Apostila de Pta

 

 

OU ==  ‘ XCISUMOÉM OM L[CUMÉÈL AC [QM.

Oljc> Amtm> Cjprcsm>

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

 

 

Olrjms ac sciurmoém 

[cr` i l  M oèl lescrvåoh`m ams `ostruéócs c olrjms ac sciurmoém hlot`ams ocstc jmoumd plac prlvlhmr jlrtc lu mh`acotcs pcsslm`s irmvcs. Oèl lpcrc m jíqu`om m oèl s cr q u c> Rlhî mprcoam c prmt`quc ls pr`ohêp`ls ac lpcrméèl sciurm am jíqu`om hlot`als ocstc jmoumd al lpcrmalr. = Cv`tmr s`tuméócs ac r`s hl. Hlogcém c hljprccoam ms olrjms ac sciurmoém motcs ac prlssciu`r pmrm m prøx`jm scéèl. 5 Bmzcr sscjprc cjprc ujm `ospcéèl prà-lpcrméèl. 8 Bmzcr scjprc ls tcstcs ac buoéócs motcs ac ut`d`zmr m jíqu`om. 1 @ospch`lomr l dlhmd ac trmemdgl. trme mdgl. 3 St`d`zmr m jíqu`om sljcotc pmrm m b`omd`amac b`omd`am ac pdmocnmam. Rlhî dc`m, hljprccoam c s`im ms `ostruéócs c olrjms ac sciurmoém al bmer`hmotc> jmoum`s ac sciurmoém c al lpcrmalr c macs`vls am jíqu`om. Rlhî dc`m, hljprccoam c s`im ms olrjms ac sciurmoém al cjprcimalr c ms olrjms al dlhmd ac trmemdgl. Rlhî dc`m, hljprccoam c s`im tlams ms olrjms ilvcromjcotm`s mpd`hívc`s. Rlhî tcogm rchce`al trc`omjcotl macqumal pmrm lpcrmr m jíqu`om hlj sciurmoém

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

   

 

OLUJMX AC XCISUMOÉM XCISUMOÉM   Oèl ut`d`zc m jíqu`om hljl mtcrrmjcotl pmrm lpcrméócs ac sldam, m jcols quc cstcnm cqu`pmam hlj uj lph`lomd ac d`ogm ac sldam pmrm m pdmtmblrjm c cstcnm hlochtmam ac blrjm macqumam.

U`shls ac hglqucs cdàtr`hls Cstm jíqu`om oèl à cdctr`hmjcotc `sldmam c oèl lbcrchc prltcéèl hlotrm hlotmtls lu prlx`j`amac hlj m hlrrcotc cdàtr`hm.

U`shls ac tljemjcotl Ls lhupmotcs, ls cqu`pmjcotls c ls jmtcr`m`s oèl acvcj cxhcacr m hmpmh`amac jíx`jm am pdmtmblrjm.

 

Hmpmh`a Hmpm h`a mac jíx`j m am pdmtmblr jm Oþjcrl jíx`j l ac lhupmotcs

Jmotcogm ujm a`ståoh`m sciurm ams d`ogms ac md`jcotméèl c ac a`spls`t`vls ac cocri`m cdàtr`hm, ac mhlral hlj ms olrjms ilvcromjcotm`s mpd`hívc`s c hlj m tmecdm m sciu`r.   Qcosèl bmsc m bmsc  

 

A`ståoh`m jêo` jm ac mprlx`j méèl s ciurm Jctrls   Jctrls

55 559 9 fi  5 

L pcsl ac lph`lom`s c mhcssør`ls, hljl sldamalrcs c mhcssør`ls pmrm cdcvméèl ac tuels c ac pm`oà`s, rcauz m hmpmh`amac olj`omd am pdmtmblrjm c acvc scr hlos`acrmal om hmpmh`amac tltmd ac hmrim am pdmtmblrjm. Hlosudtc ls macs`vls ols lph`lom` lph`lom`s. s. Oèl cdcvc lu cstcoam m dmoém m jcols quc m jíqu`om cstcnm cj ujm supcrbêh`c b`rjc c o`vcdmam.

Cv`tmr hlotmtl  

; m 8;; R 8;; R m 3; fR

8,= 8,=  

3; fR m 5;; fR

1,2 1,2  

5;; fR m 83; fR

2,= 2,=  

83; fR m 3;; fR

9,2

3;; fR m 93; fR

=;,9

93; fR m =.;;; fR

=8,9

Jmotcogm ujm a`ståoh`m quc pcrj`tm l jlv`jcotl am pdmtmblrjm, lsh`dméèl lu qucam am d`ogm ac cocri`m cdàtr`hm c tcogm hu`amal hlj vcotls blrtcs lu rmnmams ac vcotl. Jmotcogm-sc mbmstmal am jíqu`om cj hmsl ac hlotmtl hlj d`ogms ac md`jcotméèl cocri`zmams. Ms pcsslms quc cst`vcrcj ol sldl lu om pdmtmblrjm oèl acvcj tlhmr ocj lpcrmr m jíqu`om mtà quc ms d`ogms ac md`jcotméèl cocri`zmams scnmj acsd`imams. Oèl lpcrc m jíqu`om sc gluvcr rm`ls lu aurmotc tcjpcstmacs.

Oèl acpcoam al mdmrjc ac `ohd`oméèl hljl uj `oa`hmalr ac oêvcd. L mdmrjc ac `ohd`oméèl slmrí om pdmtmblrjm sljcotc qumoal m jíqu`om cst`vcr cj achd`vc mhcotumal. Xc l mdmrjc ac `ohd`oméèl slmr> oèl cstcoam, i`rc lu cdcvc m dmoém mh`jm am pls`éèl glr`zlotmd. Jlvm m jíqu`om pmrm ujm supcrbêh`c b`rjc c o`vcdmam motcs ac cdcvmr m pdmtmblrjm. Xc l mdmrjc ac `ohd`oméèl slmr qumoal m pdmtmblrjm cst`vcr cdcvmam, rctrm`m m dmoém c acsém m pdmtmblrjm hlj ju`tl hu`amal. Oèl i`rc m dmoém aurmotc l prlhca`jcotl ac acsh`am. Jlvm m jíqu`om pmrm ujm supcrbêh`c b`rjc c o`vcdmam motcs ac cdcvmr m pdmtmblrjm.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

OLUJMX AC XCISUMOÉM XCISUMOÉM   Oèl ut`d`zc ls hlotrldcs am pdmtmblrjm pmrm d`ecrmr ujm pdmtmblrjm quc tcogm b`hmal prcsm, tcogm csemrrmal lu cohlotrmal mdiuj lestíhudl ml jlv`jcotl olrjmd acv`al m ujm cstruturm manmhcotc. Qlams ms pcsslms acvcj scr rcjlv`ams am pdmtmblrjm motcs ac tcotmr d`ecrí-dm ut`d`zmoal ls

Oèl a`r`nm m jíqu`om hlj m dmoém cdcvmam lu cstcoa`am cj tcrrcols `rrciudmrcs lu cj sums prlx`j`amacs, cj supcrbêh`cs `ostívc`s lu cj lutrms hloa`éócs ac r`shl.

hlotrldcs ac sldl. Oèl mdtcrc ocj acsmt`vc ms hgmvcs d`j`tmalrms.

ë hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl cj mhd`vc, achd`vc c ac `ohd`oméèl dmtcrmd am jíqu`om. M hmpmh`amac ac `ohd`oméèl mpd`hm-sc sljcotc m jíqu`oms om pls`éèl rctrmêam.

Oèl cdcvc m dmoém sc m vcdlh`amac al vcotl blr supcr`lr m =5,3 j/s. Xc m vcdlh`amac al vcotl cxhcacr =5,3 j/s qumoal m dmoém cst`vcr cdcvmam, mem`xc m dmoém c oèl hlot`ouc m lpcrmr m jíqu`om. Oèl lpcrc m jíqu`om sc gluvcr vcotls blrtcs lu rmnmams ac vcotl. Oèl mujcotc m írcm am supcrbêh`c am pdmtmblrjm lu am hmrim. L mujcotl am írcm cxplstm ml vcotl rcauz m cstme`d`amac am jíqu`om.

Oèl jlv`jcotc m jíqu`om cj uj achd`vc supcr`lr

Hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl, pls`éèl rctrmêam, 5YA  Mhd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl

53% (=1»)

Achd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl

5;% (==»)

@ohd`oméèl dmtcrmd

53% (=1»)

Hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl, pls`éèl rctrmêam, 1YA   1YA  Mhd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl

1;% (55»)  

Achd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl @ohd`oméèl dmtcrmd

8;% (=9»)  (=9»)   53% (=1»)  (=1»)  

Lescrvméèl> m hmpmh`amac ac `ohd`oméèl cstí sunc`tm ës hloa`éócs al sldl c ë trméèl macqumam. A`r`nm m jíqu`om om pls`éèl rctrmêam, hlj cxtrcjl hu`amal c cj em`xm vcdlh`amac, ml pmssmr plr tcrrcols `rrciudmrcs, actr`tls, supcrbêh`cs `ostívc`s lu cshlrrcima`ms c prøx`jl m eurmhls c achd`vcs mhcotumals.

 

Oèl mdtcrc ocj acsmt`vc hljplocotcs am jíqu`om quc plssmj, ac mdiujm blrjm, mbctmr m sciurmoém c m cstme`d`amac. Oèl suest`tum `tcos csscoh`m`s pmrm m cstme`d`amac am jíqu`om plr `tcos ac pcsls lu cspch`b`hméócs a`bcrcotcs. Oèl cjpurrc lenctls pmrm acotrl lu pmrm blrm am pdmtmblrjm. Blrém dmtcrmd jíx`jm pcrj`t`am - MOX@ c HXM 229 O  O  Blrém jmoumd jíx`jm pcrj`t`am - HC c Mustríd`m 1;; O

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

OLUJMX AC XCISUMOÉM XCISUMOÉM   Oèl jla`b`quc ocj mdtcrc ujm pdmtmblrjm pmrm trmemdgl màrcl scj l hloscot`jcotl pràv`l plr cshr`tl al bmer`hmotc. M jlotmicj ac a`spls`t`vls pmrm cstlhmr bcrrmjcotms lu lutrls jmtcr`m`s om pdmtmblrjm, oms pdmhms am emsc lu ol s`stcjm ac tr`dgls ac prltcéèl plac mujcotmr l pcsl om pdmtmblrjm c om írcm am supcrbêh`c am pdmtmblrjm lu am a m hmrim. hmrim. Oèl hldlquc lu mjmrrc hmrims quc sc prlnctcj pmrm blrm cj ocogujm pmrtc am jíqu`om.

U`shls ac qucam Ls lhupmotcs acvcj ut`d`zmr uj h`otl ac sciurmoém lu lutrl cqu`pmjcotl macqumal, ac mhlral hlj ms olrjms ilvcromjcotm`s ilvcromjcotm`s.. [rcoam l h`otl ol plotl ac mjmrrméèl cx`stcotc om pdmtmblrjm. Oèl scotc, oèl b`quc cj pà c ocj suem ols tr`dgls ac prltcéèl am pdmtmblrjm. Jmotcogm-sc scjprc b`rjc ol p`sl am pdmtmblrjm.

Oèl hldlquc cshmams lu moam`jcs om pdmtmblrjm lu mpl`mals cj qumdqucr pmrtc am jíqu`om jíqu`om.. Oèl trmosplrtc bcrrmjcotms c jmtcr`m`s, m oèl scr quc cstcnmj uo`blrjcjcotc a`str`euêals c plssmj scr jmouscmals hlj sciurmoém pcdms pcsslms om pdmtmblrjm. Oèl ut`d`zc m jíqu`om slerc ujm supcrbêh`c jøvcd lu cj jlv`jcotl, ocj slerc vcêhudls. Rcr`b`quc sc ls pocus cstèl cj elms hloa`éócs, sc ls pocus hlj mr cstèl macqumamjcotc hmd`ermals c sc ms plrhms hlj ldgmd cstèl ecj mpcrtmams.

Oèl acsém am pdmtmblrjm qumoal cdm cst`vcr cdcvmam. Jmotcogm l p`sl am pdmtmblrjm d`vrc ac actr`tls.  Mem`xc l tr`dgl hcotrmd  Mem`xc hcotrmd ac cotrmam a am m pdmtmblrjm pdmtmblrjm lu bchgc m plrtm ac cotrmam motcs ac `o`h`mr m lpcrméèl.

Oèl ut`d`zc m jíqu`om hljl uj iu`oamstc. Oèl cjpurrc m jíqu`om lu lutrls lenctls hlj m dmoém. Cv`tc l hlotmtl ac cstruturms manmhcotcs hlj m dmoém. Oèl prcoam m dmoém lu m pdmtmblrjm m cstruturms manmhcotcs. Oèl hldlquc hmrims blrm al pcrêjctrl am pdmtmblrjm.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

OLUJMX AC XCISUMOÉM XCISUMOÉM  

U`shls ac cxpdlsèl c `ohîoa`l

Rcr`b`quc sc gí lestruéócs mh`jm am írcm ac trmemdgl lu lutrls r`shls plssêvc`s.

Oèl aî pmrt`am ol jltlr sc actchtmr lu scot`r hgc`rl ac iís d`qucbc`tl ac pctrødcl (ID[), imsld`om, a`cscd lu lutrms sueståoh`ms cxpdls`vms. Oèl rcmemstcém m jíqu`om hlj l jltlr cj buoh`lomjcotl. Ucmemstcém m jíqu`om c hmrrciuc m emtcr`m sljcotc cj ujm írcm mecrtm c ecj vcot`dmam, dloic ac bmêshms, hgmjms lu h`imrrls mhcsls. Oèl lpcrc m jíqu`om cj dlhm`s pcr`ilsls lu loac plssmj cstmr prcscotcs imscs lu pmrtêhudms `obdmjívc`s lu cxpdls`vms. Oèl pudvcr`zc àtcr cj jltlrcs cqu`pmals hlj vcdms `ohmoacshcotcs.

U`shls ac hld`sèl Cstcnm mtcotl ë a`ståoh`m v`sumd d`j`tmam c mls plotls hcils ml a`r`i`r lu lpcrmr m jíqu`om.

Cstcnm mtcotl m r`shls ac csjmimjcotl ml sciurmr l tr`dgl ac prltcéèl am pdmtmblrjm. Lescrvc c ut`d`zc ms sctms ac a`rcéèl hlj høa`il ac hlrcs ols hlotrldcs am pdmtmblrjm c ol hgmss` am jíqu`om pmrm ms buoéócs ac jlv`jcotl c a`rcéèl. Oèl mem`xc m dmoém, m jcols quc m írcm mem`xl acdm cstcnm d`vrc ac pcsslms c lestruéócs.

Cstcnm mtcotl ë pls`éèl am dmoém ml i`rmr m emsc i`rmtør`m. Ls lpcrmalrcs acvcj hujpr`r ms olrjms al cjprcimalr, al dlhmd ac trmemdgl c ilvcr ilvcromjcotm` omjcotm`ss qumotl ë ut`d`zméèl ac cqu`pmjcotls ac prltcéèl pcsslmd. D`j`tc m vcdlh`amac ac lpcrméèl ac mhlral hlj ms hloa`éócs am supcrbêh`c, al hloicst`lomjcotl c am `ohd`oméèl al sldl, am dlhmd`zméèl ac pcsslms c ac qum`squcr lutrls bmtlrcs quc plssmj prlvlhmr hld`sèl. Oèl a`r`nm ac blrjm pcr`ilsm lu `jpruacotc ml lpcrmr m jíqu`om. Oèl lpcrc ujm dmoém om rltm ac uj iu`oamstc, m jcols quc ls hlotrldcs al iu`oamstc tcogmj s`al trmvmals c/lu tcogmj s`al tljmams prchmuéócs pmrm cv`tmr ujm hld`sèl cj pltcoh`md.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

OLUJMX AC XCISUMOÉM XCISUMOÉM  

U`shls ac amols ë jíqu`om Oèl ut`d`zc m jíqu`om sc cst`vcr amo`b`hmam lu oèl cst`vcr buoh`lomoal hlrrctmjcotc.

Xciurmoém am d`ogm ac sldam pmrm m pdmtmblrjm (sc `ostmdmam)

Bmém ujm `ospcéèl `ospcéèl prà-lpcrméèl hljpdctm om

Dc`m, cotcoam c s`im tlams ms mavcrtîoh`ms c `ostruéócs blroch`ams hlj m jíqu`om ac sldamicj.

jíqu`om c tcstc tlams ms buoéócs motcs ac hmam turol ac trmemdgl. @acot`b`quc `jca`mtmjcotc c rct`rc m jíqu`om ac scrv`él sc cst`vcr amo`b`hmam lu oèl cst`vcr buoh`lomoal hlrrctmjcotc.

Oèl hlochtc tcrj`om`s ac sldam lu hmels, m jcols quc m jíqu`om ac sldamicj cstcnm acsd`imam ol olss hlotrldcs hlotrl dcs am pdmtmblrjm.

Rcr`b`quc sc m jmoutcoéèl bl` cxchutmam hloblrjc cspch`b`hmal ol jmoumd.

Oèl lpcrc m jíqu`om, m jcols quc ls hmels ac sldam cstcnmj hlochtmals macqumamjcotc.

Rcr`b`quc sc tlals ls macs`vls cstèl acv`amjcotc b`xmals c dciêvc`s.

Hlochtc ls tcrj`om`s mls hlochtlrcs ac trmvm plr tlréèl am emsc i`rmtør`m c am pdmtmblrjm.

Rcr`b`quc sc ls jmoum`s al lpcrmalr, ac sciurmoém c ac rcsplosme`d`amacs cstèl hljpdctls, dciêvc`s c iumramals ol rch`p`cotc dlhmd`zmal om pdmtmblrjm.

U`shls ac amols mls hljplocotcs Oèl ut`d`zc emtcr`ms lu hmrrcimalrcs hlj jm`s ac =5 R hljl mux`d`malrcs ac pmrt`am. Oèl ut`d`zc m jíqu`om hljl mtcrrmjcotl pmrm lpcrméócs ac sldam, m jcols quc cstcnm cqu`pmam cqu`pma m hlj uj lph`lomd ac d`ogm ac sldam pmrm m pdmtmblrjm c cstcnm hlochtmam ac blrjm macqumam.

U`shls ac mh`acotcs pcsslm`s Oèl lpcrc m jíqu`om hlj vmzmjcotl ac ødcl g`aríud`hl lu ac mr. L vmzmjcotl ac mr lu ødcl g`aríud`hl plac pcoctrmr om pcdc c/lu quc`jíquc`jí-dm. dm. Xcjprc lpcrc m jíqu`om cj ujm írcm ecj vcot`dmam pmrm cv`tmr `otlx`hméèl plr jloøx`al ac hmrelol. L hlotmtl `omacqumal hlj hljplocotcs `ostmdmals acotrl ac hljpmrt`jcotls hlj tmjpm placrí prlvlhmr mh`acotcs pcsslm`s irmvcs. Xljcotc pcsslmd ac jmoutcoéèl trc`omal acvc tcr mhcssl mls hljpmrt`jcotls. L lpcrmalr sø acvc mhcssí-dls ml rcmd`zmr ujm `ospcéèl prà-lpcrméèl. Qlals ls hljpmrt`jcotls acvcj pcrjmochcr bchgmals c trmvmals aurmotc m lpcrméèl.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

OLUJMX AC XCISUMOÉM XCISUMOÉM  

Xciurmoém am emtcr`m

Dcicoam als macs`vls

U`shls ac quc`jmaurm

Ls macs`vls ut`d`zmj sêjeldls, høa`ils ac hlrcs c pmdmvrms pmdmv rms ac mdcrtm pmrm `acot`b`hmr l sciu`otc>

Emtcr`ms hlotîj íh`al. Ssc scjprc rlupms ac prltcéèl c øhudls ac sciurmoém ml trmemdgmr hlj emtcr`ms. Cv`tc acrrmjmjcotl al íh`al ams emtcr`ms lu hlotmtl hlj cdc. Ocutrmd`zc l íh`al ac emtcr`m acrrmjmal hlj e`hmrelomtl ac søa`l c íium.

U`shl ac cxpdlsèl Jmotcogm m emtcr`m mbmstmam ac bmêshms, hgmjms c h`imrrls mhcsls. Emtcr`ms cj`tcj iís cxpdls`vl.

U`shl ac hglqucs cdàtr`hls Cv`tc hlotmtl hlj tcrj`om`s cdàtr`hls.

Xêjeldl ac mdcrtm ac slerc sciurmoém> ut`d`zmal pmrm mdcrtmr plssêvc`s r`shls ac mh`acotcs pcsslm`s. Lecacém m tlams ms jcosmicos ac sciurmoém sciurmoém q quc uc mhljpmogmj cssc sêjeldl pmrm cv`tmr plssêvc`s mh`acotcs pcsslm`s pcss lm`s l lu u jlrtc. Rcrjcdgl> ut`d`zmal pmrm `oa`hmr ujm s`tuméèl ac r`shl `j`ocotc quc, sc oèl blr cv`tmam, rcsudtmrí cj jlrtc lu mh`acotcs pcsslm`s irmvcs. Dmrmonm> ut`d`zmal pmrm `oa`hmr m prcscoém ac ujm s`tuméèl ac plssêvcd r`shl quc, sc oèl cv`tmam, placrí rcsudtmr cjblr jlrtc lu mh`acotcs pcsslm`s irmvcs.  Mjmrcdl hlj hlj sêjel sêjeldl dl ac mdcrtm ac sciurmoém> ut`d`zmal pmrm `oa`hmr m prcscoém ac ujm s`tuméèl ac plssêvcd r`shl quc, sc oèl blr cv`tmam, placrí prlvlhmr mh`acotcs pcsslm`s dcvcs lu jlacrmals.  Mjmrcdl scj scj sêjeldl sêjeldl ac mdcrtm ac sciurmoém> ut`d`zmal pmrm `oa`hmr ujm s`tuméèl ac plssêvcd r`shl quc, sc oèl blr cv`tmam, plac rcsudtmr cj amols pmtr`jlo`m`s. Rcrac> ut`d`zmal pmrm `oa`hmr `oblrjméócs ac lpcrméèl lu jmoutcoéèl.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

 

Hlotrldcs  =

5

5;

[m`ocdd ac hlotrldc am pdmtmblrj m [m`oc  

= Eltèl am euz`om 5 Hgmvc ac oêvcd am pdmtmblrjm pdmtmb lrjm 8 Hgmvc ac i`rl am pdmtmblr pdmtmblrjm jm 1 Hgmvc ac cdcvméèl/acsh`am al n`e

8

3

1

=0

=7

2 

=9 

7 Hgmvc ac pmrt`am al jltlr  0 Hgmvc ac hlotrldc ac jmrhgm dcotm dcotm (rpj) - Xêjeldl ac tmrtmruim> jmrhgm dcotm `obcr`lr - Xêjeldl ac hlcdgl> jmrhgm dcotm supcr`lr

3 Hgmvc ac md`jcotméèl mux mux`d`mr `d`mr

=; Jlacdls m imsld`om/ID[> hgmvc ac scdcéèl ac imsld`om/ID[

2 Hgmvc scdctlrm am vcdlh`amac ac lpcrméèl

== Eltèl vcrjcdgl ac pmrmam ac cjcriîoh`m

9 Hgmvc ac vcdm `ohmoacshcotc (lph`lomd)

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7 ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89;  ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>> n`.sci.ms C-jm`d  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.tr scsslr`m.trc`omjc c`omjcotlKij otlKijm`d.hlj m`d.hlj   www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822  ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

   

 

HLOQULDCX HLOQULDCX  

7

9

0

=;

==   ==

XQL[ 

 

=2

=3 

=1

=8

=5

=5 Mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc prlplrh`lomd pmrm ms buoéócs ac jlv`jcotl c hgmvc lsh`dmotc pmrm ms buoéócs ac a`rcéèl LS mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc prlplrh`lomd hlj h lj c`xl aupdl pmrm ms buoéócs ac jlv`jcotl c ac a`rcéèl  a`rcéèl  

jlv`jcotl  =2 Hgmvc ac gme`d`tméèl al jlv`jcotl  =9 Mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc prlplrh`lomd pmrm buoéèl ac sue`am/acsh`am sue`am/acsh`am am dmoém schuoaír`m  schuoaír`m 

=8 Dåjpmam `oa`hmalrm ac slerchmrim am pdmtmblrjm (sc `ostmdmam)  `ostmdmam) 

=0 Cqu`pmjcotl lph`lomd  lph`lomd 

acso`vcdmam   =1 Dåjpmam `oa`hmalrm ac jíqu`om acso`vcdmam  (sc `ostmdmam) `ostmdmam)   =3 Dåjpmam `oa`hmalrm ac gme`d`tméèl al jlv`jcotl   jlv`jcotl

=7 Hgmvc ac cxtcosèl/rctrméèl am dmoém pr`jír`m  pr`jír`m  5; Mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc prlplrh`lomd hlj c`xl aupdl pmrm ms buoéócs ac sue`am/acsh`am am dmoém pr`jír`m c ac i`rl ë csqucram/a`rc`tm am emsc i`rmtør`m

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

HLOQULDCX  HLOQULDCX 

[m`ocd ac hlotr ldc ac sldl = 5 8 1

Hgmvc ac i`rl am emsc i`rmtør` i`rmtør`m m Hgmvc ac cdcvméèl/acsh`am am dmoém pr`jír pr`jír`m `m Hgmvc ac cxtcosèl/rctrméèl am dmoém pr`jír`m Dåjpmam `oa`hmalrm ac slerchmrim am pdmtmblrjm (sc `ostmdmam) 3 Jlacdls m imsld`om/ID[> hg hgmvc mvc ac scdcéèl ac hljeustêvcd 2 Hgmvc ac md`jcotméèl mux`d`mr 9 Jlacdls m imsld`om/ID[> `oa`hmalr ac tcjpcrmturm am íium (lph`lomd) Jlacdls Acutz A`cscd> `oa`hmalr ac tcjpcrmturm tcjpcrmtu rm al ødcl 7 Hgmvc ac hljmoal pmrm scdcéèl ac pdmtmblrjm/acsd`imal/sldl 0 Jmoñjctrl al ødcl (lph`lomd) =; @oa`hmalr ac tcosèl (lph`lomd) == Eltèl vvcrjcdgl crjcdgl ac pmrmam ac cjcriîoh`m

=5 Jlacdls m imsld`om/ID[> dåjpmam ac vcr`b`hméèl =8 =1 =3 =2 =9 =7 =0 5; 5= 55 58

al jltlr Glrêjctrl Hgmvc ac cdcvméèl/acsh`am am dmoém schuoaír`m Jlacdls Acutz A`cscd> hgmvc ac vcdm `ohmoacshcotc (lph`lomd) Hgmvc ac gme`d`tméèl ac buoéèl Hgmvc ac pmrt`am al jltlr A`snuotlr ac =3 M pmrm h`rhu`tls cdàtr`hls al jltlr A`snuotlr ac 5; M pmrm rcsbr`malr al ødcl c lph`lom`s A`snuotlr ac =3 M pmrm h`rhu`tls cdàtr`hls ac hlotrldc Hgmvc ac cdcvméèl/acsh`am al n`e Hgmvc ac oêvcd am pdmtmblrjm pdmtmb lrjm Hgmvc ac i`rl am pdmtmblrjm pdmtmblr jm

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7 ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89;  ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>> n`.sci.ms C-jm`d  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.tr scsslr`m.trc`omjc c`omjcotlKij otlKijm`d.hlj m`d.hlj   www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

D ci c co oa m

= Hgmvc ac pà 5 Uch`p`cotc al jmoumd 8 Qr`dgl hcotrmd acsd`zmotc acsd`zmot c 1 [lotl ac mjmrrméèl pmrm trmosplrtc 3 [ocu oèl hljmoamal pcdm a`rcéèl 2 [ocu hljmoamal pcdm a`rcéèl 9 Hlotrldcs ac sldl 7 Dmoém pr`jír`m 0 N`e am dmoém =; Hlotrldcs am pdmtmblrjm == [dmtmblrjm =5 Dmoém schuoaír`m

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

@ospcéèl prà-lpcrméèl  Oléócs Oléó cs eís` hms  À rcsplosme`d`amac al lpcrmalr rcmd`zmr m `ospcéèl prà-lpcrméèl c m jmou jmoutcoéèl tcoéèl ac rlt`om.

Oèl lpcrc m jíqu`om m oèl s cr q u c> Rlhî mprcoam c prmt`quc ls pr`ohêp`ls ac lpcrméèl sciurm am jíqu`om hlot`als ocstc jmoumd al lpcrmalr. = Cv`tmr s`tuméócs ac r`shl. 5 Bmzcr Bmzcr scjpr scjpr c ujm `ospcéèl prà-lp crméèl. Hlogcém c hljprccoam m `ospcéèl pràlpcrméèl motcs motcs ac prlssciu`r pmrm m prø x`jm scéèl.

 M `ospcé `ospcéèl èl prà-lpcrméèl prà-lpcrméèl à ujm `ospcé `ospcéèl èl v`sumd rcmd`zmam pcdl lpcrmalr motcs m otcs ac hmam turol ac trmemdgl. L lenct`vl am `ospcéèl à acshler`r sc gí mdil mpmrcotcjcotc crrmal hlj m jíqu`om, motcs quc l lpcrmalr cxchutc ls tcstcs ac buoéócs.  M `osp `ospcéèl céèl p prà-lpcrm rà-lpcrméèl éèl tmjeà tmjeàj j scrv scrvc c pmrm actcrj`omr sc ls prlhca`jcotls am jmoutcoéèl ac rlt`om sèl ochcssír`ls. Xljcotc ls `tcos ac jmoutcoéèl ac rlt`om cspch`b`hmals ocstc jmoumd placj scr cxchutmals cxchutmals pcdl lpcrmalr lpcrmalr.. Hlosudtc m d`stm om prøx`jm píi`om c vcr`b`quc hmam uj als `tcos. Xc blr actchtmal mdiuj acbc`tl lu mdtcrméèl oèl mutlr`zmam oms hloa`éócs lr`i`om`s ac bíer`hm, m

8 Bmzcr scjprc ls tcstcs ac buoéócs motcs ac ut`d`zmr m jíqu`om.

jíqu`om acvcrí scr `acot`b`hmam c rct`rmam ac scrv`él.

1 @ospch`lomr l dlhmd ac trmem trmemdgl. dgl.

Ucpmrls om jíqu`om sø placj scr bc`tls plr uj tàho`hl ac jmoutcoéèl qumd`b`hmal, ac mhlral hlj ms cspch`b`hméócs al bmer`hmotc. Mpøs m hlohdusèl als rcpmrls, l lpcrmalr acvc cxchutmr olvmjcotc ujm `ospcéèl prà-lpcrméèl, motcs ac prlssciu` prlssciu`rr hlj ls tcstcs ac buoéócs.

3 St`d`zmr m jíqu`om sljcotc pmrm m b`omd b`omd`amac `amac pdmocnmam.

 Ms `osp `ospcéócs céócs ac jmoutcoéèl jmoutcoéèl prlirm prlirmjmams jmams acvc acvcj j scr cxchutmams plr tàho`hls ac jmoutcoéèl qumd`b`hmals, ac mhlral hlj ms cspch`b`hméócs al bmer`hmotc c hlj ls rcqu`s`tls rcdmh`lomals ol jmoumd ac rcsplosme` rcsplosme`d`amacs. d`amacs.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

@OX[CÉÈL [UÀ-L[CUMÉÈL 

@ospcéèl prà-lpcrméèl Rcr`b`quc sc ls jmoum`s al lpcrmalr, ac sciurmoém c ac rcsplosme`d`amacs c cstèl stèl hljpdctls, dciêvc`s c iumramals ol rch`p`cotc dlhmd`zmal om pdmtmblrjm. Rcr`b`quc sc tlals ls macs`vls sèl dciêvc`s c sc cstèl ols acv`als duimrcs. Hlosudtc m scéèl  Macs`vls.

hgmvcs d`j`tmalrms c euz`om6 mdmrjcs c s`omd`zmalrcs (sc `ostmdmals)6 plrhms, pmrmbusls c lutrls cdcjcotls ac b`xméèl6 cotrmam dmtcrmd/plrtm am pdmtmblrjm. @ospch`loc m jíqu`om plr hljpdctl c vcr`b`quc>

Rcr`b`quc sc gí vmzmjcotls ac ødcl al jltlr c sc l oêvcd cstí hlrrctl. Ma`h`loc ødcl, sc ochcssír`l. Hlosudtc m scéèl Jmoutcoéèl.

Xc gí tr`ohms cj sldams lu hljplocotcs cstruturm`s.

Rcr`b`quc sc gí vmzmjcotls ac ødcl g`aríud`hl c sc l oêvcd cstí hlrrctl. Ma`h`loc ødcl, sc ochcssír`l. Hlosudtc m scéèl Jmoutcoéèl.

Xc gí cxhcssl ac bcrruicj, hlrrlsèl lu lx`améèl.

Rcr`b`quc sc gí vmzmjcotls al bdu`al rcbr`icrmotc al jltlr c sc l oêvcd cstí hlrrctl.  Ma`h`loc  Ma`h`lo c bdu`al rcbr`icrmo rcbr`icrmotc, tc, sc ochcss ochcssír`l. ír`l. Hlosudtc m scéèl Jmoutcoéèl. Rcr`b`quc sc gí vmzmjcotls ac bdu`al am emtcr`m c sc l oêvcd cstí hlrrctl. Ma`h`loc íium acst`dmam, sc ochcssír`l. Hlosudtc m scéèl Jmoutcoéèl.

Xc gí acblrjméócs lu amols om jíqu`om.

Xc tlals ls hljplocotcs cstruturm`s c lutrls `tcos v`tm`s cstèl prcscotcs c tlals ls cdcjcotls ac b`xméèl c p`ols msslh`mals cstèl ols scus acv`als duimrcs c hlrrctmjcotc mpcrtmals. Acpl`s ac hlohdu`r m `ospcéèl, vcr`b`quc sc tlams ms tmjpms als hljpmrt`jcotls cstèl ols scus duimrcs c trmvmams.

Rcr`b`quc sc m prcssèl als pocus cstí hlrrctm. Hmd`erc-ls, sc ochcssír`l. Hlosudtc m scéèl Jmoutcoéèl. Rcr`b`quc sc gí amols, jla`b`hméócs oèl mutlr`zmams, pcéms bmdtmoal lu `ostmdmams ac blrjm `omacqumam ols sciu`otcs hljplocotcs lu írcms> hljplocotcs cdàtr`hls, b`méèl c hmels cdàtr`hls6 jmoiuc`rms g`aríud`hms, hlocxócs, h`d`oarls c a`str`eu`alrcs6 tmoqucs ac hljeustêvcd c ac ødcl g`aríud`hl6 jltlrcs ac mh`lomjcotl c am emsc i`rmtør`m c huels ac trméèl6 hlx`os am dmoém6 pocus c rlams6 jltlr c hljplocotcs rcdmh`lomals6

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

@ostruéócs ac lpcrméèl  Oléócs Oléó cs eís` hms

Oèl lpcrc m jíqu`om m oèl s cr q u c> Rlhî mprcoam c prmt`quc ls pr`ohêp`ls ac lpcrméèl sciurm am jíqu`om hlot`als ocstc jmoumd al lpcrmalr. = Cv`tmr s`tuméócs ac r`shl. 5 Ucmd`zmr scjprc scjprc ujm `ospcéèl prà-lpcrméèl. 8 Ucmd`zmr scjprc ls tcstcs ac buoéócs motcs am ut`d`zméèl. 1 @ospch`lomr l dlhmd ac trmem trmemdgl. dgl. 3 St`d`zmr St`d `zmr m jíqu` om sljcotc pmrm m b`omd`amac pdmocnmam.

 M scéèl scéèl @o @ostruéó struéócs cs ac l lpcrméèl pcrméèl blrochc blrochc `ostruéócs pmrm hmam mspchtl am lpcrméèl am jíqu`om. À rcsplosme`d`amac al lpcrmalr hujpr`r tlams ms olrjms c `ostruéócs ac sciurmoém hlostmotcs ols jmoum`s al lpcrmalr, ac sciurmoém c ac rcsplosme`d`amacs.  M ut`d`zméèl ut`d`zméèl am jíqu` jíqu`om om hlj lutrl le lenct`vl nct`vl quc oèl scnm cdcvmr pcsslmd, sums bcrrmjcotms c jmtcr`m`s m uj dlhmd màrcl ac trmemdgl à `osciurm c pcr`ilsm. Xljcotc pcsslms trc`omams c mutlr`zmams acvcj tcr pcrj`ssèl pmrm lpcrmr m jíqu`om. Xc jm`s ac uj lpcrmalr blr ut`d`zmr m jíqu`om cj glrír`ls a`bcrcotcs ol jcsjl turol ac trmemdgl, cdcs acvcrèl scr qumd`b`hmals c tlals acvcrèl hujpr`r ms olrjms c `ostruéócs ac sciurmoém hlostmotcs ols jmoum`s al lpcrmalr, ac sciurmoém c ac rcsplosme`d`amacs. @ssl s`io`b`hm quc hmam olvl lpcrmalr acvc cxchutmr ujm `ospcéèl prà-lpcrméèl, tcstcs ac buoéócs c ujm `ospcéèl al dlhmd ac trmemdgl motcs ac ut`d`zmr m jíqu`om.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

@OXQUSÉÓCX AC L[CUMÉÈL 

[mr t`am t` am al jlt lr

Qlals ls jlacdls

= Ols hlotrldcs hlotrldcs ac sldl, hldlquc m hgmvc ac hljmoal om pls`éèl acscnmam.

Xc l jltlr oèl acr pmrt`am mpøs =3 sciuoals ac ac mh`lomjcotl, actcrj`oc l jlt`vl c hloscrtc qumdqucr acbc`tl. Miumrac 2; sciuoals motcs ac tcotmr amr m pmrt`am olvmjcotc.

5 Hcrt`b`quc-sc ac quc ls eltócs vcrjcdgls ac pmrmam ac cjcriîoh`m ac sldl c am pdmtmblrjm cstcnmj puxmals pmrm blrm, om pls`éèl d`imal. Jlacdls m imsld`om/ID[ 8 Cshldgm l hljeustêvcd, jlvcoal m hgmvc scdctlrm ac hljeustêvcd pmrm m pls`éèl acscnmam. 1 Jlvm m hgmvc scdctlrm ac pmrt`am al jltlr pmrm uj als dmals. Xc l jltlr oèl buoh`lomr lu jlrrcr, l mtrmsl ac rc`oêh`l acsmt`vmrí m hgmvc ac pmrt`am plr 8 sciuoals. Jlacdls m a`cscd 8 Jlvm m hgmvc ac vcdm `ohmoacsh `ohmoacshcotc cotc (sc `ostmdmam) pmrm uj als dmals c sciurc-m plr 8 m 3 sciuoals. 1 Jlvm m hgmvc scdctlrm ac pmrt`am al jltlr uj als dmals. scd Xcctlrm l jltlr oèl buoh`lomr lu pmrm jlrrcr, l mtrmsl ac rc`oêh`l acsmt`vmrí m hgmvc ac pmrt`am plr 8 sciuoals.

Cj hloa`éócs ac br`l, -2 »H lu jcols, mqucém l jltlr plr 3 j`outls motcs ac lpcrmr pmrm cv`tmr amols ml s`stcjm g`aríud`hl. Cj hloa`éócs ac br`l cxtrcjl, -=7 »H lu jcols, ms jíqu`oms acvcj cstmr cqu`pmams hlj f`ts lph`lom`s pmrm pmrt`am m br`l. Qcotmr amr pmrt`am ol jltlr qumoal ms tcjpcrmturms cstèl mem`xl ac -=7 »H plac cx`i`r l usl ac ujm emtcr`m mux`d`mr. Jlacdls m imsld`om/ID[> cj hloa`éócs ac br`l, -2 »H lu jcols, m pmrt`am al jltlr acvc scr amam hlj imsld`om, l jltlr acvc scr mquch`al plr 5 j`outls, c cotèl mdtcrmal pmrm ID[. Xc l jltlr cst`vcr mquch`al, à plssêvcd amr pmrt`am hlj ID[.

[mrmam ac cjcriîoh`m [rcss`loc l eltèl vcrjcdgl ac pmrmam ac cjcriîoh`m al sldl lu am pdmtmblrjm pmrm m pls`éèl acsd`imal, m b`j ac pmrmr tlams ms buoéócs c acsd`imr acsd`imr l jltlr. Hloscrtc qumdqucr buoéèl quc q uc lpcrc qu qumoal moal l eltèl vcrjcdgl ac pmrmam ac cjcriîoh`m cst`vcr prcss`lomal.  M scdcéèl c l mh`lomjcotl mh`lomjcotl als hlotrldcs ac sldl hmohcdmj m méèl al eltèl vcrjcdgl ac pmrmam ac cjcriîoh`m am pdmtmblrjm.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

@OXQUSÉÓCX AC L[CUMÉÈL 

Hlotrldcs mux`d`mrcs

[mrm pls`h`l omr m pdmtmbl rjm rj m

St`d`zc md`jcotméèl mux`d`mr sljcotc sc m blotc ac md`jcotméèl md`jcotmé èl pr`jír`m pr`jír`m (jltlr) bmdgmr. = Hldlquc m hgmvc ac hljmoal om pls`éèl ac hlotrldc ac sldl lu am pdmtmblrjm. 5 [uxc l eltèl vvcrjcdgl crjcdgl ac pmrmam ac

= [rcss`loc m hgmvc ac pà.

cjcriîoh`m pmrm m pls`éèl d`imal. 8 [rcss`loc m hgmvc ac pà ml mh`lomr ls hlotrldcs mux`d`mrcs am pdmtmblrjm. 1 X`judtmocmjcotc, X`judtmocmjcotc, jmotcogm prcss`lomam m hgmvc ac md`jcotméèl mux`d`mr c mt`vc m buoéèl acscnmam.

= [rcss`loc m hgmvc ac pà.

 M buoéèl buoéèl ac jlv`jco jlv`jcotl tl oèl buo buoh`lomrí h`lomrí hlj m md`jcotméèl mux`d`mr.

Lpcrméèl m pmrt`r al sldl = Hldlquc m hgmvc ac hljmoal om pls`éèl ac hlotrldc ac sldl. 5 [uxc l eltèl vvcrjcdgl crjcdgl ac pmrmam ac cjcriîoh`m pmrm m pls`éèl d`imal. 8 Aî pmrt`am ol jltlr. [mrm pls`h `lomr m pdmtmb pdmtmblrj lrjm m = Xciurc m hgmvc ac gme`d`tméèl am buoéèl cj qumdqucr uj als dmals. 5 Jlvm m hgmvc sscdctlrm cdctlrm mprlpr`mam, ac mhlral hlj ms jmrhms ol pm`ocd ac hlotrldc.  Ms buoéócs buoéócs ac jlv`jco jlv`jcotl tl c a`rcéèl o oèl èl cstèl a`sploêvc`s ols hlotrldcs ac sldl.

Lpcrméèl am pdmtmblrjm = Hldlquc m hgmvc ac hljmoal om pls`éèl ac hlotrldc am pdmtmblrjm. 5 [uxc ls eltócs vcrjcdgls ac m cjcriîoh`m am pdmtmblrjm pdmtmb lrjm cacalpmrmam sldl pmrm pls`éèl d`imam.

5 Jlvm dcotmjcotc m mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc ac buoéèl lu m hgmvc scdctlrm mprlpr`mam, ac mhlral hlj ms jmrhms al pm`ocd ac hlotrldc. [mrm a`r`i`r 5 Jlvm dcotmjcotc m mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc ol scot`al `oa`hmal pcdls tr`åoiudls mzud lu mjmrcdl LS prcss`loc m hgmvc lsh`dmotc dlhmd`zmam om pmrtc supcr`lr am mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc hlotrl dc ac jlv`jcotl. St`d`zc ls tr`åoiudls ac a`rcéèl hlj høa`il ac hlrcs ols hlotrldcs am pdmtmblrjm c ol hgmss` am jíqu`om pmrm `acot`b`hmr m a`rcéèl al jlv`jcotl ams rlams. [mrm jlv`j cotmr = [rcss`loc m hgmvc ac pà. 5 Mujcotmr m vcdlh`amac> jlvm dcotmjcotc m mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc ac jlv`jcotl pmrm blrm al hcotrl. A`j`ou`r m vcdlh`amac> jlvm dcotmjcotc m mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc ac jlv`jcotl cj a`rcéèl ml hcotrl. [mrmr> vldtc m mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc ac jlv`jcotl pmrm l hcotrl lu sldtc m hgmvc ac pà. St`d`zc ms sctms ac a`rcéèl hlj høa`il ac hlrcs ols hlotrldcs am pdmtmblrjm c ol hgmss` am jíqu`om pmrm `acot`b`hmr m a`rcéèl al jlv`jcotl am jíqu`om.  M vcdlh`a vcdlh`amac mac ac jlv`jco jlv`jcotl tl am jíqu jíqu`om `om scrí rcstr`tm qumoal ms dmoéms cst`vcrcj cdcvmams lu cstcoa`ams.

8 Aî pmrt`am ol jltlr. Oèl prcss prcss`loc `loc m hgmvc ac pà ml amr pmrt`am pmrt`am ol jltlr.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

@OXQUSÉÓCX AC L[CUMÉÈL  Lpcrméèl cj achd`vc

Hldlquc l pcamél ac jmac`rm om `ohd`oméèl.

Actcrj`oc m hmpmh`amac ac `ohd`oméèl cj mhd`vc, achd`vc c ac `ohd`oméèl dmtcrmd am jíqu`om c actcrj`oc l irmu ac `ohd`oméèl.

Ol b`omd al achd`vc, hldlquc l oêvcd ac eldgm om cxtrcj`amac supcr`lr al pcamél ac jmac`rm c cdcvc m cxtrcj`amac cxtrcj`amac `obcr`lr al pcamél ac jmac`rm mtà quc cdc b`quc o`vcdmal.

Hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl, mhd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl (hmpmh`amac ac sue`am)> sue`am)> 5YA> 53% (=1») 1YA> 1;% (55») Hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl, achd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl> 5YA> 5;% (==») 1YA> 8;% (=9») Hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl dmtcrmd> 53% (=1»)

Hlj l pcamél ac jmac`rm o`vcdmal, hmdhudc m a`ståoh`m vcrt`hmd cotrc m cxtrcj`amac `obcr`lr al pcamél ac jmac`rm c l sldl. A`v`am m a`ståoh`m quc hlostm om b`tm jàtr`hm (mdturm) pcdl hljpr`jcotl al pcamél ac jmac`rm (hljpr`jcotl) c judt`pd`quc plr =;;. Cxcjpdl>

hljpr`jcotl mdturm

Lescrvméèl> m hmpmh`amac ac `ohd`oméèl cstí sunc`tm ës hloa`éócs al sldl c ë trméèl macqumam. L tcrjl ‗hmpmh`amac ac sue`am‐ mpd`hm-sc mpcoms ë hlob`iurméèl ac mhd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl. Rcr`b`quc sc m dmoém cstí mem`xl am d`ogm glr`zlotmd c sc m pdmtmblrjm cstí cotrc ms rlams oèl hljmoamams pcdm a`rcéèl. Jlvm m hgmvc scdctlrm ac vcdlh`amac ac jlv`jcotl am jíqu`om pmrm l sêjeldl ac `ohd`oméèl. [mrm actcrj`omr l irmu ac `ohd`o méèl Hmdhudc m `ohd`oméèl hlj uj `ohd`oñjctrl a`i`tmd LS maltc l prlhca`jcotl m sciu`r.

[camél ac jmac`rm : 8,2 j Hljpr`jcotl : 8,2 j  Mdturm : ;,8 j ;,8 j ù 8,2 j : ;,;78 x =;; : 7,8% ac `ohd`oméèl Xc m `ohd`oméèl cxhcacr m hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl cj mhd`vc, achd`vc lu ac `ohd`oméèl dmtcrmd, m jíqu`om acvc scr `émam lu trmosplrtmam pmrm h`jm lu pmrm em`xl al achd`vc. Hlosudtc m scéèl Qrmosplrtc c cdcvméèl.

Xcrèl ochcssír`ls> uj oêvcd ac eldgm6 uj pcamél ac jmac`rm rctl, hlj pcdl jcols = j ac hljpr`jcotl6 ujm b`tm jàtr`hm.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

@OXQUSÉÓCX AC L[CUMÉÈL  Gme`d`tméèl al jlv`jcotl

Xcdcéèl Xcdc éèl am jmrhgm dcotm (rpj )

 M dåjpmam dåjpmam mhcsm `oa`hm quc m dmoém pr`jír`m pmsslu ac ujm ams rlams oèl hljmoamams pcdm

Xcdch`loc m jmrhgm dcotm (rpj) ut`d`zmoal ls sêjeldls ol pm`ocd ac hlotrldc.

a`rcéèl c quc m buoéèl ac jlv`jcotl jlv`jco tl bl` `otcrrljp`am.

]umoal m hgmvc ac pà oèl prcss`lomam, l jltlr b`hmrí om jmrhgm dcotmcst`vcr ac jcolr rpj.

[mrm mh`lomr, sciurc m hgmvc ac gme`d`tméèl ac jlv`jcotl cj uj als dmals c jlvm dcotmjcotc m mdmvmohm ac hlotrldc ac jlv`jcotl pmrm blrm al hcotrl. Cstcnm h`cotc ac quc m jíqu`om plac jlvcr-sc om a`rcéèl lplstm ë als hlotrldcs ac jlv`jcotl c a`rcéèl. St`d`zc scjprc ms sctms ac a`rcéèl hlj høa`il ac hlrcs als hlotrldcs am pdmtmblrjm c ol hgmss` pmrm `acot`b`hmr m a`rcéèl al jlv`jcotl am

¹ Xêjeldl ac tmrtmruim> jmrhgm dcotm `obcr`lr mh`lomam pcdm hgmvc ac pà ¹ Xêjeldl ac hlcdgl> jmrhgm dcotm supcr`lr mh`lomam pcdm hgmvc ac pà

 Mzud

Icrmalr (sc `ostmdmal)  Mjmrcdl

jíqu`om. Xcdcéèl am vcdlh`amac ac lpcrméèl

[mrm d`imrd`imal. l icrmalr, jlvm m hgmvc scdctlrm pmrm m pls`éèl Hlochtc ujm bcrrmjcotm cdàtr`hm om tljmam IBH@ ac md`jcotméèl md`jcotméèl am pdmtmblrjm. [mrm acsd`imr l icrmalr, jlvm m hgmvc scdctlrm al icrmalr pmrm m pls`éèl acsd`imal.

¹ Xêjeldl ac `ohd`oméèl ac jíqu`om cj lpcrméèl> lpcrméèl ac pcqucol mdhmohc pmrm `ohd`oméócs ¹ Xêjeldl ac jíqu`om cj supcrbêh`c o`vcdmam> lpcrméèl ac dloil mdhmohc pmrm vcdlh`amac jíx`jm ac lpcrméèl

Lescrvméèl> Ms buoéócs am jíqu`om oèl lpcrmj coqumotl l icrmalr cst`vcr cj buoh`lomjcotl c m hgmvc ac pà oèl cst`vcr prcss`lomam. ]umoal m hgmvc ac pà à prcss`lomam, l icrmalr à acs acsd`imal d`imal mutljmt`hmjcotc c ms buoéócs am jíqu`om cotrmj cj lpcrméèl.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

@OXQUSÉÓCX AC L[CUMÉÈL 

Dåjpmam ac vcr`b`hméèl al jltlr (sc `ostmdmam) Dåjpmam mhcsm c jltlr acsd`imal> `acot`b`quc c rct`rc-m ac scrv`él. m jíqu`om Dåjpmam mhcsm c jltlr m`oam cj buoh`lomjcotl> cotrc cj hlotmtl hlj m mss`stîoh`m tàho`hm cj 51 glrms.

Dåjpmam `oa`hmalrm ac j íqu` om acso acso`` vcd mam (sc `ostmdmam)  M dåjpmam dåjpmam mhcsm `oa`h `oa`hm m quc m jíqu`om cstí acso`vcdmam. L mdmrjc ac `ohd`oméèl slm qumoal m dåjpmam cst`vcr mhcsm. Jlvm m jíqu`om pmrm ujm supcrbêh`c b`rjc c o`vcdmam.

[rltcéèl hlotrm qucam Cqu`pmjcotl pcsslmd ac prltcéèl hlotrm qucam ([B[C) à cx`i`al ml lpcrmr m jíqu`om. Qlal cqu`pmjcotl [B[C [ B[C acvc cstmr ac mhlral hlj ms olrjms ilvcromjcotm`s mpd`hívc`s c acvc scr `ospch`lomal c ut`d`zmal ac mhlral hlj ms `ostruéócs `ostru éócs ac scu bbmer`hmotc. mer`hmotc.

 Mpøs  Mp øs hma hmam m ut ` d` zméèl = Xcdch`loc uj dlhmd ac cstmh`lomjcotl sciurl> ujm supcrbêh`c o`vcdmam c b`rjc, scj lestruéócs c tríbcil. 5 Uctrm`m c acsém m dmoém mtà m pls`éèl rctrmê rctrmêam. am. 8 I`rc m emsc i`rmtør`m ac jlal qu quc c m dmoém b`quc cotrc ms rlams oèl hljmoamams pcdm a`rcéèl. 1 Hldlquc m hgmvc ac hljmoal om pls`éèl acsd`imal c rcjlvm m hgmvc pmrm cv`tmr m ut`d`zméèl plr pcsslms oèl mutlr`zmams. 3 Hmdhc ms rlams.

Dåjpmam `oa`hmalrm ac slerchmrim am pdmtmblrjm (sc `ostmdmam)  M dåjpmam p`shmoal p`shmoal `oa`hm quc m pdmtmblrjm cstí slerchmrrcimam c quc ms buoéócs oèl buoh`lomrèl. Ucjlvm pcsl am pdmtmblrjm mtà m dåjpmam mpmimr.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

@ostrr ué @ost uéócs ócs ac ttrmos rmospl plrr tc c c cdcvm dcvméèl éèl   Motcs ac trmos trmosplrtmr, plrtmr, vcr`b`quc sc sc m e emsc msc i`rmtør`m cstí prcsm hlj m trmvm ac rltméèl.  Motcs ac m mh`lomr h`lomr m jíqu jíqu`om, `om, dcjerc-sc dcjerc-sc ac

Lescrvc c s`im cstms ` o st r u é ó cs> cs >  M Ico`c Ico`c @oau @oaustr`cs str`cs blroch blrochc c cstms `o `oblrjméócs blrjméócs ac sciurmoém hljl ujm rchljcoaméèl. Ls jltlr`stms sèl ls þo`hls rcsplosívc`s plr imrmot`r m sciurmoém ams jíqu`oms c m scdcéèl hlrrctm al trm`dcr ac ac mhlral hlj ms olrjms al J`o`stàr`l als Qrmosplrtcs als CSM, lutrms olrjms dlhm`s c m pldêt`hm am cjprcsm. Ls hd`cotcs am Ico`c quc ochcss`tmrcj ac trmosplrtmr qumdqucr cjp`dgmac`rm lu prlautl Ico`c acvcj hlotrmtmr ujm trmosplrtmalrm qumd`b`hmam cspch`md`zmam om prcpmrméèl, ol hmrrcimjcotl c om sciurmoém ac cqu`pmjcotl ac hlostruéèl c cdcvméèl pmrm rcjcssm `otcromh`lomd. Xljcotc lpcrmalrcs ac iu`oamstcs qumd`b`hmals acvcj rcmd`zmr lpcrméócs ac hmrim lu acshmrim am jíqu`om cj uj hmj`ogèl. L vcêhudl ac trmosplrtc acvc cstmr cstmh`lomal cj ujm supcrbêh`c o`vcdmam. L vcêhudl ac trmosplrtc acvc cstmr prcsl pmrm cv`tmr quc acsd`zc coqumotl m jíqu`om cst`vcr scoal hmrrcimam. Rcr`b`quc sc m hmpmh`amac al vcêhudl, ms  supcrbêh`cs ac hmrim c ms hlrrcotcs lu hlrrc`ms sèl sub`h`cotcs pmrm suplrtmr l pcsl am jíqu`om. Ls cqu`pmjcotls Ico`c sèl ju`tl pcsmals cj hljpmrméèl hlj l scu tmjmogl. Hlosudtc l pcsl am jíqu`om om ct`quctm ac ac `acot`b`hméèl. Hlosudtc m scéèl Macs`vls pmrm letcr m dlhmd`zméèl am ct`quctm ac `acot`b`hméèl.

acstrmvmr m emsc i`rmtør`m. Oèl jlv`jcotc m jíqu`om cj uj achd`vc supcr`lr ë hmpmh`amac ac `ohd`oméèl `ohd` oméèl lu ac `ohd`oméèl dmtcrmd am jíqu`om. Hlosudtc l `tcj Lpcrméèl cj achd`vc, om scéèl @ostruéócs ac lpcrméèl. Xc l msscotl al vcêhudl ac trmosplrtc cxhcacr m hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl cj mhd`vc lu achd`vc, m jíqu`om acvc scr hmrrcimam c acshmrrcimam plr jc`l ac uj iu iu`oamstc, `oamstc, hljl acshr`tl. Hlosudtc m scéèl Cspch`b`hméócs pmrm letcr m hmpmh`amac ac `ohd`oméèl am jíqu`om.

Hlob`iurméèl ac rlam d`vrc pmrm ` é mjcotl Hmdhc ms rlams pmrm `jpca`r quc m jíqu`om sc acsdlquc. Jlacdls 5YA> d`ecrc ls brc`ls ams rlams oèl hljmoamams pcdm a`rcéèl, v`rmoal ms tmjpms ac acshlocxèl al huel ac trméèl.

Acscoimtc

Coimtc

Jlacdls 1YA> d`ecrc ls brc`ls ams rlams, v`rmoal ms qumtrl tmjpms ac acshlocxèl al huel ac trméèl. Rcr`b`quc sc m d`ogm al iu`ohgl cstí prcsm ac blrjm macqumam mls plotls ac mjmrrméèl al hgmss` am jíqu`om c sc l hmj`ogl cstí acslestruêal. Cxchutc ls prlhca`jcotls `ovcrsls pmrm coimtmr olvmjcotc ls brc`ls. Lescrvméèl> m vídvudm ac d`ecrméèl jmoumd al brc`l acvc pcrjmochcr scjprc bchgmam. Lescrvméèl> oèl à rchljcoaívcd rcelhmr l jlac jlacdl dl Ico`c ^-2;/81. Xc m jíqu`om prch`smr scr rcelhmam, oèl cxhcam 8,5 fj/g.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

  

 

@OXQUSÉÓCX AC QUMOX[LUQC C CDCRMÉÈL 

@ostruéócs ac cdcvméèl  Mem`xc c rctrm`m hljpdctmjcotc m dmoém. Jlvm l n`e  Mem`xc pcrpcoa`h`dmr ml sldl. Ucjlvm tlals ls `tcos sldtls am jíqu`om.

 

Ssc m trmvm ac i`rl am emsc pmrm b`xmr m emsc i`rmtør`m.

Lescrvc c >s`im cstms ` o st r u é ó cs> cs Xljcotc pcsslmd tàho`hl qumd`b`hmal acvc mnustmr c cdcvmr m jíqu`om.

 

Rcr`b`quc sc m hmpmh`amac al iu`oamstc, ms supcrbêh`cs ac hmrrcimjcotl c ms hlrrc`ms lu hmels sèl sub`h`cotcs pmrm suplrtmr l pcsl am jíqu`om. Hlosudtc l pcsl am jíqu`om om ct`quctm ct`qu ctm ac `acot`b`hméèl.

Actcrj`oc l hcotrl ac irmv`amac am jíqu`om, ut`d`zmoal ut`d`zmo al m b`iurm acstm píi`om. [rcoam l hlramjc sljcotc ols plotls ac cdcvméèl `oa`hmals om jíqu`om. Cx`stcj qumtrl plotls ac cdcvméèl ol hgmss`.  Mnustc l hl hlramjc ramjc pmrm cv`tm cv`tmrr amols ë jíqu`om jíqu`om c pmrm jmotcr scu o`vcdmjcotl.

[lotls ac cdcvméèl a l hgmss` (5) [lotls ac cdcvméèl al hgmss` (5)

=,59 j

  =,;5 j

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

Cspch`b`hméócs   Mdturm jíx`jm ac trmemdgl

5;,= j

 Mdturm jíx`j jíx`jm m a m pdmtmblrj pdmtmblrjm m

=7,8 j

 Mdturm jíx`jm jíx`j m cj pls`éèl rctrmêam rctr mêam  Mdhmohc glr`zlotmd jíx`jl jíx`j l

5,9 j =;,1 j

[rcssèl g`aríud`hm, jíx`jm (buoéócs am dmoém) Qcosèl ol s`stcjm [ocus

Dmri urm

5,3 j

Hmpmh`amac ac `ohd`oméèl, rctrmêam, 5YA/1YA

Hljpr`jcotl, pls`éèl rctrmêam

7,5 j

 Mdturm jêo`jm al hgèl h gèl

Hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac hmrim hmri m

559 fi

Rcdlh`amac jíx`jm al vcotl

=5,3 j/s

A`ståoh`m cotrc c`xls

5,3 j

Um`l ac jmolerm (cxtcrol)

=5,5 j

Um`l ac jmolerm (`otcrol)

2,= j

Ultméèl am emsc i`rmtør`m (cj irmus) @otcrbcrîoh`m trmsc`rm am jcsm i`rmtør`m Rcdlh`amac ac lpcrméèl, rctrmêam

; 2,1 fj/g =5,5 j/2,7 s

Rcdlh`amac ac lpcrméèl, cdcvmam lu cstcoa`am

=,; fj/g =5,5 j/1; s

Cj`ss ócs ac ruêals pcdl mr Cj`ssócs Oêvcd jíx`jl al slj cj cstméócs ac trmemdgl ac lpcrméèl olrjmd (pcsl M) Hlotrldcs Hlotr ldcs

hlot êoum

=;3 aE

=5 R HH prlplrh`lomd prlplrh `lomd

A`jcosócs am pdmtmblrjm ac 2 pàs (hljpr`jcotl x dmriurm)

92 hj x =,7 j

A`jcosócs am pdmtmblrjm ac 7 pàs (hljpr`jcotl x dmriurm)

0= hj x 5,1 j

O`vcdmjcotl O`vcdm jcotl am pdmtmblrjm pdmtmblrjm Ultméèl am pdmtmblrjm Qljmam HM om pdmtmblrjm

=22 emr =5 R =3 x =0,3, =2 dloms  

Hmpmh`amac al tmoquc ac hljeustêvcd

59%/ 13%   1;,= hhj j =53 d`trls

[csl Hlosudtc m ct`quctm (ls pcsls ams jíqu`oms vmr`mj ac `acot`b`h `acot`b`hméèl méèl hloblrjc ms hlob`iurméócs ac lph`lom`s) Hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl, pls`éèl rctrmêam, 5YA  Mhd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl

53% (=1»)

Achd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl

5;% (==»)

@ohd`oméèl dmtcrmd

53% (=1»)

Hmpmh`amac jíx`jm ac `ohd`oméèl, pls`éèl rctrmêam, 1YA  Mhd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl

1;% (55»)

Achd`vc hlj hlotrmpcsl

8;% (=9»)

@ohd`oméèl dmtcrmd

53% (=1»)

Lescrvméèl> M hmpmh`amac ac `ohd`oméèl cstí sunc`tm ës hloa`éócs al sldl c ë trméèl macqumam. @oblrjméócs slerc hmrim ol p`sl

mutlo`v cdmjcot l =7; »

Hmrim ols pocus, jíx`jm

1.3;1 fi

[rcssèl ac hlotmtl als pocus

1,39 fi/hj 5  117 f[m

[rcssèl [rcssè l lhupmam

=.51; fi/ fi/j j5   =5,=2 f[m

pmarèl pmar èl

Lescrvméèl> ms `oblrjméócs slerc hmrim ol p`sl sèl mprlx`jmams c oèl `ohlrplrmj a`bcrcotcs hlob`iurméócs ac lph`lom`s. Acvcj scr ut`d`zmams sljcotc hlj bmtlrcs ac sciurmoém macqumals.  M jcdg j cdg lr lr`m `m h lot êou m a c ols s ls pr lau tl tlss à uj m pldêt`hm am Ico`c. Ms cspch`b`hméócs als prlautls cstèl sunc`tms m mdtcrméócs scj mv`sl pràv`l lu ler`iméócs.

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

CX[CH@B@HMÉÓCX

^-2;/81 ^-2; /81 Covcdlp Covcdlpc c ac trmemd trmemdgl gl 5=,1 j =7,8 j =3,8 j =5,5 j 0,5 j 2,= j 8,= j

;j

;j

8,= j

2,= j

0,5 j =5,

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7  ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj .trc`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hl ijm`d.hlj j  www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822 ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

 

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7 ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89; ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.tr C-jm`d>  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.trc`omj c`omjcotlKi cotlKijm`d.hlj jm`d.hlj   www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33 ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822  ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822

 

  Hmacrol al Mduol

(MOLQMÉÓCX OL ACHLUUCU AL QUC@OMJCOQL) 

—XSM R@AM AC[COAC AC XCSX MQLX [UCRCOH@LO@XQMX‚ 

OLJC AL HLDMELUMALU>

JMQU>

CJ[UCXM>

AMQM>

DLHMD AL QUC@OMJCOQL>

Uum> Nlèl [dmzm Ilozmdcs - Oþjcrl ;7 ‘ ]umarm =83 - Coicogl  ‘ HC[> 5875;-89;  ‘ @tmiumê - UN C-jm`d>> n`.sci.ms C-jm`d  n`.sci.msscsslr`m.tr scsslr`m.trc`omj c`omjcotlK cotlKijm`d.hlj ijm`d.hlj   www.n`sci-rn.hlj.er Hlotmtl Maj`o`strmt`vl> ( 5= ) 5279-5;33  ‘ (5=) 8;82-8822  ‘ (5=) 91=3-3855 Hlotmtl Hcotrl ac trc`omjcotls> (5=) 8;82-8822