Apostila Goncalo-Rj-Assistente-Legis 2021

 

H]-=5>CJ-5? IÙK3 Ospniths fdjluçsihs jo ihjstr tru uìéh kh tnxth3 @hjäio3 prhsùkdo, hrthlroo o.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?< Ghr`hfhldo3 `hrgoìéh, ifossdioìéh n nxéh kos pofovros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5= 5= Ydjtoxn3 Ydjtox n3 ihjihrkåjidos ihjihrkåjidos vnreof n jhgdjof, rnlãjidos rnlãjidos vnreof n jhgdjof, ihfhioìéh ihfhioìéh prhjhgdjof, prhjhgdjof, ngprnlh kn jhgns, prhjhgns, ihjcujìþns, okväredhs, ghkhs n tngphs vnreods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Yngåjio3 phfdssngdo, porhjçgdo, ahghjçgdo, knjhtoìéh n ihjhtoìéh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 [nxtuofdkokn3 ihnséh, ihnrãjido, djtnrtnxtuofdkokn, orlugnjtoìéh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=? ]hjtuoìéh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 [dphs kn kdsiursh3 kdrnth n djkdrnth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9;

Uoidhiçjdh Fùldih n Gotngïih ?. 5.

Hpnroìþns ihg ihjcujths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =? =? Uoidhiçjdh fùldih fùldih jugärdih3 prhefngos prhefngos njvhfvnjkh njvhfvnjkh hpnroìþns hpnroìþns ihg jógnrhs jógnrhs rnods n roidhiçjdh snqunjidof. snqunjidof. Ihjindth Ihjindth kn prhphsdìéh3 prhphsdìéh3 vofhrns fùldihs kos prhphsdìþns. Ihjnivhs n jnloìéh. Orlugnjtoìéh Orlugnjtoìéh fùldio n kdolrogos fùldihs. Nqudvofãjidos n dgpfdioìþnsfùldios. _uoj _u oji iok okhr hrns ns uj ujdv dvnr nrso soff n nx nxds dstn tnji jido dof. f. ]r ]rhe hefn fngo goss kn ih ihjt jtol olng ng33 pr prdj djiç içpd pdhs hs ok okd dvh vh n gu guf fpf pfdi dio ovh vh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?=

Jhìþns kn Dj`hrgïio ?. GDIUHDJ@HUGÏ GDIUHDJ@HUGÏ[DIO3 [DIO3 Ghkofdkokns kn prhinssognjth, prhinssognjth, ihjindths, ihjindths, ioroitnrçsios, ioroitnrçsios, kdsphsdvhs kdsphsdvhs kn aorkworn, aorkworn, suos `ujìþns `ujìþns n ihgph

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5. 9. ;. >. 0. /4 /4= = kn ?9/ 9/? ?5/ 5/4= 4=)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5? Fnd j³. 494/5=?4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;1 ;1 Fnd j³ ??00/5=5= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >9 >9 Fnd j³ =>=/?44? (Nstotuth kh Ynrvdkhr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >;

Adstùrdo n Lnhlroo kn Yéh Lhjìofh ?. 5. 9. ;.

Adstùrdih gujdidpof. Ospniths lnhlrïihs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =? =? ]htnjidofdkokns kh Gujdiçpdh. Ovdkokns nihjûgdios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =1 =1 ]otrdgûjdh adstùrdih, ortn n iufturo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Yçgehfhs kh Gujdiçpdh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?9 ?9

 

ÇJKDIN

Jhìþns kn Äio n @dfhsho ?. 5. 9. ;. >.

@ujkognjths ko @dfhsho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =? =? @dfhsho ghrof3 Äio hu fhsho ghrof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =; Ihjsidãjido irçio n fhsho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =0 =0 O rnfoìéh njtrn hs vofhrns äihs hu ghrods n o iufturo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =< =< Cuçzhs kn `oth hu kn rnofdkokn n cuçzhs kn vofhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =1 =1

0. . 0.

]hknrns okgdjdstrovhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;< ;< Oth thss ok okgd gdjd jdst stro rov vhs hs33 ih ihji jind ndth ths, s, rn rnqu quds dsdt dths hs,, ot otrd rdeu euth ths, s, if ifos ossd sdi ioì oìéh éh,, ns nspä päid idns ns n dj djvvof ofdk dkoì oìéh. éh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >= Ihjtrhfn n rnsphjsoedfdzoìéh ko okgdjdstroìéh3 ihjtrhfn okgdjdstrovh, ihjtrhfn cukdidof, ihjtrhfn fnldsfovh, rnsphjsoedfdk rnsphjsoedfdkokn okn i d vd f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >0

Ihjanidgnjths Nspniçihs  Ossdstnjtn Fnldsfovh Fnldsfovh ?. 5. 9. ;. >. 0. = Ihjtrhfn kn gotnrdof kn nxpnkdnjtn3 ]fojncognjth n ufdzoìéh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >? >? Jhìþ Jh ìþns ns kn or orqu qudv dvog ognj njth th n pr prhi hink nkdg dgnj njth thss ok okgd gdjd jdst stro rov vhs hs33 Hr Hrlo lojd jdzo zoìé ìéh h n ln lnst stéh éh kn kh khiu iugn gnjt jths hs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >? [dphs kn ihrrnsphjkãjidos hidods n suos nspnidioìþns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 J hìþns kn idkokojdo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?5 Jh ?5? Unfoìþns ]óefdios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?5 Un ?55

 

FÇJL^O ]HU[^L^NYO

?. 5. 9. ;. >. 0. ?> Ospniths fdjluçsihs jo ihjstruìéh kh tnxth3 @hjäio3 prhsùkdo, hrthlroo. hrthlroo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?< ?< Ghr`hfhldo3 `hrgoìéh, ifossdioìéh ifossdioìéh n nxéh kos pofovros  pofovros  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5= 5= Ydjtoxn3 Ydjtox n3 ihjihrkåjidos vnreof n jhgdjof, rnlãjidos vnreof n jhgdjof, ihfhioìéh prhjhgdjof, prhjhgdjof, ngprnlh kn jhgns, prhjhgns, ihjcujihjcujìþns, okväredhs, ghkhs n tngphs vnreods  vnreods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 51 Yngåjio3 phfdssngdo, porhjçgdo, ahghjçgdo, knjhtoìéh n ihjhtoìéh ihjhtoìéh .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 95 [nxtuofdkokn3 ihnséh, ihnrãjido, djtnrtnxtuofdkokn, orlugnjtoìéh  orlugnjtoìéh  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =? =? ]hjtuoìéh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 99 [dphs kn kdsiursh3 kdrnth n djkdrnth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9;

 

FÇJL^O ]HU[^L^NYO

• Fdjluolng Gdsto (hu açerdko) ä oqunfn qun ufdzo tojth os pofovros quojth os dgolnjs. Hu snco, ä o cujìéh ko fdjluolng vnreof ihg o jéh-vnreof.

FND[^UO N DJ[NU]UN[OÌÉH KN [NQ[HY KN POUDOKHY LÃJNUHY KDYI^UYDPHY.OY IHJKDÌÞNY KN ]UHK^ ÌÉH KN ^G [NQ[H N OY GOUIOY IHG]HYDIDHJODY KN LÃJNUHY [NQ[^ODY KDPNUYHY.[NQ[^OFDKOKN3 IHNYÉH, IHNUÃJIDO, DJ[NU[NQ[^OFDKOKN, OUL^GNJ[OÌÉH Ihgprnnjséh n djtnrprntoìéh kn tnxths Ianloghs, olhro, ng ug phjth gudth dgphrtojtn poro thkh h nstukh3nophkn djtnrprntoìéh kn tnxths.poro Knsnjvhfvnr nssokn aoedfdkokn äsnu nssnjidof snr ug kd`nrnjidof o rnofdzoìéh ugo eho prhvo kn quofqunr ïrno kh ihjanidgnjth. Gos vhiã soen o kd`nrnjìo njtrn ihgprnnjséh ihgprnnjséh n djtnrprntoì djtnrprntoìéh8 éh8 O ihgprnnjséh ihgprnnjséh ä  ä quojkh vhiã njtnjkn h qun h tnxth kdz kn `hrgo nxpfçidto, nxpfçidto, oqudfh qun nstï jo supnridn kh tnxth. _uojkh Chrln `ugovo, nfn nro dj`nfdz. ]hr gndh knsso `rosn, phknghs njtnjknr qun ahuvn ug tngph qun Chrln nro dj`nfdz, knvdkh oh idlorrh. O djtnrprntoìéh djtnrprntoìéh ä  ä quojkh vhiã njtnjkn h qun nstï dgpfçidth, jos njtrnfdjaos, oqudfh qun nstï kn ghkh gods prh`ujkh jh tnxth hu qun `oìo ihg qun vhiã rnofdzn dj`nrãjidos. _uojkh Chrln `ugovo, nfn nro dj`nfdz. Cï ihgprnnjknghs qun Chrln nro dj`nfdz quojkh `ugovo, gos phknghs djtnrprntor qun Chrln porhu kn `ugor n qun olhro ä `nfdz. ]nrinenu o kd`nrnjìo8

Ofäg kn soenr knssns ihjindths, ä dgphrtojtn soenrghs dknjior quojkh ug tnxth ä eosnokh ng hutrh. H jhgn qun koghs o nstn prhinssh ä djtnrtnxtuofdkokn.

Djtnrprntoìéh kn [nxth Djtnrprntor ug tnxth qunr kdznr kor snjkh, dj`nrdr, ianlor o ugo ihjifuséh kh qun sn fã. O djtnrprntoìéh ä gudth fdloko oh

[dphs kntrãs Fdjluolng Nxdstng phs kn fdjluolng qun prnidsoghs soenr poro qun `oidfdtn o djtnrprntoìéh kn tnxths. • Fdjluolng Pnreof ä Pnreof ä oqunfo qun ufdzo shgnjtn pofovros. Nfo phkn snr nsirdto hu hrof.

suenjtnjkdkh. kn ug tnxth. Ynjkh ossdg, nfo troeofao ihg h qun sn phkn knkuzdr O djtnrprntoìéh dgpfdio o ghedfdzoìéh khs ihjanidgnjths prävdhs qun ioko pnssho phssud ojtns ko fndturo kn ug kntnrgdjokh tnxth, prnssupþn qun o oqudsdìéh kh jhvh ihjtnókh fdkh nstoenfnìo ugo rnfoìéh ihg o dj`hrgoìéh cï phssuçko, h qun fnvo oh irnsidgnjth kh ihjanidgnjth kh fndthr, n nspnro qun aoco ugo oprnidoìéh pnsshof n irçio shern o ojïfdsn kh jhvh ihjtnókh fdkh, o`ntojkh kn oflugo `hrgo h fndthr. Ynjkh ossdg, phknghs kdznr qun nxdstng kd`nrnjtns phs kn fndturo3 ugo fndturo prävdo, ugo fndturo snfnvo, ugo fndturo ojofçio n, phr g, ugo fndturo djtnrprntovo. Ä gudth dgphrtojtn qun vhiã3 - Ossdsto hs gods kd`nrnjidokhs chrjods shern o suo idkokn, nstokh, poçs n gujkh2 - Yn phssçvnf, prhiurn phr chrjods c hrjods nsirdths poro soenr kn jhidos (n togeäg nstruturo pofovros poro poro kor hpdjdþns)2 - Fndo ko fdvrhs shern kos kdvnrshs tngos sulor dj`hrgoìþns hrthlrïios, lrogoiods n djtnrprnto djtnrprntovos2 vos2 - ]rhiurn nstor sngprn dj`hrgokh shern hs ossujths gods phfãgdihs2 - ]rhiurn kneotnr hu ihjvnrsor ihg kdvnrsos pnsshos shern quofqunr tngo poro prnsnjidor hpdjdþns kdvnrsos kos suos.

• Fdjluolng jéh-vnreof ä jéh-vnreof ä oqunfo qun ufdzo shgnjtn dgolnjs, `hths, lnsths... jéh aï prnsnjìo kn jnjaugo pofovro.

Kdios poro djtnrprntor ug tnxth3  ’ Fndo fnjtognjtn fnjtognjtn h tnxth thkh. Jh prdgndrh ihjtoth ihg h tnxth, h gods dgphrtojtn ä tnjtor ihgprnnjknr h snjkh lfheof kh tnxth n dknjior h snu hecnvh.  ’ Unfndo h tnxth quojtos quojtos vnzns vnzns `hrng jninssïrdos. Ossdg, snrï gods `ïidf dknjior os dkndos prdjidpods kn ioko porïlro`h porïlro` h n ihgprnnjknr h knsnjvhfvdgnjth kh tnxth.  ’Yuefdjaor Yuefdjanopnjos os dkndos gods dgphrtojtns. dgphrt quojkh cï sn ojtns. vnr ugo eho jhìéh ko dkndo prdjidpof n kos dkndos sniujkïrdos kh tnxth.

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FÇJL^O ]HU[^L^NYO

 ’ Ynporn `oths kn hpdjdþns. hpdjdþns. H fndthr prnidso snporor h qun ä ug `oth (vnrkokndrh, hecnvh n ihgprhvïvnf) kh qun ä ugo hpdjdéh (pnsshof, tnjknjidhso n gutïvnf).  ’ Unthrjn oh tnxth tnxth sngprn qun jninssïrdh. Ofäg kdssh, ä dgphrtojtn njtnjknr ihg iudkokh n otnjìéh hs njujidokhs kos qunstþns.

IOIAHUUHY Hs zhùfhlhs oirnkdtog qun h ioiahrrh sn hrdldjhu kn ugo nspäidn kn fheh qun vdvdo jo Ïsdo. Knphds hs iéns sn cujtorog ohs snrns augojhs n sn nspofaorog phr quosn thkh h gujkh. Nsso ogdogd zokn ihgnìhu aï ujs ?5 gdf ojhs, jh tngph ng qun os pnsshos prnidsovog ioìor poro sn ofdgnjtor. Hs ioiahrrhs pnrinenrog qun, sn jéh otoiossng hs augojhs, phkdog ior pnrth knfns n ihgnr o ihgdko qun sherovo. Cï hs ahgnjs knsiherdrog qun hs ioiahrrhs phkdog ocukor o ioìor, o iudkor kn rneojahs n o thgor ihjto ko ioso, ofäg kn snrng ùghs ihgpojandrhs. ^g ihfoehrovo ihg h hutrh n o porinrdo knu inrth.

 ’ Unnsirnvo h ihjtnókh ihjtnókh fdkh. ]oro ugo gnfahr ihgprnnjséh, phkng snr `ndths rnsughs, tùpdihs hu nsqungos. Ofäg knssos kdios dgphrtojtns, vhiã togeäg phkn lrd`or pofovros jhvos, n prhiuror snu sdljdiokh poro ougnjtor snu vhioeufïrdh, `oznr ovdkokns ihgh ioìo-pofovros, hu iruzokdjaos séh ugo kdstroìéh, gos togeäg ug oprnjkdzokh. Jéh sn nsqunìo, ofäg ko prïio ko fndturo oprdghror o ihgprnnjséh kh tnxth n ocukor o oprhvoìéh, nfo togeäg nsgufo jhsso dgoldjoìéh, kdstrod, rnfoxo, dj`hrgo, nkuio, otuofdzo, gnfahro jhssh `hih, irdo pnrspnivos, jhs thrjo rnnxdv rnnxdvhs, hs, pnjsojtns, ofäg kn gnfahror jhsso aoedfdkokn kn `ofo, kn nsirdto n kn gngùrdo. ^g tnxth poro snr ihgprnnjkdkh knvn oprnsnjtor dkndos snfntos n hrlojdzokos, otroväs khs porïlro`hs qun ä ihgphsth pnfo dkndo injtrof, orlugnjtoìéh n/hu knsnjvhfvdgnjth n o ihjifuséh kh tnxth. H prdgndrh hecnvh kn ugo djtnrprntoìéh kn ug tnxth ä o dknjioìéh kn suo dkndo prdjidpof. O porr koç, fhiofdzog-sn

Oh fnr opnjos h tufh ‖Ioiahrrhs‗, vhiã knkuzdu shern h phsphs sçvnf ossujth oehrkokh jh tnxth. Ngehro vhiã dgoldjn qun h tnxth vod `ofor shern iéns, vhiã odjko jéh soedo nxotognjtn h qun nfn `ofordo shern iéns. Unporn qun tnghs vïrdos dj`hrgoìþns oh fhjlh kh tnxth3 o adpùtnsn khs zhùfhlhs shern o hrdlng khs iéns, o osshosshidoìéh njtrn nfns n hs snrns augojhs, o kdssngdjoìéh khs iéns pnfh gujkh, os vojtolnjs ko ihjvdvãjido njtrn iéns n ahgnjs. Os dj`hrgoìþns qun sn rnfoidhjog ihg h tngo iaogoghs kn suetngos (hu dkndos sniujkïrdos). Nssos dj`hrgoìþns sn djtnlrog, hu snco, thkos nfos iogdjaog jh snjkh kn nstoenfninr ugo ujdkoujdkokn kn snjkh. ]hrtojth ]hrtojth,, pnjsn3 shern h qun nxotognjtn nssn tnxth `ofo8 _uof snu ossujth, quof snu tngo8 Inrtognjtn vhiã ianlhu í ihjifuséh kn qun h tnxth `ofo shern o rnfoìéh njtrn ahgnjs n iéns. Yn `hd dssh qun vhiã pnjshu, poroeäjs! Dssh sdljdio qun vhiã `hd

os dkndos sniujkïrdos, hu `ujkognjtoìþns, os orlugnjtoìþns, hu nxpfdioìþns, qun fnvng oh nsifornidgnjth kos qunstþns oprnsnjtokos jo prhvo. Ihgprnnjkdkh tukh dssh, djtnrprntor sdljdio nxtrodr ug sdljdiokh. Hu snco, o dkndo nstï fï, ís vnzns nsihjkdko, n phr dssh h iojkdkoth sù prnidso njtnjkã-fo ’ n jéh o ihgpfngnjtor ihg oflug vofhr djkdvdkuof. ]hrtojth, opnlun-sn téh shgnjtn oh tnxth, n jujio nxtrophfn o vdséh knfn.

iopoz kn dknjior h tngo kh tnxth! @hjtn3 aps3//phrtulunsropdkh.ihg/tngo-dkndo-injtrof-n-dkndos-sniujkordos/ 

DKNJ[D@DIOÌÉH KN N@ND[HY KN DUHJDO H^ A^GHU NG [NQ[HY POUDOKHY Drhjdo Drhjdo  ä h rniursh pnfh quof h ngdsshr kdz h ihjtrïrdh kh qun

DKNJ[D@DIOJKH H [NGO KN ^G [NQ[H H tngo ä o dkndo prdjidpof kh tnxth. Ä ihg eosn jnsso dkndo prdjidpof qun h tnxth snrï knsnjvhfvdkh. ]oro qun vhiã ihjsdlo dknjior h tngo kn ug tnxth, ä jninssïrdh rnfoidhjor os kd`nrnjkd`nrnjtns dj`hrgoìþns kn `hrgo o ihjstrudr h snu snjkh lfheof, hu snco, vhiã prnidso rnfoidhjor os gófpfos portns qun ihgpþng ug thkh sdljdiovh,, qun ä h tnxth. sdljdiovh Ng gudtos sdtuoìþns, phr nxngpfh, vhiã `hd nsgufokh o fnr ug

nstï pnjsojkh hu snjjkh (hu phr pukhr ng rnfoìéh o sd prùprdh hu ihg djtnjìéh knprnidovo n soriïsio ng rnfoìéh o hutrng). 

O drhjdo ihjsdstn jo ufdzoìéh kn kntnrgdjoko pofovro hu nxnx prnsséh qun, ng ug hutrh ihjtnxth kd`nrnjtn kh usuof, lojao ug jhvh snjkh, lnrojkh ug n`ndth kn aughr. Nxngpfh3

tnxth phr snjr-sn otroçkhdgphrtojtn3 pnfo tngïio rnsugdko jh tufh. ]hds h tufh iugprn ugo `ujìéh ojtnidpor dj`hrgoìþns shern h ossujth qun snrï trotokh jh tnxth. Ng hutros sdtuoìþns, vhiã phkn tnr oeojkhjokh o fndturo phrphr qun oiahu h tufh phuih otronjtn hu, oh ihjtrïrdh, snju-sn otroç kh pnfh tufh kn ug fdvrh hu kn ug fgn, phr nxngpfh. Ä gudth ihgug os pnsshos sn djtnrnssorng phr tngïios kd`nrnjtns, knknpnjknjkh kh snxh, ko dkokn, nsihfordkokn, prhsséh, prn`nrãjidos pnsshods n nxpnrdãjido kn gujkh, njtrn hutrhs `othrns. Gos, shern qun tngo vhiã lhsto kn fnr8 Nsphrtns, joghrh, snsn xuofdkokn, tnijhfhldo, idãjidos, chlhs, jhvnfos, ghko, iudkokhs ihg h ihrph8 ]nrineo, phrtojth, qun os tngïios séh proiognjtn djdjjdtos n soenr rnihjaninr h tngo kn ug tnxth ä ihjkdìéh nssnjnssnj idof poro sn thrjor ug fndthr aïedf. Poghs, njtéh, ihgnìor jhsshs nstukhs8 ]rhphghs, djdidofgnjtn, qun vhiã oihgpojan ug nxnriçidh eng sdgpfns, qun, djtudvognjtn, thkh fndthr `oz oh fnr ug tnxth3 rnihjaninr h snu tngo. Poghs fnr h tnxth o snludr8

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FÇJL^O ]HU[^L^NYO

Nxngpfh3

Jo ihjstruìéh kn ug tnxth, nfo phkn oporninr ng trãs ghkhs3 drhjdo vnreof, drhjdo kn sdtuoìéh n drhjdo krogïio (hu sordio). OJÏFDYN N O DJ[NU]UN[OÌÉH KH [NQ[H YNL^JKH H LÃJNUH NG _^N YN DJYIUNPN Ihgprnnjknr ug tnxth troto ko ojïfdsn n knihkdioìéh kh qun kn `oth nstï nsirdth, snco kos `rosns hu kos dkndos prnsnjtns. DjtnrDjtnr prntor ug tnxth, nstï fdlokh ís ihjifusþns qun sn phkn ianlor oh ihjnitor os dkndos kh tnxth ihg o rnofdkokn. Djtnrprntoìéh troeofao troeofao ihg o suecnvdkokn, ihg h qun sn njtnjknu shern h tnxth. Djtnrprntor ug tnxth pnrgdtn o ihgprnnjséh kn thkh n quofqunr tnxth hu kdsiursh n sn ogpfdo jh njtnjkdgnjth ko suo dkndo prdjidpof. Ihgprnnjknr rnfoìþns sngåjios ä ugo ihgpntãjido

Drhjdo vnreof Hihrrn quojkh sn kdz oflh prntnjknjkh nxprnssor hutrh sdlsdljdiokh, jhrgofgnjtn hphsth oh snjkh fdtnrof. O nxprnsséh n o djtnjìéh séh kd`nrnjtns. Nxngpfh3 Phiã `hd téh eng jo prhvo! [drhu ug znrh djirçvnf! Drhjdo kn sdtuoìéh O djtnjìéh n rnsuftokh ko oìéh jéh nstéh ofdjaokhs, hu snco, h rnsuftokh ä ihjtrïrdh oh qun sn nspnro hu qun sn pfojnco. _uojkh jug tnxth fdtnrïrdh ugoNxngpfh3 oìéh, gos hs rnsuftokhs jéh song ugo ihghpnrshjolng h nspnrokh.pfojnco Jh fdfd vrh ‖Gngùrdos ]ùstugos kn Erïs Iueos‗, kn Goiaokh kn Ossds, o pnrshjolng tufh tng hesnsséh phr ior ihjanidko. Oh fhjlh ko vdko, tnjto kn gudtos gojndros ofiojìor o jhthrdnkokn sng suins sh. Opùs o ghrtn, o pnrshjolng sn thrjo ihjanidko. O drhjdo ä qun pfojnchu ior `oghsh ojtns kn ghrrnr n sn thrjhu `oghsh opùs o ghrtn.

dgprnsidjkçvnf jhsn gnriokh kn troeofah n jhs nstukhs. _uojkh jéh soen djtnrprntor ihrrntognjtn ug tnxth phkn-sn irdor vïrdhs prhefngos, o`ntojkh jéh sù h knsnjvhfvdgnjth prhprhssdhjof, gos togeäg h knsnjvhfvdgn knsnjvhfvdgnjth jth pnsshof. Eusio kn snjtkhs

]oro o eusio kn snjkhs kh tnxth, phkn-sn rnror kh gnsgh hs  tùpdihs `rosods prnsnjtns hs  `rosods prnsnjtns ng ioko porïlro`h. Dssh ouxdfdorï jo oprnnjséh kh ihjtnókh nxphsth. Dssh phrqun ä ofd qun sn `ozng jninssïrdhs, nstoenfning ugo rnfoìéh adnrïrqudio kh pnjsognjth kn`njkdkh, rnthgojkh dkndos cï idtokos hu oprnsnjtojkh jhvhs ihjindths. ]hr g, ihjinjtrn-sn jos dkndos qun rnofgnjtn `hrog nxpfdidnxpfdid tokos pnfh outhr. [nxths orlugnjtovhs jéh ihstugog ihjinknr nspoìh poro kdvoloìþns hu adpùtnsns, suphstognjtn ihjkos jos njtrnfdjaos. Knvn-sn otnr ís dkndos kh outhr, outhr, h qun jéh qunr kdznr qun h fndthr prnidsn ior prnsh jo supnridn kh tnxth, gos ä `uj`uj -

Drhjdo krogïtio (hu sordio)

O drhjdo krogïio ä ug khs n`ndths kn snjkh qun hihrrn jhs tnxths fdtnrïrdhs quojkh o pnrshjolng tng o ihjsidãjido kn qun suos oìþns jéh snréh eng-suinkdkos hu qun nstï njtrojkh phr ug iogdjah rudg, gos h fndthr cï tng nsso ihjsidãjido. Nxngpfh3 Ng fdvrhs ihg jorrokhr hjdsidnjtn, qun soen tukh h qun sn posso jo adstùrdo ihg thkos os pnrshjolnjs, ä gods `ïidf opooporninr nssn ph kn drhjdo. O pnìo ihgh Uhgnu n Cufdnto, phr nxngnxng pfh, djdidong ihg o `ofo qun rnfoto hs. Os prhtolhjdstos koolng adstùrdo dréh sn ghrrnr knihrrãjido kh snuqun oghr oghr. pnrshjolnjs oh fhjlh ko pnìo nspnrojkh ihjsnludr ojldr snus hecnvhs, gos o pfotndo cï soen qun nfns jéh snréh eng-suinkdkhs.

kognjtof qun jéh sncog irdokos suphsdìþns volos n djnspniçios. Dgphrtåjido ko djtnrprn djtnrprntoìéh toìéh O prïio ko fndturo, snco phr proznr, poro nstukor hu poro sn dj`hrgor, oprdghro h vhioeufïrdh n kdjogdzo h roidhiçjdh n o djtnrdjtnrprntoìéh. O fndturo, ofäg kn `ovhrni `ovhrninr nr h oprnjkdzokh kn ihjtnókhs nspniçihs, oprdghro o nsirdto. ^go djtnrprntoìéh djtnrprntoìéh kn tnxth ossnrvo knpnjkn kn djógnrhs `o`othrns. Gudtos vnzns, oprnssokhs, knsiudkogh-jhs khs kntofans prnprn snjtns ng ug tnxth, oiaoghs qun opnjos ugo fndturo cï sn `oz susu idnjtn. Djtnrprntor nxdln poidãjido n, phr dssh, sngprn rnfndo h tnxth, phds o snlujko fndturo phkn oprnsnjtor ospniths surprnnjknjtns qun jéh `hrog hesnrvokhs prnvdognjtn. ]oro ouxdfdor jo eusio kn snjkhs kh tnxth, phkn-sn togeäg rnror knfn hs tùpdihs hs tùpdihs `rosods  `rosods  prnsnjtns ng ioko porïlro`h, dssh inrtognjtn ouxdfdorï jo oprnnjoprnnjséh kh ihjtnókh nxphsth. Fngern-sn kn qun hs porïlro`hs jéh nsnstéh hrlojdzokhs, pnfh gnjhs ng ug ehg tnxth, kn gojndro ofnotùofnotù-

Aughr Jnssn iosh, ä gudth ihgug o ufdzoìéh kn sdtuoìþns qun porn porn-ìog iûgdios hu surprnnjknjtns poro prhvhior h n`ndth kn aughr. Ydtuoìþns iûgdios hu phtnjidofgnjtn aughrçsios ihgporihgporfaog ko ioroitnrçsio kh n`ndth n`ndth surprnso. H aughr rnsdkn ng hihr hihr-rnr oflh `hro kh nspnrokh jugo sdtuoìéh. Aï kdvnrsos sdtuoìþns ng qun h aughr phkn oporninr oporninr.. Aï os rdjaos n iaorlns, qun ofdog tnxth n dgolng poro irdor n`ndth iûgdih2 aï ojnkhtos hu pnqunjhs ihjths2 n aï os irûjdios, `rnqunjtngnjtn oinssokos ihgh `hrgo kn lnror h rdsh. Hs tnxths ihg jofdkokn aughrçsio phkng snr kdvdkdkhs ng quotrh iotnlhrdos3 ojnkhtos, iortujs, ros n iaorlns.

rdo, sn nstéh jhugo fulorrnfoìéh qun nstéh, ä phrqun sn `ozng jninssïrdhs, nstoenfninjkh adnrïrqudio khofd pnjsognjth kn`njkdkh, rnthgojkh dkndos cï idtokos hu oprnsnjtojkh jhvhs ihjindths.

9

 

FÇJL^O ]HU[^L^NYO

Ihjinjtrn-sn jos dkndos qun kn `oth `hrog nxpfdidtokos pnfh ououthr3 hs tnxths orlugnjtovhs orlugnjtovhs jéh ihstugog ihjinknr nspoìh poro kdvoloìþns hu adpùtnsns, suphstognjtn ihjkos jos njtrnfdjaos. Knvnghs jhs otnr ís dkndos kh outhr, dssh jéh qunr kdznr qun vhiã prnidsn ior prnsh jo supnridn kh tnxth, gos ä `ujkognjtof qun jéh irdnghs, í rnvnfdo kh outhr, suphsdìþns volos n djnspniçios. Fnr ihg otnjìéh ä ug nxnriçidh qun knvn snr proiokh í nxoustéh, ossdg ihgh ugo täijdio, qun `orï kn jùs fndthrns prhidnjtns.

Unindto3 tnxth tnxth djstruidhjof n djcujvh qun tng ihgh hecnvh kn dj`hrgor, oihjsnfaor, hu snco, rnihgnjkog kojkh ugo inrto fdfd enrkokn poro qung rninen o dj`hrgoìéh.   KDY[DJÌÉH KN @O[H N H]DJDÉH YHEUN NYYN @O[H @oth H `oth ä oflh qun oihjtninu hu nstï oihjtninjkh. O nxdstãjido kh `oth phkn snr ihjstotoko kn ghkh djkdsiuvnf. H `oth phkn ä ugo ihdso qun oihjtninu n phkn snr ihgprhvo ihgprhvokh kh kn oflugo gojndro, otroväs kn oflug khiugnjth, jógnrhs, vçknh hu rnldstrh. Nxngpfh kn `oth3 O gén `hd vdocor.

Kd`nrnjìo njtrn ihgprnnjséh n djtnrprntoìéh O ihgprnnjséh kn ug tnxth ä `oznr ugo ojïfdsn hecnvo kh tnxth n vnrdior h qun rnofgnjtn nstï nsirdth jnfn. Cï o djtnrprntodjtnrprntoìéh dgoldjo h qun os dkndos kh tnxth tãg o vnr ihg o rnofdkokn. H fndthr ro ihjifusþns suecnvos kh tnxth.

Djtnrprntoìéh Ä h oth kn kor snjkh oh `oth, kn njtnjkã-fh. Djtnrprntoghs quojkh rnfoidhjoghs `oths, hs ihgporoghs, eusioghs suos iouiou sos, prnvdghs suos ihjsnquãjidos. Njtrn h `oth n suo djtnrprntoìéh aï ugo rnfoìéh fùldio3 sn ophjophj toghs ugo iouso hu ihjsnquãjido, ä jninssïrdh qun snco pfousçvnf. Yn ihgporoghs `oths, ä prnidsh qun suos sngnfaojìos hu kd`nrnjkd`nrnj ìos sncog kntnitïv kntnitïvnds. nds.

Lãjnrhs Kdsiursdvhs Uhgojin3 knsirdìéh Uhgojin3  knsirdìéh fhjlo kn oìþns n snjgnjths kn pnrshpnrshjolnjs iidhs, phknjkh snr kn ihgporoìéh ihg o rnofdkokn hu thtofgnjtn drrnof. O kd`nrnjìo prdjidpof njtrn ug rhgojin n ugo jhvnfo ä o nxtnjséh kh tnxth, hu snco, h rhgojin ä gods fhjlh. Jh rhgojin jùs tnghs ugo adstùrdo injtrof n vïrdos adstùrdos sniujsniuj kïrdos.   Ihjth33 hero kn iìéh hjkn ä irdokh snrns n fhiods thtofgnjtn Ihjth dgoldjïrdh. Ihg fdjluolng fdjnor n iurto, njvhfvn phuios pnrshpnrsh jolnjs, qun lnrofgnjtn sn ghvdgnjtog ng thrjh kn ugo ójdio oìéh, koko ng ug sù nspoìh, ndxh tngïih n ihjdth. Yuos oìþns

Nxngpfhs kn djtnrprntoìéh3 O gén `hd vdocor phrqun ihjsdknrhu dgphrtojtn nstukor ng huhutrh poçs. O gén `hd vdocor phrqun sn prnhiupovo gods ihg suo prhsséh kh qun ihg o fao.

njiogdjaog-sn kdrntognjtn poro ug kns`niah. kdrntognjtn   Hpdjdéh   Hpdjdéh Jhvnfo3 gudth pornidko ihg h ihjth n h rhgojin, kd`nrnjidokd`nrnjido O hpdjdéh ä o ovofdoìéh qun sn `oz kn ug `oth ihjsdknrojkh ug kh phr suo nxtnjséh. Nfo io njtrn h ihjth n h rhgojin, n tng o  cuçzh kn vofhr vofhr.. Ä ug cuflognjth cuflognjth qun tng ihgh eosn o djtnrprntoìéh djtnrprntoìéh adstùrdo prdjidpof, gos togeäg tng vïrdos adstùrdos sniujkïrdos. H qun `oznghs kh `oth. tngph jo jhvnfo ä eosnoko jh iofnjkïrdh. H tngph n fhiof séh knknJhssos hpdjdþns ihstugog snr ovofdokos pnfh lrou kn ihnrãjjdkhs pnfos adstùrdos khs pnrshjolnjs. O adstùrdo (njrnkh) tng ug ido qun gojtãg ihg o djtnrprntoìéh kh `oth. Ä ugo djtnrprntoìéh rdtgh gods oinfnrokh kh qun o kh rhgojin phr tnr ug tnxth gods kh `oth, hu snco, ug ghkh poriufor kn hfaor h `oth. Nsto hpdjdéh iurth. phkn oftnror kn pnssho poro pnssho knvdkh o `othrns shidhiufturods.   Irûjdio33 tnxth qun jorro h ihkdojh kos pnsshos, sdtuoìþns qun Irûjdio Nxngpfhs kn hpdjdþns qun phkng knihrrnr kos djtnrprntoìþns jùs gnsghs cï vdvnghs n jhrgofgnjtn ä ufdzokh o drhjdo poro ojtnrdhrns3 ghstror ug hutrh fokh ko gnsgo adstùrdo. Jo irûjdio h tngph jéh O gén `hd vdocor phrqun ihjsdknrhu dgphrtojtn nstukor ng huhuä rnfnvojtn n quojkh ä idtokh, lnrofgnjtn lnrofgnjtn séh pnqunjhs djtnrvofhs trh poçs. Nfo thghu ugo knidséh oinrtoko. ihgh ahros hu gnsgh gdjuths. O gén `hd vdocor phrqun sn prnhiupovo gods ihg suo prhsséh   kh qun ihg o fao. Nfo `hd nlhçsto. ]hnsdo33 oprnsnjto ug troeofah vhftokh poro h nstukh ko fdj]hnsdo fdjkn gojndro poriufor, rnnjkh ho irdoìéh ghgnjth, oluolng, vdko khs`oznjkh-h ahgnjs otroväs kn luros qun phssdedfdtog kn dgolnjs.

Gudtos vnzns, oquojkh djtnrprntoìéh cï troz dgpfçidto ugo hpdjdéh. ]hr nxngpfh, sn gnjidhjog ihg ãj`osn ihjsnquãjihjsnquãjidos jnlovos qun phkng okvdr kn ug `oth, sn njoftning prnvdsþns phsdvos hu sn `oz ug ihgnjtïrdh drûjdih jo djtnrprntoìéh, cï nstonsto ghs nxprnssojkh jhssh cuflognjth. Ä gudth dgphrtojtn soenr o kd`nrnjìo njtrn h `oth n hpdjdéh, prdjidpofgnjtn quojkh kneotnghs ug tngo phfãgdih hu quojkh ojofdsoghs ug tnxth kdssnrtovh.

Nkdthrdof33 tnxth kdssnrtovh orlugnjtovh hjkn nxprnsso o Nkdthrdof hpdjdéh kh nkdthr otroväs kn orlugnjths n `oths shern ug ossujth qun nstï snjkh gudth ihgnjtokh (phfãgdih). Yuo djtnjìéh ä ihjihj vnjinr h fndthr o ihjihrkor ihg nfn.   Njtrnvdsto33 tnxth nxphsdvh n ä goriokh pnfo ihjvnrso kn ug Njtrnvdsto njtrnvdstokhr n ug njtrnvdstokh poro o hetnjìéh kn dj`hrgoìþns. [ng ihgh prdjidpof ioroitnrçsio trojsgdr o hpdjdéh kn pnsshos kn knstoqun shern oflug ossujth kn djtnrnssn.

Nxngpfh3 O gén vdochu n kndxhu o fao sù. Jng knvn nstor sn dgphrtojkh ihg h sh`rdgnjth ko fao.

zo ng ugo ihjirntukn ko rnofdkokn. O iojlo kn rhko pnrgdtn os irdojìos tnrng gods snjkh ng rnfoìéh o fndturo n nsirdto, ocukojkh

NY[U^[^UOÌÉH KH [NQ[H N KHY ]OUÏLUO@HY ^go eho rnkoìéh ä kdvdkdko ng dkndos rnfoidhjokos njtrn sd ocustokos o ugo dkndo injtrof qun jhrtndo thkh h pnjsognjth kh tnxth. ^g khs godhrns prhefngos jos rnkoìþns ä nstruturor os

hs prh`nsshrns o dknjior h jçvnf kn of`oenz of`oenzoìéh oìéh knfos.  

dkndos poro nstruturo `oznr ihgjh qun h fndthr h qunh `hd jh tnxth. @oznr ugo tnxth poronjtnjko phknr ludor snukdth pnjsognjth n h kh fndthr.

Iojtlo kn rhko3 lãjnrh ngpçrdih, qun jo nsihfo sn gotnrdofdgotnrdofd-

;

 

FÇJL^O ]HU[^L^NYO

]orïlro`h H porïlro`h hrlojdzokh ng thrjh kn ugo dkndo-jóifnh, qun ä knsnjvhfvdko phr dkndos sniujkïrdos. H porïlro`h phkn snr `hrgo`hrgo kh phr ugo hu gods `rosns, snjkh snu togojah vordïvnf. Jh tnxth kdssnrtovh-orlugnjtovh, hs porïlro`hs knvng nstor thkhs rnfornfoidhjokhs ihg o tnsn hu dkndo prdjidpof kh tnxth, lnrofgnjtn oprn snjtoko jo djtrhkuìéh.

Fçjluo nsirdto n fçjluo `ofoko O fçjluo nsirdto jéh ä o sdgpfns rnprhkuìéh lrïio ko fçjluo `ofoko, phr qun hs sdjods lrïihs jéh ihjsnlung rnldstror lrojkn portn khs nfngnjths ko `ofo, ihgh h gern ko vhz, o njthjoìéh, n odjko hs lnsths n o nxprnsséh `oidof. Jo rnofdkokn o fçjluo `ofoko ä gods knsihjtroçko, nsphjtåjno n dj`hrgof, phrqun sn gojd`nsto jo ihjvnrsoìéh kdïrdo, jo snjsdedfdkokn n jo fdenrkokn kn nxprnsséh kh `ofojtn. Jnssos sdtuoìþns dj`hrgods, gudtos rnlros kntnrgdjokos pnfo fçjluo pokréh séh qunerokos ng jhgn ko joturofdkokn, ko fd enrkokn kn nxprnsséh n ko snjsdedfdkokn nsfçsio kh `ofojtn.

Ngehro nxdstog kd`nrnjtns `hrgos kn hrlojdzoìéh kn porïlroporïlro `hs, hs tnxths kdssnrtovh-orlugnjtovhs kdssnrtovh-orlugnjtovhs n oflujs lãjnrhs chrjofçschrjofçsihs oprnsnjtog ugo nstruturo-pokréh. Nsso nstruturo ihjsdstn ng trãs portns3 o dkndo-jóifnh, os dkndos sniujkïrdos (qun knsnjvhfvng o dkndo-jóifnh) n o ihjifuséh (qun rnorgo o dkndo-eïsdio). Ng poporïlro`hs rïlro` hs iurths, ä rorh aovnr ihjifuséh.

Fdjluolng phpufor n fdjluolng iufto ]hkng vofnr-sn tojth ko fdjluolng phpufor quojth ko fdjluolng iufto. Hevdognjtn o fdjluolng phpufor ä gods usoko jo `ofo, jos nxprnssþns hrods ihkdojos. ]hräg, joko dgpnkn qun nfo nstnco prnsnjtn ng phnsdos (h Ghvdgnjth Ghknrjdsto Erosdfndrh Erosdfndrh prhiurhu vofhrdzor o fdjluolng phpufor), ihjths, irûjdios n rhgojins ng qun h kdïfhlh ä usokh poro rnprnsnjtor o fçjluo `ofoko.

Djtrhkuìéh3 `oz ugo rïpdko oprnsnjtoìéh kh ossujth n cï troz Djtrhkuìéh3 `oz ugo dkndo ko suo phsdìéh jh tnxth, ä jhrgofgnjtn oqud qun vhiã drï dknjior quof h prhefngo kh tnxth, h phrqun nfn nstï snjkh nsirdth. Jhrgofgnjtn h tngo n h prhefngo séh kokhs pnfo prùprdo prhvo.

Fdjluolng ]hpufor hu Ihfhqudof ^soko nsphjtåjno n unjtngnjtn pnfh phvh. Ghstro-sn quosn sngprn rnenfkn í jhrgo lrogoiof n ä iorrnloko kn vçidhs kn fdj luolng (shfnidsgh ’ nrrhs kn rnlãjido n ihjihrkåjido2 eoreordsgh  ’ nrrhs kn prhjójido, prhjójido, lroo n nxéh2 nxéh2 ogedludkokn2 ogedludkokn2 ioih`hjdo2 ioih`hjdo2 pfnhpfnhjosgh), nxprnssþns vuflorns, lçrdos n prn`nrãji prn`nrãjido do pnfo ihhrknjoìéh, qun rnssofto h iorïtnr hrof n phpufor ko fçjluo. O fdjluolng phpufor nstï prnsnjtn jos ihjvnrsos `ogdfdorns hu njtrn ogdlhs, ojnkhtos, drrokdoìéh kn nsphrtns, prhlrogos kn [P n oukdtùrdh, jhvnfos, jo nxprnsséh khs nsto khs nghidhjods nti.

Knsnjvhfvdgnjth3 nfoehro Knsnjvhfvdgnjth3  nfoehro gnfahr h tngo ihg orlugnjths n dkndos qun ophdng h snu phsdidhjognjth shern h ossujth. Ä phssçvnf usor orlugnjths kn vïrdos `hrgos, knskn kokhs nstosihs otä idtoìþns kn pnsshos qun tnjaog outhrdkokn jh ossujth. Ihjifuséh3 `oz ugo rnthgoko ernvn kn tukh qun `hd oehrkokh Ihjifuséh3 `oz n ihjifud h tnxth. Nsto ófgo portn phkn snr `ndto kn vïrdos gojndros kd`nrnjtns, ä phssçvnf kndxor h ossujth odjko oenrth irdojkh ugo pnrlujto rnnxdvo, rnnxdvo, hu ihjifudr h ossujth ihg os suos prùprdos ihjihjifusþns o porr kos dkndos n orlugnjths kh knsnjvhfvdgnjth.

O Fdjluolng Iufto hu ]okréh Ä o njsdjoko jos nsihfos n snrvn kn vnçiufh ís idãjidos ng qun sn oprnsnjto ihg tnrgdjhfhldo nspnidof. Ä usoko pnfos pnsshos djstruçkos kos kd`nrnjtns ifossns shidods n ioroitnrdzo-sn pnfo henkdãjhenkdãjido ís jhrgos lrogoiods. Gods ihgugnjtn usoko jo fdjluolng nsirdto n fdtnrïrdo, rnntn prnsldh shidof n iufturof. Ä gods oridof, gods nstïvnf, gnjhs sucndto o vordoìþns. Nstï prnsnjtn jos oufos, ihj`nrãjidos, snrgþns, kdsiurshs phfçihs, ihgujdioìþns idnjidnjios, jhidïrdhs kn [P [P,, prhlrogos iufturods nti.

Hutrh ospnith qun gnrnin nspnidof otnjìéh séh hs ihjnithrns. Yéh rnsphjsïvnds pnfo ihnséh kh tnxth n thrjog o fndturo gods unjtn, vdsojkh nstoenfninr ug njioknognjth fùldih njtrn os dkndos n snrvng kn fdloìéh njtrn h porïlro`h, hu jh djtnrdhr kh pnpnrçhkh, n h tùpdih qun h ojtninkn. Yoenr usï-fhs ihg prnidséh, tojth jh djtnrdhr ko `rosn, quojth oh possor kn ug njujidokh poro hutrh, ä ugo nxdlãjido togeäg poro o ifornzo kh tnxth. Yng hs ihjnithrns (prhjhgns rnfovhs, ihjcujìþns, okvärokväredhs, prnphsdìþns, pofovros knjhtovos) os dkndos jéh ung, gudtos vnzns h pnjsognjth jéh sn ihgpfnto, n h tnxth thrjo-sn hesiurh, sng ihnrãjido.

Lçrdo O lçrdo rnfoidhjo-sn oh ihkdojh kn inrths lruphs shidods ihgh orgo kn kn`nso ihjtro os ifossns khgdjojtns. Nssns lruphs ufdzog o lçrdo ihgh gndh kn nxprnsséh kh ihkdojh, poro qun os gnjsognjso lnjs sncog knihkdiokos opnjos phr nfns gnsghs. Ossdg o lçrdo ä irdoko phr kntnrgdjokhs lruphs qun kdvuflog h pofovrnokh poro hutrhs lruphs otä ianlor í gçkdo. Hs gndhs kn ihgujdioìéh kn gosso, ihgh o tnfnvdséh n h rïkdh, prhpolog hs jhvhs vhiïeufhs, ís vnzns, togeäg djvnjtog oflujs. O lçrdo phkn oioeor djihrphroko pnfo fçjluo hidof, pnrgojninr jh vhioeufïrdh kn pnqunjhs lruphs hu iodr ng knsush. Nx.3 ‖iautor h pou ko eorroio‗, ‖vdocor jo godhjnsn‗, ‖lofnro‗, ‖gdjo‗, ‖ph ossdg‗.

nstruturo ä ugo kos gods ng tnxths orlugnjtoorlugnjtovhs,Nsto n phr ihjto kdssh ä gods `ïidf ufdzokos poro hs fndthrns. Nxdstng kdvnrsos `hrgos kn sn nstruturor ioko ntopo knsso nsnstruturo kn tnxth, njtrntojth, opnjos snlud-fo cï fnvo oh pnjsognjth gods kdrnth. JÇPNDY KN FDJL^OLNG Kn`jdìéh kn fdjluolng

Fdjluolng ä quofqunr gndh sdstngïih kn ihgujdior dkndos hu snjgnjths otroväs kn sdljhs ihjvnjidhj ihjvnjidhjods, ods, shjhrhs, lrïihs, lnstuods nti. O fdjluolng ä djkdvdkuof n nxçvnf n vordo knpnjknjkh ko dkokn, iufturo, phsdìéh shidof, prhsséh nti. O gojndro kn oror iufor os pofovros, hrlojdzï-fos jo `rosn, jh tnxth, kntnrgdjo jhsso fdjluolng, jhssh nsfh (`hrgo kn nxprnsséh pnsshof). Os djhvoìþns fdjluçsios, irdokos pnfh `ofojtn, prhvhiog, ihg h knihrrnr kh tngph, gukojìos jo nstruturo ko fçjluo, qun sù os

Fdjluolng vuflor Nxdstn ugo fdjluolng vuflor rnfoidhjoko ohs qun tãg phuih hu jnjaug ihjtoth ihg injtrhs idvdfdzokhs. Jo fdjluolng vuflor aï nstruturos ihg ‖jùds ‖jùds vod, fï‗, fï‗, ‖nu kd kd ug  ug endch‗, ‖]hjand ‖]hjand sof jo ihgdko‗.

djihrphro gudth fnjtognjtn, knphds kn oindtos thkhjo h fçjluo lruph shidof. Gudtos jhvdkokns irdokos jo fdjluolng jéhphr vdjlog n iong ng knsush.

kréh, quojth ís ihjstruìþns lrogoiods n ngprnlhs kn inrtos pofopofovros n nxprnssþns. Aï, jh Erosdf, phr nxngpfh, hs `oforns ogozûjdih, jhrknsjh, eodojh, ugdjnjsn, gdjndrh, sufdjh.

Fdjluolng rnldhjof Unldhjofdsghs séh vordoìþns lnhlrïios kh ush ko fçjluo popo-

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UOIDHIÇJ DH FÙLDIH N GO[NGÏ[DIH GO[NGÏ[DIH ?. 5.

Hpnroìþns ihg ihjcujths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =? =? Uoidhiçjdh fùldih fùldih jugärdih3 prhefngos prhefngos njvhfvnjkh njvhfvnjkh hpnroìþns hpnroìþns ihg jógnrhs jógnrhs rnods n roidhiçjdh snqunjidof. snqunjidof. Ihjindth Ihjindth kn prhphsdìéh3 prhphsdìéh3

vofhrns fùldihs kos prhphsdìþns. Ihjnivhs n jnloìéh. Orlugnjtoìéh Orlugnjtoìéh fùldio n kdolrogos fùldihs. Nqudvofãjidos n dgpfdioìþnsfùldios. _uojiokhrns ujdvnrsof n nxdstnjidof. ]rhefngos kn ihjtolng3 prdjiçpdhs okdvh n gufpfdiov gufpfdiovh h  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?= ?=

 

UOIDHIÇJ DH FÙLDIH N GO[NGÏ[DIH GO[NGÏ[DIH

H]NUOÌÞNY IHG IHJC^J[HY Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs djtndrhs - z H ihjcujth khs jógnrhs djtndrhs ä o rnujdéh kh ihjcujth khs jógnrhs joturods J 7 {=, ?, 5, 9, ;,..., j,...},(J I S)2 h ihjcujth khs hphsths khs jógnrhs joturods n h znrh. Unprnsnjtoghs Unprnsnjtoghs pnfo fntro S.

J I S (J nstï ihjkh ng S) Yueihjcujths3

Y Ç G E H FH

UN ] U NY N J[OÌ ÉH

K N Y I U D Ì ÉH

*

S*

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs djtndrhs jéh jufhs

+

S+

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs djtndrhs jéh jnlovhs

*n+

S*+

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs djtndrhs phsdvhs

-

SX

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs djtndrhs jéh phsdvhs

*n-

S*X

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs djtndrhs jnlovhs

Hesnrvoghs jhs jógnrhs djtndrhs oflugos ioroitnrçsios3 • Gùkufh3 kdståjido hu o`ostognjth knssn jógnrh otä h znrh, jo rnto jugärdio djtndro. Unprnsnjto-sn h gùkufh phr | |. H gùkufh kn quofqunr jógnrh djtndrh, kd`nrnjtn kn znrh, ä sngprn phsdvh. • Jógnrhs Hphsths3 khds Hphsths3 khds jógnrhs séh hphsths quojkh suo shgo ä znrh. Dsth sdljdio qun nfns nstéh o gnsgo kdståjido ko hrdlng (znrh).

Yhgojkh-sn tnghs3 (+;) + (-;) 7 (-;) + (+;) 7 =

Hpnroìþns • Yhgo hu Okdìéh3 Osshidoghs ohs jógnrhs djtndrhs phsdvhs o dkndo kn lojaor n ohs jógnrhs djtndrhs jnlovhs o dkndo kn pnrknr. pnrknr.  O[NJÌÉH3  O [NJÌÉH3 H sdjof (+) ojtns kh jógnrh phsdvh phkn snr kdspnjsokh, gos h sdjof (’) ojtns kh jógnrh jnlovh jujio phkn snr kdspnjsokh.

• Yuetroìéh3 ngprnloghs quojkh prnidsoghs ror ugo quojkokn kn hutro quojkokn2 tnghs kuos quojkokns n qunrnghs soenr quojth ugo knfos tng o gods qun o hutro2 tnghs kuos quojkokns n qunrnghs soenr quojth `ofto o ugo knfos poro ojldr o hutro. O suetroìéh ä o hpnroìéh djvnrso ko okdìéh. H sdjof sngprn snrï kh godhr jógnrh.

 O[NJÌÉH3 thkhs porãjtnsns,  O[NJÌÉH3 porãjtnsns, ihfiantns, iaovns, jógnrhs, ..., njtrn hutrhs, prninkdkhs kn sdjof jnlovh, tng h snu sdjof djvnrkh, hu snco, ä kokh h snu hphsth.

?

 

UOIDHIÇJ DH FÙLDIH N GO[NGÏ[DIH GO[NGÏ[DIH

Nxngpfh3 90 3 9 7 ?5 fdvrhs kn 9 ig (@^JKOÌÉH IOYO ’ OLNJ[N NK^IOIDHJOF ’ P^JNY])  H thtof kn fdvrhs ko pdfao3 1 + ?5 7 5= fdvrhs oh thkh. ]oro znfor pnfhs chvnjs djtnrjokhs n hrdnjtï-fhs o rnspndth kh ush Unsphsto3 K oknquokh khs gotnrdods ng lnrof n khs rniurshs ufdzokhs ng ovdkokns nkuiovos, eng ihgh ko prnsnrvoìéh prnkdof, rnofdzhu• ]htnjidoìéh3 O phtãjido oj kh jógnrh djtndrh o, ä knjdko sn ugo kdjågdio nfnjiojkh ‖otukns phsdvos‗ n ‖otukns ihgh ug prhkuth kn j `othrns dluods. H jógnrh o ä knjhgdjokh jnlovos‗,, jh njtnjkdgnjth khs nfngnjths kh lruph. Yhfdidthu-sn o eosn n h jógnrh j  ä h nxphnjtn .oj 7 o x o x o x o x ... x o , o  ä jnlovos‗ qun ioko ug ifossdiossn suos otukns ihgh phsdvo hu jnlovo, gufpfdiokh phr o j vnzns. [njao ng gnjtn qun3 otrdeudjkh (+;) phjths o ioko otukn phsdvo n (-?) o ioko otukn  ’ [hko [hko phtãjido kn eosn phsdvo ä ug jógnrh djtndrh phsdvh. jnlovo. Yn ug chvng ifossdihu ihgh phsdvo opnjos 5= kos >=  ’ [hko [hko phtãjido kn eosn jnlovo n nxphnjtn por ä ug jógnrh djtndrh .  ’ [phsdvh hko phtãjido kn eosn jnlovo  n nxphnjtn çgpor  ä ug jógnrh djtndrh jnlovh.

otukns ojhtokos, h thtof kn phjths otrdeuçkhs `hd (O) >=. (E) ;>. (I) ;5. (K) 90.

]rhprdnkokns ko ]htnjidoìéh

(N) 95.

?) ]rhkuths kn ]htãjidos ihg eosns dluods3 Ihjsnrvo-sn o eosn n shgog-sn hs nxphnjtns. (’o)9 . (’o)0 7 (’o)9+0 7 (’o)4 5) _uhidnjtns kn ]htãjidos ihg eosns dluods3 Ihjsnrvo-sn o eosn n suetrong-sn hs nxphnjtns. (-o)1 3 (-o)0 7 (-o)1 ’ 0 7 (-o)5 9) ]htãjido kn ]htãjido3 Ihjsnrvo-sn o eosn n gufpfdiog-sn hs nxphnjtns. R(-o)>W5 7 (-o)> . 5 7 (-o)?= ;) ]htãjido kn nxphnjtn ?3 Ä sngprn dluof í eosn. (-o) ? 7 -o n

Unshfuìéh3 >=-5=79= otukns jnlovos 5=.;71= 9=.(-?)7-9=

1=-9=7>= Unsphsto3 O

(+o)? 7 +o

>) ]htãjido kn nxphnjtn znrh n eosn kd`nrnjtn kn znrh3 Ä dluof • Gufpfdioìéh3 ä ugo okdìéh kn jógnrhs/ `othrns rnpnkhs. Jo gufpfdioìéh h prhkuth khs jógnrhs o n e, phkn snr djkdiokh phr o x e, o . e hu odjko oe sng jnjaug sdjof njtrn os fntros.

o ?. (+o)= 7 ? n (’e)= 7 ? Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs roidhjods ’ _ 

g

j roidhjof djtndrhs, ä h qun snjkh phkn snr hjkn^g g njógnrh j séh jógnrhs qunnsirdth j knvnjo snr`hrgo kd`nrnjtn, kn znrh. @rnqunjtngnjtn usoghs g/j poro sdljdior o kdvdséh kn g phr j.

• Kdvdséh3 o kdvdséh nxoto kn ug jógnrh djtndrh phr hutrh jógnrh djtndrh, kd`nrnjtn kn znrh, kdvdkdghs h gùkufh kh kdvdknjkh pnfh gùkufh kh kdvdshr.  

 O[NJÌÉH3  O [NJÌÉH3 ?) Jh ihjcujth S, o kdvdséh jéh ä ihgutovo, jéh ä osshidovo

n jéh tng o prhprdnkokn ko nxdstãjido kh nfngnjth jnutrh. 5) Jéh nxdstn kdvdséh phr znrh. 9) Snrh kdvdkdkh phr quofqunr jógnrh djtndrh, kd`nrnjtn kn znrh, ä znrh, phds h prhkuth kn quofqunr jógnrh djtndrh phr znrh ä dluof o znrh.

Jo gufpfdioìéh n kdvdséh kn jógnrhs djtndrhs ä gudth dgphrtojtn o UNLUO KN YDJODY3 J I S I _ (J nstï ihjkh ng S qun nstï ihjkh ng _)

Ydjods dluods (+) (+)2 (-) (-) 7 rnsuftokh sngprn phsdvh. Yueihjcujths3

Ydjods kd`nrnjtns (+) (-)2 (-) (+) 7 rnsuftokh sngprn jnlovh.

Nxngpfh3 (][email protected] JD[NUÙD) ^g JD[NUÙD) ^g nstukojtn ngpdfahu snus fdvrhs, hetnj kh ugo ójdio pdfao >5ig kn ofturo. Yoenjkh qun 1 knssns fdvrhs phssud ugo nspnssuro kn 5ig, n qun hs fdvrhs rnstojtns phssung

nspnssuro kn 9ig, h jógnrh kn fdvrhs jo pdfao ä3 (O) ?= (E) ?> (I) ?1 (K) 5=

Y Ç G E H FH

UN ] U NY N J[OÌ ÉH

K N Y I U D Ì ÉH

*

_*

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs roidhjods jéh jufhs

+

_ +

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs roidhjods jéh jnlovhs

*n+

_*+

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs roidhjods phsdvhs

-

_X

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs roidhjods jéh phsdvhs

*n-

_*X

Ihjcujth khs jógnrhs roidhjods jnlovhs

(N) 55 Unshfuìéh3 Yéh 1 fdvrhs kn 5 ig3 1.5 7 ?0 ig

Unprnsnjtoìéh knidgof

Ihgh nu tnjah >5 ig oh thkh n hs kngods fdvrhs tng 9 ig,

]hknghs rnprnsnjtor ug jógnrh roidhjof, nsirdth jo `hrgo kn `roìéh, ng jógnrh knidgof. ]oro dssh tnghs kuos gojndros

tnghs3

>5 - ?0 7 90 ig kn ofturo kn fdvrhs kn 9 ig

phssçvnds3

5

 

UOIDHIÇJ DH FÙLDIH N GO[NGÏ[DIH GO[NGÏ[DIH

?³) H ?³)  H jugnrof knidgof hekh phssud, opùs o vçrlufo, ug jógnrh jdth kn oflordsghs. Knidgods Nxoths3 Nxoths3 5 >

 7 =,;

5³) H jugnrof knidgof hekh phssud, opùs o vçrlufo, djjdths oflordsghs (jng thkhs jufhs), rnpnjkh-sn pnrdhkdiognjtn Knidgods 5³) H ]nrdùkdihs hu Kçzdgos ]nrdùkdios3 ? 9  7 =,999...

Unprnsnjtoìéh Unprnsnjtoìé h @roidhjïrdo

Ä o hpnroìéh djvnrso ko ojtnrdhr. Oqud tnghs kuos gojndros phssçvnds3  [rojs`hrgojkh hrgojkh h jógnrh knidgof ng ugo `roìéh jugnrokhr ä h jógnrh knidgof sng o vçrlufo n h knjhgdjokhr ä ihgphsth pnfh ?) [rojs` jugnrof ?, snludkh kn tojths znrhs quojtos `hrng os iosos knidgods kh jógnrh knidgof kokh.

Nx.3 =,=9> 7 9>/?=== 5) Otroväs ko `roìéh lnrotrdz. 5) Otroväs lnrotrdz. Oç tnghs h iosh kos kçzdgos pnrdùkdios qun phkng snr sdgpfns hu ihgphstos. ’ Ydgpfns3 h snu pnrçhkh ä ihgphsth phr ug gnsgh jógnrh hu ihjcujth kn jógnrhs qun sn rnpn djjdtognjtn. djjdtognjtn. Nxngpfhs3

]rhinkdgnjth3 poro trojs`hrgorghs trojs`hrgorghs ugo kçzdgo pnrdùkdio sdgpfns ng `roìéh eosto ufdzorghs h kçldth 4 jh knjhgdjokhr poro ioko quojths kçldths vnr h pnrçhkh ko kçzdgo. ’ Ihgphsto3 quojkh o gnsgo oprnsnjto ug ojtn pnrçhkh qun jéh sn rnpntn.

o)

]rhinkdgnjth3 poro ioko oflordsgh kh pnrçhkh odjko sn ihfhio ug oflordsgh 4 jh knjhgdjokhr. Gos, olhro, poro ioko oflordsgh kh ojpnrçhkh sn ihfhio ug oflordsgh znrh, togeäg jh knjhgdjokhr.

9

 

UOIDHIÇJ DH FÙLDIH N GO[NGÏ[DIH GO[NGÏ[DIH

e)

]rhinkdgnjth3 ä h gnsgh opfdiokh oh dtng ‖o‗, oirnsidkh jo `rnjtn ko portn djtndro (`roìéh gdsto), oh quof trojs`hrgog trojs`hrgoghs hs n hetnghs o `roìéh lnrotrdz.

Nxngpfh3 (]UN@. JD[NUÙD) Ydgpfdiojkh JD[NUÙD) Ydgpfdiojkh o nxprnsséh oeodxh

Hetäg-sn

3

(O) · (E) ? (I) 9/5 (K) 5

(N) 9 Unshfuìéh3

Unsphsto3 E Iorotnrçsios khs jógnrhs roidhjods Iorotnrçsios H gùkufh n h jógnrh hphsth séh os gnsgos khs jógnrhs djtndrhs. Djvnrsh3 kokh ug jógnrh roidhjof o/e h djvnrsh knssn jógnrh (o/e) ’j, ä o `roìéh hjkn h jugnrokhr vdro knjhgdjokhr n h knjhgdjokhr jugnrokhr (e/o)j.

Unprnsnjtoìéh Unprnsnjtoìé h lnhgätrdio

;

 

UOIDHIÇJ DH FÙLDIH N GO[NGÏ[DIH GO[NGÏ[DIH

Hesnrvo-sn qun njtrn khds djtndrhs ihjsniuvhs nxdstng djjdths jógnrhs roidhjods.

• Kdvdséh3 o kdvdséh kn khds jógnrhs roidhjods p n q ä o prùprdo hpnroìéh kn gufpfdioìéh kh jógnrh  p pnfh djvnrsh kn q, dsth ä3  p ü q 7 p Ü q-?

Hpnroìþns • Yhgo hu okdìéh3 ihgh thkh jógnrh roidhjof ä ugo `roìéh hu phkn snr nsirdth jo `hrgo kn ugo `roìéh, knjdghs o okdìéh njtrn hs jógnrhs roidhjods kn `roìþns, otroväs kn3

o

e

i

 n

, ko gnsgo `hrgo qun o shgo

k 

Nxngpfh3 Jugo hpnroìéh (]G/YN ’ YHFKOKH 9ªIFOYYN ’ @^JIOE) phfdidof kn rhjo, qun oehrkhu 1== pnsshos, vnrdihu-sn qun 9/; knssos pnsshos nrog ahgnjs n ?/> knfns `hrog knkhs. Cï njtrn os gufanrns oehrkokos, ?/1 `hrog knkos. _uof h thtof kn pnsshos knkos jnsso hpnroìéh phfdidof8 (O) ?;> (E) ?1>

• Yuetroìéh3 o suetroìéh kn khds jógnrhs roidhjods  p  n q ä o prùprdo hpnroìéh kn okdìéh kh jógnrh p ihg h hphsth kn q, dsth ä3  p ’ q 7 p + (’q)

(I) 55= (K) 50=

(N) ?5= Unshfuìéh3  O[NJÌÉH3 Jo okdìéh/suetr  O[NJÌÉH3 okdìéh/suetroìéh oìéh sn h knjhgdjokhr `hr dluof, ihjsnrvo-sn hs knjhgdjokhrns n n`ntuo-sn o hpnroìéh oprnsnjtoko.

Nxngpfh3 (]UN@. C^JKDOD/Y] OLNJ[N KN ¶YNUPDÌHY H]NUOIDHJODY  Jo nsihfo’hjkn nstukh, khs ofujhs tng o fçjluo  ’ GOBDT GOBDTOGO) OGO) phrtulunso ihgh kdsidpfdjo `ovhrdto, 4/5= tãg o gotngïi gotngïioo ihgh `ovhrdto n hs kngods tãg idãjidos ihgh `ovhrdto. Ynjkh ossdg, quof `roìéh rnprnsnjto hs ofujhs qun tãg idãjidos ihgh kdsidpfdjo `ovhrdto8

(O) ?/; (E) 9/?= (I) 5/4

(K) ;/> (N) 9/5 Unsphsto3 O Unshfuìéh3 Yhgojkh phrtuluãs n gotngïi gotngïio3 o3

• ]htnjidoìéh3 ä  vïfdkh os prhprdnkokns opfdiokos ohs jógnrhs djtndrhs. Oqud knstoiornghs opnjos o s qun sn opfdiog ohs jógnrhs roidhjods.

O) [hko phtãjido ihg nxphnjtn roidhjof kd`nrnjtn kn znrh ä dluof o hutrojnlovh phtãjido kn qunug tngjógnrh o eosn dluof oh djvnrsh ko eosn ojtnrdhr n h nxphnjtn dluof oh hphsth kh nxphnjtn ojtnrdhr.

H qun rnsto lhsto kn idãjidos3

Unsphsto3 E • Gufpfdioìéh3 ihgh thkh jógnrh roidhjof ä ugo `roìéh hu

phkn snr nsirdth jo `hrgo kn ugo `roìéh, knjdghs h prhkuth kn khds jógnrhs roidhjods `roìþns, otroväs kn3

o e

 n

i k 

E) [hko E)  [hko phtãjido ihg nxphnjtn çgpor tng h gnsgh sdjof ko

, ko gnsgo `hrgo qun h prhkuth kn

eosn.

>

 

JHÌÞNY KN DJ@HUGÏ[DIO ?. 5. 9. ;. >.

0. ?

]nrd`ärdihs ]nrd`ärdi hs kn njtroko. @hjtn3 aps3//gdjk;5.ihg/puefdi/41eo-o1`;-;>?e-e?5?-9eo9>i>?n?n

E

=0

K

IHJIND[HY YHEUN YDY[NGOY H]NUOIDHJODY. @^JKOGNJ[HY, IOUOI[NUÇY[DIOY N ^YH KHY UNI^UYHY KH \DJ KH\Y =/?44? (Nstotuth kh Ynrvdkhr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >;

 

FNLDYFOÌÉH EÏYDIO IO]Ç[^FH DD KHY KDUND[HY YHIDODY

FND HULÅJDIO KH G^JDIÇ]DH KN YÉH LHJÌOFH-UC FND HULÅJDIO KH G^JDIÇ]D H KN YÉH LHJÌOFH ?44= ?44=

Ort. >³ - Jh Gujdiçpdh kn Yéh Lhjìofh thkhs tãg h kdrndth kn vdvnr ihg kdljdkokn, ossnlurojkh-sn - o ]rn`ndturo ng oriufoìéh ihg h Nstokh n o ^jdéh - h nxnriçidh khs kdrndths shidods ko nkuioìéh, soókn, troeofah, foznr, snlurojìo, prnvdkãjido shidof, prhtnìéh í gotnrjdkokn n í dj`åjido, ossdstãjido ohs knsogporokhs n hutrhs prnvdsths jo hrkng curçkdio. Ort. 0³ - Ä ossnlurokh ohs troeofaokhrns n ngprnlokhrns o porpor-

[Ç[^FH D KHY ]UDJIÇ]DHY @^JKOGNJ[ODY Ort. ?³ - H Gujdiçpdh kn Yéh Lhjìofh ihjstud njtn nssnjidof ko Unpóefdio @nknrovo @nknrovo kh Erosdf n çjtnlro h Nstokh kh Udh kn Cojndrh, kdsphjkh kn outhjhgdo phfçio, jo okgdjdstrovo jojindro, otnj kdkhs hs prdjiçpdhs nstoenfnidkhs Ihjstudìéhnko Unpóefdiootnjn joIhjstudìéh Nstokuof. ]orïlro`h Ójdih - [hkh phknr gujdidpof ngojo kh phvh, qun h nxnrin phr gndh kn rnprnsnjtojtns nfndths hu kdrntognjtn, jhs tnrghs knsto Fnd Hrlåjdio. Ort. 5³ - H Lhvnrjh Gujdidpof ä nxnridkh pnfo Iågoro Gujdidpof n pnfh ]rn`ndt ]rn`ndth. h.

idpoìéh, jhs ihfnldokhs khs ùrléhs póefdihs ng qun snus djtnrnsdjtnrnssns sncog hecnth kn kdsiusséh n knfdenroìéh.

[Ç[^FH DD KHY KDUND[HY N LOUOJ[DO Y @^JKOGNJ[ODY IO]Ç[^FH D KHY KDUND[HY N LOUOJ[DOY DJKDPDK^ODY N IHFN[DPHY

Ort. - O Iågoro Gujdidpof ihgpþn-sn kn Pnrnokhrns Pnrnokhrns nfndths kdrntognjtn, ng jógnrh prhphridhjof í phpufoìéh kh Gujdiçpdh, hesnrvokhs hs snludjtns fdgdtns3 D- Pdjtn n sntn Pnrnokhrns otä ?.=>=.=== (ug gdfaéh n idjqunjidjqunjto gdf) aoedtojtns2 (Unkoìéh koko pnfo Ngnjko Ghkdiovo j³ ===4/5=??, kn ?;/=4/5=??, puefdioko ng 55/=4/5=??). D - Pdjtn n ug Pnrnokhrns otä ug gdfaéh kn aoedtojtns2

hesnrvoko fnldsfoìéhiufturof. n o oìéh siofdzokhro `nknrof n nstokuof n djinjvor ooovdkokn Q- djstudr quokrh kn vhfujtïrdhs poro h ihgeotn o djiãjkdh, shihrrh ng iosh kn iofogdkokn póefdio hu kn kn`nso pnrgojnjtn kh gndh ogednjtn, sucndtojkh ohs pokrþns, jhrgos n siofdzoìéh kh Ihrph kn Ehgendrhs Gdfdtor kh Nstokh kh Udh kn Cojndrh. QD- fnldsfor shern o `oujo, hro n prhtnìéh oh gndh ogednjtn jhs fdgdtns kn suo ihgpntãjido. Ort. ?5 - H ]hknr ]óefdih Gujdidpof knjdrï phfçio nspniçnspniçio, poro kn`nso khs kdrndths kh ihjsugdkhr, ihg o ihfoehroìéh kh Nstokh hu ko ^jdéh, prhghvnjkh ug prhlrogo kn siofdzoìéh, o g kn ihdedr oeushs jo ihgnridofdzoìéh kn prhkuths, hesnrvojkh hs snludjtns prdjiçpdhs3 D- `hrgufor, ihhrknjor n nxniutor prhlrogos n ovdkokns rnrnfoidhjokos ihg o kn`nso kh ihjsugdkhr, eusiojkh, quojkh `hr h iosh, ophdh n ossnsshrdo jhs kngods ùrléhs ihjlãjnrns Nstokuof n @nknrof2

DD- [rdjto Pnrnokhrns kn gdfaéh gods knn?.=>=.=== idjqunjto gdf)n trãs otä ?.5==.=== (ug kuznjths (ug gdf) gdfaéh aoedtojnaoedtojtns)2 (Unkoìéh koko pnfo Ngnjko Ghkdiovo j³ ===4/5=??, kn ?;/=4/5=??, puefdioko ng 55/=4/5=??). DD - [rdjto kn trãs Pnrnokhrns, kn gods kn ug gdfaéh otä ug gdfaéh n kuznjths gdf aoedtojtns2 DDD- [rdjto n sntn Pnrnokhrns, kn gods kn ug gdfaéh n kuznjths gdf otä ug gdfaéh n qudjanjths gdf aoedtojtns2 DP- _uornjto n ug Pnrnokhrns, kn gods kn ug gdfaéh n qud janjths gdf otä idjih gdfaþns kn aoedtojtns2 P- Idjqönjto n idjih Pnrnokhrns, gods kn idjih gdfaþns kn aoao edtojtns.

DDprhkuths quojkokn, n snrvdìhs2 snr vdìhs2 prnìh, oprnsnjtoìéh n kdsDDD-siofdzor znfor pnfohsquofdkokn, kds trdeudìéh khs prhkuths n snrvdìhs2 DP- ngdr porninrns täijdihs shern hs prhkuths n snrvdìhs ihjihjsugdkhs jh gujdiçpdh2 P- rninenr n opuror rnifogoìþns kn ihjsugdkhrns, njiogdnjiogd jaojkh-os n oihgpojaokh-os cujth ohs ùrléhs ihgpntnjtns2 PD- prhphr shfuìþns, gnfahrdos n gnkdkos fnldsfovos kn kn`nso kh ihjsugdkhr2 PDD- outuor hs dj`rothrns, phr knfnloìéh kn ihgpntãjido, opfdopfd iojkh sojìþns kn hrkng okgdjdstrovo n pniujdïrdo, djifusdvn, nxnrinr phknr kn phfçido gujdidpof n, njiogdjaojkh, quojkh `hr h iosh, oh rnprnsnjtojtn fhiof kh Gdjdstärdh ]óefdih, os nvnjtuods prhvos kn irdgns hu ihjtrov ihjtrovnjìþns njìþns pnjods2 PDDD- eusior djtnlroìéh, phr gndh kn ihjvãjdhs, ihg hs gujdgujd içpdhs vdzdjahs, vdsojkh gnfahror o ihjsniuìéh kn snus hecnvhs2

kdsphr shern thkos os gotärdos kn ihgpntãjido kh Gujdiçpdh, nsnspnidofgnjtn3 D- sdstngo trdeutïrdh, djstudjkh hs trdeuths gujdidpods n kdskds phjkh shern suo orrniokoìé orrniokoìéh2 h2 DD- pfojh pfurdojuof, kdrntrdzns hrìognjtïrdos, hrìognjtïrdos, hrìognjth ojuof, hpnroìþns kn iräkdth n kçvdko póefdio2 DDD- pfojhs n prhlrogos gujdidpods kn knsnjvhfvdgnjth djtnlrokh2 DP- vhtoìéh kh pfojh kn Lhvnrjh n kh pfojh kn knsnjvhfvdgnj knsnjvhfvdgnj-th ureojh n sdih-tnrrdthrdof s dih-tnrrdthrdof kh Gujdiçpdh2 P- ihjinsséh kn dsnjìþns hu hutrhs enjnidhs siods, ghrotùghrotùrdo n rngdsséh kn kçvdkos siods2 PD- jhrgos lnrods poro knfnloìéh kn snrvdìhs póefdihs, djifusdvn o xoìéh kn tord`os hu prnìhs2 PDD- ihjinsséh kn ouxçfdhs n suevnjìþns2 PDDD- xoìéh khs prdjiçpdhs n jhrgos `ujkognjtods ko phfçio okgdjdstrovoo gujdidpof2 okgdjdstrov DQ- trojs`nrãjido, trojs`nrãjido, tngphrïrdo hu knjdvo, ko snkn kh Lhvnrjh

[Ç[^FH DP KO HULOJDSOÌÉH G^JDID ]OF IO]Ç[^FH D KO HULOJDSOÌÉH ]HFÇ[D IH-OKGDJDY[UO[DPO

Gujdidpof2 Q- irdoìéh, trojs`hrgoìéh n nxjìéh kn iorlhs, ngprnlhs n `ujìþns póefdios2 QD- jhrgos lnrods poro ofdnjoìéh, oqudsdìéh hu insséh, o quofquof qunr tufh, khs enjs póefdihs2 QDD- irdoìéh, hrlojdzoìéh, trojs`hrgoìéh n suprnsséh khs kdskdstrdths2 QDDD- hrknjognjth tnrrdthrdof gnkdojtn pfojncognjth n ihjtrh ihjtrh-fn shern ush, porinfognjth n hiupoìéh kh shfh ureojh2 QDP- ihjinsséh hu oftnroìéh ko knjhgdjoìéh kn jhgns prùprù prdhs o vdos n fhlrokhurhs póefdihs, vnkokos rn`nrãjidos o pnsshos vdvos, eng ihgh o suestudìéh khs jhgns prùprdhs pnrshjovhs2 QP- outhrdzoìéh outhrdzoìéh kn oihrkhs hjnrhshs ihg pnsshos n njkokns póefdios hu prdvokos, djifusdvn ihjvãjdhs ihg hutrhs njtns `nknro`nknrovhs, phknjkh o fnd prnvnr ioshs n fdgdtns ng qun tof outhrdzoìéh prävdo snco kdspnjsoko2 QPD- oprhvor, prnvdognjtn, o poridpoìéh kh Gujdiçpdh ng

YNÌÉH DD KOY O[UDE^DÌÞNY Ort. ?0 - Ioen o Iågoro Gujdidpof, ihg o sojìéh kh ]rn`ndth,

Ort. ?9 - H Gujdiçpdh ihgprnnjkn o snkn n hs kdstrdths, otuofotuof gnjtn nxdstnjtns nxdstnjtns n hs qun `hrng irdokhs. § ?³ - O snkn kh Gujdiçpdh sdtuo-sn jh snu prdgndrh kdstrdth. § 5³ - Hs kdstrdths snréh irdokhs, hrlojdzokhs n suprdgdkhs phr fnd ihgpfngnjtor gujdidpof, prnsnrvojkh-sn o ujdkokn adstùrdihadstùrdih -iufturof kh ogednjtn ureojh n hesnrvoko í fnldsfoìéh nstokuof. IO]Ç[^FH DD KH ]HKNU FNLDY FO[DPH Ort. ?; - H ]hknr Fnldsfovh kh Gujdiçpdh ä nxnridkh pnfo IåIå goro Gujdidpof.

rnldéh gntrhphfdtojo, olfhgnroìéh ureojo hu gdirhrrnldéh poro djtnlror o hrlojdzoìéh, hrlojdzoìéh, h pfojncognjth n o nxniuìéh kn `ujìþns pópó efdios kn djtnrnssn ihgug2

5

 

FNLDYFOÌÉH EÏYDIO QPDD- ihjinsséh kn quofqunr vojtolng hu ougnjth kn rngurngu jnroìéh, irdoìéh kn iorlh hu oftnroìéh kn nstruturo kn iorrndro, eng ihgh o okgdsséh kn pnsshof. Ort. ?< - Ä ko ihgpntãjido prdvovo prdvovo ko Iågoro Gujdidpof3 D- nfoehror snu rnldgnjth djtnrjh, kdsphjkh shern suo hrlojdhrlojd zoìéh, `ujidhjognjth, phfçido, irdoìéh, trojs`hrgoìéh hu nxjìéh khs iorlhs, ngprnlhs n `ujìþns kn snus snrvdìhs n xoìéh ko rnsrns pnivo rngujnroìéh, hesnrvokhs hs porågntrhs nstoenfnidkhs jo Fnd kn Kdrntrdzns Hrìognjtïrdos, Hrìognjtïrdos, jhs fdgdtns ihjstuidhjods2 DD- nfnlnr hs gngerhs ko Gnso Kdrnthro2

§ ?³ - Jh nxnriçidh ko vnrnojìo, tnréh os gnsgos prnrrhlovos, prhdedìþns n djihgpoedfdkokns sdgdforns, jh qun ihuenr, íqunfos prnvdstos poro hs gngerhs kh Ihjlrnssh Joidhjof n ko Ossngefädo Fnldsfovo. § 5³ - ]nrknrï h gojkoth h Pnrnokhr qun xor rnsdkãjido `hro kh Gujdiçpdh. Ort. ?4 - H Pnrnok Pnrnokhr hr phknrï fdinjidor-sn shgnjtn3 D- phr ghfäso knvdkognjtn ihgprhvoko2 ihgprhvoko2 DD- poro knsngpnjaor gdssþns tngphrïrdos kn djtnrnssn kh GuGujdiçpdh2

DDD- outhrdzor h ]rn`ndth h Pdin-]rn`ndth o sn ousnjtorng kh Gujdiçpdh phr gods kn qudjznn kdos ihjsniuvhs2 DP- kor phssn oh ]rn`ndth n Pdin-]rn`ndth n rninenr-fans o rn jójido2 P- xor o rngujnroìéh kh ]rn`ndth, Pdin-]rn`ndth n khs PnrnoPnrno khrns ng ioko fnldsfoturo, poro o suesnqönjtn, jhs tnrghs ko IhjsIhjstudìéh ko Unpóefdio2 PD- shfdidtor o djtnrvnjìéh nstokuof2 PDD- cuflor ojuofgnjtn os ihjtos prnstokos pnfh ]rn`ndth n oprnoprnidor hs rnfotùrdhs shern o nxniuìéh khs pfojhs kn Lhvnrjh2 PDDD- siofdzor n ihjtrhfor hs oths kh ]hknr Nxniuvh, djifuçkhs hs ko okgdjdstroì okgdjdstroìéh éh djkdrnto n `ujkoidhjof2 DQ- sustor hs oths jhrgovhs kh ]hknr Nxniuvh qun nxhredtng kh phknr rnlufognjtor hu khs fdgdtns ko knfnloìéh fnldsfovo2 fnldsfovo2 Q- outhrdzor ihjsufto pfnedsidtïrdo, jh ågedth ko ihgpntãjido gujdidpof2 QD- sustor o nxniuìéh kn oth dgpuljokh pnfh ùrléh kn ouxçfdh

DDD-dj`nrdhr poro trotor kn djtnrnssn prozh kntnrgdjokh, jujio o trdjto kdos, jngporiufor, supnrdhr o phr injth n vdjtn kdos. DP’ poro nxnrinr h iorlh kn Gdjdstrh hu quofqunr iorlh kn IanIano, Kdrnìéh, Ynirntïrdh, Yuesnirntïrdh, ]rnsdkãjido kn quofqunr ÙrÙrléh ko nstruturo ko ^jdéh, kh Nstokh kh Udh kn Cojndrh, eng ihgh kn quofqunr gujdiçpdh kh Nstokh kh Udh kn Cojndrh, knvnjkh h ]h]h knr Nxniuvh orior ihg tods knspnsos. (Unkoìéh koko pnfo Ngnjko Ghkdiovo j³ =?;/=4, kn ?1/?5/=4, puefdioko ng 5=/=?/?=). 5 § ?³ - ]hr `hrìo kh orlh 9/=>/4?, puefdioko ng ?0/=>/4?) - (suprdgdkh pnfo Ngnjko OkdOkd vo kn =5/=9/49, puefdioko ng =;/=9/49) ’ Djifuçko pnfo Ngnjko Ghkdiovo j³ ==?/4< kn ?4/=4/4, puefdioko ng 9=/?5/=>). QP- gukor tngphrordognjtn tngphrordognjtn suo snkn2 QPD- prhvhior o djtnrvnjìéh kh Nstokh jh Gujdiçpdh gnkdojtn rnprnsnjtoìéh rnprnsnjtoìé h kn khds tnrìh, jh gçjdgh, kn snus gngerhs.

§ 5³kn - Osuo vnreo kn rnprnsnjtoìéh kh ]rn`ndth snrï knOkdvo 5/9 (khds tnrìhs) rngujnroìéh. (Djifuçkh pnfo Ngnjko kn ?>/=>/4?, puefdioko ng ?0/=>/4?) - (suprdgdkh pnfo Ngnjko OkdOkd vo kn =5/=9/49, puefdioko ng =;/=9/49) ’ Djifuçko pnfo Ngnjko Ghkdiovo j³ ==?/4< kn ?4/=4/4/4?, puefdpuefd ioko ng ?0/=>/4?) - (suprdgdkh pnfo Ngnjko Okdvo kn =5/=9/49, puefdioko ng =;/=9/49) ’ (Djifuçko pnfo Ngnjko Ghkdiovo j³ ==?/4< kn ?4/=4/4=, djdido-sn o djstodjstofoìéh, ng lrojkn nsiofo, kn lrojkns `ïerdios n djkóstrdos ng Yéh Lhjìofh. Ynu porqun djkustrdof nro h gods dgphrtojtn kh Nstokh, h

ADY[ÙUDIH G^JDID]OF. OY]NI[HY LNHLUÏ@DIHY

O rnldéh hjkn nstï sdtuokh h gujdiçpdh nro prdgdvognjtn aoaoedtoko phr çjkdhs toghdhs qun `hrog surprnnjkdkhs pnfhs prdgndrhs ihjqudstokhrns, phrtulunsns n `rojinsns. Yéh Lhjìofh `hd `ujkokh ng 0 kn oerdf kn ?>5 bgµ, ihg inrio kn snds gdf aoedtojtns, snjkh trojs`hrgoko ng `rnlun`rnlun sdo. Pdsojkh í `oidfdkokn kn ihgujdioìéh, o snkn ko snsgordo `hd phstnrdhrgnjtn trojs`nrdko poro os gorlnjs kh rdh Dgehoìu, hjkn `hd ihjstruçko ugo iopnfo, ghjugnjth otuofgnjtn rnstourokh. H ihjcujth kn gorihs adstùrdihs rngojnsinjtns rngojnsinjtns kh säiufh QPDD djifud o `oznjko Jhsso Ynjahro ko Eho Nspnrojìo, ng Dpdçeo, o prhprdnkokn kh iopdtéh Gdlunf @rdos kn Posihjinfhs, jh Njlnjah ]nqunjh, o ioio pnfo kn Yéh Chéh, h phrth kh Lrokdg n o @oznjko ko Fuz, ng Dtoùio2 thkhs fngerojìos kh possokh ihfhjdof kn Yéh Lhjìofh. Jh säiufh QPDDD, h prhlrnssh nihjûgdih ojldrdo prhphrìþns godhrns n, oh fokh kos `oznjkos, jéh nrog phuihs hs njlnjahs kn oìóior n oluorknjtn, ko gnsgo `hrgo qun prhspnrov prhspnrovog og os fovhuro fovhuross kn gojkdhio, `ndcéh, gdfah n orrhz. H ihgäridh knsnjvhfvdo-sn jo gnsgo prhphrìéh kos ovdkokns olrçihfos, n os knznjos kn eorihs

qun fan vofnu h opnfdkh kn @fugdjnjsn (ugo rn`nrãjido í idkokn kn Gojianstnr Gojianstnr, , joGojianstnr Djlfotnrro, ioroitnrdzoko ioroitn rdzoko pnfhrn`nrãjid snu lroj lroj-okn knsnjvhfvdgnjth djkustrdof).

kn trojsphrtn kn lãjnrhs n possolndrhs kovog godhr ghvdgnjth oh fdthrof, ng ihjstojtn djtnriågedh ihg hutrhs phrths kos kdvnrsos `rnlunsdos n ihg hs kh Udh kn Cojndrh. Ng 55 kn sntngerh kn ?14=, h Kdstrdth kn Yéh Lhjìofh ä ngojngojidpokh phfdiognjtn n knsgngerokh kn Jdtnrùd, otroväs kh knirnknirnth nstokuof j³ ?5;. Ng ?145, h knirnth j³ ?, kn 1 kn godh, suprdgn h gujdiçpdh kn Yéh Lhjìofh, rndjihrphrojkh-h rndjihrphrojkh-h o Jdtnrùd pnfh ernvn pnrçhkh kn sntn gnsns, snjkh rnstourokh pnfh knirnth j³ 9;, kn < kn knzngerh kh gnsgh ojh. Ng ?455, h knirnth ?, kn 5< kn knzngerh, ihjinkn o iotnlhrdo iotnlhrdo kn idkokn o thkhs os snkns kh gujdiçpdh.

nxphrtokhr qunJnstn enjnidovo zhjos phrtuïrdos idkokn Udh kn Cojndrh. säiufh os o `rnlunsdo kn Dtodpóko ísnjtéh gorlnjs kos kh fofolhos kn Dtodpó n ]drojdjl ]drojdjloo ihgpfntovo o nxpojséh kn Yéh Lhjìofh. Ng Yéh Lhjìofh, inrio kn 9= njlnjahs hpnrovog ng ?10=. ]hrths ihgh h kn Luoxdjkdeo, Ehoìó, ]hrth Jhvh, ]hrth Pnfah n ]hrth kn Yéh Lhjìofh vdvnrog kdos kn lrojkn ghvdgnjtoìéh n ahcn possog í adstùrdo kh gujdiçpdh, kojkh jhgns o eodrrhs ko idkokn jo otuofdkokn. Knsto äphio, os @oznjkos kh Njlnjah Jhvh n Coiorä (?1==), ogeos kn prhprdnkokn kh Eoréh kn Yéh Lhjìofh, h IngdIngd tärdh kn ]oianihs (?1;5) n o prhprdnkokn kh Ihjkn Enournpodrn Uhaoj jo Ihvojio (?15=). Jnstn säiufh njtéh sn djdido o kd`uséh ko prhkuìéh io`nndro n nfo ä rnsphjsïvnf pnfh phvhognjth kh pfojofth ugdjnjsn. OfluOflu gos gukos kn io`ä ianlorog oh Erosdf, vdjkh ko Ludojo @rojinso. H prdgndrh fulor o snr pfojtokh io`ä `hd Yéh Lhjìofh, phräg h pfojh jéh vdjlhu knvdkh oh ph kh shfh2 opnsor kdssh h iufvh kh io`ä sn nxpojkdu pnfo Ynrro kh Gor, djkh ng kdrnìéh o tnrros gdjndros n

- H KNYNJPHFPDGNJ[H Yéh Lhjìofh tnvn suo hiupoìéh hrdldjïrdo ng ihjsnquãjido kh prhinssh erosdfndrh kn surldgnjths kn jóifnhs djdidods, fdlokhs ohs idifhs nihjûgdihs ng qun sn knskhero o adstùrdo kh Erosdf. Njlnjahs kn oìóior, osshidokhs í fovhuro kn gdfah n irdoìéh kn lokh, n nxpfhroìéh kn gdjärdhs nxpfdiog os hiupoìþns (nurhpndos) ng jóifnhs djdidods, opnsor kn tnr o Ihrho ]hrtulunso (lhvnrjh) kdkdvdkdkh h Erosdf ng Iopdtojdos Anrnkdtïrdos. Os Iopdtojdos, phr suo vnz nrog kdvdkdkos ng Ynsgordos. ]nrtnjiçoghs o Iopdtojdo kn Yéh Pdinjtn n o jhsso Ynsgordo lojahu h jhgn kn Yéh Lhjìofh. Jh säiufh QPDDD, o iopnfo kn Yéh Chéh, jh ]hrth kh Lrokdg n o @oznjko ko Fuz jo dfao kn Dtoùio séh fngerojìos kn ug possokh ihfhjdof ng Yéh Lhjìofh hjkn prnkhgdjovo ug ghknfh prdgïrdh

_^OKUH YDJÙ[DIH

?>

55 kn cojndrh

@rnlunsdo (pnkdkh kn curdskdìéh)

?0;<

?= kn cojndrh

@rnlunsdo (ihjrgoìéh)

?1?4

?= kn godh

Yuspnjséh ko ihjkdìéh kn @rn@rnlunsdo2 posso o kdstrdth kn Jdtnrùd

?14=

55 kn sntngerh

Nfnvoìéh Nfnvoìé h o Pdfo n Gujdiçpdh

?14=

?5 kn hutuerh

Djstofoìéh kh Gujdiçpdh

?145

=1 kn godh

Yuprnsséh kh Gujdiçpdh

?145

?< kn knzngerh

Unstouroìéh Unstouro ìéh kh Gujdiçpdh

?455

5= kn kn jh jhvng nger erh h

Nfnv nvoì oìééh í Id Idko kokn kn Yuspnjséh ko ihjkdìéh kn IdkoIdkokn2 rnthrjh o ihjkdìéh kn Pdfo

?459 ?454

poufdstos. [dvnghs ng jhssos tnrros ugo `roio nxpojséh io`nndro, gos o nxpnrdãjido jhs trhuxn enjnidhs, ihgh o ogpfo ihjstruìéh kn `nrrhvdos, h qun `oidfdthu h nsihognjth n h rninedgnjth kn prhprhkuths. H trniah ko `nrrhvdo ]hrth kos Iodxos (ng Dtoehroç ’ idkokn vdzdjao) otä h Kdstrdth kn Jnvns ng Yéh Lhjìofh `hd h rnsphjsïvnf pnfo `hrgoìéh kn olfhgnroìþns augojos n vdfos qun ufdzovog os nstoìþns kn Luoxdjkdeo, Yéh Lhjìofh n ]hrth ko Gokogo. Ng ?14=, h kdstrdth kn Yéh Lhjìofh, ihrrnsphjknjkh ís prdgdprdgd vos `rnlunsdos, ä knsgngerokh kn Jdtnrùd. Ng ?14>, djouluro-sn ugo `nrrhvdo qun `ozdo h trocnth kn Yéh Lhjìofh (Jnvns) o Idkokn vdzdjao kn Gordiï. Nrog kuos os nstrokos kn `nrrh qun phssuçoghs jnsto äphio3 Fnhphfkdjo n Gordiï. Hs khds vnthrns `nrrhvdïrdhs oidgo gnjidhjokhs knjdrog n `h`hrog rnsphjsïvnds pnfh snu knsnjah ureojh kn hiupoìéh hesnrvokh jo idkokn, qun sn djdido ng thrjh kos nstoìþns khs trnjs n snlun phr suos gorlnjs. ]hstnrdhrgnjtn ahuvn ug prhinssh kn hiupoìéh ureojo jos prhxdgdkokns kos nstrokos qun ihrtog o idkokn.

5< kn knzngerh

Unstouroìéh ko ihjkdìéh kn IdIdkokn

 Otuofgnjtn o idkokn irnsin gods ogpfognjtn ng thkos os kdrnìþns. H prdgndrh vnthr `nrrhvdïrdh, qun sn djdidovo ng Jdtnrùd (U@@(U@@YO ’ Unkn @nrrhvdïrdo @fugdjnjsn Yhidnkokn Ojûjdgo) sn nstnjknu

?

 

ADY[ÙUDO N LNHLUO@DO KN YÉH LHJÌOFH jo kdrnìéh ko rnldéh snrrojo n h vnthr Yéh Lhjìofh (?ª Nstoìéh ng Jnvns) Gordio sn knsnjvhfvn quosn porofnfh oh djtnrdhr djtnrdhr,, otn njihjnjihj tror h Udh Luoxdjkdeo n knstn snlun ng kdrnìéh kh vofn kh rdh Ofkndo ng kdrnìéh suf, kndxojkh h gujdiçpdh jo ofturo ko Ynrro kh IofoehIofoeh io, jh iogdjah ko rnldéh khs folhs @fugdjnjsns hu Eodxoko FdthråFdthråjno. O porr kn ?454 possorog o `oznr portn ko idkokn hs pdthrnsihs ehjkns o vophr. ]nqunjhs trnjs ko ‖[rogwoy Uodf ugdjnjsn‗, qun `ozdog h trniah kn Jnvns o Ofiåjtor Ofiåjtoro. o. ]hr iurth pnrçhkh, jo käioko kn ?49=, ug jhvh prhkuth olrçihfo poro nxphrtoìéh opornin ng Yéh Lhjìofh n hutros idkokns3 o idtrdiufturo (forojcos (forojcos n fdgþns).

*NJLNJAH ]N_^NJH3 h eodrrh, rdih ng `hjtns joturods n rniurshs gdjnrods, rninenu nstn jhgn knvdkh í nxdstãjido kh njlnjah ko prhprdnkokn kh Yr. Chéh kn Oroóch Iofkndro, o @oznjko kh Njlnjah.

Jhknpnrçhkh ko DD Lunrro Gujkdof irnsin `hrgo gntnùrdio. Yuos lrojkns(?494-?4;>) `oznjkos véhYéh ohsLhjìofh phuihs snjkh knsgngerokos ng sçhs, iaïioros n tnrrnjhs kn ush ureojh n jhs thrjoghs shfh `ärf poro h knsnjvhfvdgnjth. Jh lhvnrjh kn Choqudg kn Ofgndko Fovhuro, h gujdiçpdh tnvn suo lrojkn orrojioko poro o ureojdzoìéh ihg h iofìognjth n osos `oftognjth kos prdjidpods vdos qun otuofgnjtn fdlog Jdtnrùd í OfOf iåjtoro. Fovhuro, ihgh ä gods ihjanidkh, lhvnrjhu Yéh Lhjìofh phr trãs vnzns, o soenr3 kn 9?/=?/?4>> í 5=/=?/?4>42 kn 9?/=?/?409 í 9=/=?/?40< n kn 9?/=?/?4, koto ng qun o ]nkro @ujkognjtof `hd ihfhioko. Ynus prdgndrhs fhlrokhurhs `hrog ruo Gdjos Lnrods, ruo Udh Lrojkn kh Jhrtn n ruo Yojto Iotordjo, hjkn aovdo ;1 iosos.

*C^U^GNJAO3 Kr.. Ojtûjdh ]djandrh G. F. Curugnjao nro ug khs prhprdntïrdhs Kr ko `oznjko qun knu hrdlng oh eodrrh. O prhprdnkokn, qun phssuço kuos hfordos n rnofdzovo togeäg o nxpfhroìéh kn rhiao poro nxtro ìéh kn pnkro erdtoko, `hd fhtnoko, n snus ngprnlokhs o hiuporog. O hiupoìéh `hd njtéh djdidoko jo portn eodxo, ng gnokhs kh säiufh QQ. Kurojtn o käioko kn 4=, ihg h ovojìh kos djvosþns, `hd fhtnoko togeäg o portn ofto ko ojlo `oznjko ’ eho portn kh snu ghrrh, qun `oz portn khs eodrrhs Yojto Iotordjo n ]oroko ;=, odjko nstï prnsnrvoko.

*IOGOUÉH

suo hiupoìéh `hd djdidoko opùs h fhtnognjth kos tnrros kh Yr. Of`rnkh Iogoréh, rnofdzokh rnofdzokh phr suos faos Fudzo n Ojo Iogoréh. Jh ojh kn ?4>= gods kn 9== fhtns `hrog ihfhiokhs o vnjko pnfo DghedDghedfdïrdo Yéh Lhjìofh. Jh possokh os tnrros ng qun `hd `ujkokh h eodreodrrh `ozdog fdgdtn ihg o prhprdnkokn khs Yrs. Dsgonf Erojih n Ogdfin Erojih2 otuofgnjtn snus fdgdtns séh os ruos Uhkrdluns ko @hjsnio, Säfdh kn Ghrods, Iopdtéh Chéh Gojhnf, n ruo Oeçfdh Chsä kn Gohs.

*]OUOKO ;=3 h jhgn tng djuãjido kh ush kn ug gndh kn trojsphrtn ihih gug jo idkokn kurojtn gudths ojhs3 h ehjkn. Ihjtojkh o porr kh phjth kn soçko (Jdtnrùd), h possolndrh jao ug thtof kn ;= porokos (phjths) nxotognjtn joqunfo fhiofdkokn, koç h jhgn ‖]oroko ;=‗.

*IHPOJIO3 h qun ojtns nro ihjanidkh ihgh Nstroko kh ]déh, rninenu h jhgn kn Ihvojio pnfo `hrgo kh snu tnrrnjh (ihvojio sdljdio ‖ tnrrnjh inriokh kn ghrrhs ihg opnjos ugo njtroko joturof‗). H prdgndrh ph kn hiupoìéh `hd ugo vdfo, ihg inrio kn 5= io sos, prùxdgo oh iosoréh ko `oznjko Ihvojio, prhprdnkokn ko `ogçfdo Enournpodrn Uhaoj. O vdfo `hd ihjstruçko o gojkh ko prùprdo `ogçfdo

*]HU[H KO GOKOGO3 jos tnrros kh otuof eodrrh aovdo ug phrth gudth dgphrtojtn rnsphjsïvnf pnfh rninedgnjth ko fnjao prhvnjdnjtn kh gujdiçpdh kn Ioiahndros kn Goioiu. H dfustrn ihgnridojtn ]oufh Chsä Fnrhux,

n tngphs knphds posshu o snr iaogoko Ovnjdko Oroléh.

qun ghrovo prùxdgh oh phrth, tnvn ihgh ihfoehrokhro o ovù, GoGo rdo Gorlordko Eozdg Knsgornst. Gudth phpufor jo ihgujdkokn, o ovù kh ihgnridojtn nro iaogoko kn Gokogo (ihgh hs erosdfndrhs

5

 

ADY[ÙUDO N LNHLUO@DO KN YÉH LHJÌOFH njtnjkdog o prhjujido `rojinso). H phrth posshu njtéh o sn iaoiaogor ‖]hrth ko Gokogo‗2 quojkh `ujkokh, h eodrrh qun ihgprnnjihgprnnjkdo nsto fhiofdkokn ossdg `hd iaogokh togeäg.

ngpdfaokos os gnriokhrdos qun ianlovog n porog kh phrth, h qun o trojs`hrghu ng phjth kn rn`nrãjido poro hs ghrokhrns ko rnkhjknzo n poro hs eorqundrhs n ihgnridojtns. O fhiofdkokn ihu ossdg ihjanidko ihgh ]hrth kh Uhso, n ossdg `hd rnihjanidko pnfo Iågoro kn Pnrnokhrns.

*]HU[H KO ]NKUO N ]HU[H PNFAH3 h surldgnjth kn ogehs hs eodrrhs nstï rnfoidhjokh ohs phrths qun os fhiofdkokns oerdlovog. Nstns phrths, oeostnidkhs phr eurrhs kn iorlo n iorlundrh kn ehds, fnvovog o prhkuìéh olrçihfo otä hs eorihs qun jnfns otroiovog.

*JNPNY3 hutrh eodrrh iuco hrdlng rngntn oh `ujidhjognjth jh fhiof kn ug phrth. Fhiofdzokh jug phjth nstrotäldih phr nstor prùxdgh os idkokns kn Jdtnrùd n Udh kn Cojndrh, h ]hrth kn Jnvns prhghvdo ug

*GHJCHFHY3 h fhiof tng ng oeujkåjido ug ph kn vnlntof iaogokh ghjghj -

nsihognjth `oidfdto `oidfdtokh kn thko]óefdih o prhkuìéh hrdujko kn Yéh Lhjìofh. Ofd `hd ihjstruçkh hkh Gnriokh Iûjnlh Lhufort, irdokh poro otnjknr í kngojko kn gnriokhrdos kn kdvnrshs snthrns. ]hräg h lrojkn vhfugn kn pndxn trozdkh kn thkh h fdthrof lhjìofnjsn n rn vnjkdkh jh gnriokh `ozdo ihg qun h gnsgh porninssn ug fhiof nxifusdvh nxifusdv h kn vnjko kn pndxns.

 chfh. *[UDJKOKN3 surldu opùs h fhtnognjth ko @oznjko Yojssdgo [rdjkokn, [rdjkokn, qun koto kn ?? kn knzngerh kn ?4>?. O prhprdntïrdo, K. Fnhjhr Ihrrão n snus fahs `hrog hs rnsphjsïvnds pnfh fhtnognjth fhtnognjth,, rnofdzokh otrootroväs ko Dghedfdïrdo [rdjkokn, qun pnrtnjido o snus anrkndrhs.

*]O[UHJO[H3 djdidofgnjtn o fhiofdkokn nro ihjanidko pnfh jhgn ko `oznj`oznj ko qun ofd aovdo3 ‖@oznjko Coiorä‗, prhprdnkokn kh Eoréh kn Yéh Lhjìofh. Ng ?4;1, `hd knjhgdjoko Pdfo Äknj. Gods torkn, opùs o ihjstruìéh kh ]otrhjoth kn Gnjhrns, `hd knjhgdjoko ]otrhjoth.

*PNJKO KO IU^S3 o ïrno kh eodrrh `hd knjdko o porr ko cujìéh kos tnrros khs Enournpodrn Uhaoj, kh [njnjtn Cuvnjof Corkdg ([njnjtn Corkdg), ko Eorhjnso kn Lhdtoiozns n kh ihgnridojtn Ojtûjdh Iruz. O @oznjko ]oroçsh,, prhprdnkokn kh Ihjkn kn Enournpodrn, ä ihjsdknroko odjko ]oroçsh ahcn ug gorih ko `ujkoìéh kh eodrrh2 ofd josinrog snus fahs, ng nspnidof h Pdsihjkn Anjrdqun ]nkrh Iorfhs kn Enournpodrrn Uhaoj.

*]HU[H JHPH3 ossdg ihgh h eodrrh ]otrhjoth, ]hrth Jhvh hrdldjhu-sn o porr kh knsgngerognjth ko @oznjko Coiorä, kh Eoréh kn Yéh Lhjìofh.

^go kos vnrsþns qun cusiog h jhgn ihj`nrdkh oh eodrrh `ofo kn ugo lrojkn iruz qun `hd djirustoko jh Ghrrh kh Iruzndrh.

*PDFO FOLN3 ojtns kn snr ihjanidko pnfh jhgn ‖Pdfo Foln‗, o ïrno ng qun sn ihjshfdkhu h `uturh eodrrh nro iaogoko kn ‖Pdfo ‖ Pdfo Hpnrïrdo‗. Hpnrïrdo‗. O vdfo kn iosos lngdjokos `hd ihjstruçko o gojkh kn ugo `ïerdio fhiof poro qun ofd snus `ujidhjïrdhs puknssng ghror. ]hstnrdhrgnjtn, ng ?4;5, o ihgujdkokn rninenu h Ifuen Yhidof Pdfo Foln, troznjkh ihjsdlh lrojkn prnsldh n hrlufah ohs aoedtojtns fhiods. Os rn`hrrn`hrgos kd`nrnjidokos kos iosos prhghvnu o knsioroitnrdzoìéh knsioroitnrdzoìéh ko vdfo, prhinssh djdidokh oh jof kh säiufh QQ.

*UDH KH H^UH3 h surldgnjth kn eodrrhs oh fhjlh kos gorlnjs kn vdos n `nrrh`nrrhvdos qun ihrtog o idkokn ä ugo gorio kh prhinssh kn hiupoìéh kh shfh lhjìofnjsn, n Udh kh Hurh ä ug nxngpfh kdssh. Ynu knsnjvhfknsnjvhf vdgnjth ihgnìhu í gorlng nsqunrko ko nstroko, hjkn `ujidhjovo o inrågdio Udh kh Hurh, prhkuthro kn gojdfaos. Ihg o dko kn Dtodpu poro Jdtnrùd h eodrrh posshu `oznr portn tojth kh gujdiçpdh kn Jdtnrùd quojth kn Yéh Lhjìofh.

*SÄ LOUH[H3 suo adstùrdo nstï vdjiufoko í nxdstãjido kn ugo pnssho ng poriufor, h dgdlrojtn phrtuluãs Chsä Ofvns kn Oznvnkh, qun ohs knz ojhs kn dkokn ianlhu í Yéh Lhjìofh. Gudth phpufor njtrn o phpufoìéh fhiof, h phrtuluãs nro iordjahsognjtn iaogokh kn ‖Sä Lorhth‗ (Sä phr iouso kn snu jhgn, Chsä, n Lorhth phrqun nro ihih gug iaogor gnjdjhs knsto `hrgo). Cï okufth, Sä Lorhth troeofaotroeofao-

*[UDEHEÙ3 o fhiofdkokn qun knu hrdlng oh eodrrh nro ihgphsto phr vï rdhs rdoiahs, ofäg ko folho kh Iophtn. [hrjhu-sn h gods dgphrtojdgphrtoj tn injtrh kn ovdiufturo kh nstokh kh Udh kn Cojndrh, h qun fnvhu o irdoìéh ko Ihhpnrovo Ovçihfo kn Yéh Lhjìofh. [hkh nssn prhlrnssh `nz ihg qun h fulornch, iaogokh [rdeheù, iossn phpufor n `hssn nfnvokh o eodrrh.

vo ihgh ihgnridojtn. ]hssuço ug orgozäg hjkn ahcn ä h präkdh kh Ojlh @ùrug ko idkokn2 suos tnrros njlfheovog o ïrno ng qun ahcn njihjtroghs o Nsihfo Nstokuof Jdfh ]nìojao n o prdjidpof proìo ko idkokn, o ]roìo ]rh`nsshro Nstnpaojdo kn Iorvofah, ihjanidko phpuforgnjtn ihgh ]roìo kh Sä Lorhth. Njtrn h orgozäg n h nsponspoìh hjkn ahcn iog o nsihfo n o proìo aovdo h Forlh (kh Sä Lorhth), phjth herdlotùrdh kh ehjkn ihg knsjh í Ofiåjtor Ofiåjtoro. o.

*PÏUSNO KOY GHÌOY3 surldu ihg o ihjstruìéh kos iosos khs hpnrïrdhs kn ugo `ïerd`ïerd io kn gojdfaos n tnfaos, kh ph Gorsnfanso, djstofoko jo @oznjko Dpdçeo kn Gofandrhs. Ihg os phstnrdhrns oftnroìþns jhs fdgdtns kn Jdtnrùd n Yéh Lhjìofh, h eodrrh posshu o `oznr portn kn ogeos os idkokns.

I^UDHYDKOKNY

* Os adstùrdos kh Yojth ‖Yéh Lhjìofh‗3 * PDY[O OFNLUN3 snu prhinssh kn hiupoìéh `hd djdidokh ihg o ihjstruìéh ko Pdfo Hpnrïrdo poro hs ngprnlokhs ko Inrågdio Pdsto Ofnlrn2 ojtns kn sn thrjor eodrrh, o fhiofdkokn nro ioroitnrdzoko pnfo prhkuìéh kn fhuìos n ghsodihs.

[nxth kh Adsthrdokhr Lhjìofnjsn ]rh`. Yofvokhr Goto n Ydfvo ]UDGNDUO ADY[ÙUDO

Yéh Lhjìofh ä ug sojth phrtuluãs ihg iufth pnrgdkh pnfh popo Cófdh DDD ng 5; kn oerdf kn ?>>?. Josidkh ng [oldfkn jh ojh kn ??14 ng Ogorojtn, jh Khurh, í gorlng kdrndto kh rdh [ågnlo, ng ]hrtulof. Opùs suo ghrtn, posshu o snr prhtnthr khs vdhfndrhs, rngäkdh ihjtro os njianjtns, ofäg kn iosognjtndr iosognjtndrh. h. Kdz o fnjko qun o gufanr qun thior ihg oflugo portn kh ihrph h tógufh kh sojth, ng ]hrtulof, tnrï iosognjth lorojkh knjtrh kn, jh gïxdgh, ug ojh. O kojìo djvnjtoko phr nfn ihjjuhu snjkh rnofdzoko phr kdvnrshs lruphs qun ofäg kn `nstncor h sojth, polog prhgnssos o nfn. O knvhìéh sojth jh phvhokh Gussuio, jo idkokn kn Forojcndro Forojcndros, Ynrldpn, `ndto kn gojndro ofnlrn, oh shg kn kuos vdhfos2`ndtos khds iovoqudjahs2 ugoohiodxo (thioko pnfh potréh kh lruph, Yr. Yofns, Yr. >4 ojhs s, n 5= kn Yéhä Lhjìofh) n khds pufäs (djstrugnjth gusdiof `ndth kn eogeu). Ofäg khs thiokhrns, poridpog hs kojìokhrns (ng jógnrh kn hdth ng polognjth kn prhgnsso, phkkh ougnjtor, knpnjknjkh ko hiosdéh) n o gordphso, gufanr qun snluro o dgolng kh sojth ng ug eorih, vdsth qun jo Gussuio, oirnkdto-sn qun h sojth tnjao sdkh gordjandrh ng vdrtukn ko vdjiufoìéh kn suo vdko oh gor hu o rdh r dh [ågnlo. [ågnlo. YNL^JKO ADY[ÙUDO

Enoth Lhjìofh kn Ogorojtn Yéh Lhjìofh ä h sojth phrtuluãs qun, sherntukh jh Jhrtn kn ]hrtulof, lhzo ko godhr knvhìéh, fhlh knphds kn Yojth Ojtûjdh kn Fdseho. Jo suo Adstùrdo Nifnsdïsio Nifnsdïsio kn ]hrtulof, h ]okrn Gdlunf kn Hfdvndro kdz opnjos h snludjtn3 «Y. Lhjìofh kn Ogorojtn qun sn supþn `ofnidkh o ?= kn Cojndrh kn ?5>42 h snu iufth `hd pnrgdkh pnfh ]opo Cófdh DDD (5; kn Oerdf kn ?>>?) n ihjrgokh phr ]dh DP (?>0?)2 Ifngnjtn Q nstnjknu h hidh n o Gdsso o thko o Hrkng khgdjdiojo (?0