`igrk dktir k oketigmk hlo l kíöhkr i ks rkspks `i cgoèl, ktç qui si alroi uo hrioi isdrkequgík`l. hk`k k`gíèl. 8. Khrishietkr ls lvls hlo k dkuegcbk, uo `i hk`k viz, dktie`l dio ietri hk`k 0. Euok vksgcbk î pkrti pieigrkr k akrgebk , l skc i l airoietl.
9. K`ghglekr k akrgebk i l glmurti, kctirek`koieti, kctirek`koieti, io 8 k`gíùis. 1. Civkr pkrk ksskr io alrok uetk`k i alrrk`k hlo pkpic oketigmk plr hirhk `i 8> ogeutls k ;=>¶H.
=. Kssgo qui l dlcl skgr `l alrel, pgehickr hlo k hkc`k `i cgoèl.
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HKC@K @I CGOÈL (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i
Cgoèl Pkbgtg (suhl)
49
Ogcgcgtrls
Ëmuk
=9
Ogcgcgtrls
Tuo dkhkr`g
;9
Ogcgcgtrls
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;>>
Mrkoks
;. ^ripkrkr k hkc`k `i cgoèl, ogsturke`l tl`ls ls gemri`gietis i airvir kpieks ktç qui l kíöhkr istifk `gsslcvg`l. Tisirvkr.
HLDITPYTK @I CGOÈL (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i
Cgoèl Pkbgtg (suhl)
49
Ogcgcgtrls
Kíöhkr `i hleaigtigrl
4>>
Mrkoks
Tkspks `i cgoèl pkrk `ihlrkr
4
Mrkoks
;. ^ripkrkr k hldirturk, ogsturke`l kls pluhls l suhl `i cgoèl ktç `kr l pletl `i mckhæ. Hldrgr l dlcl.
LDX6 Hksl k alrok `i hkji ku hgtrle sifk `i oitkc, uetkr hlo oketigmk getimrkc sio skc i alrrkr hlo
pkpic oketigmk.
;2
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
OÇPL@LX ^KTK DLCLX (kuck 4)
@IQGC‗ X ALL@ H KJI I HTIKOW AY@MI ATLXPGEM (@IOL I PTGL) @IQGC‗X ALL@ HKJI - OKXXK (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Øcil `i mgrksslc
;7>
Ogcgcgtrls
Lvl drkehl tgpl ixtrk Cigti getimrkc Issæehgk `i dkuegcbk
1 449 9
Yeg`k`is Ogcgcgtrls Ogcgcgtrls
Kíöhkr okshkvl
49>
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i trgml
47>
Mrkoks
Airoietl quïoghl io pø
;>
Mrkoks
Dghkrdlektl `i sø`gl
0
Mrkoks
Hkhku io pø
0> ;
Xkc riagek`l
Mrkoks ^gtk`k
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Ogsturkr l øcil, ls lvls, l cigti i k dkuegcbk. 4. Khrishietkr l kíöhkr kíöhkr okshkvl pieigrk`l i ogsturkr dio ktç `gsslcvir l kíöhkr. kíöhkr. 8. Io lutrk vksgcbk, pieigrkr k akrgebk, l airoietl, l dghkrdlektl, l hkhku i l skc. 0. Fuetkr ls sihls kls cïqug`ls hlo uo aluit i ogsturkr ktç aghkr blolmæeil, tloke`l l hug`k`l pkrk eèl ogsturkr io ixhissl, pkrk oketir k okhgiz i k uog`k`i `l dlcl.
9. @gvg`gr k okssk io `uks kssk`igrks `i ;9ho hk`k, uetk`ks hlo oketigmk i hlo l aue`l rihldirtl plr pkpic oketigmk i ksskr k ;1>˖H ;1> ˖H plr hirhk `i 8> ogeutls. ogeutls.
;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
1. Hlo l ristketi `k okssk, priiehbk alrogebks `i huphkji `ishkrtëvigs i kssi plr hirhk `i ;9 ogeutls.
HTIKOW AY@MI ATLXPGEM - TIHBIGL I HLDITPYTK (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hrioi `i cigti arishl
9>>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
4>>
Mrkoks
Hblhlckti =>%
09>
Mrkoks
Issæehgk `i dkuegcbk
>9
Ogcgcgtrls
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
;>>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Kquihir l hrioi `i cigti i risirvkr. 4. Akzir uo hkrkoicl sihl hlo l kíöhkr i k`ghglekr, hlo hug`k`l, l hrioi `i cigti kquihg`l. 8. @ispifkr k ogsturk sldri l hblhlckti, k`ghglekr k dkuegcbk, kdkakr plr ; ogeutl i ioucsglekr ougtl dio hlo l aluit.
0. K`ghglekr k oketigmk mick`k io hudls, sio pkrkr `i ioucsglekr (pl`i sir aigtl ek dkti`igrk hlo k rkquiti) i risargkr io dkebl-okrgk `i micl. 9. [uke`l istgvir dio mick`l, dktir k ogsturk ek dkti`igrk, hlo k rkquiti, ktç ldtir uo hrioi
civi i alal.
1. Ytgcgzkr hlol rihbigl i hldirturk pkrk l dlcl. =. Ytgcgzkr l ristketi `k hldirturk pkrk hldrgr ls huphkjis.
;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
XLDTIOIXKX (kuck ;)
HBIIXIHKJI HLO HKC@K @I ATYPKX QITOICBKX (@IOL I PTGL) OKXXK (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Dlckhbk `i Kvigk i oic
;>>
Mrkoks
Oic hlouo
4>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
9>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. ^rlhisskr k dlckhbk pkrk tl`k k turok i akzir k ogsi ie pckhi. p ckhi. Tisirvkr. 4. Io uok vksgcbk, ogsturkr k dlckhbk olï`k, k oketigmk `irritg`k i l oic. 8. Kdrgr uo `gshl `i okssk kpirtke`l k dlckhbk el aue`l `k alrok ri`le`k `i krl riolvïvic `i ;9ho `i `gkoitrl.
0. ^rç-ksskr k okssk k ;=>¶H plr hirhk `i 2 ogeutls , isargkr i risirvkr.
;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
TIHBIGL (@IOL I PTGL)
Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hriko hbiisi
9>>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;0>
Mrkoks
Issæehgk `i dkuegcbk Lvl drkehl tgpl ixtrk
8 ;9>
Ogcgcgtrls Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6 ;. Dktir l hriko hbiisi i l kíöhkr hlo k rkquiti ktç kcgskr.
4. Khrishietkr k dkuegcbk, dkuegcbk, i ls lvls, uo k uo, dktir ktç gehlrplrkr hlopcitkoieti. 8. @ispifkr io uo krl uetk`l hlo oketigmk i alrrk`l hlo l `gshl `i okssk. 0. Ksskr k ;;>¶H plr kprlxgok`koieti 1> ogeutls. ogeutls. 9. Mickr plr, picl oiels, 1 blrks ketis `i hlesuogr. HKC@K @I ATYPKX QITOICBKX (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Arkodlisk hlemick`k
=>
Mrkoks
Kolrk hlemick`k
=>
Mrkoks
Olrkeml hlemick`l
=>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
=>
Mrkoks
Xuhl `i cgoèl
;/4
Yeg`k`i
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Civkr kl alml drke`l tl`ls ls gemri`gietis ogsturke`l siopri, hlo uok hlcbir lu ispëtuck, ktç l pletl `isifk`l.
4. Ispirkr isargkr pkrk utgcgzkr. ;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HTÂOI DTÚCÇI (XLOIEPI @IOL ^KTK PYTOK PL@K) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hrioi `i cigti arishl arishl
19>
Mrkoks
Cigti getimrkc getimrkc
1>>
Ogcgcgtrls
Kíöhkr riagek`l riagek`l
4>>
Mrkoks
Miok pkstiurgzk`k pkstiurgzk`k
8>>
Mrkoks
Akvk `i dkuegcbk dkuegcbk
;/4
Yeg`k`i
Akvk Plejk
[.D.
Kíöhkr hrgstkc (agekcgzkíèl)
;>>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Airvir l cigti, l hrioi `i cigti, k oitk`i `l kíöhkr i k akvk `i dkuegcbk. 4. Dktir ks mioks hlo l ristketi `l kíöhkr ktç aghkr isdrkequgík`l (cgkgsle). 8. Akzir k tiopirkmio i `gstrgdugr l hrioi els rkoiquges lvkgs. 0. Civkr kl alrel io dkebl-okrgk k ;>>¶H plr hirhk `i uok blrk. Mickr plr `uks blrks.
9. ^lcvgcbkr kíöhkr hrgstkc i quigokr hlo l okíkrghl. 1. Mickr okgs ;> ogeutls el ariizir ketis `i sirvgr.
;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HLHK@K HTIOLXK @I HKODYHG (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hlhl arishl rkck`l
0>>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
4>>
Mrkoks
Rkrlpi `i mcuhlsi
;>>
Mrkoks
Ëmuk
4>>
Ogcgcgtrls
^lcpk `i hkoduhg
;9>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i ^ripkrl6
;. Hlo l köhkr, k mcuhlsi i k ëmuk, akzir uok hkc`k io pletl `i agl (;>0˖H): (;>0˖H): 4. Khrishietkr l hlhl i oixir `i viz io quke`l: quke`l: 8. [uke`l l hlhl hloiíkr k aghkr trkescöhg`l, khrishietkr k plcpk `i okrkhufë hlo ks sioietis: 0. Ogsturkr dio i hlzgebkr io alml dkgxl, ktç ldtir l pletl `isifk`l.
;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
XLDTIOIXKX (kuck 4) DTL]EGI @I HBLHLCKPI HLO ELVIX (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Hblhlckti 18%
49>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
;0>
Mrkoks
Lvl drkehl tgpl ixtrk
4>>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
8>>
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i trgml
;4>
Mrkoks
Xkc riagek`l
>;
^gtk`k
Elzis pghk`ks
2>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. @irritir io dkebl-okrgk l hblhlckti i k oketigmk. Tisirvkr. 4. Io lutrk vksgcbk ogsturkr ls lvls i l kíöhkr hlo l aluit kpieks ktç aghkr blolmçeil. 8. Ogsturkr lvls i kíöhkr kl hblhlckti i oketigmk. 0. K`ghglekr k akrgebk pieigrk`k i l skc i ogsturkr ktç aghkr blolmæeil. 9. K`ghglekr ks elzis.
1. Ispkcbkr io alrok alrrk`k hlo pkpic oketigmk i uetk`k hlo oketigmk. =. Ksskr io alrel prç-kquihg`l prç-kquihg`l k ;1>˖H plr hirhk `i 4> ogeutls.
;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
^IPGP MÄPIKY @I @LHI @I CIGPI (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
@lhi `i cigti
4>>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
;>>
Mrkoks
Lvl drkehl tgpl ixtrk
;>>
Mrkoks
Miok `i lvl
0>
Mrkoks
Akrgebk `i trgml
0>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
1>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk pkrk uetkr
4>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Kquihir l `lhi `i cigti i k oketigmk io dkebl-okrgk. dkebl-okrgk. 4. Î pkrti ogsturkr ls lvls, ks mioks i l kíöhkr hlo l aluit, ktç aghkr aghkr blolmæeil. 8. K`ghglekr kl `lhi `i cigti hlo oketigmk i ogsturkr. ogsturkr. 0. K`ghglekr k akrgebk pieigrk`k. 9. @ispifkr io alrogebks uetk`ks hlo oketigmk i plcvgcbk`ks hlo akrgebk, ktç ktgemgr 4/8 `k alrogebk.
1. Ksskr io alrel prç-kquihg`l prç-kquihg`l k ;7>˖H plr hirhk `i 1 k 2 ogeutls. =. Titgrkr `l alrel i kmukr`kr `i ; k 4 ogeutls ketis `i `isiealrokr, pkrk qui eèl quidrio. q uidrio.
;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
XLTQIPIX XLTQIPI @I DKYEGCBK - OÇPL@L HYXPKT@ (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Cigti getimrkc
4>>
Ogcgcgtrl
Hrioi `i cigti arishl
4>>
Ogcgcgtrl
Kíöhkr riagek`l
02
Mrkoks
Akvk `i dkuegcbk
;/8
Yeg`k`is
Mcuhlsi
02
Mrkoks
Miok pkstiurgzk`k
84
Mrkoks
Istkdgcgzketi cgmk eiutrk (pkrk hk`k 0 cgtrls `i dksi) dksi)
4>
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
Mrkoks
;. Euok pkeick, civkr l cigti, l hrioi `i cigti, i k akvk `i dkuegcbk, kdirtk, kl alml pkrk kquihir ktç civketkr airvurk.
4. Io lutrk vksgcbk dktir ks mioks i l kíöhkr ktç blolmieigzkr (cgkgsle). 8. Akzir k tiopirkmio6 `irrkokr hug`k`lskoieti l cigti kls pluhls sldri k ogsturk `i mioks i kíöhkr, ogsturke`l dio.
0. Qlctkr tu`l î pkeick i civkr k ogsturk kl alml drke`l i hlzgebkr cietkoieti sio pkrkr ``ii oixir ktç k ogsturk hloiíkr k aghkr ispissk i k`qugrgr ekppç ‘ ekppç ‘ plr plr vlctk `i 2>¶H (eèl pl`i airvir).
9. Titgrkr goi`gktkoieti `l alml i pksskr plr uok pieigrk dio agek lu hbgelgs. K`ghglekr k mcuhlsi i `gsslcvir dio.
1. Fuetkr tl`ks ks prl`uíùis, piskr i quketgaghkr k cgmk eiutrk (4>m pkrk hk`k 0 cgtrls `i cgqug`l). Xipkrkr uok pkrti `l hrioi kge`k quieti, k`ghglekr l istkdgcgzketi i dktir el cgqug`gaghk`lr.
=. Xipkrkr ;.0>>oc `k dksi cgqug`k kge`k quieti pkrk akzir l slrviti `i hblhlckti. 2. Tisargkr l ristketi io dkebl-okrgk `i micl i krokziekr el riargmirk`lr. ;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
7. Dktir ek oëqugek `i slrviti. XLTQIPI @I HBLHLCKPI (; ^TL@YÍÈL ^KTK K XKCK PL@K) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Dksi `i slrviti `i hrioi
;.0>>
Ogcgcgtrls
84>
Mrkoks
Hblhlckti oigl kokrml Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. @ispifkr k dksi `i slrviti `i hrioi risirvk`k kge`k quieti sldri l hblhlckti pghk`l. 4. Ispirkr uo ogeutl i ogsturkr. 8. Tisargkr i dktir ek oëqugek `i slrviti. XLTDIP @I ATKODLIXK (; ^TL@YÍÈL ^KTK K XKCK PL@K) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Arkodlisks hlemick`ks
;,9
Jgclmrkoks
Xuhl `i cgoèl
;9>
Mrkoks
Xuhl `i ckrkefk
8>>
Mrkoks
Ëmuk
;2>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
04>
Mrkoks
Istkdgcgzketi cgmk eiutrk
;2
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
0. Civkr kl alml k ëmuk hlo l kíöhkr, airvir plr kcmues ogeutls pkrk `gsslcvir l kíöhkr i `iscgmkr. 9. Hlclhkr el cgqug`gaghk`lr hlo l istkdgcgzketi i uok piquiek pkrti `i arkodlisk i dktir plr 9 ogeutls. 1. Fuetkr l ristketi `ks arkodlisks, k`ghglekr l suhl `i ckrkefk i `i cgoèl i dktir okgs el cgqug`gaghk`lr.
=. Tisargkr i dktir ek oëqugek `i slrviti. ;7
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HLLJGIX HLO MLPKX @I HBLHLCKPI (@IOL I PTGL)
Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Oketigmk sio skc
;;9
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
1>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr okshkvl
1>
Mrkoks
Lvls
;
Yeg`k`is
Akrgebk `i trgml
;09
Mrkoks
Xkc
;
^gtk`k
Dghkrdlektl `i sø`gl
;,9
Mrkoks
;9>
Mrkoks
Hblhlckti oigl kokrml io mltks Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Ek dkti`igrk, hlo k rkquiti, dktir k oketigmk hlo l kíöhkr riagek`l i l okshkvl ktç ldtir uo hrioi hckrl.
4. K`ghglekr ls lvls, uo `i hk`k viz. 8. K`ghglekr k akrgebk, l dghkrdlektl i l skc. Ogsturkr sloieti sloieti ktç blolmieigzkr. 0. ^lr öctgol, khrishietkr ks mltks `i hblhlckti alrk `k dkti`igrk. 9. Dlcikr k okssk el tkokebl `i 9>mr, iodkckr io agcoi pcëstghl i civkr kl ariizir/uctrkhlemick`lr. 1. Kssgo qui hlemickr, `gsplr sldri k kssk`igrk `i oitkc privgkoieti bgmgiegzk`k. @igxkr picl oiels 0 ho `i `gstäehgk ietri ls hlljgis.
=. Ksskr io alrel prç-kquihg`l k ;2>¶H ktç qui ks dlr`ks istifko `lurk`ks i l hietrl kge`k pirokeiík okhgl.
2. Ispirkr kolrekr, ritgrkr hlo uok ispëtuck i trkesairgr ls hlljgis pkrk uok mrk`i pkrk qui isargio.
4>
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
QITTGEIX ^KTAKGP/OLYXXI @I HBLHLCKPI (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Miok `i lvl
;4>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;4>
Mrkoks
Ëmuk
9>
Mrkoks
Hblhlckti 18%
;4>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
;9>
Mrkoks
Hkhku io pø
1>
Mrkoks
Hrioi `i cigti arishl
8>>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. ^äti î dlodi6 Dktir dlodi6 Dktir ks mioks ek dkti`igrk plr ;9 ogeutls lu ktç qui agquio hckrks i alaks: 4. ^ripkrkr uok hkc`k hlo l kíöhkr i k ëmuk io pletl `i dlcbk ;;0 l H. 8. @ispifkr k hkc`k euo agl hletïeul sldri ks mioks i hletgeukr dktie`l ktç kolrekr. 0. @irritir l hblhlckti i k oketigmk io dkebl-okrgk i ogsturkr l hkhku io pø pieigrk`l. 9. Gehlrplrë-cls î ogsturk `i mioks:
1. Dktir l hrioi `i cigti io pghls oç`gls. Khrishietkr ;/8 `ici ek ogsturk `i hblhlckti i mioks, ogsturkr dio hlo l aluit i `iplgs gehlrplrkr ls 4/8 ristketis hug`k`lskoieti hlo k ispëtuck, pkrk qui eèl pirhk vlcuoi.
=. Iehbir uok hkcbk hlo k dksi `l pkrakgt i hlemickr pkrk k prøxgok siokek (ioprktk`ls). 2. L ristketi, hlclhkr io rkoiquges piquiels i `igxkr ek mick`igrk ktç agrokr i sirvgr hlol olussi.
4>
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
HKC@K PLAAII HLO ACLT @I XKC (@IOL I PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Kíöhkr riagek`l
;4>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
09
Mrkoks
Hrioi `i cigti arishl
;4>
Mrkoks
Aclr `i skc
;
^gtk`k
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Akzir l hkrkoicl sihl. 4. K`ghglekr k oketigmk io tiopirkturk kodgieti, blolmieigzkr. K`ghglekr l hrioi `i cigti arishl olrel, blolmieigzkr.
8. K`ghglekr uok pgtk`k `i aclr `i skc. HTYODCI @I ELV ^IHKE (PTGL) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Akrgebk `i trgml
0>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr okshkvl
1>
Mrkoks
Xkc
;
Mrkok
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc
8>
Mrkoks
Elzis pihke
9>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. Ogsturkr ls sihls. 4. Hlrtkr k oketigmk io pi`kíls piquiels i, hlo k pletk `ls `i`ls, gehlrplrk-ck `i okeigrk mrlssirgk kls sihls, `igxke`l pi`kíls okglris.
4>
MKXPTLELOGK KEBIODG OLTYODG
^KEGAGHKÍÈL I HLEAIGPKTGK
PYGCI (@IOL - ; ^TL@YÍÈL ^KTK K XKCK PL@K) Gemri`gietis
[uketg`k`i
Yeg`k`i `i Oi`g`k
Akrgebk `i trgml trgml
;>>
Mrkoks
Kíöhkr gopkcpëvic gopkcpëvic
;>>
Mrkoks
Oketigmk getimrkc sio skc skc
;>>
Mrkoks
Hckrk `i lvl lvl
;>>
Mrkoks
Ol`l `i pripkrl6 pripkrl6
;. @irritir k oketigmk i ispirkr isargkr. 4. ^ieigrkr k akrgebk i l kíöhkr io uo rihgpgieti. 8. K`ghglekr ks hckrks i k oketigmk `irritg`k i ogsturkr ogsturkr ougtl dio. 0. @kr l alroktl `isifk`l i civkr pkrk ksskr io alrel prç-kquihg`l prç-kquihg`l plr = k 2 ogeutls k ;=>˖H.
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