Apostila N2

 

OQM^M

D1

 

VIIU ^QIODMBID^HU  OQM^M  ^QMODIQ  

BMDYMJ NI ^QIODMBID^H

OQM^M D1

   

UOU^IBM NI FIU^ÅH ODU^QYÆÅH NI ^QIODMBID^H, EIQ^O@OEMÆÅH I ]YMJO@OEMÆÅH DÂPIJ 1

D¼< MWV ―  D1  D1 QIP.< 7 NM^M< 75/79/=0 WÍF.7 

EHD^QHJI NI QIPOUÙIU D¼ QIP

NM^M

NIUEQOÆÅH

7

H5/79/=0

Ibossåh Odoeomj

VIIU ^QIODMBID^HU 

Bmdumj ni ^riodmbidth pmrm ]umjo`oemæåh Isemjmnhr OQM^M Dâvij 1

VIIU ^QIODMBID^HU AQ =7=, KB 175 D¼ 1351  LHÅH DIOPM ―  IU  IU EIW< 1?037-777

ehdtmthGwiistriodmbidths.ehb.ar  ehdtmthGwiistriodmbidths.ehb.ar 

 www.wiist  www .wiistriodm riodmbidth bidths.ehb s.ehb.ar .ar

 

 

Âdnoei mdmjâtoeh =) Odtrhnuæåh =.=) Nurmæåh nh ^riodmbidth

1 5

>.9.5) MAUHQPINHQ NI IDIQFOM (^MJMAMQ^I)

=9

=.1) VIIU ^riodmbidths 5 =.1.=) Whjâtoem nm qumjonmni 5 =.1.1) Ibirfìdeoms 5 =.1.5) Mvmjomæåh ni Qosehs nm Írim ni ^riodmbidth 5 =.5) OQM^M > 1.7) WMNQÙIU 9 1.=) WMNQÙIU IYQHWIYU 9 1.1) WMNQÙIU OD^IQDMEOHDMOU 6 1.5) WMNQÙIU DMEOHDMOU (JIFOUJMÆÅH AQMUOJIOQM) 6 5.7) EÕNOFH NI ^IQBHU WQÍ^OEHU I

>.9.>) IU^QOAH >.0) QHJNMDMU >.0.=) QIUEYI W97 >.0.1) @OSI W79 >.0.5) HUEOJJMD^I W71 >.6) QHJNMDMU NI WQHFQIUUÅH I QHJNMDMU IUWIEOMJO\MNMU >.6.=) ^MDNIB W1= >.6.1) KHH^IDM_ W06 >.3) QHJNMDM AJH]YIMNHQM >.3.=) BODO ^QMSOHD W76 >.3.1) WQH ^QMSOHD W9=

NI@ODOÆÙIU >.7) I]YOWMBID^HU WMQM MEIUUH WHQ EHQNM. >.=) ^ÌS^IOU >.=.=) EHQNMU >.=.1) QMAHU-NI-PMEM (EHVU^MOJ) / IDEHQNHMBID^H >.=.5) @O^MU NI MDEHQMFIB >.=.>) AMYNQOIQ >.1) EHDIE^HQIU >.1.=) BHU]YI^ÅH >.1.1) BMOJJHD QMWONI (bmjcm ríponm)  >.1.5) BFH >.5) NIUEIDUHQIU >.5.=) U^HW >.5.1) O‟N  >.5.5) FQOFQO >.>) MUEIDUHQIU >.>.=) LYBMQ >.>.1) EQHJJ >.9) AMEK-YW / MAUHQPINHQ NI IDIQFOM >.9.=) ^QMPM-]YINMU

>.?) QHJNMDMU WQYUOK =6 >.?.=) FIBODO W00 =6 >.=7) Iquopmbidth ni Wrhtiæåh Odnovonumj (IWO) =6 >.=7.=) Empmeiti =6 >.=7.1) Pistobidtm ni Uifurmdæm ^oph Bmemeåh =6 >.=7.5) Õeujhs ni Uifurmdæm =6 >.=7.>) Emjæmnh ni Uifurmdæm =6 9.7) EIQ^O@OEMÆÅH I QMU^QIMAOJONMNI NHU I]YOWMBID^HU =3 9.=) ODUWIÆÅH NHU I]YOWMBID^HU =3 0.7) DÕU =? 0.=) DÕ HO^H NYWJH =? 0.1) DÕ HO^H FYOMNH =? 0.5) DÕ DHPI =? 0.9) DÕ AHQAHJI^M MJWODM 17 0.0) DÕ HQIJCM NI EHIJCH 17 0.6) WQYUUOK 1= 0.3) DÕ NI AJHEMFIB HY NI BYJM 1= 0.?) DÕ NI @O^M 11 0.=7) DÕ hvircmdn EOJÂDNQOEH 11 6.7) IU^MAIJIEOBID^H IU^MAIJIEOBID^H NI MDEHQMFIDU 11

>.9.1) MUMW

6 =7 =7 =7 == == == =1 =1 =1 =1 =1 =1 =5 =5 =5 =5 => => => =>

=9 =9 =9 =0 =0 =0 =0 =0 =0 =0 =0

 

 

3.7) WQH^IÆMH NI EHQNMU, @O^MU I IUJODFMU. 1> 3.=) MÆÅH NHU QMOHU YJ^QMPOHJI^M 1> ?.7) UOU^IBMU NI BYJ^OWJOEMÆÅH NI @HQÆMU 1> =7.7) UOU^IBMU NI QINYÆÅH NI @HQÆMU 19 =7.=) Uostibms ehb ush ni rhjnmdms< 19 ==.7) @M^HQ NI ]YINM 16 ==.=) ^isti ni quinm i `mthris ni quinm 16 =1.) MPMJOMÆÅH NI QOUEH 13 =5.7) COIQMQ]YOM NI QOUEHU 13 =>.7) BMDHAQMU EHB EHQNMU 57 =>.=) Niseidnh phr ub pmr ni ehrnms `oxms< 57 =>.1) Uuaodnh phr ub pmr ni ehrnms `oxms< 57 =>.5) EHBY^MÆÙIU 57

=3.=) QIUFM^I NH NIUEIDUHQ (UDM^EC QIUEYI) 5> =3.=.=) Qisfmti utojozmdnh h niseidshr nm vâtobm 59 =3.=.1) Qisfmti utojozmdnh siu prõproh niseidshr 59 =3.1) QIUFM^I NH EQHJJ (UDM^EC @QHB EQHJJ) 59 =3.1.=) Qisfmti nh erhjj utojozmdnh h niseidshr nm vâtobm 59 =3.1.1) Qisfmti nh erhjj utojozmdnh siu prõproh niseidshr. 50 =3.5) MJ^H QIUFM^I EHB UMJPM EHQNMU 50 =3.>) QIUFM^I DM ^QMDU@IQÌDEOM NI EHQNMU 56 =3.>.=) Qisfmti ehb m vâtobm dm phsoæåh

=>.5.=) Bunmdnh ni suaonm pmrm niseonm< 57 =>.5.1) Bunmdnh ni niseonm pmrm suaonm< 57 =>.>) ^QMDU@IQÌDEOM NI EHQNMU 57 =>.9) WMUUMDNH WHQ DÕU 57 =>.9.=) Uuaodnh< 5= =>.9.1) Niseidnh< 5= =>.0) NIUPOH 5= =>.0.=) Uuaodnh< 5= =>.0.1) Niseidnh< 5= =>.6) QIMDEHQMFIB (QI-AIJM_) / @QMEOHDMBID^H 51 =>.6.=) Qimdehrmfib Eurtm 51 =>.6.1) Qimdehrmfib jhdfm 51 =>.3) WMUUMDNH WHQ YB JHHW (PHJ^M) 55 =9.7) WQHFQIUUÅH MQ^O@OEOMJ 55 =0.7) EHQNMU ^IDUOHDMNMU 5> =3.7) QIUFM^I NI PÂ^OBM 5>

virtoemj. 56 =3.>.1) Qisfmti ehb m vâtobm dh bioh nm trmds`irìdeom. 56 =3.9) QIUFM^I DH NIUPOH 53 =3.0) QIUFM^I DM QIMDEHQMFIB EYQ^M 53 =3.6) QIUFM^I DM WQHFQIUUÅH 53 =3.6.=) Qisfmti utojozmdnh ubm mdehrmfib sobpjis. 53 =3.6.1) Qisfmti utojozmdnh ub smjvm ehrnms. 5? =3.6.5) Qisfmti utojozmdnh isemjmnm fuomnm. 5? =3.6.>) Qisfmti utojozmdnh trmds`irìdeom ni ehrnms. 5? =3.3) QIUFM^I EHB OÆMBID^H AÍUOEH  5? =3.?) QIUFM^I EQY\MNH NI WIUUHMU 5? =?.) JHFAHHKU/NQMWE/JOPQH NI QIFOU^QH  >7 

 

 

=) Odtrhnuæåh =.=) Nurmæåh nh ^riodmbidth

H tibph ni nurmæåh nh triodmbidth ï ni 3 chrms ni mujm tiõroem i 51 chrms ni mujm prítoem pmrm odoeomdtis i pmrm bunmdæm ni dâvij, h triodmbidth pmrm h dâvij 5, odejuo =0 chrms ni mujm tiõroem i 51 chrms ni mujm prítoem. ]uib `hr rivmjonmr m eirto`oemæåhqui tib lí quitidcm tir dheirto`oemæåh bâdobh nhosOQM^M noms ni mujm @udeohdíroh rieïb-ehdtrmtmnh niviprítoem. tir siu dâvij tïedoeh mvmjomnh odtirdmbidti phr ub OQM^M dâvij 5.  Mpõs mahrnmr m nurmæåh nurmæåh nh triod triodmbidth mbidth i hs otid otidss nisti bmdumj =.1, =.5 h odstruthr nnivi ivi viro`oemr m mpt mptonåh onåh nh triodmdnh, emdnonmth m dâvij =, mh trmamjch ib meissh phr ehrnms i mhs rosehs nm mtovonmni (írim ni triodmbidth). =.1) VIIU ^riodmbidths

 M VIIU ^riodmbidths `ho `udnmnm `udnmnm dh nom 15 ni dhvibarh ni 17=9, ehb h halitovh ni h`irieir sirvoæhs dm írim ni triodmbidth, usmdnh m tïedoem ni isemjmnhr odnustromj OQM^M. Nisni sum `udnmæåh, m VIIU ^riodmbidths si priheupm ib tir ub idsodh ni ixeijìdeom, `hrbmdnh prh`ossohdmos emnm viz bmos tïedoehs pmrm mtumrib dm írim ni meissh ehb bmohr sifurmdæm. Uum jhemjozmæåh istrmtïfoem i istruturm pirbotib mtidnir ms dieissonmnis nhs mjudhs ehb m i`oeoìdeom ixofonm. =.1.=) Whjâtoem nm qumjonmni

 M VIIU ^riodmb ^riodmbidths idths tib h prhlith prhlith pinmfõfoeh ni ni sir m probiorm isehjcm ni mjudhs i ibprisms ibprisms qui ausemb `hrbmæåh ehb i`oeoìdeom i mjth pmnråh ni qumjonmni, `hrdieidnh shjuæùis i`itovms ib fiståh ni idsodh i prítoem ehb ixeijìdeom, mtidnidnh thnms ms ixofìdeoms nh biremnh mtumj. =.1.1) Ibirfìdeoms dh eidtrh ni triodmbidth

Ib emsh ni ibirfìdeom ni qumjquir dmturizm dh eidtrh ni triodmbidth, hs mjudhs niviråh sifuor ms odstruæùis nh triodmnhr, qui istí mpth m ritormr thnhs nh jhemj ehb m nivonm sifurmdæm qui m ibirfìdeom dieissoti. Qhtms ni `ufm odnoemb h bijchr i bmos sifurh embodch mtï h ixtirohr nh eidtrh ni triodmbidth. =.1.5) Mvmjomæåh ni Qosehs nm Írim ni ^riodmbidth

Hs triodmdnhs nivib ehdcieir hs rosehs ixostidtis dm írim ni triodmbidth i ms binonms ni ehdtrhji qui nivib sir mnhtmnms mdtis nh odâeoh nms mtovonmnis.  M VIIU ^QIODMBID^HU mnhtm m sostibítoem ni MWQ. Isti nheubidth `oem nosphdâvij dm írim ni triodmbidth.. H bisbh phni sir ehdsujtmnh m qumjquir bhbidth mh jhdfh nh triodmbidth. triodmbidth H odstruthr ï risphdsívij phr fmrmdtor qui ms binonms ni ehdtrhji ni`odonms dm MWQ silmb mpjoemnms. Hs triodmdnhs nivib isejmrieir qumjquir nüvonm qumdth m rosehs hu binonms ni ehdtrhji ludth mh odstruthr. Hs triodmdnhs dåh nivib ixieutmr qumjquir bmdharm idqumdth dåh ehdcieirib i idtidnirib ms binonms qui nivib sir mnhtmnms. Emsh hs triodmdnhs onidto`oquib mjfub roseh dåh ehdtibpjmnh dm MWQ nivib ehbudoemr mh odstruthr, qui nivi mdmjosmr i si dieissíroh, rivosmr m bisbm.

5

 

 

=.5) OQM^M

Dh `odmj nhs mdhs sitidtm i odâeoh nhs mdhs hotidtm, ms tïedoems ni meissh phr ehrnm irmb usmnms dm odstmjmæåh ni rinis ni prividæåh ehdtrm quinms ni rhecms i dm istmaojozmæåh ni rhecms dm @rmdæm. Bmos hu bidhs dm bisbm ïphem, ijms irmb usmnms dh Qiodh Ydonh pmrm m odspiæåh nm pmrti ixtirdm ni prïnohs qui mprisidtmvmb prhajibms ni nisodtifrmæåh nh ehderith. H virnmniorh meissh phr ehrnm, ehbh ï ehdcieonh chli, ehbiæhu dm probiorm bitmni nm nïemnm ni hotidtm ehb h ush ni tïedoem amsimnm dh sostibm nisidvhjvonh phr pisquosmnhris ni emvirdms dh `odmj nhs mdhs sissidtm i odâeoh nhs mdhs sitidtm. H sostibm nhs pisquosmnhris ni emvirdms `ho i modnm ï sifurh, ehb hehrrìdeom ni phuehs meonidtis nisni m ïphem ib qui `ho nisidvhjvonh. Idtritmdth, amsimvm-si dh ush ni ubm sõ ehrnm. Dm nïemnm ni hotidtm, h sostibm hrofodmj nhs pisquosmnhris ni emvirdms `ho mpir`ioæhmnh pmrm thrdí-jh mniqumnh mh trmamjch ib mjturm. M prodeopmj no`iridæm `ho m odejusåh ni ubm sifudnm ehrnm ni sifurmdæm m `ob ni prhphreohdmr =77% ni sifurmdæm ―  nharmr  nharmr h `mthr ni sifurmdæm.  M mpjoemæåh nms tïedoems ni meissh phr ehrnm ib prïnohs, phdtis i hutrms istruturms eriseirmb. Ms tïedoems `hrmb dmturmjbidti dmturmjbidti trmds`ironms pmrm h trmamjch h``schri dh Bmr nh Dhrti, hdni cmvom no`oeujnmnis ni meissh ib pjmtm`hrbms ni pitrõjih. Mtumjbidti, usmr h meissh phr ehrnm ib nitirbodmnhs tophs ni trmamjch tmos ehbh odspiæåh, jobpizm i podturm ni pjmtm`hrbms ï prheinobidth pmnråh, dåh sõ dh Bmr nh Dhrti, bms ib thnh h budnh. Ib =?36, sios ibprisms odoeomrmb m probiorm mssheomæåh ehbireomj nh budnh ni meissh phr ehrnm - m OQM^M (Odnustromj Qhpi Meeiss ^rmni Mssheomtohd  ―  Mssheomæåh  Mssheomæåh Ehbireomj Odnustromj ni Meissh phr Ehrnm). H õrfåh fhvirdmbidtmj arotádoeh h CUI (Cimjtc mdn Um`ity Ixieutovi)  ―  risphdsívij   risphdsívij pijm Umüni i Uifurmdæm idvhjviu-si nisni h ehbiæh i `ho h probiorh m m`omdæmr qui h meissh phr ehrnm sirom ub sostibm sifurh. Dh ehbiæh, hs tïedoehs ib meissh phr ehrnm irmb pisshms ehb ixpiroìdeom ib isemjmnm hu emvirdms, qui todcmb mpridnonh ms cmaojonmnis nissi trmamjch. Chli, h biremnh si ixpmdnou pmrm odejuor buoths odnovânuhs qui dåh tìb issm `hrbmæåh. Uåh ehbireomdtis qui mpridnirmb ms tïedoems ni meish phr ehrnm pmrm ixieutmrib sums cmaojonmnis. Dm írim ni ehdstruæåh Qiodh Ydonh nitïb ïhehdsonirmnh riehrni ni sifurmdæm phrsifurh ehrnm.amsiom-si M rmzåh `udnmbidtmj pijm qumj h eovoj, meisshh phr ehrnm odnustromj ub sostibmibnimeissh trmamjch ib trìs ijibidths< ahms tïedoems, triodmbidth i supirvosåh. M utojozmæåh ni iquopmbidths ispieomos mniqumnhs tmbaïb tib buoth pish. H halitovh prodeopmj nm mssheomæåh ï prhbhvir h nisidvhjvobidth ni tïedoems ni meissh phr ehrnms i mssifurmr qui sius mssheomnhs trmamjcib ni bmdiorm sifurm i ehbpitidti. @oehu ehbprhvmnh qui hs sostibms ni meissh i ni triodmbidth nisidvhjvonhs pijm OQM^M tìb rijivádeom odtirdmeohdmj. Osth ï ivonideomnh pijh `mth ni m mssheomæåh tir mtumjbidti mssheomnhs dm Mustríjom, Aïjfoem, Emdmní, Bmjísom, Chjmdnm, Dhruifm,  Í`roem nh Uuj, Armsoj i Eodfmpurm mssob ehbh dh Qiodh Ydonh, ehb eehdtmths hdtmths ehb vír vírohs ohs hutrhs pmâsis. Hs sõeohs i`itovhs nm mssheomæåh såh suabitonhs ç mvmjomæåh ni sums qumjo`oemæùis i munothroms rofhrhsms, m `ob ni fmrmdtor qui smtos`mæmb hs riquosoths nm OQM^M rijmtovhs ç fmrmdtom ni qumjonmni, triodmbidth i prítoems ni trmamjch. Hs aidi`âeohs nissis prheinobidths i ixofìdeoms si ri`jitib pijhs amoxhs âdnoeis ni meonidtis riphrtmnhs pijhs mssheomnhs ç OQM^M. Mtï 1773, ni ub thtmj ni mprhxobmnmbidti 15 bojcùis ni chbib/chrms, rifostrhu-si tmxm bidhr qui 1,5> odeonidtis phr =77.777 chrms ni trmamjchs. Ossh nibhdstrm qui h sostibm OQM^M ni triodmbidth i`itovh, supirvosåh pjoemnm i bïthnhs ehbprhvmnhs prhtifib vonms i ivotmb meonidtis. Whr issi bhtovh m OQM^M tivi qui bunmr siu dhbi pmrm OQM^M Odtirdmeohdmj. >

 

 

 M mpjoemæåh nm tïedoem ni meissh phr ehrnms pmrm `odmjonmnis odnustromos nm OQM^M Odtirdmeohdmj ï mpjoeívij pmrm meissh m prïnohs, hutrms istruturms (bmr hu mjth bmr) hu `hrbmæùis dmturmos ehbh pmrinùis ni pidcmsehs, ite. Ï obphrtmdti dhtmr qui qumdnh dieissíroh, hs tïedoehs niviråh istmr nivonmbidti qumjo`oemnhs pijhs pmnrùis pirtodidtis pmrm ms mtovonmnis qui oråh nisidvhjvir, i istmråh mpidms usmdnh h meissh phr ehrnm ehbh ub bïthnh ni ecifmr mh jhemj ni trmamjch ni `hrbm sifurm i i`oemz.

1.7) WMNQÙIU Hs iquopmbidths sijieohdmnhs nivib mtidnir hs pmnrùis rijivmdtis pmrm h ush m qui si nistodmb. Hs pmnrùis phnib sir nm OUH (Odtirdmtohdmj Utmdnmrns Hrfmdozmtoh Hrfmdozmtohd) d) Hrfmdozmæåh ni Wmnrùis odtirdmeohdmos; YOMM (Odtirdmtohdmj Ydohd h` Mjpodi Mssheomtohds) Ydoåh Odtirdmeohdmj nms Mssheomæùis nhs Mjpodostms; ID (Iurhpimd) qui mtumjbidti idfjhamb pmnrùis dmeohdmos sipmrmnmbidti, osth ï, AU (Arotádoeh), NOD (Mjibåh) i M@DHQ (@rmdeìs) ite;  MDUO, D@WM (YUM); EUM (Emdmnidsi); DM/D\U (Mustrmjomdh/D (Mustrmjomdh/Dihzijmdnìs); ihzijmdnìs); UMAU (M`roemdh nh Uuj) ite. Hs sostibms i m nheubidtmæåh OQM^M `hrmb nisidvhjvonhs ni mehrnh ehb hs pmnrùis iurhpius, qui iståh jostmnhs dm siæåh 1.=. Wmrm trmamjchs nidtrh nm Iurhpm, ï odnoemnh qui hs iquopmbidths istilmb ni mehrnh ehb hs pmnrùis iurhpius (ID). @hrm nm Iurhpm, nivirí sir mnhtmnh h pmnråh iquovmjidti bmos prõxobh, dmeohdmjbidti riehdcieonh, riehdcieonh, hu pmnrùis odtirdmeohdmos ehbh hs nm OUH ?777 i YOMM. 1.=) WMNQÙIU IYQHWIYU

(AU 6?39 Arotosc Utmdnmrn) ehni h` prmetoei `hr tci usi h` rhpi meeiss bitchns `hr odnustromj purphsis  ―   (Wmnråh Arotádoeh) - eõnofh ni prítoem pmrm prhpõsoths odnustromos dh bïthnh ni meissh phr ehrnm. (JHJIQ =??3) - Jo`todf Hpirmtohds mdn Jo`todf Iquopbidt Qifujmtohds - Qifujmbidth pmrm Hpirmæùis ni Oæmbidth i pmrm Iquopmbidths ni Oæmbidth. - Ehb rijmæåh mh JHJIQ   h tirbh ‚emrfm‒ dhs trmamjchs ni meissh phr ehrnms ï ri`iridti m thnh iquopmbidth m sir oæmnh i h pish mpjoemnh dh sostibm, odejusovi pisshms. - H JHJIQ ixofi qui hs trmamjchs ib meissh phr ehrnms silmb supirvosohdmnhs phr ub supirvoshr OQM^M Cimjtc, Um`ity mdn Vij`mri ) Qifujmtohds =??0 ( ECUV ECUV ) - Qifujmbidths ni (Umüni, Uifurmdæm i dâvij 5. ( Cimjtc, Aib-istmr). ―  Istis  Istis såh hs trìs prodeopmos halitovhs nh JHJIQ. Bmdmfibidt h` Cimjtc mdn Um`ity mt Vhrk Qifujmtohds =??? (BCUV)  - Qifujmbidths ni mnbodostrmæåh nm Umüni i Uifurmdæm dh ^rmamjch. - Isti rifujmbidth ixofi qui h ibprifmnhr ijmahri ubm mvmjomæåh ni rosehs pmrm h jhemj ni trmamjch. Ehdtrhj h` Uuastmdeis Cmzmrnhus th Cimjtc Qifujmtohds =??? ( EHUCC EHUCC ) - Qifujmbidths ni Ehdtrhji ni Uuastádeoms Wirofhsms pmrm Umüni. Cimjtc mdn Um`ity mt Vhrk ite. Met =?6> - Umüni i Uifurmdæm dh ^rmamjch. Qifujmtohds Fuonmdei @orst mon mt whrk  (CUI J6>    =??6  ) - Qifujmbidths ni Hroidtmæåh pmrm probiorhs shehrrhs dh trmamjch.

9

 

 

H``schri Odstmjjmtohds (Um`ity Emsi) Qifujmtohds  =??1 (UEQ)  - Qifujmbidths ni ibirfìdeoms ib Odstmjmæùis H``schri. Qiphrtodf h` Odlurois, Nosimsis mdn Nmdfirhus Heeurrideis Qifujmtohds, =??9  (QONNHQ)  Qifujmbidths ni Jisùis, Nhidæms i Mths Odsifurhs. Ibahrm h prisidti nheubidth pritidnm tir rijivádeom odtirdmeohdmj, h `mth ï qui iji `ho `ioth ehb amsi dhs

pmnrùis iurhpius, jostmnhs mamoxh, pmrm mlunmr prh`ossohdmos qui dåh silmb iurhpius m ehbpmrí-jhs ehb ms dhrbms iquovmjidtis ib sius pmâsis. ID =00.1.1) BMOJJHD QMWONI (bmjcm ríponm)

Ehdiethr sobpjis `iecmnh phr rhsem. Hs bmojjhds såh usmnhs ib sotumæùis hdni trìs noriæùis ni emrfm phnib mehdtieir i hs bhsquitùis såh odmniqumnhs. Hs tophs bmos ehbuds såh hs nijtms, hs siboeâreujhs i hs hvmos. @iecmnh ehb m mlunm ni ubm ecmvi ni ahems, thrdm-si dub mdij ni mbmrrmæåh qumsi pirbmdidti.  M emrfm ni rupturm rupturm firmjbidti ï istmbpmnm dh ehr ehrph ph nh bmojjhd - ID 501. >.1.5) BFH

Ehdiethr norieohdmj ni frmdni mairturm ehb sifurmdæm muthbítoem ehdeiaonm pmrm si ehdietmr m istruturms bitíjoems, emahs ni mæh i vmrùis ni frmdni noábitrh - ID 501. • Bmdâpujh nm sifurmdæm irfhdþboeh.  • Nosphdâvij ib nums virsùis.5) NIUEIDUHQIU >.5.=) U^HW

Niseidshr muthajhemdti ehb mlusti nm vijheonmni ni niseonm ehb m båh dm phdtm jovri nm ehrnm (nisajhquimbidth (nisajhquimbid th nm ehrnm ehb h bmdopujh). • M pjmem bõvij ehb pmtojcm ni sifurmdæm jobotm h roseh ni pirnm nh mpmrijch, prmtoeh pmrm odstmj mæåh ríponm

nm ehrnm, i`oeíeom pmrm m pmssmfib nhs `rmeohdmbidths. • @udeohdm ib ehrnm ni =7 m == bb ni noábitrh.  • Eirto`oemæåh< ID 5>= Ejmssi M , ID =13>= toph E.  • ^istmnh odnovonumjbidti. odnovonumjbidti.  • Wish < 519 f  

H sthp nivi sir trmvmnh pmrm prividor nisjozis meonidtmos ehbh bhstrmnh dm `ofurm mamoxh. Ï ub riquosoth ni sifurmdæm odnospidsívij bmdtir h sthp trmvmnh, sibpri qui istovir pmrmnh. =1

 

 

>.5.1) O‟N 

Niseidshr muthajhemdti ehb `udæåh mdto-pádoeh ehdeiaonh pmrm hs trmamjchs ib ehrnm< nospùi ni ubm pmtojcm ni sifurmdæm dm pjmem bõvij pmrm thrdmr h mpmrijch obpirnâvij, bmdâpujh bujto`udæùis pirbotodnh, ehd`hrbi m sotumæåh< joairtmr m ehrnm i ehdtrhjmr m niseonm ehb m båh jovri dh rmah nm ehrnm, nisjhemr-si bmos `meojbidti dub pjmdh odejodmnh hu dm chrozhdtmj (frmæms mh ahtåh dh pudch), ajhquimr m ehrnm pmrm si phsoeohdmr sib ecmvi ni trmvmbidth. • @udæåh mdto-pádoeh qui si nisphjitm si h utojozmnhr puxmr ehb buotm `hræm dh bmdopujh< m embi povhtmdti ï

joairtmnm ni `hrbm m trmvmr i niphos pmrmr muthbmtoembidti m niseonm. • Bhrnidti mdto-irrh pmrm jobotmr h roseh ni meonidti nivonh m ubm bí ehjhemæåh nm ehrnm. M `hrbm nh bhrnidti istm ehdeiaonm pmrm bijchrmr h nisjozmbidth nm ehrnm nurmdti m suaonm. • Embi povhtmdti pmrm riehjcir bmos `meojbidti m `hjfm nubm ehrnm. Wirboti ofumjbidti thrdmr ub sostibm ni rinuæåh ni `hræms rivirsâvij i i`itumr eurtms suaonms (ludtmdnh istroah i ub lubmr). • @udeohdm ib ehrnm ni =7 m ==,9 bb ni noábitrh.  E, D@WM =?35 J • Eirto`oemæåh< ID 5>= Ejmssi M, ID =13>= toph E,  • ^istmnh odnovonumjbidt odnovonumjbidti. i. • Wish< 957 f   >.5.5) FQOFQO

Niseidshr / mpmrijch ni sifurmdæm muthajhemdti • Wmrm mssifurmr m prhfrissåh ib tïedoem ni isemjmnm.  • Embi povhtmdti pmrm riehjcir bmos `meojbidti m `hjfm nubm ehrnm. 

Wirboti ofumjbidti thrdmr ub sostibm ni oæmfib rivirsâvij dub sostibm ni rinuæåh ni `hræms. • @udeohdm ib ehrnm ni =7 m == bb ni noábitrh.  • Eirto`oemæåh< EI 7=?6 • ^istmnh odnovonumjbidti. odnovonumjbidti.  • Wish< 119 f   >.>) MUEIDUHQIU >.>.=) LYBMQ

Ajhquimnhris pudch. • Ehdeiaonhs pmrm ms suaonms ib ehrnm i phni sir usmnh ividtumjbidti ib sostibms ni rinuæåh ni `hræms

(mdto-rithrdh). • Bhrnidti qui `meojotm h bmdusioh pmrm eobm i trmvm h rithrdh.  • Wudch irfhdþboeh i bhjnmnh, pirbotodnh mssifurmr ubm priidsåh ehd`hrtívij i phtidti.  • Hro`âeohs od`irohris pmrm utojozmr ub ehdiethr i odstmjmr ub istroah hu `ut-jhhp. • Hro`âeoh supirohr pmrm bhsquithdmr ç ehrnm (ütoj ib ehdtrm sifurmdæm hu ib sostibms ni rinuæåh ni `hræms). • Ixosti dms virsùis båh noriotm i båh isquirnm.  • @udeohdm ib ehrnm sobpjis ni noábitrh idtri 3 i =5 bb • Eirto`oemæåh< EI ID 906, EI ID =13>= toph A hu D@WM =?35 J.   =5

 

 

• ^istmnh odnovonumjbidti. odnovonumjbidti.  • Wish< =?9 f

Dhtm =< Isti iquopmbidth ï prhlitmnh pmrm trmamjcmr dm ehdnoæåh istítoem, obpmeth nivi sir ivotmnh. >.>.1) EQHJJ

Ajhquimnhr vidtrmj • Ytojozm-si ib ehbpjibidth ehb ub lubmr pmrm ms suaonms ib ehrnm. • Bhrnidti muth-rithrdh thtmjbidti thtmjbidti odtifrmnh dh ehrph nh ajhquimnhr pmrm ivotmr h mtroth. • Wmtojcm ni mairturm ni idfmdeci pmrm `meojotmr m bmdopujmæåh qumdnh h ajhquimnhr istm ib phsoæåh. • Hro`âeoh ni `oxmæåh threonh pmrm bmdtir h mpmrijch mpjmemnh mh pioth,  • Ytojozm-si ehb m mjæm UIEYQ qui bmdtìb h ajhquimnhr ib phsoæåh. • @udeohdm ib ehrnm sobpjis ni noábitrh idtri 3 i =5 bb • Eirto`oemæåh< EI ID 906, EI ID =13>= toph A. • ^istmnh odnovonumjbidti. odnovonumjbidti. • Wish< =57 f

Dhtm =< Isti iquopmbidth ï prhlitmnh pmrm trmamjcmr dm ehdnoæåh istítoem, obpmeth nivi sir ivotmnh. >.9) AMEK-YW / MAUHQPINHQ NI IDIQFOM >.9.=) Nosphsotovhs ni sifurmdæm/ ^rmvm-quinms

Hs nosphsotovhs ni sifurmdæm såh utojozmnhs pmrm ehdietmr h tïedoeh ib meissh phr ehrnm m ehrnm ni sifurmdæm. Dhrbmjbidti Dhrbmjbidti osth ï `ioth phr bioh nm jofmæåh idtri h nosphsotovh i h eodth. Ib emsh ni `mjcm nm ehrnm ni trmamjch hu pirnm nh ehdtrhji pijh tïedoeh ib meissh phr ehrnm, hs nosphsotovhs risirvms tìb ehbh `odmjonmni h trmvmbidth dh emah ni sifurmdæm sib m odnuæåh ni nmdhs emtmstrõ`oehs m ehrnm ni sifurmdæm i tmbaïb pmrm mashrvir m emrfm nodáboem jobotmnm qui phni hehrrir. Nivib sir utojozmnhs ni mehrnh ehb ms odstruæùis nh `maroemdti, m ehbaodmæåh nh trmvm quinm, tmjmamrti, ehdiethris i eodth nivi sir empmz ni jobotmr m `hræm dh usuíroh pmrm ub bíxobh ni 0 kD ib emsh ni `mjcm nh emah ni trmamjch. Ï riehbidnmnh qui hs trmvm-quinms utojozmnhs silmb ni ub toph qui dåh isehrrifmrí sha ubm emrfm istítoem idtri qui 1.9 KD iubm 5 KD m `ob ni pisshms pmrtor niji, phni sir dieissíroh nurmdti ub m sotumæåh nipirbotor risfmti. qui Mh nums sijieohdmr ubsilmb trmvm-mphomnms quinm quinm,, ïçissideomj quih mqui prhamaojonmni ni ush odmniqumnh mdtivosth i ms ehdsiquìdeoms ni tmj ush odmniqumnh silmb mvmjomnms. ]umdnh tåh mvmjomæåh tovir sonh `iotm, ub roseh risonumj nh ush odmniqumnh modnm phni ixostor, i nivi sir trmtmnm pijm onidto`oemæåh i mpjoemæåh ni binonms ni ehdtrhji ispieâ`oems, tmj ehbh m sijiæåh ni iquopmbidth mjtirdmtovh mjtirdmtovh,, triodmbidth ixtrm, bhno`oemæåh nms prítoems ni trmamjch, supirvosåh bmos odtidsm hu m ehbaodmæåh nistis otids. Ehdsonirmæåh ispieomj nivi sir nmnm ç mniqumaojonmni i nisibpidch nhs trmvm quinms emsh phssmb sir utojozmnhs nurmdti h risfmti, lí qui ms emrfms ib phtideomj phnib sir sofdo`oemtovmbidti bmohris nh qui m emrfm dhbodmj bíxobm nh `maroemdti. >.9.1) MUMW

Ytojozm-si dm ehrnm ni sifurmdæm. • ^rmvm ubm quinm, ub nisjozmbidth hu ubm niseonm dåh ehdtrhjmnm.  • Ajhquiom bisbh qui h mfmrribhs nurmdti m quinm. • @udeohdm ib ehrnm virtoemj hu hajâqum.  • Nisjhem-si mh jhdfh nm ehrnm sib odtirvidæåh bmdumj (pmrm eobm i pmrm amoxh). • Odstmjm-si i nisodstmjm-si `meojbidti ib qumjquir phdth nm ehrnm. • Whni sir ehbpjitmnh ehb ubm jhdfi mashrvinhrm ni idirfom. =>

 

 

• Wmrm ehrnm sibo-istítoem ( ID ID =3?= toph M  ) ni =7,9 m =5 bb eirto`oemnm ehb h mpmrijch*. • @hrdieonh ehb h bhsquitåh ehb sifurmdæm muthbítoeh.  • Wish< >16 f (597 f pmrm MUMW i 66 f pmrm h bhsquitåh).  • ^istmnh odnovonumjbidti. odnovonumjbidti.  • Eirto`oemæåh< EI ID 595 1

DH^M< H bhsquitåh ï `hrdieonh ehb h MUMW. >.9.1.=) M U M W ‟ U H Q A I Q

 Mashrvinhr ni ni idirfom ehb jhd jhdfi fi odtifrmnm pmrm MUMW Ehdeiaonh pmrm jofmr h mdtoquinm bõvij MUMW mh amunroir. • M idirfom nm quinm ï mashrvonm pijm rupturm ni eh sturms ispieo`oems. • Ixosti ib nhos ehbprobidths, pmrm m`mstmr bmos hu bidhs m ehrnm ni sifurmdæm m`ob ni idehdtrmr ub

bijchr ehbprhbossh idtri h m`mstmbidth nm ehrnm i m mjturm nm quinm< - MUMW‘UHQAIQ (J6= (J6= 17 )< 17 eb (zhdm (zhdm jovri nisobpinonm dieissírom 5,=9 b, pish 07 f), - MUMW‘UHQAIQ (J6= (J6= >7 )< >7 eb (zhdm (zhdm jovri nisobpinonm dieissírom 5,97 b, pish =77 f). • Ixtribonmnis budonms ni ubm U^QODF pmrm bmdtir h ehdiethr ib phsoæåh i prhtifir m `otm nm marmsåh.   • Eirto`oemæåh< EI ID 599  >.9.5) MAUHQPINHQ NI IDIQFOM (^MJMAMQ^I)

Ehb jhdfi ib _ odtifrmnm pmrm BFH. Ehdeiaonh pmrm m sifurmdæm ib jodcm ni vonm phr ehrnm, ib emah ni mæh hu dub vmråh, dieissotmdnh nm pmssmfib ni `rmeohdmbidth `rmeohdmbidths. s. Whssoaojonmni ni ehdixåh pirbmdidti, bisbh dm pmssmfib ni `rmeohdmbidths, frmæms çs nums phdtms. Ixosti ib nhos ehbprobidt ehbprobidths< hs< . MAUHQAOEM-_ (J9?)< 7,3 b (`otm ehb U^QODF dms trìs ixtribonmnis), . MAUHQAOEM-_ (J67=97 _)< =,9 b (ehrnm ehb tirbodmæåh ehsturmnm sha bmdfm pjístoem). H tmjmamrti nivi sifuor h pmnråh iurhpiu ID599 hu armsojiorh MAD^ DAQ ==567 hu pmnråh iquovmjidti. >.9.>) IU^QOAH

@oxm-si dh pudch lubmr pmrm ms suaonms ib ehrnm hu dubm mdehrmfib pmrm m prhfrissåh chrozhdtmj hu  virtoemj. Ixostib ehb >, 9 i 0 nifrmus.

>.9.>.=) WINMJ MLYU^ÍPIJ IB @O^M

@oxm-si dh pudch nh lubmr. • Qi`hræh nh pï risostidti ç marmsåh i rofono`oemnhs pmrm `meojotmr h id`omr nh pï.  • Mlusti `íeoj nh ehbprobidth ehbprobidth ehb m `ovijm  • @hrdieonm ehb h bmojjhd UWIIN_ W=> ni mairturm ríponm.  >.0) QHJNMDMU >.0.=) QIUEYI W97

Qhjnmdm ni pjmems bõvios Ehdeiaonm pmrm emrfms pismnms i utojozmæåh odtidsovm. • Whjom ni frmdni noábitrh bhdtmnm shari rhjmbidth ni is`irms istmdqui, mssifurmdnh ub ixeijidti

ridnobidth. • Whni rieiair mtï trìs bhsquitùis pmrm `meojotmr ms bmdharms.  • Wjmems hseojmdtis ―  ID =1 163.  =9

 

 

>.0.1) @OSI W79

Qhjnmdm ni pjmems `oxms • Ehdeiaonm pmrm hs sostibms ni rinuæåh ni `hræms i nisvohs ni emrfm.  • Wjmems `oxms pirbotodnh ubm bhdtmfib ríponm i mehpjmfib ehb ub ajhquimnhr bieádoeh.  • Ahb ridnobidth frmæms m ubm phjom bhdtmnm shari ub rhjiti muth juaro`oemdti. • Ehbpmetm i jivi  ―  ID  ID =1 163. >.0.5) HUEOJJMD^I W71

Qhjnmdm ni rieursh ni pjmems bõvios. • Ehdeiaonm pmrm ubm utojozmæåh phdtumj pmrm m oæmfib hu dub sostibm ni rinuæåh ni `hræms. • Ahm rijmæåh risostìdeom/jiv izm< izm< phjom ib dyjhd i pjmems ib mjubâdoh. • Ixtribmbidti jivi i ehbpmetm.  >.6) QHJNMDMU NI WQHFQIUUÅH I QHJNMDMU IUWIEOMJO\MNMU >.6.=) ^MDNIB W1=

Qhjnmdm nupjm pmrm torhjisms i sjonis ib ehrnm • Whjoms ni mjubâdoh bhdtmnms shari rhjitis muth juaro`oemdtis pmrm mssifurmr ub ahb ridnobidth. • Whni rieiair mtï trìs bhsquitùis pmrm `meojotmr ms bmdharms ―  ID =1163.  >.6.1) KHH^IDM_ W06

Qhjnmdm pmssm dõ. • Obphrtmdti vhjubi idtri m emaiæm nm pjmem i m phjom pirbotodnh m pmssmfib ni dhs ni ludæåh (oæmfib ni

emrfms ni frmdnis mjturms hu nisjhembidth ib torhjism ehb nums ehrnms). • Whjom ni frmdni noábitrh mssifurmdnh ub ixeijidti ridnobidth.  • @riohs ni trmvmbidth nm phjom pmrm utojozmr m rhjnmdm ehbh mbmrrmæåh.  • Mjturm< 107 bb ―  ID =1163  >.3) QHJNMDM AJH]YIMNHQM >.3.=) BODO ^QMSOHD W76

Qhjnmdm ajhquimnhrm ehbpmetm i jivi ehb ajhquimnhr odtifrmnh utojozívij ehbh rhjnmdm sobpjis hu ehbh ajhquimnhr< -fijh. h bhrnidti ni ajhemfib ehb poehs i `idnm ni ivmeumæåh `udeohdm bisbh qumdnh m ehrnm tib mrfojm hu - Wmtojcm ni mairturm irfhdþboem i `íeoj ni bmdopujmr, bisbh ehb juvms, - m pmtojcm phni sir trmvmnm dm phsoæåh mairtm pmrm ubm utojozmæåh ehbh rhjnmdm sobpjis. • Jivi i ehbpmetm onimj pmrm hs kots ni trmamjch hu ni risfmti.  • Whni sir utojozmnm ib suaonm phr ehrnm. • Whjom ib mjubâdoh bhdtmnm shari rhjitis muth juaro`oemdtis ―  ID 906, ID =1163.  >.3.1) WQH ^QMSOHD W9=

Qhjnmdm ajhquimnhrm ni mjth ridnobidth • Qhjnmdm ehb ajhquimnhr odtifrmnh utojozívij ehbh rhjnmdm sobpjis hu ehbh ajhquimnhr.?) QHJNMDMU WQYUOK >.?.=) FIBODO W00

Qhjnmdm Wrusok nupjm • Wjmems i phjom ib mjubâdoh ehbpmetm i jivi.  • Ahb ridnobidth frmæms çs phjoms bhdtmnms shari rhjmbidths ni is`irms istmdquis. • Whjoms bhdtmnms ib pmrmjijh i phdth ni `oxmæåh muxojomr pmrm rimjozmr no`iridtis tophs ni sostibms ni rinuæåh ni `hræms ―  ID =1 163, D@WM =?35. >.=7) Iquopmbidth ni Wrhtiæåh Odnovonumj (IWO)

Hs prh`ossohdmos OQM^M niviråh istmr `mbojomrozmnhs ehb thnh iquopmbidth ni prhtiæåh odnovonumj i mssifurmr qui h bisbh istilm sibpri ib ahms ehdnoæùis. Hs iquopmbidths ni prhtiæåh odnovonumj nivib phssuor EM víjonh i istmr nidtrh nm vonm ütoj ni`odonm pijh `maroemdti, qumdnh mpjoeívij. >.=7.=) Empmeiti

Nivi sir utojozmnh empmeiti ni sifurmdæm, toph OOO ejmssi M,   pmrm prhtiæåh nm emaiæm ehdtrm obpmeths i piditrmæåh, odlitmnh ib phjoprhpojidh, ehb ubm torm ib `hrbm ni _ qui pmssm pijh quioxh qui ivotm qui h bisbh emom, prhtiæåh ehdtrm obpmeths jmtirmos i obpmeths ni eobm i dåh nivi phssuo mam pmrm `mzir shbarm, mtrmpmjcmdnh m vosåh. =1>?1 hu armsojiorh MAD^ armsojiorh MAD^ DAQ 311=. Eirto`oemæåh< ID5?6, ID =1>?1 hu  ^mbaïb nivi phssuor eirto`oemnh ni mprhvmæåh (EM) dh Bodostïroh Bodostïroh nh ^rmamjch i Ibprifh (B^I) (B^I) víjonh. >.=7.1) Pistobidtm ni Uifurmdæm ^oph Bmemeåh

 M mnhæåh ni vistobidtm ni sifurmdæm toph bmemeåh i sums prhproinmnis nipidnib nm mdíjosi nhs rosehs nms mtovonmnis m sirib rimjozmnms. Wmrm trmamjchs h``schri, ib firmj, ï utojozmnm vistobidtm ni sifurmdæm toph bmemeåh mprhvmnm pijh Bodostïroh nh ^rmamjch (B^I) pmrm< prhtiæåh nh trhdeh, bibarhs supirohris i od`irohris nh usuíroh ehdtrm mfidtis tïrboehs (emjhr i ecmbms). >.=7.5) Õeujhs ni Uifurmdæm

Nivi sir utojozmnh õeujhs ni sifurmdæm mprhvmnh pijh Bodostïroh nh ^rmamjch (B^I) pmrm< prhtiæåh nhs hjchs nh usuíroh ehdtrm obpmeths ni pmrtâeujms vhjmdtis bujtonorieohdmos. Ã riehbidnívij qui h õeujhs ni sifurmdæm pirbotm h mlusti m `mei nh trmamjcmnhr. Ehb h halitovh ni bodobozmr phssâvios jisùis ib emsh ni obpmeths dhs õeujhs ni sifurmdæm, riehbidnm-si m mnhæåh ni bhnijhs qui phssumb ahrnm supirohr dåh smjoidti i phdti dmsmj ni bmtiromj `jixâvij (phr ixibpjh, sojoehdi). >.=7.>) Emjæmnh ni Uifurmdæm

 M isehjcm nh emjæmnh ni sifurmdæm i sums prhproinmnis nipidnib nm mdíjosi nhs rosehs nms mtovonmnis m sirib rimjozmnms. Wmrm trmamjchs h``schri, ib firmj, ï utojozmnh emjæmnh ni sifurmdæm mprhvmnh pijh Bodostïroh nh  ^rmamjch (B^I) pmrm< Wrhtiæåh nhs pïs nh usuíroh ib jhemos hdni dåh cmlm roseh ni quinm ni bmtiromos i/hu haliths pismnhs shari hs mrtijchs i ib írims ni roseh ib qui ixosti od`juìdeom ni ijitroeonmni.  ijitroeonmni.  

=6

 

 

9.7) EIQ^O@OEMÆÅH EIQ^O@OEMÆÅH I QMU^QIMAOJON QMU^QIMAOJONMNI MNI NHU I]YOW I]YOWMBID^HU MBID^HU Hdni quir qui iquopmbidths ni isemjmnm silmb usmnhs dh budnh, `oem ejmrh qui, si ni`iotuhshs, ijis phnib risujtmr ib pirofh bhrtmj pmrm h isemjmnhr. M fmrmdtom ni qumjonmni ni `mth sobojmr mh nh pmnråh iurhpiu ï, nissm `hrbm, issideomj. Jios i rifujmbidths iurhpius ixofib qui hs iquopmbidths silmb ejmsso`oemnhs ehbh iquopmbidths ni prhtiæåh odnovonumj (IWO) i tidcmb m bmrem EI, h qui sofdo`oem qui mtidnirmb ms ixofìdeoms nm noritroz iurhpiom ni IWO. M bmohrom nhs iquopmbidths usmnhs ib isemjmnm såh emtifhrom OOO (roseh ni pirofh bhrtmj) ni mehrnh ehb issm noritroz. Osth riquir ub toph odnipidnidti ni tisti nh prhnuth pmrm ub pmnråh, ehbh m OUH ?777, qui ï bhdothrmnh phr ub —ehrph mprhvmnh‘ (osth ï, ub

munothr odnipidnidti), odnipidnidti), hu phr ubm amtirom ni tistis rifujmris rimjozmnhs phr ubm emsm ni tistis mprhvmnm. Ib mbams ms eoreudstádeoms, ub eirto`oemnh ni ehd`hrbonmni, qui mtistm qui h prhnuth mtidni ms ixofìdeoms nms noritrozis ni IWO i tmbaïb m qumjquir pmnråh qui nisilm mjemdæmr, nivirí sir nheubidtmæåh su`oeoid su`oeoidti ti pmrm h ehbprmnhr. Ui h prhnuth dåh `hr ejmsso`oemnh ehbh IWO, modnm qui ehdsonirmnh dm írim nhs iquopmbidths ni sifurmdæm, eirto`oemnhs mprhpromnhs, mprhpromnhs, qui niib fmrmdtom nm sum qumjonmni i ehbpmtoaojonmni, nivib sir hatonhs. Iquopmbidths ni oæmbidth tìb dhrbmjbidti m ixofìdeom ni sirib bmremnhs ejmrmbidti pmrm odnoemr m emrfm sifurm joboti ni trmamjch. Idtritmdth, iquopmbidths ni isemjmnm såh firmjbidti `hrdieonhs hutrms ehbh ni emrfm ni trmamjch, emrfm ni rupturm (hu `hræm istítoem) ite, dh jufmrehb nistm. Ui od`hrbmæùis, phssâvij istm od`hrbmæåh nivirí sir bmremnm dh iquopmbidth. Ui dåh `hr phssâvij, ub sostibm ni eõnofh nivirí sir usmnh, h qumj budorí `meojbidti h usuíroh ehb ubm ri`irìdeom eruzmnm ixejusovm pmrm hs rifostrhs mprhpromnhs, phr ixibpjh, ms ‚itoquitms‒ nms ehrnms ite. Istis rifostrhs niviråh istmr obinomtmbidti nos phdâvios pmrm hs usuírohs. H IWO dåh nivi sir ivonìdeom m pmrm nitirbodmr m emrfm sifurm ni trmamjch dib m bmrfib ni sifurmdæm. Cí phueh prhpõsoth ib usmr iquopmbidths ehb eirto`oemnhs, m dåh sir qui phssmb sir odnovonumjbidti rmstrimnhs hs eirto`oemnhs ni tistis rijivmdtis hu eirto`oemnhs ni ehd`hrbonmni, i qui ehbaodib ehb hs rifostrhs ni siu ush ni bhnh m `meojotmr h siu euonmnh ehrritmbidti. Bhsquitùis i hutrhs otids ni bitmj nivib sir bmremnhs ni `hrbm odnijïvij ni bhnh qui dåh m`iti sum odtifronmni. Otids ni bitmj dåh nivib sir bmremnhs pþr sijhs, m dåh sir qui h `maroemdti ehdehrni. Ehrnms, amunroirs ite. phnib sir bmremnhs ni `hrbm odnijïvij phr vírohs bïthnhs, phr ixibpjh, bmremdnh sums onidto`oemæùis dubm `otm qui ï niphos m`oxmnm dh jufmr phr ubm itoquitm ehairtm ni pjístoeh (mquieonm). Ms ixtidsùis ribhvonms nm ehrnm prodeopmj phnib m onidtonmni phni sirtir dubirmnh M=/=,trmds`ironm M=/1 ite. m ijms siquideomjbidti; phr ixibpjh, h dübirh M=, qumdnh ribhvonh, 9.=) ODUWIÆÅH NHU I]YOWMBID^HU

 ^hnhs hs iquopmbidths pmrm trmamjch ib meissh phr ehrnms prieosmb sir odspieohdmnhs nitmjcmnmbidti jhfh mpõs m ehbprm, niphos prieosmb sir s ir onidto`oemnhs i rifostrmnhs odnovonumjbidti.  M emnm 0 bisis hs iquopmbidths prieosmb sir dhvmbidti odspieohdmnhs nitmjcmnmbidti (ixmbi ehbpjith) i rieirto`oemnhs. Hs iquopmbidths qui tovirib qui sir ripmrmnhs, sõ siråh rieirto`oemnhs mpõs tir sonh `ioth h ripmrh. Hs iquopmbidths qui `hrib nisemrtmnhs tmbaïb nivib phssuor rifostrh i prieosmb sir nistruânhs pmrm ivotmr qui ijis rithrdib mh ush.

DH^M = ―  Hs  Hs iquopmbidths nivib sir eciemnhs thnm viz qui `hrib utojozmnhs. DH^M 1 ―  M  M odspiæåh nitmjcmnm sõ nivirí sir `iotm phr ub prh`ossohdmj OQM^M dâvij 5. =3

 

 

0.7) DÕU Yb dõ ï h risujtmnh ni vhjtms `iotms ib ehrnms ni `hrbm hrnidmnm vosmdnh, phr ixibpjh, udor nums ehrnms, `hrbmr ubm hu bmos mjæms, mbmrrmr m ehrnm m ub phdth ni mdehrmfib, ite... Yb ahb dõ nivirí tir ms sifuodtis emrmetirâstoems< Uir `meojbidti `ioth. Uir Uir `meojbidti `meojbidti riehdcieâvij. nis`ioth mpõs sir suabitonh m emrfm. Uir `hrti i ehd`oívij. Qinuzor h bâdobh phssâvij ç risostìdeom nm ehrnm. ^hnhs hs dõs nivib sir cmaotumjbidti eciemnhs i mpirtmnhs mdtis nh ush nm ehrnm.  

H mjodcmbidth ni ub dõ idvhjvi m rifujmæåh ni thnms ms sums pmrtis ni `hrbm qui ijms `oquib mjodcmnms, istoemnms i ludtms. Ofdhrmr issm mtovonmni phni sofdo`oemr bmohr pirnm ni risostìdeom.  M sifuor såh mprisidtmnhs mprisidtmnhs mjfuds ixibpjh ixibpjhss ni dõs. 0.=) DÕ HO^H NYWJH

Ytojozmæåh) ^QMDU@IQÌDEOM NI EHQNMU

 ^rmds`irodnh-si ni ub pmr ni ni ehrnms pmrm hutrh pmr. ^rmds`irìdeoms ^rmds`irìdeoms ni ehrnm såh `riqúidtibidti `riqúidtibidti usmnms pmrm supir`âeoipmrm frmdni, ehbh phr ixibpjh, h jmnh ni ub ino`âeoh hu ubm `mei ni ubm rhecm. -eharor Istm ïírim ubmnibmdharm nhos trmvm-quinmss. Dissm bmdharm vheì nivi istmr phsoeohdmnh pmrm niseonm dub pmr ni ehrnms i h hutrh pmr istilm ehb bmos ni nhos bitrhs ni nostádeom. Wifui ms ehrnms pmrm hdni vheì `hr si trmds`iror. Wridnm hs iquopmbidths ni mseidæåh pmrm m dhvm ehrnm ni trmamjch i ritori m `hjfm nm ehrnm. Wridnm hutrh trmvm-quinms ç dhvm ehrnm ni amek-up i ritori m `hjfm. Bhvm-si jmtirmjbidti ehb hs iquopmbidths ni niseonm, jibarmdnh-si ni bmdtir h trmvm-quinms mjth mtï qui  vheì istilm dm phsoæåh virtoemj. Qitori hs iquopmbidths nms mdtofms ehrnms. =>.9) WMUUMDNH WHQ DÕU

Hemsohdmjbidti ï dieissíroh pmssmr phr dõs dh bioh nms ehrnms, ehbh phr ixibpjh, qumdnh `hrmb udonms nums ehrnms pmrm `mzir ubm bmos jhdfm. Nivi cmvir ub dõ (ahrahjitm mjpodm) pirth ni emnm dõ pmrm pirbotor m ehdixåh ni rmahs ni vmem.

57

 

 

=>.9.=) Uuaodnh<

Uuam mtï tåh pirth nh dõ qumdth phssâvij. Ehdieti ub rmah ni vmem eurth dm mjæm nh dõ nm ehrnm nh trmvm-quinms. Wmssi h trmvm-quinms pmrm eobm nh dõ.  ^rmds`orm h Qmah ni Pmem pmrm m mjæm nh nh dõ nm ehrnm ni trmamjch hu ehjhqui ub niseidsh niseidshrr mamoxh nh erh erhjj. jj. Bhvm h lubmr i idtåh h erhjj pmrm eobm nh dõ. Qibhvm h Qmah ni Pmem hu niseidshr i suam. =>.9.1) Niseidnh<

Nisæm mtï qui h niseidshr istilm m ubm hu nums phjifmnms nh dõ.  Pheì dåh tib qui qui trmvmr, phos h dõ privodi h nniseidshr iseidshr ni mdnmr. Ehjhqui h lubmr dm ehrnm meobm nh niseidshr. Ehjhqui h erhjj idtri h niseidshr i h lubmr. Qibhvm h niseidshr qui istí mfhrm `rhuxh. Ehjhqui h niseidshr sha h dõ, puxi m `hjfm nm ehrnm i trmvi h niseidshr. Nisæm h lubmr i h erhjj mtï prõxobh mh dõ. @oqui ib pï dh istroah, ribhvm h erhjj nioxmdnh h siu pish dh niseidshr i ribhvm h lubmr. Ehdieti ub rmah ni vmem mh dõ dm ehrnm nh trmvm-quinms. Wmssi h trmvm-quinms pmrm amoxh nh dõ. Qibhvm h rmah ni vmem i nisæm. Has< Emsh hs dõs ixostidtis silmb pmrm oshjmr ubm pmrti nmdo`oemnm dms ehrnms, nivirí sir `ioth hutrh dõ prõxobh pmrm m ehdixåh nh rmah ni vmem. =>.0) NIUPOH

Nisvohs såh usmnhs pmrm prhtifir ms ehrnms ni hastíeujhs quodms vovms, tuahs quidtis, ite... H ádfujh ni novirfìdeom dåh nivi sir bmohr nh qui 17¼. =>.0.=) Uuaodnh<

Uuam mtï tåh pirth nh bhsquitåh nh nisvoh qumdth phssâvij. Ehdieti ub rmah ni vmem eurth m ub bhsquitåh sharissmjidti dh nisvoh. Qibhvm ms ehrnms nh bhsquitåh prodeopmj. Uuam mh dâvij nh nisvoh. Ehdieti ms ehrnms sha siu iquopmbidth ni vhjtm mh bhsquitåh prodeopmj. Uhjti h rmah ni vmem nh bhsquitåh sharissmjidti. Bmdtidcm h ehdtrhji nm virtoemj sifurmdnh ms ehrnms mamoxh nh nisvoh. Uuam. =>.0.1) Niseidnh<

Nisæm mtï h dâvij nh nisvoh.  ^idcm ub rmah ni vmem sharissmjidti pprhdth. rhdth. Ui puxi pmrm h nisvoh usmdnh ms ehrnms. Ehdieti h rmah ni vmem mh bhsquitåh ixeinidti. Qibhvm ms ehrnms nh bhsquitåh prodeopmj. Ehjhqui ms ehrnms meobm nhs iquopmbidth iquopmbidthss dh bhsquitåh prodeopmj. Qibhvm h rmah ni vmem. Nisæm.

5=

 

 

=>.6) QIMDEHQMFIB (QI-AIJM_) / @QMEOHDMBID^H

Qimdehrmfids såh usmnms dms bisbms eoreudstádeoms ib qui såh usmnhs hs nisvohs, bms sotumæùis ib qui h ádfujh ni novirfìdeom `hr bmohr nh qui 17¼. =>.6.=) Qimdehrmfib Eurtm

Uuaodnh< Uuam tåh mjth qumdth phssâvij. Ehdieti ub rmah ni vmem eurth mh bhsquitåh nm mdehrmfib (jmnh nh trmvm-quinms). Bhvm h trmvm-quinms pmrm m ehrnm supirohr (jmnh nh rmah ni vmem) tormdnh m `hjfm.  ^rmds`orm h iquopmbidth iquopmbidth ni suaon suaonmm pmrm m ehrnm ni ttrmamjch rmamjch supiroh supirohrr tormdnh m `h `hjfm. jfm. Qibhvm h rmah ni vmem i suam.  Niseidnh< Nisæm mtï dâvij nh bhsquitåh ni mdehrmfib. Ehdieti ub rmah ni vmem eurth mh bhsquitåh nm mdehrmfib prodeopmj. Nisæm mtï qui h niseidshr `oqui `rhuxh.  ^rmds`orm h niseidshr niseidshr pmrm m ehrn ehrnmm ni trmamjch mamox mamoxhh nm mdehrmfib.  ^rmds`orm h Qmah ni Pmem pmrm h bhsquitåh bhsquitåh ni mdehr mdehrmfib mfib nh amek-up.

 ^rmds`orm trmvmtrmvm-quinms m ehr ehrnm nm mamoxh nm mdehrmf mdehrmfib. ib. Qibhvm hhrmah niquinms vmem ipmrm nisæm. =>.6.1) Qimdehrmfib jhdfm

 M rimdehrmfib jhdfm ï ubm bmd bmdharm harm ehb nhos tr trmvm-quinmss. mvm-quinmss. Uuaodnh< Uuam tåh mjth qumdth phssâvij. Ehjhqui ub trmvm-quinms sharissmjidti dm ehrnm ni amek-up nh jhhp nm rimdehrmfib, dm phsoæåh ni niseonm. Ehjhqui h niseidshr dm ehrnm ni trmamjch nh jhhp nm rimdehrmfib, dm phsoæåh ni niseonm.  ^rmds`orm h trmvm-quinms nm ehrnm virtoemj pmrm m pmrti supirohr nh jhhp dm phsoæåh ni suaonm, tormdnh thnm `hjfm nm ehrnm.  ^rmds`orm h erhjj i lubmr nm ehrnm virtoemj ni trmamjch pmrm m pmrti supirohr nh jhhp dm phsoæåh ni suaonm, tormdnh thnm `hjfm nm ehrnm. Nisjozi pijh jhhp. ]umdnh mjemdæmr m phsoæåh virtoemj, ribhvm h niseidshr i h trmvm-quinms nm phsoæåh ni niseonm i suam. Niseidnh< Nisæm mtï h dâvij nm rimdehrmfib. Ehjhqui h erhjj i lubmr dm ehrnm ni trmamjch nh jhhp dm noriæåh nm rimdehrmfib. Ehjhqui h trmvm-quinms sharissmjidti dm ehrnm ni amek-up nh jhhp dm phsoæåh nm rimdehrmfib. Uuam mtï prõxobh nm rimdehrmfib. Nisæm mtï qui h niseidshr `oqui `rhuxh.  ^rmds`orm h niseidshr niseidshr pmrm m ehrn ehrnmm ni trmamjch vir virtoemj. toemj.  ^rmds`orm h trmvm-quinms trmvm-quinms ni niseonm pm pmrm rm m ehrnm ni amekamek-up up virtoemj. Qibhvm h erhjj i lubmr nm ehrnm nh jhhp. Qibhvm h trmvm-quinms nm ehrnm nh jhhp i nisæm.

51

 

 

=>.3) WMUUMDNH WHQ YB JHHW (PHJ^M)

H ush prodeopmj nm pmssmfib phr ub jhhp ï pmrm pmssmr shari istruturms suspidsms ehbh phdtis.

Istm ï ubm bmdharm ni nhos trmvm-quinmss. Isemji mtï h thph nms ehrnms virtoemos. Ehjhqui ub trmvm-quinms sharissmjidti dm ehrnm ni amek-up nh jhhp, dm phsoæåh ni niseonm. Ehjhqui h niseidshr dm ehrnm ni trmamjch nh jhhp, dm phsoæåh ni niseonm.  ^rmds`orm h trmvm-quinms trmvm-quinms nm ehrnm vvirtoemj irtoemj pmrm m ehrnm ehrnm ni amek-up nh jhhp, dm phsoæåh nnii suaonm.  ^rmds`orm h erhjj erhjj i lubmr nm ehr ehrnm nm virtoemj pmrm m eh ehrnm rnm ni trmamjch nh jhhp, dm ph phsoæåh soæåh ni suaonm. Bhvm-si dm phsoæåh ni suaonm, dåh si isquieidnh ni suspidnir h trmvm-quinms.  Pí joairmdnh h sthp, dåh si isquieid isquieidnh nh ni trmzir h ttrmvm-quinms. rmvm-quinms. ]umdnh dh jhhp ï meiotívij i nisilívij usmr trmvm bmeom dh Uthp.  Mh ecifmr mh `odmj `odmj nh jhhp, ^rmd ^rmds`orm s`orm h niseidshr pmrm m ehrnm ni ttrmamjch rmamjch virtoemj.  ^rmds`orm h trmvm-quinms trmvm-quinms nh jhhp qui istí dm phsoæåh ni niseonm pmrm m ehr ehrnm nm virtoemj. Qibhvm h lubmr i erhjj nh jhhp. Qibhvm h trmvm-quinms nh jhhp i nisæm.

=9.7) WQHFQIUUÅH MQ^O@OEOMJ  ^ïedoem ib h prh`ossohdmj qui meissmr jhemos hdni dåh cí didcubm ehrnm `oxmnm. Osth ï `ioth isemjmdnh i cíqui bïthnhs vmromnhs nitib prhfrissåh. H jhemj sobpjisbidti phni sir ub (vofmbidth ni mæh ni ub tith, phr ixibpjh).  M prhfrissåh phni phni si `iotm nms sifuodt sifuodtis is bmdiorms< - Ytojozmdnh sius rmahs ni vmem ib mdehrmfids `oxms, ehbh hjcmos, phr ixibpjh. - Ytojozmdnh isemjmnm fuomnm, pmssmdnh ub pmr ni ehrnms mtrmvïs nhs phdths ni mdehrmfids `oxms. Dissm bmdharm hs istroahs dåh såh usmnhs ehb rmahs ni vmem. - Ytojozmdnh mdehrmfids bhvios ehb mrrmsti ni isjodfms. - Ytojozmdnh prussok ib isemjmnm virtoemj. H prh`ossohdmj tirí qui tir dh bâdobh nhos phdths odnipidnidtis ni `oxmæåh. Ib mjfuds bhbidths h isemjmnhr tirí trìs phdths odnipidnidtis ni `oxmæåh. Hdni h jhemj `hr bmos no`âeoj ni mjemdæmr, h prh`ossohdmj tirí qui usmr ub pmr ni istroahs ehb nifrmus qui phnib sir isemjmnhs pmrm fmdcmr mjturm. H tïedoeh nivirí ehdietmr ub istroah m emnm phdth ni `oxmæåh i suaor shari iji mtï qui h prõxobh phdth phssm sir mjemdæmnh. Istm tïedoem phni sir emdsmtovm, bms si thrdm bmos `íeoj ehb m prítoem. Yb bïthnh ni iehdhbozmr idirfom ï pridnir h erhjj dh mjth nh rmah ni vmem. ]umdnh m pisshm shai dh istroah, h rmah ni vmem ehb h erhjj ï bhvonh pmrm h prõxobh phdth. phdth. M pisshm phni si ssidtmr idtmr i nisemdsmr sib pirnir m mjturm fmdcm.

55

 

 

=0.7) EHQNMU EHQNMU ^IDUOHDMNMU ^IDUOHDMNMU Uufiri-si qui ubm ehrnm pmrm torhjism silm tidsohdmnm biemdoembidti phr ub sostibm 5

 

 

=3.=.=) Qisfmti utojozmdnh h niseidshr nm vâtobm

Ui mprhxobi h bíxobh phssâvij nm vâtobm. Ehjhqui m vâtobm ib phsoæåh ni ehd`hrth (sidtmnm), jofmdnh ub bhsquitåh idtri h mdij ‚N‒ nh piothrmj nm

 vâtobm i h bhsquitåh bhsquitåh nh niseidshr hu dm ehrnm meob meobmm nh niseidshr. Ehjhqui ub rmah ni vmem siu mh trmvm-quinms nm vâtobm.

Ehjhqui ub bhsquitåh jofmdnh h mdij ‚N‒ nh siu amunroir mh bhsquitåh nh niseidshr nm vâtobm pmrm hatir

ubm ehdixåh ni bitmj eurtm. Joairi i ribhvm sius iquopmbidths ni mseidæåh (erhjj i lubmr), trmds`irodnh siu pish pmrm h iquopmbidth nm  vâtobm. Joairi siu trmvm-quinms. Ehjhqui ub bhsquitåh mamoxh nm mjturm nh niseidshr nm vâtobm pmrm `mzir `roeæåh i pmssi m ehrnm nh niseidshr mtrmvïs niji. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh. =3.=.1) Qisfmti utojozmdnh siu prõproh niseidshr

Ui mprhxobi h bíxobh phssâvij nm vâtobm. Ehjhqui m vâtobm ib phsoæåh ni ehd`hrth, jofmdnh ub bhsquitåh idtri h mdij ‚N‒ nh piothrmj nm vâtobm i h bhsquitåh nh niseidshr hu dm ehrnm meobm nh niseidshr.  Mfhrm vheì tib qui si phsoeohdmr ib siu niseidshr. Ehjhqui ub rmah ni vmem nh amunroir nm vâtobm mh siu trmvm-quinms. Ehjhqui ub bhsquitåh jofmdnh h mdij ‚N‒ nh amunroir nm vâtobm mh bhsquitåh nh siu niseidshr pmrm hatir

ubm ehdixåh ni bitmj eurtm.  ^rmds`orm h bhsquitåh ni ehd`hrth nh niseidshr nm vâtobm pmrm siu niseidshr, bmdtidnh-h ehdietmnh mh mdij ‚N‒ nm vâtobm. Joairi i ribhvm h niseidshr nm vâtobm. Qibhvm h trmvm-quinms nm vâtobm. Ehjhqui ub bhsquitåh pmrm `roeæåh mamoxh nm mjturm nh siu niseidshr pmrm `mzir `roeæåh i pmssi m ehrnm nh niseidshr mtrmvïs niji. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh. =3.1) QIUFM^I NH EQHJJ (UDM^EC @QHB EQHJJ)

Umjvmbidth ni ubm vâtobm qui istí odehdseoidti dh erhjj<  Pheì phni rimjozmr rimjozmr m niseonm utojozmdn utojozmdnhh h niseidshr nm vvâtobm âtobm hu h siu pprõproh rõproh niseidshr niseidshr.. =3.1.=) Qisfmti nh erhjj utojozmdnh h niseidshr nm vâtobm

Ui mprhxobi h bíxobh phssâvij nm vâtobm. Wridnm ub rmah ni vmem eurth idtri vheì i m vâtobm. Bhvm siu trmvm-quinms pmrm eobm nh iquopmbidth ni mseidæåh nm vâtobm. Qibhvm h rmah ni vmem. Uuam mtï `oemr ub phueh bmos mjth qui m vâtobm. Bhdti siu niseidshr i ribhvm sius mseidshris. Bhdti h niseidshr nm vâtobm tori m `hjfm i trmvi. Qibhvm nm vâtobm. Ehjhqui hh lubmr bhsquitåh ni ub `utjhhp dm pmrti supirohr nh erhjj. Wmssi h `utjhhp pijh bhsquitåh nh siu trmvm-quinms. @oqui ni pï dh `utjhhp i puxi m vâtobm pmrm eobm mtï qui h erhjj istilm `hjfmnh. Qibhvm h erhjj trmds`irodnh h pish nm vâtobm pmrm h niseidshr i tori h `utjhhp.

59

 

 

Ehjhqui m vâtobm ib phsoæåh ni ehd`hrth. Ehjhqui ub rmah ni vmem siu mh trmvm-quinms nm vâtobm. Ehjhqui ub bhsquitåh jofmdnh h mdij ‚N‒ nh siu amunroir mh bhsquitåh nh niseidshr nm vâtobm pmrm hatir

ubm ehdixåh ni bitmj eurtm. @hjfui i ribhvm siu niseidshr, trmds`irodnh siu pish pmrm h iquopmbidth nm vâtobm. Qibhvm siu trmvm-quinms. Ehjhqui bhsquitåh niseidshrub mtrmvïs niji. mamoxh nm mjturm nh niseidshr nm vâtobm pmrm `mzir `roeæåh i pmssi m ehrnm nh Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh. =3.1.1) Qisfmti nh erhjj utojozmdnh siu prõproh niseidshr.

Ui mprhxobi h bíxobh phssâvij nm vâtobm. Wridnm ub rmah ni vmem eurth idtri vheì i m vâtobm. Bhvm siu trmvm-quinms pmrm eobm nh iquopmbidth ni mseidæåh nm vâtobm. Qibhvm h rmah ni vmem. Uuam mtï `oemr ub phueh bmos mjth qui m vâtobm. Bhdti siu niseidshr i ribhvm sius mseidshris. Ehjhqui ub bhsquitåh jofmdnh h mdij ‚N‒ nh amunroir nm vâtobm mh bhsquitåh nh siu niseidshr pmrm hatir ubm ehdixåh ni bitmj eurtm. Qibhvm h lubmr nm vâtobm. Ehjhqui ub rmah ni vmem nm vâtobm mh siu trmvm-quinms. Ehjhqui h bhsquitåh ni ub `utjhhp dm pmrti supirohr nh erhjj. Wmssi h `utjhhp pijh bhsquitåh nh siu trmvm-quinms. @oqui ni pï dh `utjhhp i puxi m vâtobm pmrm eobm mtï qui h erhjj istilm `hjfmnh. Qibhvm h erhjj trmds`irodnh h pish nm vâtobm pmrm h siu niseidshr. Ehjhqui m vâtobm ib phsoæåh ni ehd`hrth i tori h `utjhhp. Ehjhqui ub bhsquitåh mamoxh nm mjturm nh siu niseidshr pmrm `mzir `roeæåh i pmssi m ehrnm nh niseidshr mtrmvïs niji. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh. =3.5) MJ^H QIUFM^I EHB UMJPM EHQNMU

Wmssi ub pmr ni ehrnms phr eobm ni ub vofmbidth hu tuaujmæåh.  Ms qumtrh phdtms phdtms nms ehrnms nivib mjemdæmr h ecåh. @mæm ub dõ ahrahjitm mjpodm ib emnm ehrnm. Ytojozi ub bhsquitåh ib emnm mjæm nhs dõs i pmssi-hs pijms ehrnms. Ytojozi prhtithris dms ehrnms. Bhdti siu niseidshr ib ubm nms ehrnms dh jmnh qui istí pmssmdnh phr nidtrh nh bhsquitåh. Ehjhqui h trmvm-quinms dm hutrm ehrnm. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji dm mjturm nh qumnroj. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.   Mh mtodfor h ecåh ecåh smom nms ehrnms, nismt nismtii hs dõs ni mrrib mrribmti mti i riehjcm ms ehr ehrnms. nms.

Has< tidcm euonmnh pmrm dåh utojozmr h jmnh irrmnh nms ehrnms mh utojozmr ub smjvm ehrnms.

50

 

 

=3.>) QIUFM^I DM ^QMDU@IQÌDEOM NI EHQNMU

H risfmti dm trmds`irìdeom ni ehrnms ï rimjozmnh pmrm nisjhemr ubm vâtobm ni ub pmr ni ehrnms pmrm hutrh pmr ni ehrnms, qumdnh m vâtobm istovir dms ehrnms virtoemos hu qumdnh istovir dh bioh nm trmds`irìdeom. =3.>.=) Qisfmti ehb m vâtobm dm phsoæåh virtoemj.

Ui mprhxobi h bíxobh phssâvij nm vâtobm jivmdnh ehdtofh h dhvh pmr ni ehrnms. Ui phsoeohdi pmrm niseir ehb m vâtobm utojozmdnh siu prõproh niseidshr. Has< `mæm m ehdixåh eurtm utojozmdnh nhos bhsquitùis jofmdnh h ‚N‒ nh siu amunroir mh nm vâtobm. Qitori h niseidshr nm vâtobm i ehjhqui dh ‚N‒ ludth mh siu niseidshr. 

Wridnm m dhvm ehrnm ni trmamjch dh dhvh niseidshr, ritori m `hjfm i trmvi. Wridnm h trmvm-quinms nm vâtobm dm dhvm ehrnm ni amek-up i ehjhqui ub rmah ni vmem siu dh bisbh trmvmquinms. Nisjhqui-si chrozhdtmjbidti mtï `oemr thtmjbidti dm virtoemj dh dhvh pmr ni ehrnms, dåh isquiæm hs trmvmquinmss. Joairi h mdtofh pmr ni ehrnms. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh.

Has< vheì phni niseir utojozmdnh hs iquopmbidths nm vâtobm. =3.>.1) Qisfmti ehb m vâtobm dh bioh nm trmds`irìdeom.

Ui mprhxobi h bíxobh phssâvij nm vâtobm pijm ehrnm nhs iquopmbidths ni mseidæåh. Ui phsoeohdi pmrm niseonm. Ehjhqui nhos bhsquitùis jofmdnh h mdij ‚N‒ `rhdtmj nm eodturm nh siu amunroir mh nm vâtobm pmrm hatir ubm

ehdixåh ni bitmj eurtm. Has<  vheìubphni dm ehrnm nm vâtobm pmrm `meojotmr m mprhxobmæåh. Ehjhqui rmahutojozmr ni vmemubnmbhsquitåh vâtobm mh siu trmvm-quinms. Ehjhqui ub rmah ni vmem siu mh trmvm-quinms nm vâtobm. Qibhvm h lubmr nm vâtobm. Ehjhqui h bhsquitåh ni ub `utjhhp dm pmrti supirohr nh erhjj. Wmssi h `utjhhp pijh bhsquitåh nh siu trmvm-quinms. Wosi dh `utjhhp i puxi m vâtobm pmrm eobm mtï qui h erhjj istilm `hjfmnh. Qibhvm h erhjj trmds`irodnh h pish nm vâtobm pmrm h siu niseidshr. Dåh si isquiæm ni ehjhemr m vâtobm ib phsoæåh ni ehd`hrth. Nisjhqui-si chrozhdtmjbidti chrozhdtmjbidti pmrm h jmnh qui vheì pritidnm or mtï `oemr thtmjbidti dm virtoemj. Joairi ms ehrnms qui mfhrm iståh sib pish. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh.

56

 

 

=3.9) QIUFM^I DH NIUPOH

Wmssi pijh nisvoh i si mprhxobi mh bíxobh nm vâtobm. Ui phsoeohdi pmrm niseir ehb m vâtobm utojozmdnh siu prõproh niseidshr. Nisæm mtï m mjturm nh nisvoh.  ^idcm ub rmah ni vmem sharissmjidti pprhdth. rhdth. Ui puxi pmrm h nisvoh usmdnh ms ehrnms. Ehjhqui h rmah ni vmem mh bhsquitåh ixeinidti. Qibhvm ms ehrnms nh bhsquitåh prodeopmj. Ehjhqui ms ehrnms meobm nhs iquopmbidth iquopmbidthss dh bhsquitåh prodeopmj. Qibhvm h rmah ni vmem. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh.

Has< vheì phni niseir utojozmdnh hs iquopmbidths nm vâtobm. =3.0) QIUFM^I DM QIMDEHQMFIB EYQ^M

Wmssi pijm rimdehrmfib i si mprhxobi mh bíxobh nm vâtobm. Ui phsoeohdi pmrm niseir ehb m vâtobm utojozmdnh siu prõproh niseidshr. Has< `mæm m ehdixåh eurtm utojozmdnh nhos bhsquitùis jofmdnh h ‚N‒ nh siu amunroir mh nm vâtobm.

Nisæm mtï m mjturm nm rimdehrmfib. Qitori h niseidshr nm vâtobm i ehjhqui dh ‚N‒ ludth mh siu. 

Ehjhqui h dhvh niseidshr dm ehrnm jhfh mamoxh nm rimdehrmfib tori m `hjfm i trmvi-h.  Pheì tib qui istmr istmr ehb hs nhos niseid niseidshris shris iqumjozmnhs. Ehjhqui h trmvm-quinms nm vâtobm dm ehrnm virtoemj i ehjhqui ub rmah ni vmem siu m issi trmvm-quinms. Nisæm dhvmbidti mtï trmds`iror h pish pmrm m ehrnm ni trmamjch virtoemj i tori h niseidshr nm mdtofm ehrnm. Qibhvm h trmvm-quinms nm mdtofm ehrnm ni amek-up. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh.

Has< vheì phni niseir utojozmdnh hs iquopmbidths nm vâtobm. =3.6) QIUFM^I DM WQHFQIUUÅH

Ixostib novirsms `hrbms ni risfmtmr ubm vâtobm qui istí dh bioh ni ubm prhfrissåh.  Mjfuds ixibpjhs iståh iståh eotmnhs m sifuor< =3.6.=) Qisfmti utojozmdnh ubm mdehrmfib sobpjis.

 Mprhxobi-si nm vâtobm dm prhfrissåh prhfrissåh jivmdnh ub pmr ni ehrnms isjod isjodfms fms i bhsquitùis pmr pmrmm mdehrmfids. Dåh si isquiæm ni jivmr prhtithris pmrm ms isjodfms, emsh ossh silm dieissíroh. Bhdti ms mdehrmfids, pridnm ms ehrnms i si phsoeohdi dijms pmrm niseonm. Ehjhqui ub bhsquitåh jofmdnh h mdij ‚N‒ nh amunroir nm vâtobm mh bhsquitåh nh siu niseidshr pmrm hatir ubm ehdixåh ni bitmj eurtm. Ehdieti ub rmah ni vmem nm vâtobm mh siu trmvm-quinms. Ytojozi ub `utjhhp pmrm irfuir m vâtobm i torí-jm nm prhfrissåh. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh.

53

 

 

Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh. Has< vheì phni niseir utojozmdnh hs iquopmbidths nm vâtobm. =3.6.1) Qisfmti utojozmdnh ub smjvm ehrnms.

 Mprhxobi-si vâtobmi dm prhfrissåh prhfrissåhpmrm jivmdnh ubdåh pmr si ni isquiæm ehrnms ini pprhtithris rhtithris pmrm mmsdms s ehrnms. Bhdti h smjvmnmehrnms si phsoeohdi niseonm, usmr prhtiæåh ehrnms. Ehjhqui ub bhsquitåh jofmdnh h mdij ‚N‒ nh amunroir nm vâtobm mh bhsquitåh nh siu niseidshr pmrm hatir

ubm ehdixåh ni bitmj eurtm. Ehjhqui ub rmah ni vmem nm vâtobm mh siu trmvm-quinms. Ytojozi ub `utjhhp pmrm irfuir m vâtobm i torí-jm nm prhfrissåh. Nisæm sifurmdnh m ehrnm ni ehdtrhji meobm nh bhsquitåh ni `roeæåh. Dåh si isquiæm ni bodobozmr h `mthr ni quinm nh trmvm-quinms.

Bmdtidcm frmdni ehdtrhji mtï qui m vâtobm istilm ehbpjitmbidti dh ecåh.

Has< vheì phni niseir utojozmdnh hs iquopmbidths nm vâtobm. =3.6.5) Qisfmti utojozmdnh isemjmnm fuomnm.

Nisæm m vâtobm mtï h ecåh. Emsh vâtobm tidcm jivmnh ub hutrh pmrniseidnh ni ehrnmsmmbmrrmnms jhemj, mQiehjcm ms ehrnms idqumdth istovir vâtobm. ib siu eodth pmrm sir trmdsphrtmnh pmrm hutrh =3.6.>) Qisfmti utojozmdnh trmds`irìdeom ni ehrnms.

Whsoeohdi-si ehb m vâtobm dm prhfrissåh ehd`hrbi otib =?.=7.= i jivi h pmr ni ehrnms prm hdni vheì orí si trmds`iror ehb m vâtobm. Wridnm ms dhvms ehrnms, `mæm m trmds`irìdeom i nisæm ehd`hrbi otib =?.>.=. Has< `mæm m ehdixåh eurtm utojozmdnh nhos bhsquitùis jofmdnh h ‚N‒ nh siu amunroir mh nm vâtobm. =3.3) QIUFM^I EHB OÆMBID^H AÍUOEH

Ytojozmnh pmrm jivmr ubm pisshm pmrm eobm ni ubm pjmtm`hrbm, phr ixibpjh, ehb sostibms ni rhjnmdms.  Pilm ixibpjhs ib sostibms ni nisbujtop nisbujtopjoemæåh joemæåh ni `hræms dh otib ==.  Pheì utojozmr utojozmr ub niseidshr ppmrm mrmpmrm rithrdmr h sostibm si `hr dieissír dieissíroh. oh. Dåh siphni isquiæm ni utojozmr ubm ehrnm amek-up.

Has< mdtis ni ixieutmr h oæmbidth `mæm ub tisti pmrm smair qumj h bijchr sostibm m sir utojozmnh.

=3.?) QIUFM^I EQY\MNH NI WIUUHMU

Ytojozm-si ub pmr ni ehrnms pmrm oæmr i hutrh pmr pmrm trmdsphrtmr pmrm hutrh jufmr, ehbh ib ubm trmds`irìdeom ni ehrnms.

5?

 

 

=?.) JHFAHHKU/ NQMWE/ JOPQH NI QIFOU^QH Hs jhfahhks såh ibotonhs pijm mnbodostrmæåh nm OQM^M hu phr ibprism ni triodmbidth mssheomnm ç OQM^M i niviråh sir bmdtonhs pijh ibprifmnh.  M `odmjonmni nh jhfahhk dåh ï mpidms rifostrmr h dübirh ni chrms ibprifmnms ib mtovonmnis ni meissh phr ehrnms, bms h toph i m vmroinmni nh trmamjch ixieutmnh. Ossh ï pmrtoeujmrbidti obphrtmdti pmrm isemjmnhris qui nisilib suabitir-si ç mvmjomæåh pmrm ub dâvij bmos mjth, hu silm, pmrm hs dâvios 1 hu 5, lí qui nibhdstrm m nobidsåh nm ixpiroìdeom nhs bisbhs. Ï riehbidnívij qui dh embph ^ypi h` Vhrk (^oph ni sirvoæh) dåh silm mdhtmnh mpidms m dmturizm nm tmri`m  ―   ixibpjhs< Idsmoh Dåh-Nistrutovh (IDN2DN^), odspiæåh, jobpizm ni lmdijms hu podturm, bms tmbaïb ubm arivi niseroæåh nh bïthnh ni meissh ibprifmnh, phr ixibpjh, trmamjch ib ehrnm virtoemj, suaonm ehb trmvm-quinms, prhfrissåh, trmds`irìdeom ni ehrnms, nisvoh, bmdutidæåh ni iquopmbidths. Ï riehbidnívij qui hs isemjmnhris odnoquib h toph ni istruturm ib qui h trmamjch `ho ixieutmnh dh embph Jhemtohd (Jhemjozmæåh), phr ixibpjh, ecmbodï nh `jmri 57B, pjmtm`hrbm ni pitrõjih, prïnoh mjth, =77 b.  Ms Chrms trmamjcmnms nivib ri`jitor ehb prieosåh h tibph ibprifmnh dm ixieuæåh nh sirvoæh, odejuodnh m mdehrmfib, h mjemdei nh jhemj, m bmdutidæåh nh iquopmbidth i m odspiæåh. ^rmamjchs usmdnh bïthnhs trmvmquinms sõ såh rijivmdtis qumdnh ehbaodmnhs ehb h meissh phr ehrnms. Chrms rifostrmnms dåh sofdo`oemb dieissmrombidti h tibph ni pirbmdìdeom dh jhemj nh trmamjch hu odnoemnh ib tmaijms ni pirâhnhs.  Ms mdhtmæùis dh jhfahhk nhs isemjmnhris dâvij = i dâvij 1 nivib sir sibpri mssodmnms phr ub supirvoshr dâvij 5, qui nivi ehjhemr siu dhbi, siu dübirh ni rifostrh nm OQM^M.  Ms mdhtmæùis dh jhfahhk nh supirvoshr OQM^M dâvij 5 phnib sir mssodmnms phr ub firidti nm ibprism, ib qui iji trmamjcm hu mtï pijh ehdtrmtmdti nh sirvoæh. Isemjmnhris dâvij 5 niviråh bmdtir sius prõprohs jhfahhks.  Ms chrms rifostrmnms rifostrmnms dh jhfahhks dåh nivib ujtrmpmssmr ujtrmpmssmr ´ nm lhrdmnm ni trmamjch. Ui h isemjmnhr pirnir siu jhfahhk, nivirí suastotuâ-jh obinomtmbidti i, qumdnh phssâvij, hatir ri`irìdeoms pmrm ms chrms qui pirniu. Ui ms chrms pirnonms `hrib dieissíroms pmrm pmssmr ni dâvij, phr ixibpjh, nh dâvij = pmrm h dâvij 1, h emdnonmth nivirí ehdsifuor ri`irìdeoms ehd`oívios pmrm m ehbprhvmæåh nms chrms pirnonms.